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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jBsP7Sk4CmGzvC8MKQmRsbk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>M&#233;todo do limiar de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aplicado em pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>M&#233;todo del umbral de variabilidad de la frecuencia card&#237;aca aplicado en preadolescentes obesos y no obesos</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontana</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>450</fpage>
      <lpage>456</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A detec&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) pela an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (LiVFC) pode significar uma nova maneira de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (CFCR) em pr&#233;-adolescentes. OBJETIVO: Testar o m&#233;todo de LiVFC para detec&#231;&#227;o do LA em pr&#233;-adolescentes n&#227;o obesos (NO), obesos (O) e obesos m&#243;rbidas (OM), a fim de determinar diferen&#231;as em sua CFCR. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 30 pr&#233;-adolescentes, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de 10: a) grupo NO - &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) com percentil do National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion entre 5 e 85; b) grupo O - IMC de percentil entre 95 e 97 e c) grupo OM - IMC com percentil acima de 97. Todos foram submetidos a um protocolo incremental realizado em esteira rolante e registraram-se os batimentos card&#237;acos para detec&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC, que foi determinado pelo valor de 3,0 ms do &#237;ndice do desvio-padr&#227;o 1 (SD1), extra&#237;do dos intervalos RR. RESULTADOS: Os valores m&#233;dios no momento do LiVFC mostraram maiores valores para o grupo NO, destacando-se: a) VO2 (ml/kg/min) NO = 27,4 &#177; 9,2; O = 13,1 &#177; 7,6 e OM = 11,0 &#177; 1,7; b) FC (bpm): NO = 156,3 &#177; 18,0; O =141,7 &#177; 11,4 e OM = 137,7 &#177; 10,4; e c) dist&#226;ncia percorrida (metros): NO = 1.194,9 &#177; 427,7; O = 503,2 &#177; 437,5 e OM = 399,9 &#177; 185,1. CONCLUS&#195;O: O LiVFC se mostrou efetivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CFCR e poder&#225; vir a ser aplicado como m&#233;todo alternativo &#224; ergoespirometria em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>BACKGROUND: La detecci&#243;n del umbral anaer&#243;bico (UA) por el an&#225;lisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia card&#237;aca (LiVFC) puede significar una nueva manera de evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad funcional cardiorrespiratoria (CFCR) en preadolescentes. OBJECTIVE: Testear el m&#233;todo de LiVFC para detecci&#243;n del UA en preadolescentes no obesos (NO), obesos (O) y obesos m&#243;rbidos (OM), a fin de determinar diferencias en su CFCR. METHODS: Fueron estudiados 30 preadolescentes, con edades entre 9 y 11 a&#241;os, divididos en tres grupos de 10: a) grupo NO - &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC) con percentil del National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion entre 5 y 85; b) grupo O - IMC de percentil entre 95 y 97 y c) grupo OM - IMC con percentil encima de 97. Todos fueron sometidos a un protocolo incremental realizado en cinta rodante y se registraron los latidos card&#237;acos para detecci&#243;n del LiVFC, que fue determinado por el valor de 3,0 ms del &#237;ndice de desviaci&#243;n-est&#225;ndar 1 (SD1), extra&#237;do de los intervalos RR. RESULTS: Los valores medios en el momento del LiVFC mostraron mayores valores para el grupo NO, destac&#225;ndose: a) VO2 (ml/kg/min) NO = 27,4 &#177; 9,2; O = 13,1 &#177; 7,6 y OM = 11,0 &#177; 1,7; b) FC (lpm): NO = 156,3 &#177; 18,0; O =141,7 &#177; 11,4 y OM = 137,7 &#177; 10,4; y c) distancia recorrida (metros): NO = 1.194,9 &#177; 427,7; O = 503,2 &#177; 437,5 y OM = 399,9 &#177; 185,1. CONCLUSION: El LiVFC se mostr&#243; efectivo para evaluaci&#243;n de la CFCR y podr&#225; comenzar a ser aplicado como m&#233;todo alternativo a la ergoespirometr&#237;a en determinadas situaciones.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Limiar anaer&#243;bio</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Umbral anaer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>frecuencia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ni&#241;o</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidad</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo do limiar de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aplicado em pr&#233;-adolescentes obesos e n&#227;o obesos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal; Caio Cesar Fontana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="ad">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A detec&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) pela an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (LiVFC) pode significar uma nova maneira de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (CFCR) em pr&#233;-adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar o m&#233;todo de LiVFC para detec&#231;&#227;o do LA em pr&#233;-adolescentes n&#227;o obesos (NO), obesos (O) e obesos m&#243;rbidas (OM), a fim de determinar diferen&#231;as em sua CFCR. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 30 pr&#233;-adolescentes, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de 10: a) grupo NO - &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) com percentil do <italic>National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</italic> entre 5 e 85; b) grupo O - IMC de percentil entre 95 e 97 e c) grupo OM - IMC com percentil acima de 97. Todos foram submetidos a um protocolo incremental realizado em esteira rolante e registraram-se os batimentos card&#237;acos para detec&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC, que foi determinado pelo valor de 3,0 ms do &#237;ndice do desvio-padr&#227;o 1 (SD1), extra&#237;do dos intervalos RR. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os valores m&#233;dios no momento do LiVFC mostraram maiores valores para o grupo NO, destacando-se: a) VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) NO = 27,4 &#177; 9,2; O = 13,1 &#177; 7,6 e OM = 11,0 &#177; 1,7; b) FC (bpm): NO = 156,3 &#177; 18,0; O =141,7 &#177; 11,4 e OM = 137,7 &#177; 10,4; e c) dist&#226;ncia percorrida (metros): NO = 1.194,9 &#177; 427,7; O = 503,2 &#177; 437,5 e OM = 399,9 &#177; 185,1. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O LiVFC se mostrou efetivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CFCR e poder&#225; vir a ser aplicado como m&#233;todo alternativo &#224; ergoespirometria em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Limiar anaer&#243;bio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, crian&#231;a, obesidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (CFCR) de crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos ganhou maior relev&#226;ncia. Al&#233;m dos achados de que altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco e elevados n&#237;veis de colesterol, triglic&#233;rides e glicose no sangue podem predispor &#224; g&#234;nese de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares, entende-se que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m &#233; um componente fundamental &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e, possivelmente, do tempo de vida dessas crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O emprego da atividade f&#237;sica como recurso terap&#234;utico, assim como sua prescri&#231;&#227;o e controle adequados, apresenta-se como uma possibilidade extremamente positiva de prevenir e reverter quadros de obesidade infantil<sup>6</sup>. Para isso, primeiramente, essas crian&#231;as devem ter sua capacidade f&#237;sica avaliada a fim de que seja estabelecida uma proposta inicial adequada de intensidade de trabalho f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico.</p>
