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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y6TvLYhBRsjNDXtCvKYLXCx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso da radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Uso de la radiofrecuencia bipolar para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial durante cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canale</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Secchin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Marialda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koehler</surname>
            <given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>456</fpage>
      <lpage>464</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar em concomit&#226;ncia &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca tem se mostrado m&#233;todo eficaz no tratamento desta arritmia. OBJETIVO: Descrever a experi&#234;ncia inicial do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com uso de dispositivo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, relatando o resultado de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de um ano. M&#201;TODOS: Entre janeiro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2009, 47 pacientes (36 mulheres) consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 53,7 &#177; 10,6 anos, apresentando fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 34,6 meses (3 a 192 meses) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desta arritmia, por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar, durante o procedimento que motivou a indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia. Oito apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial intermitente e 39, cont&#237;nua. Oitenta e um por cento foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar como procedimento principal. Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, observacional, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e de Holter 24 h. RESULTADOS: Dos 47 pacientes, 40 sobreviveram um ano. Desses, 33 foram submetidos a Holter 24 h, em um intervalo m&#233;dio de 401 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Encontrou-se a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o de ritmos: 24 (73%) sinusal, 5 (15%) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tr&#234;s (9%) Flutter atrial e um (3%) ritmo juncional. Foram observados dois acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos, sendo um associado &#224; arritmia supraventricular. CONCLUS&#195;O: A abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com dispositivo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar concomitante &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; m&#233;todo eficaz para o tratamento desta arritmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: El tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial con dispositivo de ablaci&#243;n de tejidos por radiofrecuencia bipolar en concomitancia con la cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca se muestra un m&#233;todo eficaz en el tratamiento de esta arritmia. OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia inicial del Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&#237;a en el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial con uso de dispositivo de radiofrecuencia bipolar en pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca, relatando el resultado de seguimiento postoperatorio de un a&#241;o. M&#201;TODOS: Entre enero de 2008 y marzo de 2009, 47 pacientes (36 mujeres) consecutivos, con edad promedio de 53,7 &#177; 10,6 a&#241;os, presentando fibrilaci&#243;n atrial por un per&#237;odo promedio de 34,6 meses (3 a 192 meses) fueron sometidos a ablaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica de esta arritmia, por radiofrecuencia bipolar, durante el procedimiento que motiv&#243; la indicaci&#243;n de la cirug&#237;a. Ocho presentaban fibrilaci&#243;n atrial intermitente y 39, continua. El 81% fue sometido a cirug&#237;a valvular como procedimiento principal. &#201;ste es un an&#225;lisis retrospectivo, observacional, con evaluaci&#243;n de un a&#241;o de postoperatorio de las variables cl&#237;nicas y de Holter 24 h. RESULTADOS: De los 47 pacientes, 40 sobrevivieron un a&#241;o. De ellos, 33 fueron sometidos a Holter 24 h, en un intervalo promedio de 401 d&#237;as despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a. Se encontr&#243; la siguiente distribuci&#243;n de ritmos: 24 (73%) sinusal, 5 (15%) fibrilaci&#243;n atrial, tres (9%) flutter atrial y un (3%) ritmo de la uni&#243;n. Se observaron dos accidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos, siendo uno asociado a la arritmia supraventricular. CONCLUSI&#211;N: La ablaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial con dispositivo de radiofrecuencia bipolar concomitante a la cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca es m&#233;todo eficaz para el tratamiento de esta arritmia.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Flutter atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Flutter atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrilaci&#243;n atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>t&#233;cnicas de ablaci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Uso da radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leonardo Secchin Canale; Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Andrey Jos&#233; Monteiro; Marialda Coimbra; Clara Weksler; Ernesto Koehler; Bruno Miranda Marques; Marco Antonio Mattos; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz Filho; Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva S&#225;</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="ad">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar em concomit&#226;ncia &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca tem se mostrado m&#233;todo eficaz no tratamento desta arritmia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a experi&#234;ncia inicial do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com uso de dispositivo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, relatando o resultado de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de um ano. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre janeiro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2009, 47 pacientes (36 mulheres) consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 53,7 &#177; 10,6 anos, apresentando fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 34,6 meses (3 a 192 meses) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desta arritmia, por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar, durante o procedimento que motivou a indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia. Oito apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial intermitente e 39, cont&#237;nua. Oitenta e um por cento foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar como procedimento principal. Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, observacional, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e de Holter 24 h. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 47 pacientes, 40 sobreviveram um ano. Desses, 33 foram submetidos a Holter 24 h, em um intervalo m&#233;dio de 401 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Encontrou-se a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o de ritmos: 24 (73%) sinusal, 5 (15%) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tr&#234;s (9%) <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial e um (3%) ritmo juncional. Foram observados dois acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos, sendo um associado &#224; arritmia supraventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A abla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com dispositivo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar concomitante &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; m&#233;todo eficaz para o tratamento desta arritmia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Flutter atrial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o, arritmias card&#237;acas, cirurgia tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar tem se consolidado como um dos m&#233;todos eficazes para tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) durante cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. Apesar da cirurgia de Cox-Maze III com t&#233;cnica de corte e sutura apresentar resultados excelentes a curto e longo prazos<sup>2</sup>, tanto em revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal como em preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos<sup>3</sup>, sua complexidade e demanda de maior tempo de cirurgia desestimularam muitos cirurgi&#245;es a empreg&#225;-la de maneira rotineira. Em nosso meio, a exequibilidade e efic&#225;cia da cirurgia de Cox Maze III j&#225; foram demonstradas por Kalil e cols.<sup>4</sup> e Canale e cols.<sup>5</sup>. Com o objetivo de simplificar o procedimento, diversas formas de energias alternativas para abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos que resultam em bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica bidirecional foram estudadas para recriar as les&#245;es originais do Cox-Maze III<sup>1</sup>. O dispositivo de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar Atricure<sup>&#174;</sup> permite a cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es teciduais r&#225;pidas e seguras que contemplam toda a espessura da parede atrial<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; descrever a experi&#234;ncia inicial do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC) no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante cirurgia card&#237;aca com dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar Atricure<sup>&#174;</sup> e a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e com Holter 24 h ambulatorial de um ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos e pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2008 e mar&#231;o de 2009, 47 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca e com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial associada foram submetidos, junto ao procedimento principal, &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA com dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar (RFB) Atricure<sup>&#174;</sup>. Essa &#233; uma das op&#231;&#245;es de energia alternativa h&#225; pouco dispon&#237;vel no mercado brasileiro.</p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por RFB utiliza corrente alternada de energia para aquecer o tecido, criando les&#227;o termal e resultando em linha de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Os eletrodos localizam-se nas mand&#237;bulas do instrumento que se caracteriza como uma pin&#231;a e cada les&#227;o deve ser feita tr&#234;s vezes para garantir que a les&#227;o seja transmural<sup>8</sup>. As vantagens te&#243;ricas sobre a RF unipolar incluem maior seguran&#231;a sobre a dispers&#227;o de energia, cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es cont&#237;nuas e habilidade de acessar se a les&#227;o atingiu toda a espessura da parede atrial atrav&#233;s de sistema de retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;pria pin&#231;a e console<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, retrospectivo, com avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, prontu&#225;rios e exames complementares, cujas vari&#225;veis de interesse investigadas est&#227;o em acordo com as diretrizes sobre pesquisa de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>9</sup>. Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, tipo de FA, tempo relatado de FA pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia, procedimentos ablativos pr&#233;vios, presen&#231;a de marca-passo (MP), diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco motivador da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado, conjunto de les&#245;es para tratamento da FA realizados.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com consultas ambulatoriais marcadas para um, tr&#234;s, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Nessas consultas, os pacientes foram avaliados por especialista n&#227;o cego para o tratamento da FA acerca do uso de medicamentos, ritmo card&#237;aco, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, eventuais abla&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e reopera&#231;&#245;es. Holter de tr&#234;s canais foi solicitado a partir de 04 meses e foi tamb&#233;m avaliado por especialista n&#227;o cego para o tratamento da FA. O crit&#233;rio de falha terap&#234;utica utilizado &#233; de qualquer taquiarritmia com dura&#231;&#227;o total maior do que 30 s nas 24 h.</p>
    <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do INC aprovou este estudo em 02/02/10 sob n&#250;mero 0257.</p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</p>
    <p>Dos 47 pacientes, 36 s&#227;o mulheres (76%) e a idade m&#233;dia &#233; de 53,7 &#177; 10,6 anos. O tempo m&#233;dio de FA relatado foi de 34,6 meses (de tr&#234;s a 192 meses). O tipo de FA apresentado foi: parox&#237;stica: 08; persistente: 05; e permanente: 34 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref>). O &#225;trio esquerdo apresentava tamanho m&#233;dio de 54 &#177; 10,7 mm e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) era de: 58,6% &#177; 13,4%. Dois pacientes possu&#237;am marca-passo pr&#233;vio e nenhum havia sido submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de qualquer arritmia. Tr&#234;s pacientes tinham hist&#243;ria de AVE. O evento observado foi relacionado &#224; FA nos tr&#234;s pacientes. No momento da cirurgia, um deles apresentava resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do quadro neurol&#243;gico e dois permaneciam com sequelas motoras e lingu&#237;sticas. Ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A maioria das indica&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias que levaram esses pacientes &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram relacionadas a doen&#231;as valvares (81%). Ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_portfig02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04511_portfig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Descri&#231;&#227;o das linhas de les&#245;es para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA</p>
    <p><italic>1) Isolamento de veias pulmonares</italic> - O isolamento das veias pulmonares foi realizado englobando-se as veias pulmonares direitas e esquerdas aos pares, epicardicamente (passando um dos eletrodos do dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o posteriormente e o outro anteriormente &#224;s veias pulmonares), durante a descompress&#227;o card&#237;aca com a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e, portanto, com o paciente heparinizado, com a convexidade do dispositivo voltada para o &#225;trio esquerdo a fim de poupar os &#243;stios das veias pulmonares. Antes do procedimento card&#237;aco principal, aplica-se pelo menos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos de energia at&#233; o aviso sonoro da ocorr&#234;ncia da transmuralidade da les&#227;o no mesmo ponto.</p>
    <p><italic>2) Linhas de conex&#227;o atrial esquerda</italic> - As linhas de conex&#227;o entre os pares das veias pulmonares direita e esquerda foram feitas ap&#243;s abertura do &#225;trio esquerdo com coloca&#231;&#227;o de um dos eletrodos por fora da parede posterior do AE (epic&#225;rdio) e outra pelo seu interior (endoc&#225;rdio) de tal maneira que as linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o, realizadas previamente para o isolamento das veias pulmonares, fossem conectadas superior e/ou inferiormente. Esse procedimento foi realizado durante o procedimento card&#237;aco principal.</p>
