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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F76mxtY7L499sMrmt7WRtqM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes atrav&#233;s de marcadores gerais e adiposidade abdominal</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Detecci&#243;n de hipertensi&#243;n arterial en adolescentes por medio de marcadores generales y adiposidad abdominal</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego G. D</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo A</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polito</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos D</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Selma M. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Jefferson R</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Arli Ramos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>465</fpage>
      <lpage>470</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade est&#225; ligada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) na inf&#226;ncia. Entretanto, o papel da gordura como preditor de HA em adolescentes permanece desconhecido. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade geral e abdominal com HA e identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade desses indicadores para detectar HA em adolescentes. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra consistiu em 1.021 adolescentes com idade de 10-17 anos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como normal, sobrepeso/obesidade, de acordo com as medidas do IMC, e como n&#227;o-obeso com obesidade abdominal, de acordo com as medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e curvas ROC foram usadas na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia geral de HA foi 11,8% (13,4% em meninos e 10,2% em meninas). A preval&#234;ncia de HA em meninos e meninas com sobrepeso/obesidade foi 10% e 11,1%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de HA em meninos com obesidade abdominal foi 28,6%. Para ambos os sexos, o odds ratio (OR) para HA foi mais alto na obesidade abdominal do que no sobrepeso/obesidade geral (4,09 [OR IC95% = 2,57-6,51]) versus 1,83 [OR IC95% = 1,83-4,30]). O OR para HA foi mais alto quando sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal estavam agrupados (OR = 4,35 [OR IC95% = 2,68 -7,05]), do que quando identificados como sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal apenas (OR = 1,32 [OR IC95% = 0,65- 2,68]). Entretanto, ambos os tipos de obesidade apresentavam baixo poder preditivo na detec&#231;&#227;o de HA. CONCLUS&#195;O: Obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal foram associadas com HA; entretanto, a sensibilidade e especificidade dessas vari&#225;veis na detec&#231;&#227;o de HA s&#227;o baixas em adolescentes brasileiros.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Presi&#243;n arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidad abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>circunferencia de la cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes atrav&#233;s de marcadores gerais e adiposidade abdominal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diego G. D. Christofaro; Raphael M. Ritti-Dias; R&#244;mulo A. Fernandes; Marcos D. Polito; Selma M. de Andrade; Jefferson R. Cardoso; Arli Ramos de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR; Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="ad">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A obesidade est&#225; ligada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) na inf&#226;ncia. Entretanto, o papel da gordura como preditor de HA em adolescentes permanece desconhecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade geral e abdominal com HA e identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade desses indicadores para detectar HA em adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A amostra consistiu em 1.021 adolescentes com idade de 10-17 anos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como normal, sobrepeso/obesidade, de acordo com as medidas do IMC, e como n&#227;o-obeso com obesidade abdominal, de acordo com as medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e curvas ROC foram usadas na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia geral de HA foi 11,8% (13,4% em meninos e 10,2% em meninas). A preval&#234;ncia de HA em meninos e meninas com sobrepeso/obesidade foi 10% e 11,1%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de HA em meninos com obesidade abdominal foi 28,6%. Para ambos os sexos, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) para HA foi mais alto na obesidade abdominal do que no sobrepeso/obesidade geral (4,09 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 2,57-6,51]) <italic>versus</italic> 1,83 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 1,83-4,30]). O OR para HA foi mais alto quando sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal estavam agrupados (OR = 4,35 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 2,68 -7,05]), do que quando identificados como sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal apenas (OR = 1,32 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 0,65- 2,68]). Entretanto, ambos os tipos de obesidade apresentavam baixo poder preditivo na detec&#231;&#227;o de HA. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal foram associadas com HA; entretanto, a sensibilidade e especificidade dessas vari&#225;veis na detec&#231;&#227;o de HA s&#227;o baixas em adolescentes brasileiros.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, obesidade abdominal, sobrepeso, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, adolescente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a maior causa de mortes no mundo<sup>1,2</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um dos maiores fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular e, quando presente na inf&#226;ncia, ela prediz mortalidade cardiovascular na idade adulta<sup>3</sup>. Este &#233; uma quest&#227;o importante, pois a preval&#234;ncia de HA nas popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas &#233; alta nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, variando de 3,6% a 19,4%<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade infantil tamb&#233;m &#233; bastante prevalente nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>6,7</sup> e em desenvolvimento<sup>8</sup>, e tem sido considerada o melhor preditor para a hipertens&#227;o infantil<sup>9</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) mais alto na inf&#226;ncia est&#225; definitiva e significativamente relacionado aos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica aos 23 anos de idade<sup>10</sup>. Portanto, o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade infantil pode fornecer uma identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco de HA e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