    <p>Com a inten&#231;&#227;o de classificar as pessoas saud&#225;veis ou doentes em n&#237;veis de capacidade funcional, determinar est&#225;gios de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e dimensionar a capacidade aer&#243;bica, desde o s&#233;culo XX, foram criados v&#225;rios protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (CFCR). Ao mesmo tempo, a tecnologia voltada &#224; coleta e ao registro de dados durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o desses protocolos sofreu grande evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessa inconteste evolu&#231;&#227;o, desde a d&#233;cada de 80 do s&#233;culo passado, o interesse com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados obtidos durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es de CFCR manteve-se restrito aos valores obtidos em determinados momentos do teste incremental, tais como limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA), ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e pico do esfor&#231;o<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao LA, h&#225; que se destacar que ele permite a defini&#231;&#227;o do momento do esfor&#231;o no qual o metabolismo anaer&#243;bico come&#231;a a suplementar o metabolismo aer&#243;bico como fonte de energia para os m&#250;sculos em trabalho<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, podem-se distinguir dois estados fisiol&#243;gicos durante o exerc&#237;cio: um abaixo do LA, no qual as respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias s&#227;o est&#225;veis e a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) est&#227;o equilibrados, e outro, acima do LA, no qual as rea&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas n&#227;o s&#227;o equilibradas, h&#225; intensa produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono e modifica&#231;&#245;es do pH sangu&#237;neo, causando instabilidade no comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias<sup>8,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, uma das formas empregadas para a determina&#231;&#227;o do LA &#233; a do limiar de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (LiVFC). Segundo alguns autores<sup>12,13</sup>, utilizando o &#237;ndice SD1 (desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos R-R instant&#226;neos) da plotagem de Poincar&#233;, h&#225; possibilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC, que corresponderia ao LA ventilat&#243;rio (limiar 1) ou ao limiar de lactato.</p>
    <p>Apesar de algumas diverg&#234;ncias, dados obtidos durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes incrementais de esfor&#231;o, comparando o LiVFC com o LA ventilat&#243;rio e com o limiar de lactato, mostraram bons &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o e refor&#231;aram a hip&#243;tese de que o LiVFC poderia ser uma das formas confi&#225;veis para a determina&#231;&#227;o do LA<sup>13,14</sup>. Sendo assim, o LiVFC poderia ser considerado um indicador da capacidade aer&#243;bica e ser utilizado como par&#226;metro fisiol&#243;gico para controle e prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, treinamento f&#237;sico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>13,15</sup>. No entanto, por ser o LiVFC uma metodologia ainda recente, n&#227;o se encontra na literatura sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em pr&#233;-adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Com base nessas afirma&#231;&#245;es, o presente estudo objetivou testar essa metodologia como forma de detec&#231;&#227;o do LA e, principalmente, determina&#231;&#227;o da CFCR em pr&#233;-adolescentes n&#227;o obesos, obesos e obesos m&#243;rbidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sujeitos</p>
    <p>De um universo de 64 estudantes pr&#233;-adolescentes do ensino p&#250;blico da regi&#227;o noroeste de Campinas-SP, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, foram selecionados, por meio de c&#225;lculo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples sobre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, 30 pr&#233;-adolescentes sedent&#225;rios, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: o grupo A, constitu&#237;do por 10 n&#227;o obesos (NO), com IMC com percentil entre 5 e 85, do gr&#225;fico do <italic>National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</italic><sup>16</sup>; o grupo B, composto por 10 obesos (O), com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) com percentil entre 95 e 97; e grupo C, com 10 obesos m&#243;rbidos (OM) com percentil maior do que 97.</p>
    <p>Os respons&#225;veis pelos pr&#233;-adolescentes foram orientados sobre a relev&#226;ncia do estudo e sobre os procedimentos experimentais antes de darem seu aval por meio da assinatura do termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informado, conforme estabelecido pela resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 da Conven&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (processo n&#186; 138/06).</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram aplicados a partir da triagem dos volunt&#225;rios pelos valores de seus IMC. Na primeira abordagem, feita nas pr&#243;prias escolas, foi empregada uma balan&#231;a port&#225;til e fita m&#233;trica. Os pr&#233;-selecionados, que tamb&#233;m atendiam aos demais crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o de n&#227;o utilizar qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o que pudesse interferir nos dados estudados e de n&#227;o praticar atividade f&#237;sico-desportiva h&#225; pelo menos 06 meses, foram orientados a ir ao ambulat&#243;rio da Universidade a fim de darem seguimento ao processo de sele&#231;&#227;o, que constou de avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica mais detalhada e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Desde o dia anterior ao agendado e no pr&#243;prio dia de seu comparecimento ao ambulat&#243;rio, os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o consumir bebidas &#224; base de cafe&#237;na, al&#233;m de refrigerantes, ch&#225;s, chocolate e qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foram orientados para que dormissem pelo menos 08 horas de sono tranquilo e mantivessem suas atividades rotineiras.</p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</p>