    <p><italic>3) Linha de conex&#227;o ao anel mitral</italic> - A linha de conex&#227;o ao anel mitral n&#227;o foi realizada com a pin&#231;a de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar por impossibilidade anat&#244;mica. Quando realizada, o foi com t&#233;cnica de corte e sutura, conectando o anel da v&#225;lvula mitral &#224; linha de isolamento da veia pulmonar inferior direita.</p>
    <p><italic>4) Linha cavo-tricusp&#237;dea</italic> - A linha cavo-tricusp&#237;dea foi feita com a pin&#231;a de RFB englobando parede livre do &#225;trio direito, ap&#243;s sua abertura, de tal maneira a comunicar a linha de atriotomia at&#233; o anel tricusp&#237;deo, posteriormente ao &#243;stio do seio coronariano venoso.</p>
    <p>A escolha do conjunto de les&#245;es para a abla&#231;&#227;o bem como o manuseio do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ficou a crit&#233;rio de cada cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada com teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com teste exato de Fischer. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia com respectivo desvio-padr&#227;o ou, quando adequado, em porcentagem. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo quando o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreram 04 &#243;bitos perioperat&#243;rios e tr&#234;s durante o acompanhamento de um ano. As causas de &#243;bitos perioperat&#243;rios foram: dois &#243;bitos por choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s disjun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, dois &#243;bitos por choque s&#233;ptico. Os dois casos de disjun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular foram diagnosticados na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e em ambos foi tentada sutura da jun&#231;&#227;o com peric&#225;rdio bovino, por&#233;m sem sucesso.</p>
    <p>Esse acidente cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o esteve associado &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o j&#225; que as linhas de les&#227;o, nos dois casos, foram realizadas longe do anel mitral. As causas de &#243;bitos tardios foram: um &#243;bito em casa (sem defini&#231;&#227;o clara, PO: tr&#234;s meses), um acidente cumar&#237;nico (PO: 04 meses), um reopera&#231;&#227;o por endocardite infecciosa de v&#225;lvula mitral (PO: 08 meses). O acidente cumar&#237;nico foi diagnosticado em paciente submetido a implante de tubo valvado mec&#226;nico e em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com cumar&#237;nico. Ela se apresentou ao hospital com INR de 10, choque cardiog&#234;nico e imagens de sangramento em volta do tubo a&#243;rtico em tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax. Havia hist&#243;ria de trauma tor&#225;cico em queda da pr&#243;pria altura poucos dias antes. Apesar de tentativa de corre&#231;&#227;o da coagulopatia antes de cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia com hemoderivados, o paciente faleceu de choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Dos 40 pacientes que sobreviveram o primeiro ano, 07 n&#227;o realizaram Holter 24 h. O motivo dessa perda foi: um mudou-se de estado, um n&#227;o se conseguiu contato telef&#244;nico e 05 desistiram de realizar o exame. Os 33 exames de Holter 24 h foram realizados numa m&#233;dia de 401 &#177; 117 dias p&#243;s-cirurgia (variando de 136 a 751 dias).</p>
    <p>Est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis ECGs convencionais dos 07 pacientes que n&#227;o realizaram Holter 24 h. O &#250;ltimo ECG de cada paciente foi realizado numa m&#233;dia de 278 dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Seis pacientes est&#227;o em ritmo sinusal e um paciente em FA.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos 33 pacientes submetidos a Holter 24 h n&#227;o diferem de maneira significativa do grupo total de 47 pacientes (p = NS). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 50,1 &#177; 9,4 anos, a m&#233;dia de AE foi de 52,6 &#177; 9,9 mm, da FE, 56,6 &#177; 12,5% e do tempo relatado de FA foi 37,3 (tr&#234;s a 192 meses). Est&#227;o em ritmo sinusal 24 pacientes (73%), em ritmo de FA, 5 (15%), em ritmo de <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial direito, tr&#234;s (9%) e em ritmo juncional, um paciente (3%). Ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Considerando os 40 pacientes sobreviventes de um ano e todos os exames de Holter e ECG juntos, est&#227;o em ritmo sinusal 30 pacientes (75%), em ritmo de FA, 06 pacientes (15%), em ritmo de <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial direito, tr&#234;s pacientes (7,5%) e em ritmo juncional, um (2,5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O ritmo card&#237;aco no dia da alta estava dispon&#237;vel para apenas 18 dos 43 pacientes que tiveram alta hospitalar. Nove (50%) estavam em ritmo sinusal e 09 em ritmo de FA.</p>
    <p>O conjunto de linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o realizado pode ser avaliado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_portfig03">Figura 3</xref>. A necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi nula.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04511_portfig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, dentre os 33 pacientes que realizaram Holter 24 h, 05 n&#227;o estavam em uso de qualquer droga, 09 estavam em uso apenas de amiodarona, 09 em uso apenas de atenolol, 05 em uso de amiodarona e atenolol, e 05 sem informa&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figura 4</xref>). Quanto ao uso de anticoagulantes e/ou antiplaquet&#225;rio, 08 n&#227;o estavam usando nenhum deles, 19 estavam em uso de warfarin, um em uso de AAS e para 04 n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figura 5</xref>). Dos 24 pacientes em ritmo sinusal pelo Holter de 24 h, tr&#234;s (12,5%) n&#227;o usavam nenhum antiarr&#237;tmico e 09 (37,5%) n&#227;o utilizavam medica&#231;&#227;o anticoagulante.</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dois pacientes apresentaram eventos neurol&#243;gicos no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Um deles apresentou resolu&#231;&#227;o completa dos d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos ap&#243;s 7 dias do evento e outro permaneceu com leve paresia em dim&#237;dio esquerdo que n&#227;o prejudicou a deambula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de arritmias residuais ou recorrentes foi realizada em apenas um paciente para tratamento de <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial direito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento da cirurgia de Cox-Maze III<sup>10</sup> &#233; um verdadeiro exemplo de m&#233;todo cient&#237;fico aplicado &#224; cirurgia experimental em animais e, ap&#243;s, em humanos, resultando em op&#231;&#227;o altamente eficaz no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. &#201; efetiva em manter ritmo sinusal (90% ap&#243;s 10 anos)<sup>11-14</sup>, manter contra&#231;&#227;o atrial e prevenir tromboembolismo a longo prazo (incid&#234;ncia anual de eventos semelhante a pacientes que nunca apresentaram FA, independente do n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o utilizado)<sup>3,15</sup>. Por outro lado, &#233; procedimento cir&#250;rgico complexo, demorado, realizado por corte e sutura, aumenta o risco de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>10</sup>, sendo, por isso, que poucos cirurgi&#245;es desenvolveram habilidade espec&#237;fica para realiz&#225;-la com seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de rotina.</p>