    <p>A obesidade foi identificada em ambiente cl&#237;nico usando dois m&#233;todos pr&#225;ticos, custo-efetivos e vi&#225;veis: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e IMC. Embora a obesidade abdominal esteja mais frequentemente associada com risco cardiovascular que a obesidade geral em adultos, essa associa&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas &#233; pouco conhecida. Um estudo pr&#233;vio que analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura e risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as mostrou que ambos os tipos de obesidade est&#227;o ligados &#224; HA na inf&#226;ncia<sup>11</sup>; contudo, o melhor preditor de HA em adolescentes permanece indeterminado.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, Genovesi e cols.<sup>11</sup> observaram que a CC melhorava a capacidade do IMC em detectar a HA em crian&#231;as italianas de 5 a 11 anos de idade, sugerindo que a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dois tipos de obesidade &#233; melhor para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com risco de HA. Contudo, considerando que esse estudo foi realizado em crian&#231;as de um pa&#237;s espec&#237;fico, seus resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para adolescentes de outras na&#231;&#245;es<sup>12</sup>, sabendo-se que possuem h&#225;bitos de vida diferentes.</p>
    <p>Portanto, o prop&#243;sito deste estudo foi (i) investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o da obesidade geral e abdominal com a HA e (ii) identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade destes indicadores para detectar HA em adolescentes brasileiros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostra</p>
    <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado em Londrina, regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil. A amostra consistiu de 1.021 adolescentes provenientes tanto de escolas p&#250;blicas quanto de escolas particulares, com idades entre 10 e 17 anos. O tamanho de amostra de 1.021 indiv&#237;duos foi estimado pela preval&#234;ncia esperada de HA de 10%, erro de 3%, poder de 80%, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, e dados adicionais para perda de 15% (baseado em um estudo piloto que encontrou 10,2% de perdas). A amostragem foi feita por meio de um procedimento multiest&#225;gio rand&#244;mico com base em todas as regi&#245;es da cidade (leste, oeste, norte, sul e centro) e no n&#250;mero total de escolas (respeitando a propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas em cada regi&#227;o da cidade). O consentimento informado foi obtido de cada pai ou guardi&#227;o legal dos volunt&#225;rios. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Estudos em Humanos da Universidade Estadual de Londrina.</p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas</p>
    <p>Todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas por t&#233;cnicos treinados, em uma sala reservada da escola. O peso corporal foi medido usando-se uma balan&#231;a digital port&#225;til com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg e capacidade m&#225;xima de 150 kg. Foi solicitado aos indiv&#237;duos que usassem roupas leves e que ficassem de p&#233; descal&#231;os no centro da plataforma da balan&#231;a. A altura foi medida usando-se um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm e altura m&#225;xima de 2,0 metros. Foi solicitado aos adolescentes que ficassem de p&#233; descal&#231;os, com as costas viradas para o estadi&#244;metro e a cabe&#231;a posicionada no plano de Frankfurt. A parte m&#243;vel do estadi&#244;metro foi conduzida tocando o v&#233;rtice, com a compress&#227;o do cabelo de acordo com os procedimentos descritos por Gordon e cols.<sup>13</sup>. O IMC foi calculado como o peso (kg)/altura ao quadrado (m). A CC foi determinada pela m&#233;dia de duas medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia m&#237;nima entre a crista il&#237;aca e a caixa tor&#225;cica, usando uma fita de metal com precis&#227;o em mil&#237;metros (mm).</p>
    <p>Obesidade geral e abdominal</p>
    <p>O sobrepeso/obesidade geral foi classificado de acordo com os pontos de corte sugeridos por Cole e cols.<sup>14</sup>, enquanto a obesidade abdominal foi identificada de acordo com o crit&#233;rio proposto por Taylor e cols.<sup>15</sup>. Adicionalmente, baseado nos dois &#237;ndices de adiposidade, a amostra foi estratificada em: (i) nenhum sobrepeso/obesidade ou obesidade abdominal, (ii) somente sobrepeso/obesidade geral, (iii) somente obesidade abdominal, e (iv) sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal.</p>
    <p>Medidas de press&#227;o arterial</p>
    <p>As press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram avaliadas usando um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico Omron HEM 742-E, o qual foi calibrado e previamente validado para adolescentes<sup>16</sup>. Para medidas de press&#227;o arterial, o medidor foi ajustado &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (9 x 18 cm e 12 x 23 cm), segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA)<sup>17</sup>. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, um medidor de 9 x 18 cm foi usado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com circunfer&#234;ncias de bra&#231;o entre 16 e 22 cm, enquanto um medidor de 12 x 23 cm de largura foi empregado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com circunfer&#234;ncia de bra&#231;o entre 23 e 34 cm, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Um dia antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, foi solicitado aos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o praticassem atividade f&#237;sica<sup>18</sup> e evitassem bebidas com cafe&#237;na<sup>19</sup>. A medida de press&#227;o arterial foi feita em uma sala sem ru&#237;dos. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos de descanso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, um avaliador previamente treinado realizou duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial (com 2 minutos de intervalo entre as medidas) e a m&#233;dia das duas foi utilizada para a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Se a press&#227;o arterial diferisse mais que 5 mmHg entre as medidas, duas medidas adicionais eram executadas e a m&#233;dia destas medidas usadas para a an&#225;lise (este evento ocorreu em menos de 1% da amostra).</p>