    <p>Estando os volunt&#225;rios apenas de <italic>short</italic> (meninos) e <italic>short</italic> e <italic>top</italic> (meninas), foram posicionados sobre uma balan&#231;a Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup>, com escala de peso de 100 em 100 g, e de altura de 1 em 1 cm, para que fossem efetuados os c&#225;lculos dos valores de IMC.</p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</p>
    <p>Envolveu uma anamnese e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados vitais, tais como: FC e press&#227;o arterial (PA). Ressalta-se que houve preocupa&#231;&#227;o em selecionar esfigmoman&#244;metro adequado ao tamanho do per&#237;metro do bra&#231;o do volunt&#225;rio avaliado. Igualmente, todos tiveram auscultados seus batimentos card&#237;acos e respira&#231;&#227;o por meio de t&#233;cnica amplamente divulgada na literatura<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e registro da FC de repouso, empregou-se um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810<sup>&#174;</sup>. Ap&#243;s permanecerem por 5 min em posi&#231;&#227;o supina numa sala climatizada com temperatura mantida entre 23&#186; C e 25&#186; C e umidade relativa do ar mantida entre 60,0% e 70,0%, os volunt&#225;rios tiveram seus batimentos card&#237;acos registrados por 10 min. A partir da an&#225;lise do registro e emiss&#227;o de um relat&#243;rio feito pelo<italic> software Polar Precision Performance<sup>&#174;</sup>,</italic> obteve-se o valor m&#233;dio de FC relativo ao per&#237;odo dos 10 min do registro dos batimentos card&#237;acos. Ressalta-se que todos os procedimentos do estudo foram realizados entre as 15:00 h e as 17:00 h.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo da aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de esfor&#231;o (avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria de esfor&#231;o)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a um protocolo de esfor&#231;o cont&#237;nuo crescente, sintoma limitado. O protocolo foi conduzido em esteira rolante (Inbrasport<sup>&#174;</sup> Super ATL) com velocidade inicial de 2,0 km/h, mantida por dois minutos, seguidos de acr&#233;scimos de 0,5 km/h a cada minuto subsequente. Durante todo o teste, n&#227;o houve inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira, evitando-se, assim, sobrecarga aos volunt&#225;rios e poss&#237;veis consequ&#234;ncias indesej&#225;veis de ordem ortop&#233;dica, principalmente prevenindo complica&#231;&#245;es aos pr&#233;-adolescentes OM.</p>
    <p>Finalizado o teste, a velocidade da esteira foi reduzida progressivamente at&#233; atingir a velocidade de 2,0 km/h, assim permanecendo durante dois minutos. Ap&#243;s isso, os volunt&#225;rios foram sentados e receberam reposi&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo para detec&#231;&#227;o do limiar de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (LiVFC)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de esfor&#231;o, os intervalos R-R (iRR) foram registrados por meio do cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i<sup>&#174;</sup> com frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1.000 Hz. Os artefatos foram eliminados com emprego de filtro muito forte selecionado nas op&#231;&#245;es permitidas pelo <italic>software</italic>, sendo confirmadas estas exclus&#245;es por meio de inspe&#231;&#227;o visual feita na tela do computador.</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise, objetivando a detec&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC, o registro dos batimentos card&#237;acos extra&#237;do do teste incremental foi dividido em intervalos de um minuto, sendo disposto na tela do computador simultaneamente com a respectiva anota&#231;&#227;o do valor de SD1 apresentado pelo <italic>software</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04311_portfig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04311_portfig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com o avan&#231;ar do teste e incremento da velocidade da esteira, o valor de SD1 ia diminuindo at&#233; que, num dado momento, era atingido o valor de 3 m/s, sendo este referido momento considerado como o do LiVFC. Portanto, a primeira intensidade de exerc&#237;cio na qual a VFC (SD1) tivesse alcan&#231;ado um valor igual a 3 m/s foi considerada a intensidade respons&#225;vel pelo surgimento do LiVFC.</p>
    <p>Os valores das vari&#225;veis de interesse foram registrados no momento do LiVFC e posteriormente foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o da CFCR entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>C&#225;lculo do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) no momento do LiVFC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do VO<sub>2</sub>, feito de maneira indireta, foram utilizados os valores de equivalente metab&#243;licos (MET) apresentados no <italic>display</italic> da esteira obtidos no momento em que ocorreu o LiVFC. Os valores de MET foram multiplicados por 3,5; valor esse que equivale a 1 MET. Ou seja, 1 MET = 3,5 ml/O<sub>2</sub>/kg/min.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</p>
    <p>Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal dos dados relativos aos valores de idade, antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos, aplicou-se o teste U de Mann Whitney. Os dados obtidos no momento do LiVFC foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Dunn. O <italic>software</italic> empregado foi o <italic>Graph-Pad Prism4.0</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> e, em todos os procedimentos, adotou-se o valor 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>, encontram-se os valores antropom&#233;tricos obtidos junto aos tr&#234;s grupos estudados. Conforme se pode constatar, a estatura n&#227;o foi o fator que promoveu a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, sendo o pr&#243;prio peso corporal o fator preponderante para que o valor do IMC fosse estatisticamente diferente entre os mesmos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figura 2</xref>, s&#227;o mostrados os valores de VO<sub>2</sub> relativo. Respectivamente, para os grupos NO, O e OM, os valores de medianas foram: 30,1; 12,0 e 10,8 ml/O<sub>2</sub>/Kg/min; e diferenciaram-se conforme apresentado na figura.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figura 3</xref>, s&#227;o mostrados os valores da dist&#226;ncia percorrida pelos volunt&#225;rios desde o in&#237;cio do protocolo de esfor&#231;o at&#233; o momento do LiVFC. Respectivamente, para os grupos NO, O e OM, os valores de medianas foram de 1.117,0; 487,5 e 358,3 metros, diferenciando-se conforme mostrado na figura.