    <p>Baseado nisso, com o desenvolvimento de tecnologia, formas alternativas de energia surgiram com o intuito de simplificar e encurtar o tempo gasto no procedimento, tentando manter os bons &#237;ndices de sucesso alcan&#231;ados previamente. Al&#233;m disso, a recente demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que, na maior parte dos pacientes, os focos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial prov&#233;m das veias pulmonares<sup>16</sup> e da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>17,18</sup> permitiram ao cirurgi&#227;o reduzir o n&#250;mero de linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o realizadas.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho visa apresentar a experi&#234;ncia inicial do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em cirurgia card&#237;aca combinada com o uso de pin&#231;a de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar realizado por um grupo misto de 10 cirurgi&#245;es, todos em fase de aprendizagem com o m&#233;todo e com a tecnologia.</p>
    <p>Dos 40 pacientes que sobreviveram o primeiro ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia, foi obtido Holter 24 h de 33 pacientes (82,5%). Dos 6 pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, todos realizaram Holter 24 h e todos se apresentaram em ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>Dos 34 pacientes com FA cont&#237;nua (persistente + permanente), obtivemos Holter 24 h de 27 pacientes (79%). Destes 27 pacientes, 18 (67%) est&#227;o em ritmo sinusal, um (4%) em ritmo juncional (que n&#227;o &#233; considerado falha terap&#234;utica), 05 (19%) em FA e tr&#234;s (11%) em <italic>Flutter</italic>. Portanto, 71% dos pacientes com FA persistente/permanente est&#227;o livres de FA/<italic>Flutter</italic> ap&#243;s o primeiro ano da cirurgia segundo Holter de 24 h.</p>
    <p>Os fatores para persist&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s a cirurgia de abla&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o tanto relacionados ao paciente operado<sup>19-22</sup> quanto ao conjunto de les&#245;es realizados<sup>19</sup>. S&#227;o fatores de risco para falha terap&#234;utica: a idade, o tempo de FA, o tipo de FA e o tamanho do AE. Em nossa s&#233;rie, apenas o tempo de FA relatado no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio se mostrou como fator para falha terap&#234;utica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Acreditamos que o n&#250;mero ainda pequeno de pacientes em nossa experi&#234;ncia explique a falta de correla&#231;&#227;o dos outros fatores cl&#225;ssicos. Em pacientes com FA permanente j&#225; se demostrou<sup>19</sup> que as les&#245;es de conex&#227;o atrial esquerda influenciam no resultado a longo prazo na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. Os resultados de abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar variam na literatura, assim como o m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco em cada estudo. Gillinov e cols.<sup>19</sup>, ao rever 513 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar e criotermia atrav&#233;s de eletrocardiogramas seriados, encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de ritmo sinusal em 06 meses de 87% e um sucesso total na terapia em um ano de 72%.</p>
    <p>Nessa grande s&#233;rie, 27% dos pacientes apresentavam FA intermitente, 14% persistente e 56% permanente. O tempo m&#233;dio de dura&#231;&#227;o da FA foi de 24 meses e o tamanho m&#233;dio de AE 51 &#177; 0,9 mm. A indica&#231;&#227;o principal de cirurgia foi doen&#231;a valvar. Tanto o tipo de paciente operado como os resultados de ritmo em um ano s&#227;o semelhantes a nossa amostra. Gaynor e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em 2004, relatam experi&#234;ncia inicial com 40 pacientes cuja FA foi tratado com pin&#231;a de RF bipolar. Dezenove pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o isolada da arritmia e em 21 a abla&#231;&#227;o foi concomitante a outro procedimento que motivou a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 62 anos e o tempo mediano de FA de 3,8 anos. Vinte e cinco pacientes (62%) apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica. O &#237;ndice de ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s 06 meses foi de 91%. Esse grupo se assemelha pouco a nossa s&#233;rie, j&#225; que metade dos pacientes foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o isolada da arritmia e mais da metade apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica, reconhecidamente de melhor progn&#243;stico do que a forma cont&#237;nua.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, Melby e cols.<sup>20</sup> relatam resultados de 85% de ritmo sinusal (atrav&#233;s de ECGs seriados), ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, em uma s&#233;rie de 130 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da FA isoladamente (30 pacientes) ou concomitante &#224; cirurgia principal (100 pacientes). Beukema e cols.<sup>21</sup>, em 2008, relatam o acompanhamento de 285 pacientes mais idosos (m&#233;dia de 68 anos), com mais tempo de FA (m&#233;dia de 60,9 meses) e apenas com FA permanente. Encontram 59% de pacientes com ritmo sinusal pelo ECG em um ano e 53,4% em 05 anos.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura que relata &#237;ndices de sucesso em um ano variando de 59% a 85%. Em nosso meio, esta &#233; a &#250;nica s&#233;rie de pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o com o uso de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar. Kalil e cols.<sup>4</sup> publicaram sua experi&#234;ncia com a t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica de Cox Maze III em nosso pa&#237;s. Em um grupo de 61 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 49 anos, submetidos na grande maioria &#224; cirurgia valvar, ap&#243;s uma m&#233;dia de um ano de acompanhamento com ECG convencional em todos os sobreviventes (51 pacientes) e Holter 24 h em 17 pacientes, foi encontrado ritmo sinusal em 70,5%, ritmo atrial em 4%, taquicardia atrial em 2% e ritmo de marca-passo DDD em 4%. A necessidade de marca-passo definitivo foi de 11,4%. Mais recentemente, Canale e cols.<sup>5</sup> avaliaram prospectivamente 07 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia convencional de Cox Maze, com idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos, 43% com FA permanente sendo valvar a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica principal em todos eles. Ap&#243;s 08 meses de acompanhamento com ECGs seriados e Holter em todos eles, 100% estavam livres de FA. Um paciente (14%) necessitou de marca-passo definitivo. Portanto, os resultados da presente s&#233;rie est&#227;o de acordo com relatos pr&#233;vios de cirurgia de Cox-Maze III em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>A abordagem cir&#250;rgica nesta nossa s&#233;rie, no que trata dos conjuntos de les&#245;es realizadas, poderia ser mais completa. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_portfig03">Figura 3</xref> mostra as les&#245;es realizadas, em que o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es em parede posterior de AE (27 pacientes) &#233; inferior ao n&#250;mero de pacientes com FA persistente/permanente (39 pacientes). Atribu&#237;mos isso ao processo inicial de aprendizado. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_portfig03">Figura 3</xref> mostra tamb&#233;m o n&#250;mero de fechamentos da ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerda: h&#225; uma discrep&#226;ncia entre o observado (34 pacientes) e o ideal<sup>23</sup> (47 pacientes). Em algumas cirurgias, n&#227;o houve a necessidade de abertura do &#225;trio esquerdo (cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio, implante de tubo valvado, cirurgia de Ebstein etc) e o cirurgi&#227;o optou por n&#227;o acrescentar este procedimento. A alternativa para fechamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo sem abrir o &#225;trio esquerdo seria a abordagem com sutura epic&#225;rdica do ap&#234;ndice. Entretanto, este procedimento, como mostrou recente trabalho<sup>24</sup>, tem efic&#225;cia question&#225;vel, com alta incid&#234;ncia de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo permanecendo aberto e com fluxo.</p>