    <p>A HA foi definida como press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline> percentil 95, ajustado por idade e peso, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National High Blood Pressure Education Program</italic><sup>20</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos com HA receberam aconselhamento que inclu&#237;a aumento dos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, como previamente sugerido<sup>21</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os adolescentes foram orientados a procurar um m&#233;dico em uma Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de (Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de).</p>
    <p>Procedimentos estat&#237;sticos</p>
    <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram expressas como m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o (DP), m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo para idade, peso, altura, IMC, CC, PAS e PAD. Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, enquanto a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, representada pelos valores de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (OR<sub>IC95%</sub>), foi usada para determinar a magnitude destas associa&#231;&#245;es. A curva ROC e seus par&#226;metros (sensibilidade, especificidade, &#225;rea sob a curva [ASC], valor preditivo positivo [VPP] e valor preditivo negativo [VPN] foram aplicados para avaliar o sobrepeso/obesidade geral e as caracter&#237;sticas diagn&#243;sticas de obesidade abdominal. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> SPSS (vers&#227;o 13.0) e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido foi 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maior parte da amostra foi composta por indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino (52%). Sessenta e cinco por cento da amostra tinha entre 11 e 13 anos de idade, e a idade m&#233;dia de todos os adolescentes foi de 12,3 &#177; 1,5. Os valores de IMC e CC foram maiores nos homens que nas mulheres (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em quaisquer outras vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04411_porttab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04411_porttab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade geral foi de 21,9% e 14,8% para homens e mulheres (p = 0,004), respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade abdominal foi de 15,2% e 8,5% em homens e mulheres (p = 0,001), respectivamente. Considerando os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal, a preval&#234;ncia foi de 13,8% e 8,0% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Na amostra geral, 76 indiv&#237;duos (7,4% [40 meninos e 36 meninas]) apresentaram sobrepeso/obesidade geral, mas n&#227;o obesidade abdominal, 10 indiv&#237;duos (1% [7 meninos e 3 meninas]) tinham obesidade abdominal, mas n&#227;o sobrepeso/obesidade geral e 110 indiv&#237;duos (10,8% [68 meninos e 42 meninas]) apresentaram os dois resultados.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia geral de HA foi de 11,8% (IC = 7-13%) e a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 18,2% (IC = 14,2-20,1%). As preval&#234;ncias de HA entre meninos e meninas que apresentaram exclusivamente sobrepeso/obesidade geral foram de 10% e 11,1%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de HA entre meninos com obesidade abdominal, exclusivamente, foi de 28,6% (n = 2). Considerando os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal, a preval&#234;ncia de HA em meninos e meninas foi de 30,9% e 28,6%, respectivamente. Em nossa amostra pedi&#225;trica, somente 2% (n = 20) da amostra geral tinham press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica maior que 139 mmHg e 89 mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O OR da HA foi maior na obesidade abdominal que no sobrepeso/obesidade geral (4,09 [OR<sub>IC95</sub> = 2,57-6,51]) versus 1,83 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 1,83-4,30]). O OR da HA foi maior quando o sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal estavam agrupados (OR = 4,35 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 2,68-7,05]) do que quando identificados como ou sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal isoladamente (OR = 1,32 [OR<sub>IC95%</sub> = 0,65-2,68]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para sobrepeso/obesidade geral mostraram maior sensibilidade (34,2%), enquanto os crit&#233;rios para obesidade abdominal mostraram maior ASC (0,599 &#177; 0,030) para detectar HA. Os VPP foram baixos em todas as an&#225;lises, mas a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dois indicadores de obesidade agrupados melhorou sensivelmente os escores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04411_portfig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04411_portfig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas de ASC indicaram que as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias eram similares entre o sobrepeso/obesidade geral e a obesidade abdominal (diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias = 0,0083 &#177; 0,021 [IC95% = -0,034; 0,051]; p = 0,703), e entre os dois indicadores de obesidade agrupados e o sobrepeso/obesidade geral (diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias = 0,0044 &#177; 0,020 [IC95% = -0,034; 0,043]; p = 0,826) ou somente obesidade abdominal (diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias = 0,0038 &#177; 0,009 [IC95% = -0,014; 0,021]; p = 0,671). O sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal apresentaram acur&#225;cia menor que ambos os indicadores agrupados (p = 0,012).</p>