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de velocidade (km/h) no momento do LiVFC foram: NO = 8,1 &#177; 1,5; O = 4,9 &#177; 2,1, e OM = 4,6 &#177; 1,0 com p &lt; 0,05 para os NO com rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. Os tempos m&#233;dios de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao protocolo (min) desde o repouso at&#233; o LiVFC foram, respectivamente para NO, O e OM, de 14,3 &#177; 3,1; 7,9 &#177; 4,3 e 7,5 &#177; 2,1; com p &lt; 0,05 entre os NO e OM. Os valores m&#233;dios dos equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET) no momento do LiVFC foram de 7,8 &#177; 2,7 para os NO, de 3,7 &#177; 2,3 para os O e de 3,1 &#177; 0,5 para os OM com p &lt; 0,05 entre NO e OM.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04311_portfig04">Figura 4</xref> mostra os valores de FC no repouso e no momento do LiVFC. Constatou-se diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) entre os valores de medianas de FC para os grupos NO e OM em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es comparadas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04311_portfig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um dos par&#226;metros mais utilizados para determina&#231;&#227;o de capacidade f&#237;sica e intensidade adequada de treinamento aer&#243;bico em pr&#233;-adolescentes saud&#225;veis e doentes em processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o LA<sup>8,10,19,20</sup>. Para sua determina&#231;&#227;o, nova metodologia n&#227;o invasiva tem sido estudada devido a ind&#237;cios de boa correla&#231;&#227;o, tanto com o limiar de lactato<sup>13</sup> como para o chamado momento-produto com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores do VO<sub>2</sub> em testes incrementais<sup>14</sup>. Trata-se da aplica&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC, que permite detectar o momento da ocorr&#234;ncia do LA (limiar 1) durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de esfor&#231;o cont&#237;nuos crescentes e, para sustentar esta nova proposta, tem sido demonstrado que m&#233;todos n&#227;o lineares direcionados &#224; an&#225;lise da VFC em esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m podem fornecer resultados consistentes quanto &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<sup>13,15,21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Lima e Kiss<sup>13</sup> relataram que, durante exerc&#237;cios incrementais, o decr&#233;scimo progressivo do SD1 (desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea, batimento a batimento) da plotagem de Poincar&#233; cessa quando o mesmo atinge valores iguais e/ou menores do que 3 m/s, propondo que este ponto seja identificador do LiVFC.</p>
    <p>No entanto, Brunetto e cols.<sup>14</sup> consideraram precipitada a aplica&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo como forma alternativa &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o do LA pelo m&#233;todo ventilat&#243;rio (limiar 1), alegando n&#227;o ter mostrado correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significativa em valores proporcionais do VO<sub>2pico </sub>durante testes de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Como contra-argumenta&#231;&#227;o, deve ser ressaltado que, no estudo de Brunetto e cols.<sup>14</sup>, h&#225; duas importantes diferen&#231;as com rela&#231;&#227;o a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o. A primeira &#233; que o protocolo empregado pelos referidos autores foi o de Bruce modificado, com est&#225;gios com dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s minutos e inclina&#231;&#245;es da esteira, enquanto que o nosso foi feito com acr&#233;scimos de 0,5 km/h a cada minuto e sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. A segunda diferen&#231;a &#233; que os volunt&#225;rios do estudo de Brunetto e cols.<sup>14</sup> eram adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 18 anos, diferentes dos nossos volunt&#225;rios, que tinham entre 9 e 11 anos.</p>
    <p>&#192; parte essas argumenta&#231;&#245;es, ressalta-se que o objetivo principal do presente estudo n&#227;o foi comparar o m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o do LiVFC com qualquer outro, mas sim o de us&#225;-lo como par&#226;metro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CFCR de tr&#234;s grupos de pr&#233;-adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos da presente amostra, cabe destacar que o valor de estatura dos volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. Esse aspecto &#233; relevante em estudos que usam a esteira como instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o, pois as pessoas menores tendem a correr precocemente em testes incrementais, o que pode interferir na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados obtidos no momento do LiVFC, h&#225; fortes ind&#237;cios de que o fator respons&#225;vel pelo menor desempenho apresentado por parte dos grupos O e OM foi a dificuldade de locomo&#231;&#227;o devido ao maior peso corp&#243;reo destes volunt&#225;rios<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Birrer e Levine<sup>26</sup>, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a habilidade motora possa ser prejudicada por fatores,como adiposidade, reduzindo o desempenho de crian&#231;as obesas submetidas a testes incrementais. Outros estudos, como os realizados por Rowland<sup>27</sup>, Zanconato e cols.<sup>28</sup>, Huttunen e Paavilainen<sup>29</sup>, tamb&#233;m revelaram maiores valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas comparadas &#224;s obesas. Tamb&#233;m para Goran e cols.<sup>25</sup>, quando h&#225; mais massa gorda nas crian&#231;as obesas em propor&#231;&#227;o &#224; quantidade de massa gorda existente em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, &#233; razo&#225;vel pensar que este fator tenha mesmo limitado a capacidade funcional das crian&#231;as obesas, pois tal aspecto em nada contribuiu para o trabalho que est&#225; sendo realizado, o que aumentaria a limita&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a obesa.</p>
    <p>Em contrapartida, segundo alguns autores<sup>25,30</sup>, quando h&#225; normaliza&#231;&#227;o para as diferen&#231;as de tamanho corporal, os indiv&#237;duos obesos mostram ter valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> similares aos de indiv&#237;duos com peso normal. No entanto, quando se refere a medidas obtidas em esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos, como aqueles referentes &#224; zona do LiVFC, h&#225; maior consenso sobre a exist&#234;ncia de maiores diferen&#231;as entre obesos e n&#227;o obesos porque os primeiros apresentam, nestas condi&#231;&#245;es de esfor&#231;o, valores maiores de FC, de quociente respirat&#243;rio e da porcentagem de seu VO<sub>2max</sub><sup>25</sup>. Por exemplo, em um estudo<sup>31</sup> no qual crian&#231;as obesas foram submetidas a caminhadas junto com crian&#231;as n&#227;o obesas, elas usaram 57,0% do VO<sub>2max</sub>, enquanto que as crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas somente 36,0% do VO<sub>2max</sub>. Mais recentemente, documentou-se que as crian&#231;as obesas usaram 44,0% do VO<sub>2max</sub> contra 37,0% do VO<sub>2max</sub> utilizado pelas crian&#231;as n&#227;o obesas ao realizarem atividade considerada leve a moderada<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, tomando-se por base os valores de VO<sub>2</sub> no momento do LiVFC, constatou-se que as pr&#233;-adolescentes O e OM apresentaram 47,8% e 40,1%, respectivamente, do valor apresentado pelas crian&#231;as do grupo NO.</p>
