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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XgY7KyNLfDgvGZz4VSMjv4R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011001200001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiograma 2D e 3d para avaliar o remodelamento reverso p&#243;s-terapia ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o cardiaca: qual sua real aplica&#231;&#227;o? O eco 3D melhorou a avalia&#231;&#227;o feita pelo eco 2D?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gimenes</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>184</fpage>
      <lpage>185</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma 2D e 3d para avaliar o remodelamento reverso p&#243;s-terapia ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o cardiaca: qual sua real aplica&#231;&#227;o? O eco 3D melhorou a avalia&#231;&#227;o feita pelo eco 2D?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vera Marcia Gimenes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanatorio S&#237;rio (HCor); Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Terapia de resincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (TRC) tem se mostrado eficaz concomitantemente ao tratamento com f&#225;rmacos convencionais em pacientes refrat&#225;rios aos tratamentos cl&#237;nicos, com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, dissincronismo e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica (ICC) em classe funcional III e IV<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que a TRC melhora significativamente os sintomas, a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida. Entretanto, 20% a 30% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentam melhora com a TRC. A causa prov&#225;vel de insucesso seria o fato de que a dissincronia mec&#226;nica nem sempre est&#225; relacionada ao dissincronismo el&#233;trico, e, quanto maior o dissincronismo mec&#226;nico, melhor a resposta a TRC<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos indicadores da melhora do paciente com a TRC s&#227;o: aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, queda do grau de insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral, redu&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento ventricular e redu&#231;&#227;o do atraso intraventricular.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica dos equipamentos permite atualmente que se realize uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais exata do remodelamento reverso ventricular esquerdo, cuja import&#226;ncia vem sendo evidenciada na literatura por estudos cada vez mais frequentes. Desde os estudos iniciais dos volumes pelo modo-M, pelo modo bidimensional, e mais recentemente pelo eco 3D, como foi feito neste trabalho, muito se aprendeu nessa &#225;rea<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Ecocardiograma Tridimensional em Tempo Real (ECO3DTR) representa uma nova t&#233;cnica para identificar pacientes com ICC que poder&#227;o ou n&#227;o ser considerados para a TRC quantificando a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e seu dissincronismo.</p>
    <p>O <italic>software</italic> utilizado pelos aparelhos de ECO3DTR atuais oferece grande facilidade para corre&#231;&#227;o de bordas, e assim, maior acur&#225;cia no ECO3DTR. Somente di&#226;metros muito aumentados do ventriculo esquerdo &#233; que dificultam a captura da imagem em <italic>full volume</italic>. Neste estudo, as correla&#231;&#245;es dos volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo foram excelentes entre os modos 2D e 3D, somente a massa calculada pelo 3D foi superior ao Eco 2D. A medida semiautom&#225;tica da superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica pelo ECO3DTR &#233; r&#225;pida, precisa e reprodut&#237;vel dos volumes, sendo relatada na literatura como superior aos volumes calculados pelo ECO2D<sup>4</sup>, o que difere do que foi observado neste trabalho que n&#227;o mostrou superioridade do ECO3D para o c&#225;lculo dos volumes<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Grandes estudos que validem o ECO3DTR de forma definitiva ainda n&#227;o foram realizados. O ECO3DTR pode auxiliar na escolha do melhor local para implante do eletrodo do marcapasso (MP) e acompanhar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Zhang e cols.<sup>6</sup>, estudando 13 pacientes p&#243;s-TRC, mostraram que o desligamento do MP determinou assincronismo, aumento de volumes e queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, evidenciando a import&#226;ncia dessa an&#225;lise na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para a TRC e previs&#227;o de respostas favor&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Em recente revis&#227;o sobre o assunto, Auger e cols.<sup>7</sup>, estudando 166 pacientes p&#243;s-TRC com Doppler tecidual (TSI) e RT3DE (eco tridimensional em tempo real), mostraram que a resposta &#224; TRC foi positiva em 86,3% dos pacientes quando os dois m&#233;todos mostraram a presen&#231;a do dissincronismo, e a resposta foi negativa em 97% dos pacientes quando qualquer um dos m&#233;todos n&#227;o mostrava dissincronismo. Conclu&#237;ram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo permite previs&#227;o mais exata da resposta a TRC quando os dois m&#233;todos s&#227;o concordantes.</p>
    <p>Waggoner e cols.<sup>8</sup> relatam que os estudos invasivos t&#234;m mostrado melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e do remodelamento reverso logo ap&#243;s a TRC (at&#233; tr&#234;s meses) em mais de 20%, e que a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final n&#227;o se alterou, assim como os &#237;ndices de relaxamento.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o acurada dos volumes do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tem importante implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para os pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pela sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico e a mortalidade, o que geralmente &#233; feito com o ECO 2D<sup>4</sup>. A possibilidade de que o ECO3DTR possa suprir as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao ECO 2D para estimar os volumes <italic>on-line</italic> sem necessidade de reconstru&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica foi o motivo do trabalho apresentado. Geralmente o ECO 2D subestima os volumes do VE, comparados com a Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC). A disparidade entre o ECO e a RMC &#233; porque o ECO mede as bordas endoc&#225;rdicas nas pontas das trab&#233;culas e a RMC, na base das trab&#233;culas, e ignora o encurtamento longitudinal<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo foram avaliados 24 pacientes com ICC e com indica&#231;&#227;o para TRC. Como foi citado no trabalho, o m&#233;todo da RMC considerado refer&#234;ncia para medidas de volumes ventriculares n&#227;o foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o com o ECO2D e 3D, por&#233;m isso j&#225; foi feito em outros trabalhos relatados na literatura. O remodelamento reverso do VE &#233; muito importante no progn&#243;stico em longo prazo, tornando-se um marcador de melhora cl&#237;nica, como est&#225; relatado na literatura e neste trabalho.</p>