    <p>Nos dois sexos, a obesidade abdominal apresentou maior sensibilidade. Os escores de sensibilidade foram maiores nos meninos que nas meninas, enquanto a especificidade foi maior nas meninas que nos meninos. Em uma an&#225;lise geral, os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos foram mais precisos nos meninos do que nas meninas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04411_porttab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04411_porttab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais resultados deste estudo transversal foram: (i) obesidade abdominal e sobrepeso/obesidade geral est&#227;o associados com HA nos adolescentes brasileiros; (ii) as propriedades diagn&#243;sticas do sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal s&#227;o baixas; e (iii) a utiliza&#231;&#227;o agrupada do sobrepeso/obesidade geral e obesidade abdominal aumentaram a sensibilidade para detectar HA.</p>
    <p>A liga&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e obesidade n&#227;o &#233; completamente entendida. Diversos fatores como o aumento na secre&#231;&#227;o de angiotensinog&#234;nio, renina, e outras subst&#226;ncias pelos adip&#243;citos, bem como o aumento do fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, tem sido sugeridos como os fatores que ligam a obesidade &#224; hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da gordura visceral leva &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup>22</sup> e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o<sup>23,24</sup>. De fato, o IMC infantil &#233; um fator preditor poderoso de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, pois est&#225; positivamente relacionado a valores aumentados de insulina de jejum, triglic&#233;rides e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, assim como a escores menores de lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade em adultos<sup>10</sup>. Portanto, os &#237;ndices de adiposidade parecem indicar crian&#231;as e adolescentes com maior risco de hipertens&#227;o e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
    <p>No entanto, o papel da distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura no risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes permanece inconclusivo. No presente estudo, nem o sobrepeso/obesidade ou a obesidade abdominal, quando analisados individualmente, estavam associadas com HA. Estes resultados s&#227;o diferentes de um estudo anterior que identificou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o sobrepeso/obesidade geral ou obesidade abdominal e a HA entre adolescentes<sup>11</sup>. A principal raz&#227;o para esta controv&#233;rsia &#233; que o estudo anterior n&#227;o descreveu quantos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam os dois tipos de obesidade. No presente estudo, aproximadamente 28% dos adolescentes com HA apresentavam obesidade geral e abdominal, enquanto apenas alguns adolescentes tinham exclusivamente sobrepeso/obesidade geral (6,6%) ou obesidade abdominal (1,6%).</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que o sobrepeso/obesidade geral e a obesidade abdominal simult&#226;neos estavam associados com a HA em adolescentes. Estes resultados est&#227;o em acordo com Genovesi e cols.<sup>11</sup>, que observaram, em 4.177 crian&#231;as, que a associa&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores de obesidade geral e abdominal eram melhores preditores de HA que o uso de apenas um dos indicadores. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade geral e a abdominal foi descrita anteriormente<sup>25</sup>, sugerindo que a obesidade central e a geral agem conjuntamente no desenvolvimento da HA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial seja a melhor maneira de identificar os indiv&#237;duos com HA, ela &#233; executada de forma muito deficiente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica devido a diversas raz&#245;es. Primeiro, &#233; uma pr&#225;tica que consome tempo, pois os indiv&#237;duos precisam descansar por um per&#237;odo e a press&#227;o arterial precisa ser avaliada pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes em cada bra&#231;o. Segundo, para executar a medida de press&#227;o arterial os indiv&#237;duos devem seguir uma s&#233;rie de recomenda&#231;&#245;es, que incluem evitar cafe&#237;na e alcool<sup>19</sup> e n&#227;o realizar atividade f&#237;sica no dia anterior &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o, pois a hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio pode se manter por v&#225;rias horas<sup>18</sup>. Portanto, estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es precisam ser fornecidas aos indiv&#237;duos pelo menos um dia antes das medi&#231;&#245;es. Terceiro, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial depende de um aparelho apropriado. Finalmente, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da medida de press&#227;o arterial &#233; bastante dif&#237;cil, pois envolve a an&#225;lise de diversas tabelas. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo t&#234;m importantes aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas. Baseado em nossos resultados, a medida da obesidade geral e abdominal pode ser &#250;til para avaliar crian&#231;as com risco aumentado de HA. Dessa forma, em ambientes com um grande n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as (ex. escolas) nos quais a medida de press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; fact&#237;vel, o uso de medidas antropom&#233;tricas pode ser considerado. Al&#233;m disso, como este estudo foi realizado em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento, no qual a medida de press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; comum, especialmente no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, os resultados obtidos podem ser facilmente incorporados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, refor&#231;ando a aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica dos resultados.