    <p>O desgaste provocado pela obesidade tamb&#233;m fez com que os volunt&#225;rios O e OM atingissem, desde o repouso at&#233; o momento do LiVFC, uma dist&#226;ncia de apenas 42,1% e 33,4%, respectivamente, da dist&#226;ncia atingida pelas NO. Ao mesmo tempo, a velocidade atingida pelas crian&#231;as NO foi 39,6% superior &#224; atingida pelas crian&#231;as O, no momento do LiVFC, e 43,3% maior do que a das crian&#231;as OM na mesma condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Um &#250;ltimo aspecto mostrou a melhor CFCR dos pr&#233;-adolescentes NO. Na Figura 4, est&#227;o demonstrados os valores medianos de FC inicial e no momento do LiVFC. Em geral, baixo valor de FC em repouso, como o apresentado pelos NO, reflete uma boa condi&#231;&#227;o funcional associada a um melhor n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica<sup>32,33</sup>, enquanto que altos valores, como os apresentados pelos O e OM, relacionam-se a dist&#250;rbios fisiol&#243;gicos variados e predisposi&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de determinados tipos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>33,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos sobre as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e, por conseguinte, sobre o valor de FC de repouso na presen&#231;a de obesidade em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, apresentam discord&#226;ncia. Eles revelam: redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica; eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da parassimp&#225;tica; e redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da atividade simp&#225;tica como da parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca<sup>1,14,35-37</sup>.Independentemente do mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelas altera&#231;&#245;es na FC de repouso, sabe-se que o menor valor desta vari&#225;vel se relaciona &#224; maior capacidade de reserva cronotr&#243;pica, o que significa que h&#225; maior quantidade de batimentos card&#237;acos para, possivelmente, ser utilizada durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, influenciando, portanto, no valor do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e no desempenho<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Constatou-se que a varia&#231;&#227;o (delta) da FC dos volunt&#225;rios NO, desde o repouso at&#233; o momento do LiVFC, atingiu 69,7 bpm e, respectivamente, 40,2 bpm e 34,8 bpm para os O e OM. Essa maior varia&#231;&#227;o da FC dos NO &#233; mais um dado que refletiu a superior CFCR por parte dessas crian&#231;as no LiVFC.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do trabalho foi a aus&#234;ncia de um estudo paralelo feito com os mesmos volunt&#225;rios sendo submetidos ao mesmo protocolo, por&#233;m com o LA sendo avaliado por meio de ergoespirometria, pois, dessa forma, poder-se-ia garantir maior confiabilidade &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de LiVFC para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CFCR de crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pode-se concluir que o estudo atingiu seus objetivos ao mostrar a aplica&#231;&#227;o de uma nova ferramenta de detec&#231;&#227;o do LA para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CFCR em crian&#231;as, o que permitiu a constata&#231;&#227;o da maior CFCR presente do grupo NO. Igualmente, foi ressaltado que o m&#233;todo do LiVFC ainda necessita de maiores compara&#231;&#245;es com os modelos tradicionalmente utilizados para detec&#231;&#227;o do LA a fim de que amplie seu grau de efici&#234;ncia e credibilidade, pois sua contribui&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ser muito expressiva em v&#225;rios procedimentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e controle de evolu&#231;&#227;o de tratamento devido ao seu menor custo e f&#225;cil acesso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="ad" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal </p>
        <p> Rua Ferreira Penteado, 1242/72 - Cambu&#237; </p>
        <p> 13010-041 - Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto:thibiomed@hotmail.com" ext-link-type="email">fisioni@puc-campinas.edu.br</ext-link>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mapascka@gmail.com">mapascka@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/04/10; revisado recebido em 03/11/10; aceito em 19/01/11.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>Full texts in English - </italic>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link>
    </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Method of heart rate variability threshold applied in obese and non-obese pre-adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The detection of anaerobic threshold (AT) by heart rate variability analysis (HRVt) may mean a new way to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC) in pre-adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To test the method of HRVt to detect AT in non-obese (NO), obese (O) and morbidly obese (MO) pre-adolescents in order to determine differences in their CRC. METHODS: Were studied 30 pre-adolescents, aged between 9 and 11 years, divided into three groups of ten pre-adolescents each: a) NO group - body mass index (BMI) between 5 and 85 percentiles of the chart of National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.; b) O group - BMI between 95 and 97 of the same chart; c) MO group - BMI with percentile over 97. All were submitted to an incremental protocol conducted on a treadmill, and the heart rate was recorded for the detection of the HRVt when the beat-to-beat variability (SD1), extracted from the RR intervals, reached the value of 3 ms. RESULTS: The mean values obtained at HRVt were higher for the NO group, which included: a) VO2 (ml/kg/min) NO = 27.4 &#177; 9.2; O = 13.1 &#177; 7.6, and MO = 11.0 &#177; 1.7 b) HR (bpm): NO = 156.3 &#177; 18.0, O = 141.7 &#177; 11.4 and 137.7 &#177; 10.4 MO; c) distance (m): NO = 1,194.9 &#177; 427.7, O = 503.2 &#177; 437.5 and MO = 399.9 &#177; 185.1. CONCLUSION: HRVt was effective for evaluation of CRC and could be applied as an alternative method to ergoespirometry in certain situations.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anaerobic threshold</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="add-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Method of heart rate variability threshold applied in obese and non-obese pre-adolescents</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>M&#225;rio Augusto Paschoal; Caio Cesar Fontana</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The detection of anaerobic threshold (AT) by heart rate variability analysis (HRVt) may mean a new way to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC) in pre-adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To test the method of HRVt to detect AT in non-obese (NO), obese (O) and morbidly obese (MO) pre-adolescents in order to determine differences in their CRC.