    <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em dois pacientes. Um deles apresentou sinais neurol&#243;gicos focais no 17&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, j&#225; em casa. Trata-se de paciente masculino de 49 anos com FE de 30%, insufici&#234;ncias mitral e tric&#250;spide e FA permanente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. O paciente foi submetido &#224; troca de v&#225;lvula mitral mec&#226;nica, plastia tric&#250;spide, abla&#231;&#227;o de veias pulmonares e linha cavo-tricusp&#237;dea e fechamento de auriculeta esquerda. O ritmo de alta havia sido sinusal, mas o ritmo no dia do evento era de FA. O paciente estava em uso de Warfarin e amiodarona. N&#227;o houve sequelas do evento neurol&#243;gico e hoje o paciente apresenta-se em ritmo sinusal ao Holter 24 h. O segundo caso provavelmente n&#227;o esteve associado &#224; arritmia. A paciente apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) (dura&#231;&#227;o 10 min) por hip&#243;xia no primeiro m&#234;s de PO, no CTI, sendo confirmado diagn&#243;stico de AVE por TC de cr&#226;nio que mostrou &#225;reas hipodensas esparsas, compat&#237;veis com AVE p&#243;s PCR. No momento da alta hospitalar, esta paciente apresentava leve paresia de dim&#237;dio esquerdo, que n&#227;o interferia na deambula&#231;&#227;o. Foi encaminhada para fisioterapia e reabilita&#231;&#227;o motora.</p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio das terapias ablativas de FA na preven&#231;&#227;o do tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico &#233; dif&#237;cil pela baixa incid&#234;ncia anual do evento estudado e pela necessidade de acompanhamento a muito longo prazo. Apesar dos estudos de Cox e cols.<sup>15</sup> e Kalil e cols.<sup>3</sup> com a cirurgia de Maze III mostrarem um &#237;ndice de AVE nos pacientes tratados semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, independente do uso ou n&#227;o de anticoagulantes e antiarr&#237;tmicos, ainda n&#227;o existem investiga&#231;&#245;es semelhantes com abla&#231;&#245;es realizadas com formas alternativas de energia.</p>
    <p>Apenas um dos 3 pacientes que apresentaram <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial direito detectado pelo Holter 24 h no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea (no 9&#186; m&#234;s de PO). O procedimento teve sucesso e o paciente se mant&#233;m em ritmo sinusal confirmado por ECGs seriados. Desses tr&#234;s pacientes, 2 receberam abla&#231;&#227;o da linha cavo-tricusp&#237;dea (inclusive o paciente que posteriormente foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do <italic>Flutter</italic> atrial direito). McCarthy e cols.<sup>25</sup>, ao aplicar estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico em pacientes com falha da terapia ablativa (em um s&#233;rie onde diversas formas de energia foram utilizadas), mostraram que, quando realizado apenas o isolamento das veias pulmonares, com ou sem linhas de conex&#227;o atrial esquerda, 75% (6 de 8) das falhas s&#227;o decorrentes de focos no &#225;trio direito. No mesmo estudo, 67% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de arritmia persistente/residual, ap&#243;s algum procedimento cir&#250;rgico ablativo, retornaram ao ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, n&#227;o houve necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo em nenhum paciente. Uma revis&#227;o de Khargi e cols.<sup>1</sup> aponta a incid&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de novo implante de MP em 5% quando usada qualquer forma alternativa de energia, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre elas. A principal causa para implante de marca-passo n&#227;o &#233; o bloqueio atrioventricular, mas sim o aparecimento de doen&#231;a de n&#243; sinusal, previamente existente, por&#233;m encoberta pela FA.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, concomitantemente &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, com o uso de dispositivo de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar resulta em aus&#234;ncia de arritmia supraventricular em 76% dos pacientes ap&#243;s um ano.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="ad" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Leonardo Secchin Canale </p>
        <p> R. Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 302/601 - Ipanema </p>
        <p> 22410-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leonardo.canale@gmail.com">leonardo.canale@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/09/10; revisado recebido em 15/12/10; aceito em 21/12/10.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>Full texts in English - </italic>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of bipolar radiofrequency for the treatment of atrial fibrillation during cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation with tissue ablation device through bipolar radiofrequency in conjunction with cardiac surgery has proven to be an effective method to treat this arrhythmia. OBJECTIVE: Describe the initial experience of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation using bipolar radiofrequency device in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, reporting the results of postoperative follow-up of one year. METHODS: Between January 2008 and March 2009, 47 consecutive patients (36 women), with mean age of 53.7 &#177; 10.6 years, with atrial fibrillation for a mean period of 34.6 months (3-192 months) underwent surgical ablation of this arrhythmia, through bipolar radiofrequency during the procedure which led to the indication of surgery. Eight of them showed intermittent atrial fibrillation and 39, continued. Eighty-one percent underwent valve surgery as the main procedure. This is a one-year postoperative retrospective, observational evaluation of clinical variables and 24-h Holter. RESULTS: Out of the 47 patients, 40 survived one year. Out of these, 33 underwent 24 h Holter, at an average interval of 401 days after the surgery. The following rhythm distribution was found: 24 (73.0%) sinus, five (15.0%) atrial fibrillation, three (9.0%) atrial Flutter and one (3.0%) junctional rhythm. Two cerebrovascular accidents were observed, one of which was associated with supraventricular arrhythmia. CONCLUSION: Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with bipolar radiofrequency device concomitant with cardiac surgery is an effective method for treating this arrhythmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>ablation techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmias,cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="add-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Use of bipolar radiofrequency for the treatment of atrial fibrillation during cardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Leonardo Secchin Canale; Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi; Andrey Jos&#233; Monteiro; Marialda Coimbra; Clara Weksler; Ernesto Koehler; Bruno Miranda Marques; Marco Antonio Mattos; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz Filho; Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva S&#225;</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Atrial fibrillation with tissue ablation device through bipolar radiofrequency in conjunction with cardiac surgery has proven to be an effective method to treat this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Describe the initial experience of the <italic>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</italic> in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation using bipolar radiofrequency device in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, reporting the results of postoperative follow-up of one year.