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es que podem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Ele foi limitado pelo modelo transversal, o qual n&#227;o nos permitiu analisar o efeito de causalidade. As medi&#231;&#245;es de outros indicadores de risco cardiovascular, como a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o foram avaliadas. Com efeito, essa quest&#227;o &#233; importante, pois estudos anteriores reportaram que estes fatores tamb&#233;m estavam associados com HA<sup>26</sup>. A aus&#234;ncia de medidas da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal limitou nosso entendimento sobre se a classifica&#231;&#227;o fornecida pelo IMC refletia a adiposidade nos adolescentes. Os indicadores de matura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram coletados e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer infer&#234;ncias a respeito da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e HA, de acordo com o estado de matura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. A press&#227;o arterial foi obtida usando-se dois tamanhos de medidores que eram adequados para avaliar indiv&#237;duos com circunfer&#234;ncias de bra&#231;o entre 16 e 22 cm e entre 27 e 34 cm. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos com circunfer&#234;ncias de bra&#231;o entre 23 e 26 cm foi feita usando o tamanho maior de manguito, o que pode ter subestimado os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea desses indiv&#237;duos. Foi recomendada a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial auscultat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos com HA de acordo com o aparelho autom&#225;tico<sup>19</sup>. Neste estudo, este procedimento n&#227;o foi executado devido ao grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos estudados. Portanto, embora o equipamento usado para avaliar a press&#227;o arterial mostrasse sensibilidade e especificidade altas, alguns casos de falso positivo podem ter ocorrido. Finalmente, neste estudo os dados referentes &#224; obesidade e hipertens&#227;o dos pais n&#227;o foram avaliados. Considerando que a gen&#233;tica parece ter um papel importante na ocorr&#234;ncia de obesidade e HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>27,28</sup>, esta pode ser uma vari&#225;vel potencial para avalia&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes com risco de HA, e deveria ser investigada em estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>Como conclus&#227;o, a obesidade geral e abdominal est&#227;o associadas &#224; HA; entretanto, a sensibilidade e especificidade dessas vari&#225;veis para detectar HA &#233; baixa em adolescentes brasileiros.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="ad" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Raphael Mendes Ritti Dias </p>
        <p> Rua Arn&#237;bio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro </p>
        <p> 50100-130 - Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rdias@usp.br">rdias@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/05/10; revisado recebido em 30/11/10; aceito em 09/12/10.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>Full texts in English - </italic>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link>
    </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">High blood pressure detection in adolescents by clustering overall and abdominal adiposity markers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Obesity is linked to high blood pressure (HBP) in childhood. However, the role of fat as a predictor of HBP in adolescents remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between general and abdominal obesity with HBP and to identify the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators to detect HBP in adolescents. METHODS: The sample was composed of 1,021 adolescents aged 10-17 years. Subjects were classified as normal, overweight/obese, according to BMI measurements, and as non-obese and with abdominal obesity, according to waist circumference (WC) measurements. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed using an oscillometric device. Logistic regression and ROC curves were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBP was 11.8% (13.4% in boys and 10.2% in girls). The prevalence of HBP among general overweight/obese boys and girls was 10% and 11.1%, respectively. The prevalence of HBP among boys with abdominal obesity was 28.6%. For both genders, the odds ratio (OR) for HBP was higher in abdominal obesity than in general overweight/obesity (4.09 [OR95%CI = 2.57-6.51]) versus 1.83 [OR95%CI = 1.83-4.30]). The OR for HBP was higher when general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were clustered (OR = 4.35 [OR95%CI = 2.68-7.05]), than when identified by either general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity alone (OR = 1.32 [OR95%CI = 0.65-2.68]). However, both types of obesity had low predictive power in HBP detection. CONCLUSION: General and abdominal obesity were associated to HBP, however, the sensitivity and specificity of these variables to detect HBP are low in Brazilian adolescents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity, abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>waist circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="add-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>High blood pressure detection in adolescents by clustering overall and abdominal adiposity markers</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Diego G. D. Christofaro; Raphael M. Ritti-Dias; R&#244;mulo A. Fernandes; Marcos D. Polito; Selma M. de Andrade; Jefferson R. Cardoso; Arli Ramos de Oliveira</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR; Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Obesity is linked to high blood pressure (HBP) in childhood. However, the role of fat as a predictor of HBP in adolescents remains unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the association between general and abdominal obesity with HBP and to identify the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators to detect HBP in adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The sample was composed of 1,021 adolescents aged 10-17 years. Subjects were classified as normal, overweight/obese, according to BMI measurements, and as non-obese and with abdominal obesity, according to waist circumference (WC) measurements. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed using an oscillometric device. Logistic regression and ROC curves were used in the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The overall prevalence of HBP was 11.8% (13.4% in boys and 10.2% in girls). The prevalence of HBP among general overweight/obese boys and girls was 10% and 11.1%, respectively. The prevalence of HBP among boys with abdominal obesity was 28.6%. For both genders, the odds ratio (OR) for HBP was higher in abdominal obesity than in general overweight/obesity (4.09 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 2.57-6.51]) <italic>versus</italic> 1.83 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 1.83-4.30]). The OR for HBP was higher when general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were clustered (OR = 4.35 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 2.68-7.05]), than when identified by either general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity alone (OR = 1.32 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 0.65-2.68]). However, both types of obesity had low predictive power in HBP detection.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> General and abdominal obesity were associated to HBP, however, the sensitivity and specificity of these variables to detect HBP are low in Brazilian adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Blood pressure; obesity, abdominal; overweight; waist circumference; adolescent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world<sup>1,2</sup>. High blood pressure (HBP) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and when present in childhood, it predicts cardiovascular mortality in adulthood<sup>3</sup>. This is an important issue since the prevalence of HBP in pediatric populations is high in developed and developing countries, ranging from 3.6% to 19.4%<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Childhood obesity is also highly prevalent in developed<sup>6,7</sup> and in developing countries<sup>8</sup> and has been considered the best predictor of childhood hypertension<sup>9</sup>. Moreover, higher body mass index (BMI) in infancy is positively and significantly related to triglycerides and systolic blood pressure at 23 years of age<sup>10</sup>. Therefore, the diagnosis of childhood obesity can provide an early identification of the risk of HBP and other chronic diseases.</p>
      <p>Obesity has been identified in clinical setting using two practical, cost-effective and feasible methods: waist circumference (WC) and BMI. Although abdominal obesity is more often associated with cardiovascular risk than with general obesity in adults, this association in pediatric populations is yet to be clarified. A previous study that analyzed the association between fat distribution and cardiovascular risk in children showed that both types of obesity are linked to HBP in childhood<sup>11</sup>, however, the best predictor of HBP in adolescents remains uncertain.</p>
      <p>Recently, Genovesi et al<sup>11</sup> observed that WC improves the ability of BMI to detect HBP in Italian children aged 5 to 11 years, suggesting that the evaluation of both types of obesity is better for screening children at risk of HBP. Nevertheless, since this study was performed in children from a specific country, its results may not be generalized to adolescents from other nations<sup>12</sup>, which are known to have different lifestyle habits.</p>
      <p>Thus, the purposes of this study were (i) to investigate the association of general and abdominal obesity with HBP and (ii) to identify the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators to detect HBP in Brazilian adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sample</p>
      <p>This cross-sectional study was carried out in Londrina, Southern Brazil. The sample was composed of 1,021 adolescents enrolled in either private or public schools, aged 10 to 17 years. A sample size of 1,021 subjects was estimated by means of an expected HBP prevalence of 10%, error of 3%, power of 80%, confidence interval of 95%, and additional data for losses of 15% (based on a pilot study that found 10.2% of losses). Sampling was performed by means of a random multistage based on all regions of the city (east, west, north, south, and center) and on the total number of schools (respecting the proportion of public and private students in each region of the city). Informed consent was obtained from each volunteer's parent or guardian. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Experimentation of the State University of Londrina.</p>
      <p>Anthropometric variables</p>
      <p>All anthropometric measurements were performed by trained technicians in a reserved room at school. Body weight was measured using a mobile digital scale accurate to 0.1 kg and with maximum capacity of 150 kg. Subjects were asked to wear light clothes and to stand barefoot in the center of the platform scale. Height was measured using a portable stadiometer accurate to 0.1 cm and with a maximum length of 2.0 meters. Adolescents were required to stand barefoot, turned back to the stadiometer with the head positioned in the Frankfurt plane. The mobile part of the stadiometer was conducted by touching the vertex, with the compression of the hair according to the procedures described by Gordon et al<sup>13</sup>. BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height squared (m). WC was determined by the mean of two measurements of the minimum circumference between the iliac crest and rib cage, using a metal tape with the accuracy in millimeters (mm).</p>
      <p>General and abdominal obesity</p>
      <p>General overweight/obesity was classified according to the cutoff points suggested by Cole et al<sup>14</sup>, while abdominal obesity was identified according to the criteria proposed by Taylor et al<sup>15</sup>. Additionally, based on both adiposity indexes, the sample was stratified in: (i) neither general overweight/obesity nor abdominal obesity, (ii) only general overweight/obesity, (iii) only abdominal obesity, and (iv) both general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure measures</p>
      <p>Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed using an oscillometric device Omron HEM 742-E, which was calibrated and previously validated for adolescents<sup>16</sup>. For blood pressure measurements, the cuff was adjusted to the arm circumference (9 x 18 cm and 12 x 23 cm), following the recommendations of the American Heart Association (AHA)<sup>17</sup>. After the assessment of arm circumference, a 9x 18-cm-width cuff was used for the assessment of subjects with arm circumference between 16 to 22 cm, while a 12 x 23 cm width cuff was employed for the assessment of subjects with arm circumference between 23 and 34 cm, respectively.</p>