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Were studied 30 pre-adolescents, aged between 9 and 11 years, divided into three groups of ten pre-adolescents each: a) NO group - body mass index (BMI) between 5 and 85 percentiles of the chart of National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.; b) O group - BMI between 95 and 97 of the same chart; c) MO group - BMI with percentile over 97. All were submitted to an incremental protocol conducted on a treadmill, and the heart rate was recorded for the detection of the HRVt when the beat-to-beat variability (SD1), extracted from the RR intervals, reached the value of 3 ms.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean values obtained at HRVt were higher for the NO group, which included: a) VO2 (ml/kg/min) NO = 27.4 &#177; 9.2; O = 13.1 &#177; 7.6, and MO = 11.0 &#177; 1.7 b) HR (bpm): NO = 156.3 &#177; 18.0, O = 141.7 &#177; 11.4 and 137.7 &#177; 10.4 MO; c) distance (m): NO = 1194.9 &#177; 427.7, O = 503.2 &#177; 437.5 and MO = 399.9 &#177; 185.1.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> HRVt was effective for evaluation of CRC and could be applied as an alternative method to ergoespirometry in certain situations.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Anaerobic threshold; heart rate; child; obesity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evaluation of cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC) of obese children and adolescents has currently gained greater importance. In addition to the findings that changes in cardiac autonomic control and high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose may predispose to the genesis of cardiovascular disorders, it is understood that the decrease in physical capacity is also a key component to reducing the quality and possibly the expectancy of life in these children and adolescents<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The employment of physical activity as a therapy, as well as its prescription and proper control, is an extremely good chance of preventing and reversing obesity in children<sup>6</sup>. For this, these children should first have their physical fitness evaluated in order to set up an initial proposal for an appropriate physical aerobic work intensity.</p>
      <p>With the intention of classifying healthy people or patients at levels of functional capacity, determining stages of stratification of cardiovascular risk and measuring aerobic capacity, since the twentieth century, several protocols have been created to evaluate cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC). At the same time, technology geared to the collection and recording of data during the performance of these protocols has greatly evolved<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite this undeniable progress since the 80s of last century, the interest with respect to data collected during the CRC assessments remained restricted to the values obtained at certain times of the incremental test, such as anaerobic threshold (AT), respiratory compensation point and peak exertion<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to LA, it should be noted that it allows setting the time of stress in which anaerobic metabolism begins to supplement aerobic metabolism as an energy source for muscles at work<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, we can distinguish two physiological states during exercise: one below the AT in which the cardiorespiratory responses are stable and oxygen supply and consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) are balanced, and another above the AT, in which organic reactions are not balanced, there is an intense production of carbon dioxide and changes in blood pH, causing an unstable behavior or cardiorespiratory variables<sup>8,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, one of the forms used for the determination of AT is a heart rate variability threshold (HRVt). According to some authors<sup>12,13</sup>, using the SD1 index (standard deviation of instantaneous RR intervals) of the Poincar&#233; plot, there is a possibility of identifying HRVt, which would correspond to the ventilatory AT (threshold 1) or lactate threshold.</p>
      <p>Despite some differences, data obtained during incremental stress testing, comparing the HRVt with ventilatory AT and lactate threshold, showed good correlation rates and strengthened the hypothesis that the HRVt could be a way for a reliable determination of AT<sup>13,14</sup>. Hence, HRVt could be considered an indicator of aerobic capacity and be used as a physiological parameter to control and prescribe exercise, physical training and risk stratification<sup>13,15</sup>. However, as HRVt is a recent methodology, its application to pre-adolescents is not found in the literature.</p>
      <p>Based on these statements, this study tested this methodology as a means of detecting AT and, especially, determining the CRC in non-obese, obese and morbidly obese pre-adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Individuals</p>
      <p>From 64 pre-adolescent students from state schools in the northwest region of Campinas, SP, aged between 9 and 11, 30 sedentary pre-adolescent were selected through calculation of simple random sampling on categorical variables, divided into three groups: group A, comprising 10 non-obese (NO) pre-adolescents with BMI percentile between 5 and 85, from the chart of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion<sup>16</sup>; group B consisted of 10 obese (O) pre-adolescents, with body mass index (BMI) percentile between 95 and 97; and group C with 10 morbidly obese (MO) pre-adolescents with percentile greater than 97.</p>
      <p>Those responsible for the pre-adolescents were informed about the relevance of the study and the experimental procedures before giving their approval by signing an informed consent, as established by resolution 196/96 of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Case No. 138/06).</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were applied from the screening of volunteers for the values of their BMI. In the first approach, done in the schools, we used a portable scale and tape measure. The pre-selected ones, which also met the other inclusion criteria of not using any medication that could interfere with the data studied and not doing physical activity or sports for at least 06 months, were asked to go to the outpatients department of the University to continue in the selection process, which consisted of a more detailed anthropometric and clinical evaluation.</p>
      <p>Since the day prior to scheduled and on the day of their attendance at the outpatients department, the volunteers were instructed not to consume caffeine-based beverages, and soft drinks, teas, chocolate and any medication. They were also advised to sleep at least 08 hours of peaceful sleep and keep their routine activities.</p>