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 2008 and March 2009, 47 consecutive patients (36 women), with mean age of 53.7 &#177; 10.6 years, with atrial fibrillation for a mean period of 34.6 months (3-192 months) underwent surgical ablation of this arrhythmia, through bipolar radiofrequency during the procedure which led to the indication of surgery. Eight of them showed intermittent atrial fibrillation and 39, continued. Eighty-one percent underwent valve surgery as the main procedure. This is a one-year postoperative retrospective, observational evaluation of clinical variables and 24-h Holter.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Out of the 47 patients, 40 survived one year. Out of these, 33 underwent 24 h Holter, at an average interval of 401 days after the surgery. The following rhythm distribution was found: 24 (73%) sinus, five (15%) atrial fibrillation, three (9%) atrial flutter and one (3%) junctional rhythm. Two cerebrovascular accidents were observed, one of which was associated with supraventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with bipolar radiofrequency device concomitant with cardiac surgery is an effective method for treating this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Atrial flutter; atrial fibrillation; ablation techniques; arrhythmias,cardiac; thoracic surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The tissue ablation by bipolar radiofrequency has been established as an effective methods for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) during cardiac surgery<sup>1</sup>. Although the Cox-Maze III surgerywith cutting and suturing technique delivers excellent short and long term results<sup>2</sup> both in reversion for sinus rhythm and in preventing thromboembolic events<sup>3</sup>, its complexity and demand for a longer surgery discouraged many surgeons to use it routinely. In our environment, the feasibility and effectiveness of the Cox Maze III have been demonstrated by Kalil et al<sup>4</sup> and Canale et al<sup>5</sup>. Aiming to simplify the procedure, several alternative forms of energy for tissue ablation resulting in bidirectional electrical conduction block were studied to recreate the original lesions of the Cox-Maze III<sup>1</sup>. The bipolar radiofrequency device Atricure<sup>TM</sup> enables the creation of fast and safe tissue lesions covering the entire atrial wall thickness<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this paper is to describe the initial experience of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC) in treating atrial fibrillation during cardiac surgery with tissue ablation device by bipolar radiofrequency Atricure<sup>&#174;</sup> and clinical evaluation and 24-hour ambulatory Holter one year postoperatively (PO).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods and patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2008 and March 2009, 47 patients referred for cardiac surgery and atrial fibrillation associated underwent, with the main procedure, AF ablation with tissue ablation device by bipolar radiofrequency (RFB) Atricure<sup>TM</sup>. This is one of the alternative energy options available in the Brazilian market.</p>
      <p>RFB ablation uses alternating power current to heat the tissue, creating thermal lesion and resulting conduction block line<sup>7</sup>. The electrodes are located in the jaws of the instrument that consists in a a forceps, and each lesion should be made three times to ensure that the lesion is transmural<sup>8</sup>. The theoretical advantages over the unipolar RF include increased security on the dispersion of energy, creating continuous lesions and ability to assess whether the lesion has reached the entire thickness of the atrial wall through the feedback system of the forceps console<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is a retrospective observational study with evaluation of patients, records and complementary tests, whose variables of interest investigated are in accordance with the guidelines on research of patients undergoing surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation<sup>9</sup>. The following variables were evaluated: age, type of AF, AF time reported prior to surgery, prior ablative procedures, presence of pacemaker (PM), cardiac diagnostic motivating indication for surgery, left atrial size, left ventricular ejection fraction, surgical procedure performed, set of lesions for AF treatment performed.</p>
      <p>Patients were followed postoperatively with outpatient visits scheduled for one, three, 6 and 12 months after the operation. In these visits, patients were evaluated by an non-blind expert for the treatment of AF on the use of medications, cardiac rhythm, thromboembolic events, any percutaneous ablations performed postoperatively and reoperations. Three-channel Holter monitoring was requested from 04 months and was also assessed by a non-blind expert for the treatment of AF. The failure criterion used is of any therapeutic tachyarrhythmia with total length greater than 30 s in 24 h.</p>
      <p>The study was evaluated and approved on February 02, 2010 by the Research Ethics Committee of the INC under number 0257.</p>
      <p>Patients' characteristics</p>
      <p>Out of the 47 patients, 36 were women (76%) and average age is 53.7 &#177; 10.6 years. The average reported AF time was 34.6 months (three to 192 months). The type of AF presented was: paroxysmal: 08; persistent: 05; and permanent: 34 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The left atrium had an average size of 54 &#177; 10.7 mm and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was: 58.6% &#177; 13.4%. Two patients had previous pacemaker, and none had been submitted to previous ablation of any arrhythmia. Three patients had a history of cerebrovascular accident. The event observed was related to AF in three patients. At surgery, one patient showed complete resolution of neurological sequelae and two remained with motor and speaking skills. See <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Most primary indications that have led these patients to surgical intervention were related to valve disease (81%). See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_ingfig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04511_ingfig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Description of lines of lesions for AF ablation</p>
      <p><italic>1) Isolation of pulmonary veins</italic> - Pulmonary vein isolation was performed by involving the right and left pulmonary veins in pairs epicardially (passing one of the electrodes of the ablation device beyond and the other below the pulmonary veins) during cardiac decompression with cardiopulmonary bypass, and therefore, with the patient heparinized, with the convexity of the device facing the left atrium in order to spare the pulmonary vein ostia. Before the main cardiac procedure, at least three periods of energy are applied until the buzzer of the occurrence of transmural lesion at the same point.</p>
      <p><italic>2) Left atrial connection lines</italic> - The connection lines between the pairs of the right and left pulmonary veins were made after opening the left atrium by placing one of the electrodes outside the LA posterior wall (epicardium) and another through inside (endocardium) such that the ablation lines, performed prior to the isolation of the pulmonary veins, were connected above and/or under. This procedure was performed during the primary cardiac procedure.</p>
      <p><italic>3) Connection line to the mitral annulus</italic> - The line connecting the mitral annulus was not performed with bipolar radiofrequency forceps due to anatomical impossibility. It was performed by employing the cutting and suturing technique, connecting the mitral valve annulus to the isolation line of the right inferior pulmonary vein.</p>
      <p><italic>4) Cavotricuspid line</italic> - The cavo-tricuspid line was made with the RFB forceps involving free wall of right atrium, after it was opened, in order to connect the atriotomy line to the tricuspid annulus posterior to the coronary sinus ostium venosum.</p>
      <p>The choice of the number of lesions for the ablation as well as the handling of the left atrial appendage was at the discretion of each surgeon.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis</p>