      <p>One day prior blood pressure assessment, subjects were asked not to practice physical activity<sup>18</sup> and avoid caffeinated beverages<sup>19</sup>. Blood pressure measurement was performed in a quiet room. After a 5-minute rest in the sitting position, a single previously trained evaluator performed two blood pressure measurements (with a 2-minute interval between them) and the mean of both was used for the analysis. If blood pressure differed more than 5 mmHg between measurements, two more measurements were performed and the mean of these measures were used for analysis (this event occurred in less than 1% of the sample).</p>
      <p>HBP was defined as blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> percentile 95, adjusted by age and height according to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program<sup>20</sup> criteria. Subjects with HBP received a counseling feedback that included increase in physical activity levels, as previously suggested<sup>21</sup>. Moreover, adolescents were advised to visit a physician in a Basic Health Unit (Public Health System).</p>
      <p>Statistical procedures</p>
      <p>Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximal for age, weight, height, BMI, WC, SBP and DBP. Differences between genders in the continuous variables were analyzed using Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression, represented by odds ratio values (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (OR<sub>95%CI</sub>), was used to determine the magnitude of these associations. ROC curve and its parameters (sensitivity, specificity, area under curve [AUC], positive predictive value [PPV], and negative predictive value [NPV]) were applied to assess general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity diagnosis characteristics. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS software (version 13.0) and the significance level was set at 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most of the sample was composed of females (52%). Sixty-five percent of the sample was aged 11 to 13 years and the mean age of all adolescents was 12.3 &#177; 1.5. BMI and WC values were higher in males than in females (p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in any other variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04411_ingtab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04411_ingtab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of general overweight/obesity was 21.9% and 14.8% for males and females (p = 0.004), respectively. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 15.2% and 8.5% in males and females (p = 0.001), respectively. Considering the subjects who had general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, the prevalence was 13.8% and 8.0% in males and females, respectively. In the overall sample, 76 subjects (7.4% [40 boys and 36 girls]) had general overweight/obesity, but not abdominal obesity, 10 subjects (1% [7 boys and 3 girls]) had abdominal obesity, but not general overweight/obesity and 110 subjects (10.8% [68 boys and 42 girls]) had both outcomes.</p>
      <p>The overall prevalence of HBP was 11.8% (CI = 7-13%) and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 18.2% (CI = 14.2-20.1%). The prevalences of HBP among boys and girls that had only general overweight/obesity were 10% and 11.1%, respectively. The prevalence of HBP among boys with only abdominal obesity was 28.6% (n = 2). Considering the subjects who had general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, the prevalence of HBP in boys and girls was 30.9% and 28.6%, respectively. In our pediatric sample, only 2% (n = 20) of the overall sample had systolic or diastolic blood pressure higher than 139 mmHg and 89 mmHg, respectively.</p>
      <p>The OR of HBP was higher in abdominal obesity than in general overweight/obesity (4.09 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 2.57-6.51]) <italic>versus</italic> 1.83 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 1.83-4.30]). The OR of HBP was higher when general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were clustered (OR = 4.35 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 2.68-7.05]), than when identified as either general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity alone (OR = 1.32 [OR<sub>95%CI</sub> = 0.65-2.68]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>General overweight/obesity criteria showed higher sensitivity (34.2%), while abdominal obesity criteria showed higher AUC (0.599 &#177; 0.030) to detect HBP. PPV values were low in all analyzes, but the clustered use of both obesity indicators slightly improved the scores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04411_ingfig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04411_ingfig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Paired comparisons of AUC indicated that the mean differences were similar between general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity (mean differences = 0.0083 &#177; 0.021 [95%CI = -0.034; 0.051]; p = 0.703), and between both obesity indicators clustered and general overweight/obesity (mean differences = 0.0044 &#177; 0.020 [95%CI = -0.034; 0.043]; p = 0.826) or abdominal obesity (mean differences = 0.0038 &#177; 0.009 [95%CI = -0.014; 0.021]; p = 0.671) alone. The general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity presented lower accuracy than both indicators clustered (p = 0.012).</p>
      <p>In both genders, abdominal obesity presented a higher sensitivity. The sensitivity scores were higher in boys than in girls, while the specificity was higher in girls than in boys. In the general analysis, anthropometric indexes were more accurate in boys than in girls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04411_ingtab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04411_ingtab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0465-00050-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main results of this cross-sectional study were: (i) abdominal obesity and general overweight/obesity are associated with HBP in Brazilian adolescents; (ii) the diagnostic properties of general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity are low; and (iii) the clustered use of both general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity improved the sensitivity to detect HBP.</p>