      <p>Anthropometric evaluation</p>
      <p>The volunteers, wearing only shorts (boys) and shorts and tops (girls), were placed on a Filizola<sup>TM</sup> scale, with a weight scale of 100 to 100 g, and a height of 1 cm in cm, in order to calculate the BMI values.</p>
      <p>Clinical evaluation</p>
      <p>It involved an interview and evaluation of vital data such as HR and blood pressure (BP). It is worth noting that there was concern in selecting an appropriate cuff size to the arm girth of the volunteer evaluated. Also, everyone had their heart rate and breathing auscultated through a technique widely reported in the literature<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the evaluation and registration of resting HR, we used a Polar S810<sup>TM</sup> frequency meter. After remaining 5 min in the supine position in a heated room with temperature maintained between 23&#186; C and 25&#186; C and relative humidity kept between 60.0% and 70.0%, volunteers had their heart rates recorded for 10 min. From the analysis of a report made by Polar Precision Performance<sup>TM</sup>, we obtained the average HR for the period of 10 min of heartbeat recording. It should be emphasized that all study procedures were conducted between 03:00 p.m. and 05:00 p.m..</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise protocol application method (cardiorespiratory exercise evaluation)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All volunteers underwent a continuously increasing symptom-limited exercise protocol. The protocol was conducted on a treadmill (Inbrasport<sup>TM</sup> Super ATL) with initial velocity of 2.0 km/h, held for two minutes, followed by increases of 0.5 km/h every minute thereafter. Throughout the test, there was no treadmill inclination, avoiding thus overloading the volunteers and potential unintended orthopedic consequences, preventing complications to MO pre-adolescents.</p>
      <p>Following completion of the test, the treadmill speed was progressively reduced until it reached a speed of 2.0 km/h, and remained so for two minutes. After that, the volunteers were seated and given fluid replacement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method for detection of heart rate variability threshold (HRVt)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the exercise protocol, the RR intervals (iRR) were recorded using the Polar S810i<sup>TM</sup> frequency meter with sampling frequency of 1000 Hz The artifacts were eliminated with the use of very strong filter selected in the options allowed by the software, and these exclusions were confirmed by visual inspection done on the computer screen.</p>
      <p>For the analysis to detect the HRVt, the record of the heartbeats extracted from the incremental test was divided into intervals of one minute, being arranged on the computer screen simultaneously with the relevant SD1 value presented by the software (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04311_ingfig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04311_ingfig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As the test progressed and the treadmill speed increased, the SD1 value was decreasing until, at a given point, the value of 3 m/s was reached, this point being referred to as the HRVt. Therefore, the first exercise intensity at which the HRV (SD1) had reached a value of 3 m/s was considered responsible for the appearance of the HRVt.</p>
      <p>The values of the variables of interest were recorded at the HRVt moment and were later used for comparison of CRC between groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Calculation of oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) at the HRVt time</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the calculation of VO<sub>2</sub>, done indirectly, we used the metabolic equivalent values (MET) presented on the display of the treadmill obtained at the HRVt time. MET values were multiplied by 3.5; this value is equivalent to 1 MET. That is, 1 MET = 3.5 ml/O<sub>2</sub>/kg/min.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis</p>
      <p>Due to the non-normal distribution of age, anthropometric and clinical values, we applied the Mann Whitney U test. The data obtained at HRVt were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test. The software used was <italic>Graph-Pad Prism4.0<sup>TM</sup></italic>, and in all procedures, we adopted the value 0.05 as the significance level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anthropometric characteristics</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the anthropometric values obtained from the three groups studied. As we can see, the height was not the factor that promoted the difference between the groups, with their own body weight as the main factor for the BMI value to be statistically different between them.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the relative VO<sub>2</sub> values. Respectively, for groups NO, O and MO, the median values were 30.1; 12.0 and 10.8 ml/O<sub>2</sub>/kg/min; and differed as shown in the figure.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the values of the distance traveled by volunteers since the beginning of the exercise protocol up to the HRVt moment. Respectively, for groups NO, O and MO, the median values were 1.117,0; 487.5 and 358.3 meters, differing as shown in the figure.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The average speed (km/h) at the HRVt moment were: NO = 8.1 &#177; 1.5; O = 4.9 &#177; 2.1, and MO = 4.6 &#177; 1.0 p &lt;0.05 for NO compared to the other groups. Mean time of exposure to the protocol (min) from rest to HRVt were, respectively, for NO, O and MO, 14.3 &#177; 3.1, 7.9 &#177; 4.3 and 7.5 &#177; 2.1; with p &lt; 0.05 between NO and MO. Mean values of metabolic equivalents (MET) at the HRVt moment were 7.8 &#177; 2.7 for NO, 3.7 &#177; 2.3 for O and 3.1 &#177; 0.5 for MO with p &lt; 0.05 between NO and MO.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04311_ingfig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows the HR values at rest and at the HRVt moment. We found a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between HR medians for groups NO and MO in both situations compared.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04311_ingfig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-06-0450-00052-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One of the parameters most commonly used for determination of physical capacity and proper aerobic training intensity in healthy and sick pre-adolescents in the rehabilitation process is the AT<sup>8,10,19,20</sup>. To determine this, a new non-invasive method has been studied due to evidence of good correlation with both the lactate threshold<sup>13</sup> and with the so-called product-moment with respect to the values of VO<sub>2</sub> in incremental testing<sup>14</sup>. This is the HRVt, which allows the detection of the precise AT occurrence timing (threshold 1) for the development of continuously increasing exercise protocols and to support this new proposal, it has been demonstrated that nonlinear methods aimed at analysis of HRVt in physical exertion can also provide consistent results on the cardiac autonomic modulation<sup>13,15,21-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lima and Kiss<sup>13</sup> reported that during incremental exercise, the progressive decrease of SD1 (standard deviation of instantaneous variability, beat to beat) of the Poincar&#233; plot stops when it reaches values equal to and/or smaller than 3 m/s, suggesting that this point identifies HRVt.</p>