      <p>The comparison of continuous variables was performed with Student's t test and categorical variables were compared with Fisher's exact test. The results were expressed as means with their standard deviation or, where appropriate, in percentage. We considered p values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were 04 perioperative deaths and three during one-year follow-up. The causes of perioperative deaths were: two deaths from cardiogenic shock after atrioventricular disjunction, two deaths from septic shock. The two cases of atrioventricular disjunction were diagnosed in the operating room and in both, bovine pericardium was used for the suture of the junction, without success, though.</p>
      <p>This surgical accident was not associated with surgical ablation since the lesion lines, in both cases, were performed away from the mitral annulus. The causes of late deaths were: one patient died at home (without a clear definition, PO: three months), a coumarin accident (PO: 04 months), one reoperation for mitral valve endocarditis (PO: 08 months). The coumarin accident was diagnosed in patients undergoing implantation of a mechanical valved tube and using anticoagulation with coumarin. The patient came to the hospital with an INR of 10, cardiogenic shock and images of bleeding around the aortic tube in chest computed tomography (CT). There was a history of chest trauma from falling to the ground a few days before. Despite an attempt to correct coagulopathy before emergency surgery with blood transfusion, the patient died of refractory cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>Out of the 40 patients who survived the first year, 07 did not undergo 24-h Holter. The reason for that was: one moved to another state, one could not be contacted through telephone and 05 gave up performing the test. The 33 24 h Holter tests were performed averaging 401 &#177; 117 days post-surgery (ranging from 136 to 751 days).</p>
      <p>Conventional ECGs of 07 patients who did not undergo 24-h Holter are available. The last ECG of each patient was performed in 278 days postoperatively in average. Six patients are in sinus rhythm and one patient with AF.</p>
      <p>The characteristics of the 33 patients who underwent 24 h Holter do not differ significantly from the total group of 47 patients (p = NS). The mean age was 50.1 &#177; 9.4 years, mean SE was 52.6 &#177; 9.9 mm, EF, 56.6 &#177; 12.5% and the reported time of AF was 37.3 (three to 192 months). Twenty-four patients (73%) are in sinus rhythm, 5 patients in AF rhythm (15%), three in right atrial flutter rhythm (9%) and one patient in junctional rhythm (3%). See <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the 40 patients surviving one year and all Holter and ECG tests together, 30 patients are in sinus rhythm (75%), 06 patients in AF rhythm (15%), three patients in atrial flutter rhythm (7.5%), and one in junctional rhythm (2.5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Cardiac rhythm on the day of discharge was available only for 18 out of 43 patients who were discharged. Nine (50%) were in sinus rhythm and 09 with AF rhythm.</p>
      <p>The set of ablation lines performed can be evaluated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_ingfig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>. The need to implant a permanent pacemaker postoperatively was zero.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04511_ingfig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, among 33 patients who underwent 24 h Holter, 05 were not using any drugs, 09 were using amiodarone, 09 were using only atenolol, 05 were using amiodarone and atenolol, and 05, no information (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Regarding the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agent, 08 were not using any of these, 19 were taking warfarin, one was using ASA and for 04 there is no information (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref>). Out of the 24 patients in sinus rhythm by 24 h Holter monitoring, three (12.5%) were not using any anti-arrhythmic drug and 09 (37.5%) were not taking any anticoagulant drugs.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two patients had neurological events in the postoperative period. One of them had complete resolution of neurological deficits after 7 days from the event and another remained with a slight left paresis, which did not compromise walking.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous ablation of residual or recurrent arrhythmias was performed in only one patient for treatment of right atrial flutter.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of the Cox-Maze III<sup>10</sup> surgery is a true example of a scientific method applied to experimental surgery in animals and, later, in humans, resulting in a highly effective option for treating atrial fibrillation. It is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm (90% after 10 years)<sup>11-14</sup>, maintaining atrial contraction and preventing thromboembolism in the long term (annual incidence of events similar to patients who have never developed AF regardless of the level of anticoagulation used)<sup>3,15</sup>. On the other hand, the surgical procedure is complex, time-consuming, performed through cutting and suturing, it increases the risk of reoperation due to postoperative bleeding<sup>10</sup>. This is why few surgeons have developed a specific ability to perform it safely and effectively.</p>
      <p>Based on that, with the development of technology, alternative forms of energy have emerged in order to simplify and shorten the time spent in the procedure, trying to keep the good success rates previously achieved. Moreover, the recent demonstration that, in most patients, the foci of atrial fibrillation come from pulmonary veins<sup>16</sup> and from the posterior wall of the left atrium<sup>17,18</sup> allowed the surgeon to reduce the number of ablation lines performed.</p>
      <p>This paper presents the initial experience of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery combined with the use of bipolar radiofrequency forceps performed by a mixed group of 10 surgeons, all of whom in phase of getting acquainted with the method and the technology.</p>
      <p>Out of the 40 patients who survived the first year after the surgery, 24 h Holter monitoring was obtained from 33 patients (82.5%). Out of the 6 patients with paroxysmal AF, all of them underwent 24 h Holter and presented sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>Out of the 34 patients with continuous AF (persistent + permanent), we obtained 24 h Holter monitoring from 27 patients (79%). Ouf of these 27 patients, 18 (67%) were in sinus rhythm, one (4%) in junctional rhythm (which is not considered a treatment failure), 05 (19%) in AF and three (11%) in flutter. Therefore, 71% of the patients with persistent persistent/permanent AF are free of AF/flutter after the first year of the surgery, according to 24 h Holter.</p>
      <p>The factors for persistence of AF after the ablation surgery are both related to the patient operated<sup>19-22</sup> and to the set of lesions performed<sup>19</sup>. Risk factors for treatment failure are: age, AF duration, type of AF and LA size. In our series, only the AF duration reported preoperatively proved to be a factor for treatment failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0456-00051-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We believe that the small number of patients in our experience explains the lack of correlation of the other classical factors. In patients with permanent AF, it has been reported<sup>19</sup> that the left atrial connecting lesions influence the long term outcome in the maintenance of sinus rhythm. The results of ablation with bipolar radiofrequency vary in literature as well as the research method of heart rate in each study. Gillinov et al<sup>19</sup>, in reviewing 513 patients who underwent bipolar radiofrequency ablation and cryothermia through serial electrocardiograms, found a prevalence of sinus rhythm in 06 months of 87% and a total success in therapy in one year of 72%.</p>