    <p>Devemos ressaltar o aspecto inovador deste artigo, possibilitando sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o com grande precis&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento de implante de MP onde o Eco 3D se torna de grande aux&#237;lio para entender-se o que est&#225; ocorrendo em termos de fun&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se modifica de forma significativa (sempre abaixo de 30%), mas a melhora clinica &#233; evidente. O remodelamento reverso tem se mostrado de grande import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica e melhor valor preditivo de sobrevida que a melhora da classe funcional. O ECO tornou-se t&#233;cnica importante na determina&#231;&#227;o do correto candidato a ser beneficiado com a TRC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera Marcia Gimenes </p>
        <p> Rua Coronel Oscar Porto, 569/31 - Para&#237;so </p>
        <p> 04003-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="vlopes@cardiol.br">vlopes@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gima@uol.com.br">gima@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/08/11, revis&#227;o recebido em 24/08/11, aceito em 24/08/11.</p>
    <p>Editorial sob responsabilidade do Cardiosource em Portugu&#234;s. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp">http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp</ext-link></p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">2D and 3D echocardiography to assess reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy: what is its real application? Did 3D echocardiography improve 2D echo evaluation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>2D and 3D echocardiography to assess reverse remodeling after CRT: what is its real application? Did 3D echocardiography improve 2D echo evaluation?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Vera Marcia Gimenes</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanatorio S&#237;rio (HCor); Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiac resynchronization therapy; echocardiography/methods; ventricular dysfunction, left; heart failure. </p>
      <p>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) has proven effective when combined with treatment with conventional drugs in patients refractory to medical treatment, with severe ventricular dysfunction, conduction disturbances, dyssynchrony and chronic heart failure (CHF) functional class III and IV<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that CRT significantly improves symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life. However, 20% to 30% of patients do not improve with CRT. The probable cause of failure is the fact that mechanical dyssynchrony is not always related to electrical dyssynchrony, and the greater the mechanical dyssynchrony, the better the response to TRC<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic markers that indicate patient improvement with CRT are: increased heart rate, decreased degree of mitral regurgitation, reduction of ventricular remodeling and reduction of intraventricular delay.</p>
      <p>Technological progress of equipment allows carrying out a more accurate assessment of left ventricular reverse remodeling, whose importance has been demonstrated by studies in the literature with increasing frequency. Since the initial studies of volumes by the M-mode, two-dimensional mode, and more recently by 3D echo, as done in this study, much has been learned in this field<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiogram (RT3DE) represents a new technique to identify patients with CHF who may or may not be considered for CRT quantifying LV function and its dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>The software application used by current RT3DE devices helps the correction of edges, thus providing a more accurate RT3DE. Only markedly increased left ventricle diameters make it difficult to capture the image at full volume. In this study, the correlations of volumes and left ventricle ejection fraction were excellent between 2D and 3D modes. Only the mass calculated by the 3D was superior to 2D echo. The semi-automatic measure of the endocardial surface by the RT3DE is fast, accurate and reproducible of volumes, reported in the literature as superior to the volumes calculated by 2DECHO<sup>4</sup>, which differs from that observed in this study, which showed no superiority of 3DECHO for the calculation of volumes<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Large studies that validate RT3DE definitively have not been undertaken yet. The RT3DE can assist in choosing the best location for the implantation of the pacemaker (PM) and monitor the patient<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Zhang et al<sup>6</sup> studied 13 patients after CRT and showed that the shutdown of PM determined asynchrony, increased volumes and decreased ejection fraction, indicating the importance of this analysis in selecting patients for CRT and predicting favorable responses.</p>
      <p>In a recent review on this issue, Auger et al<sup>7</sup> studied 166 patients after CRT with Doppler tissue imaging (TSI) and RT3DE (real-time 3D echo), showed that the response to CRT was positive in 86.3% of patients when the two methods showed the presence of dyssynchrony, and the response was negative in 97% of patients when either method showed no dyssynchrony. They concluded that the evaluation of dyssynchrony allows a more accurate prediction of response to CRT when both methods are consistent.</p>
      <p>Waggoner et al<sup>8</sup> report that invasive studies have shown significant improvement in systolic function and reverse remodeling after CRT (up to three months) in more than 20%, and end-diastolic pressure did not change, as well as relaxation indices.</p>
      <p>The accurate determination of LV volumes and ejection fraction has important clinical implications for patients with cardiovascular disease due to their correlation with prognosis and mortality, which is usually done with 2DECHO<sup>4</sup>. The possibility that the RT3DE can fill the limitations inherent in 2D echo for estimating the volumes online without geometric reconstruction was the reason for the study presented. The 2D ECHO usually underestimates LV volumes compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The disparity between the ECO and CMRI is because the ECHO measures the endocardial edges at the tips of the trabeculae and the CMRI, at the base of the trabeculae, and it ignores the longitudinal shortening<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study evaluated 24 patients with CHF with indication for CRT. As mentioned in the study, the CMRI considered a reference method for measuring ventricular volumes was not used to compare 2DECHO with 3DECHO, but it has been done in other studies reported in the literature. The LV reverse remodeling is very important in long-term prognosis, making it a marker of clinical improvement, as reported in the literature and in this study.</p>
      <p>We should highlight the innovative aspect of this article, allowing its use with great precision for the evaluation of volumes and ejection fraction, an important tool in the pre and post-implantation of PM where the 3D Echo becomes a great help to understand what is happening in terms of function, since ejection fraction does not change significantly (always below 30%), but clinical improvement is evident. Reverse remodeling has been shown to be of great importance and a better prognostic predictor of survival than the functional class. The ECHO has become an important technique in determining the correct candidate to benefit from CRT. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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