      <p>However, Brunetto et al<sup>14</sup> considered the hasty application of this method as an alternative to the detection of AT by the ventilatory method (threshold 1), claiming to have shown no statistically significant correlation in proportionate values of peak VO<sub>2</sub> during exercise stress tests.</p>
      <p>As a counter-argument, it should be noted that in Brunetto et al<sup>14</sup> study, there are two important differences with respect to this research. The first is that the protocol used by these authors was modified Bruce, with stages lasting three minutes and treadmill inclinations, while ours was done in increments of 0.5 km/h every minute and no inclination. The second difference is that the volunteers of Brunetto et al<sup>14</sup> study were adolescents aged between 14 and 18, different from our volunteers, aged between 9 and 11 years.</p>
      <p>Aside from these arguments, we emphasize that the main objective of this study was not to compare the HRVt detection method with any other, but to use it as a parameter for evaluating the CRC of three groups of pre-adolescents. With respect to demographics and clinical features of this sample, it is worth noting that the value of volunteers' height was not different between groups. This aspect is relevant in studies that use the treadmill as an evaluation tool, because people tend to run earlier in incremental tests, which can interfere in the evaluation of results.</p>
      <p>With respect to data obtained at HRVt, there are strong indications that the factor responsible for lower performance presented by the groups O and MO was limited mobility due to increased body weight of these volunteers<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Birrer and Levine<sup>26</sup>, there is evidence that motor skill may be jeopardized by factors such as adiposity, reducing the performance of obese children subjected to incremental tests. Other studies such as those by Rowland<sup>27</sup>, Zanconato et al<sup>28</sup>, Huttunen and Paavilainen<sup>29</sup> also showed higher values of VO<sub>2max</sub> in normal children compared to obese children. Also for Goran et al<sup>25</sup>, when there is more fat mass in obese children in proportion to the amount of fat mass in normal children, it is reasonable to think that this factor has limited functional capacity of obese children, as this aspect did not contributed to the study being conducted, which would increase the limitation of obese children.</p>
      <p>In contrast, according to some authors<sup>25,30</sup>, when there is standardization for differences in body size, obese people have VO<sub>2max</sub> values similar to those of normal weight individuals. However, when it comes to measurements in submaximal efforts, such as those regarding the HRVt zone, there is greater consensus on the existence of major differences between obese and non-obese individuals because the former present, in these conditions of stress, higher HR values, respiratory rate and VO<sub>2max</sub><sup>25</sup> percentage. For example, in a study<sup>31</sup> in which obese children were subjected to hikes with non-obese children, they used 57.0% of VO<sub>2max</sub>, while the normal children used only 36.0% of VO<sub>2max</sub>. More recently, it has been documented that obese children have used 44.0% of VO<sub>2max </sub>against 37.0% used by non-obese children when performing activities considered mild moderate<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, considering VO<sub>2</sub> values at HRVt, it was found that O and MO pre-adolescents showed 47.8% and 40.1% respectively of the value presented by the children from the NO group.</p>
      <p>The stress caused by obesity also caused the O and MO volunteers to reach, from the rest to HRVt, a distance of only 42.1% and 33.4% respectively, of the distance reached by NO. At the same time, the speed reached by NO children was 39.6% higher than that achieved by O children at HRVt, and 43.3% higher than that of OM children in the same condition.</p>
      <p>One last aspect has shown the best CRC of NO pre-adolescents. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04311_ingfig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> displays the median values of initial HR and at HRVt. In general, low values of resting HR, such as the one shown by NO, reflects a good functional status associated with a better fitness level<sup>32,33</sup>, while high values, such as those presented by O and OM, are related to various physiological disorders and predisposition to certain types of cardiovascular diseases<sup>33,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies on the alterations in cardiac autonomic function and therefore on the value of resting HR in the presence of obesity in children and adolescents present some inconsistencies. They reveal: reduced parasympathetic activity; high sympathetic activity associated with decreased parasympathetic activity; and reduction of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity<sup>1,14,35-37</sup>. Regardless of the mechanism responsible for changes in resting HR, it is known that a lower value of this variable relates to a greater ability of chronotropic reserve, which means that there is a greater amount of heartbeats which can be used during exercise, influencing therefore the cardiac output and performance<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was found that the variation (delta) of HR in NO volunteers from rest to HRVt, was 69.7 bpm and 40.2 bpm and 34.8 bpm respectively for O and MO. This greater variation in HR of NO is a fact that reflected a higher CRC in these children at HRVt.</p>
      <p>A limitation of this study was the absence of a parallel study done with the same volunteers subjected to the same protocol, but with AT being assessed by spirometry, as we could ensure greater reliability for the HRVt method for assessment of CRC in children and pre-adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It can be concluded that this study reached its objective by showing the application of a new AT detection tool for evaluating CRC in children, which led to confirmation of a higher CRC in the NO group. Also, it was found that the HRVt method requires further comparisons with the models traditionally used for detecting AT in order to extend its degree of efficiency and credibility, because its input can be very significant in several procedures for evaluating and controlling development of treatment due to its smaller cost and easy access.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