      <p>In this large series, 27% of patients had intermittent atrial fibrillation, 14% persistent and 56% permanent. The average duration of AF was 24 months and the average size of LA 51 &#177; 0.9 mm. The main indication for surgery was valve disease. Both the type of patient operated with the results of rhythm in one year are similar to our sample. In 2004, Gaynor et al<sup>8</sup> reported an initial experience with 40 patients whose AF was treated with bipolar RF forceps. Nineteen patients underwent isolated ablation of the arrhythmia and in 21, ablation was concomitant with another procedure which led to the surgery.</p>
      <p>In this study, the average age was 62 years and median duration of AF of 3.8 years. Twenty-five patients (62%) had paroxysmal AF. The sinus rhythm index after 06 months was 91%. This group resembles our series, since half of the patients underwent isolated ablation of the arrhythmia and more than half had paroxysmal AF, admittedly a better prognosis than the continuous form.</p>
      <p>More recently, Melby et al<sup>20</sup> reported results of 85% of sinus rhythm (via serial ECGs) after one year of follow-up in a series of 130 patients undergoing AF ablation in isolation (30 patients) or concomitant with the main surgery (100 patients). In 2008, Beukema et al<sup>21</sup> reported the follow-up of 285 older patients (mean age 68 years), with longer AF duration (60.9 months in average) and only with permanent AF. They have found 59% of patients with sinus rhythm on ECG in one year and 53.4% in 05 years.</p>
      <p>Our results are consistent with the literature that reports success rates in one year ranging from 59% to 85%. In our country, this is the only series of patients undergoing intervention with the use of bipolar radiofrequency. Kalil et al<sup>4</sup> have published their experience with the classical Cox Maze III technique in our country. In a group of 61 patients, with mean age of 49 years, mostly undergoing valve surgery after an average of one year with conventional ECG follow-up in all survivors (51 patients) and 24 h Holter monitoring in 17 patients, sinus rhythm was found in 70.5%, atrial rhythm in 4%, atrial tachycardia in 2% and DDD pacemaker rhythm in 4% The need for permanent pacemaker was 11.4%. More recently, Canale et al<sup>5</sup> prospectively evaluated 07 patients who underwent conventional Cox-Maze, with a mean age of 61 years, 43% with permanent AF and valvular surgery indication in all of them. After 08 months of monitoring with serial ECGs and Holter monitoring in all of them, 100% were free of AF. One patient (14%) required a permanent pacemaker. Therefore, the results of this series are consistent with previous reports of Cox-Maze III in our field.</p>
      <p>The surgical approach in our series, with respect to the sets of lesions performed, could be more complete. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_ingfig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the lesions performed, in which the number of lesions in the posterior wall of LA (27 patients) is smaller than the number of patients with persistent/permanent AF (39 patients). We attribute this to the initial process of learning. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04511_ingfig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> also shows the number of closures of the left atrial appendage: there is a discrepancy between the observed (34 patients) and the ideal<sup>23</sup> (47 patients). In some surgeries, there was no need for opening the left atrium (coronary artery bypass grafting, implantation of a valved tube, Ebstein surgery etc.) and the surgeon chose not to add this procedure. The alternative for closing the left atrial appendage without opening the left atrium was the approach with epicardial suturing of the appendage. However, this procedure, as shown by a recent study<sup>24</sup>, has a disputable effectiveness, with high incidence of left atrial appendage remaining open and flowing.</p>
      <p>Diagnoses of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) were delivered postoperatively in two patients. One of them had focal neurological signs on day 17 after surgery, back home. It is a 49-year old male patient with an EF of 30%, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and continuous AF preoperatively. The patient underwent mechanical mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve surgery, ablation of pulmonary veins and cavo-tricuspid line and closing of left atrial appendage. The discharge rhythm had been sinus rhythm, but the rhythm on the day of the event was AF. The patient had been taking Warfarin and amiodarone. There were no neurological sequelae and today the patient is in sinus rhythm on 24 h Holter monitoring. The second case was probably not associated with arrhythmia. The patient had a cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) (duration 10 min) due to hypoxia in the first month after surgery in the ICU and diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident confirmed by CT scan showing scattered hypodense areas, consistent with cerebrovascular accident after cardiorespiratory arrest. Upon discharge, this patient had a mild left-side paresis, which did not interfere with walking. She was referred to physical therapy and motor rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>The investigation of the benefits of ablative AF therapies in the prevention of systemic thromboembolism is difficult due to the low annual incidence of the event studied and the need for long-term monitoring. Although the studies by Cox et al<sup>15</sup> and Kalil et al<sup>3</sup> with the Maze III surgery showed an index of cerebrovascular accident in patients treated similar to the general population, regardless of whether or not using anticoagulants and antiarrhythmics, there are no similar investigations with ablations performed with alternative energy forms.</p>
      <p>Only one of three patients with right atrial flutter detected by 24 h Holter postoperatively underwent percutaneous ablation (in month 9 postoperatively). The procedure was successful and the patient remained in sinus rhythm confirmed by serial ECGs. Out of these three patients, two received ablation of cavo-tricuspid line (including the patient who subsequently underwent percutaneous ablation of right atrial flutter). McCarthy et al<sup>25</sup>, in applying electrophysiological study in patients with failure of ablative therapy (in a series where various forms of energy were used) showed that, when only the pulmonary veins were isolated, with or without left atrial connecting lines, 75% (6 out of 8) of the failures arise from foci in the right atrium. In the same study, 67% of patients undergoing percutaneous ablation of persistent/residual arrhythmia, after any ablative surgery, returned to sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>In our series, there was no need to implant a pacemaker in any patient. A review by Khargi al<sup>1</sup> points to the average incidence of a new PM implant in 5% when any alternative form of energy is used, without a significant difference between them. The main reason for pacemaker implantation is not the atrioventricular block, but the appearance of sinus node disease, previously existing, but hidden by the AF.</p>
      <p>The treatment of atrial fibrillation concomitant with cardiac surgery using tissue ablation device with bipolar radiofrequency results in the absence of supraventricular arrhythmia in 76% of patients after one year.</p>
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        <bold>References</bold>
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