      <p>The link between hypertension and obesity is not completely understood. Several factors, such as an increase in the secretion of angiotensinogen, renin, and other substances by adipocytes, as well as the increase in tumor necrosis factor-&#945; levels has been suggested to be the factors that link obesity and hypertension. Moreover, the increase in visceral fat leads to insulin resistance<sup>22</sup> and vasoconstriction<sup>23,24</sup>. In fact, childhood BMI is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular disease, since it is positively related to increased values of fasting insulin, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure, as well as decreased high density lipoprotein scores in adulthood<sup>10</sup>. Thus, the adiposity indexes seem to screen children and adolescents at increased risk of hypertension and other chronic diseases.</p>
      <p>However, the role of fat distribution in cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents remains inconclusive. In the present study, neither general overweight/obesity nor abdominal obesity, when analyzed alone was associated with HBP. These results are different from a previous study, which identified an association between general overweight/obesity or abdominal obesity and HBP among adolescents<sup>11</sup>. The main reason for this controversy is that the previous studies did not describe how many subjects had both types of obesity. In the present study, approximately 28% of the adolescents with HBP had general and abdominal obesity, whereas only a few adolescents had only general overweight/obesity (6.6%) or abdominal obesity (1.6%).</p>
      <p>The results of the present study showed that simultaneous general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were associated with HBP in adolescents. These results are in agreement with Genovesi et al<sup>11</sup> that observed, in 4,177 children, that the association of general and abdominal obesity indicators are better to predict HBP than the use of only one indicator alone. The association between general and abdominal obesity has been previously described<sup>25</sup>, suggesting that central and general obesity act together in the development of HBP in this population.</p>
      <p>Although the assessment of blood pressure is the best way to identify subjects with HBP, it is still poorly performed in clinical practice due to several reasons. First, it is time-consuming, as subjects need to rest for a period and blood pressure must be assessed at least three times in both arms. Second, to perform blood pressure measurements, subjects have to follow several recommendations that include avoiding caffeine and alcohol<sup>19</sup> and not performing physical activity on the day before the assessment, as post-exercise hypotension might last for several hours<sup>18</sup>. Thus, these recommendations need to be given to subjects at least one day before the measurement. Third, the assessment of blood pressure depends on an adequate device. Finally, the interpretation of blood pressure measurements is very difficult, since it involves the analysis of several tables. Therefore, the results of this study have important practical applications. Based on our results, the measurement of general and abdominal obesity might be useful for screening children with increased risk of HBP. Thus, in settings with a large number of children (e.g. schools) in which the measurement of blood pressure is not feasible, the use of anthropometric measurements might be considered. Moreover, as this study was performed in a developing country in which the assessment of blood pressure is not common, especially in the public health system, the results obtained might be easily incorporated into clinical practice, strengthening the practical application of the results.</p>
      <p>This study presents several limitations that should be considered in the interpretation of the results. It was limited by the cross-sectional design, which does not allow us to analyze a causality effect. The measurements of other indicators of cardiovascular risk, such as glucose tolerance, body composition and physical activity were not performed. In fact, it is an important issue, as previous studies have reported that these factors are also associated with HBP<sup>26</sup>. The lack of body composition measurements limited our understanding as to whether the classification provided by BMI reflected adiposity in the adolescents. Maturation indicators were not collected and inferences regarding the association between anthropometric indicators and HBP according to maturational status were not possible to be established.</p>
      <p>In addition, this study has limitations regarding blood pressure assessment. Blood pressure was obtained using two cuff sizes, which are adequate to assess subjects with arm circumferences between 16 and 22 cm and between 27 and 34 cm. Thus, the assessment of blood pressure in subjects with an arm circumference between 23 and 26 cm was performed using the largest cuff size, which might have underestimated the blood pressure levels of these subjects. The assessment of auscultatory blood pressure in subjects who have HBP according to the automatic device has been recommended<sup>19</sup>. In this study, this procedure was not performed due to the high number of subjects studied. Therefore, although the equipment used to assess blood pressure showed high sensitivity and specificity, some false positive cases might have occurred. Finally, in this study, data regarding parental obesity and hypertension were not assessed. Considering that genetics seems to play an important role in the occurrence of obesity and HBP in children and adolescents<sup>27,28</sup>, it might be a potential variable for screening adolescents at risk of HBP, and should be investigated in future studies.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, general and abdominal obesity are associated to HBP; however, the sensitivity and specificity of these variables to detect HBP is low in Brazilian adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
