<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="article-commentary">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000400017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600417</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011000400017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dificuldade t&#233;cnica no implante de stent Supralimus em enxerto de art&#233;ria radial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>George C&#233;sar Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kreimer</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galon</surname>
            <given-names>Micheli Zanotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e69</fpage>
      <lpage>e72</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dificuldade t&#233;cnica no implante de <italic>stent</italic> Supralimus em enxerto de art&#233;ria radial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles; Sergio Kreimer; Micheli Zanotti Galon; Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar Marchiori</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Iamspe - Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold><italic>Stents</italic>/efeitos adversos, <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, reestenose de enxerto vascular, sirolimus.</p>
    <p>Mulher, 67 anos, com angina inst&#225;vel e passado de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda para art&#233;ria descendente anterior e enxerto com art&#233;ria radial (AR) para ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. A coronariografia mostrou estenose de 90% em enxerto de AR, tratada com <italic>stent</italic> convencional. Ap&#243;s dois meses, evoluiu com angina inst&#225;vel relacionada &#224; reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, tratada com <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de Sirolimus. No seguimento aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante, estava assintom&#225;tica e com manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado do implante. Este relato de caso demonstra as dificuldades t&#233;cnicas da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em enxertos de AR e o resultado do tratamento de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> com <italic>stent</italic> com Sirolimus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) como enxerto em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) est&#225; associada com a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade a longo prazo<sup>1</sup>, o que levou ao aumento do interesse por outros enxertos arteriais (gastroepiploica, epig&#225;strica e radial). Dessas, o uso da art&#233;ria radial (AR) tornou-se mais popular ap&#243;s o aperfei&#231;oamento da t&#233;cnica e a preven&#231;&#227;o de espasmo, o que tornou poss&#237;vel a CRM com dois enxertos utilizando-se enxerto sequencial com a ATI esquerda anastomosada &#224; art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) e um ou mais enxertos da AR, anastomosada proximalmente &#224; ATI esquerda e distalmente a ramos da art&#233;rias circunflexa (ACX) ou coron&#225;ria direita (ACD)<sup>2</sup>. Os enxertos arteriais podem desenvolver estenoses e serem tratados pela interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). No presente relato de caso, descrevemos as dificuldades na ICP para tratamento de estenoses no enxerto de AR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de mulher, 67 anos, com angina inst&#225;vel e antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabete melito, submetida &#224; CRM em 1996: anastomose da ATI esquerda l&#225;tero-lateral com a ADA e 1&#186; ramo diagonal (Dg1) e enxerto sequencial em Y com a AR para o ramo ventricular posterior (VPD) da ACD. A coronariografia mostrou anastomose da ATI com a ADA oclu&#237;da; anastomose com o Dg1 sem obstru&#231;&#245;es; enxerto da AR para o ramo VPD com estenose de 90% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">B</xref>); ADA e ACD com estenoses de 70% e 100%, respectivamente, com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral da ADA para a ACD 3+/4+. A ventriculografia mostrou aspecto hipertr&#243;fico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foi indicado implante de <italic>stent</italic> para o tratamento da estenose no enxerto de AR. A via de acesso foi a art&#233;ria femoral direita (AFD), e foram utilizados o cateter-guia mam&#225;ria 6F (Medtronic-AVE, USA) e o fio-guia Galeo <italic>floppy</italic> 0,014" (Biotronik, Switzerland). A ATI esquerda apresentava intensa tortuosidade no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio e, ap&#243;s a passagem do fio-guia, apresentou aspecto de saca-rolhas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">Figura 1C</xref>). Foi realizada pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o com cateter-bal&#227;o Elect 2,5 x 10 mm (Biotronik). A angiografia de controle mostrou intenso espasmo nos enxertos da AR e da ATI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">Figura 1D</xref>). Foi medicada com monitrato-5 de isossorbida 20 mg (MN5IS) pelo cateter-guia, com melhora do espasmo, seguido do implante do <italic>stent</italic> PRO-Kinetic 2,75 x 13 mm (Biotronik) com 12 atm. No controle angiogr&#225;fico p&#243;s-implante, o espasmo persistiu, e a paciente foi novamente medicada com MN5IS sem sucesso, seguido da administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina 200 mcg (NG), permitindo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do vaso. Foi observado, ent&#227;o, aspecto angiogr&#225;fico de dissec&#231;&#227;o proximal ao <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">Figura 1E</xref>), tratada pelo implante de outro <italic>stent</italic> PRO-Kinetic 2,75 x 13 mm, liberado com 12 atm. Foi realizada p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o intra-<italic>stent</italic> com o bal&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> a 14 atm. A angiografia de controle mostrou expans&#227;o adequada dos <italic>stents</italic>, fluxo TIMI III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f01">Figura 1F</xref>), com a resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do espasmo nos enxertos arteriais, observada somente ap&#243;s a retirada do fio-guia. A paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p content-type="html"><fig id="pt_17f01"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P/034393e05e65c3d9ea16af971da12690ecae1326.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s dois meses, apresentou precordialgia em repouso, sem altera&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma, troponina e CK-MB massa. Foi realizada nova coronariografia, que revelou reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> padr&#227;o difuso, com estenose de 95% no enxerto da AR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">B</xref>). Foi realizada nova ICP no mesmo procedimento via AFD, e foi utilizado o mesmo tipo de cateter-guia e fio-guia Extra support Choice PT 0,014" (Bostom Scientific Inc., USA) introduzido via ATI esquerda at&#233; o ramo VPD, seguido de cateter-bal&#227;o Elect 2,5x15mm para pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o. Apresentou novamente intenso espasmo dos enxertos, sendo medicada com MN5IS pelo cateter-guia, com leve melhora, dificultando o posicionamento do <italic>stent</italic> Supralimus 3,0 x 29 mm (Sahajanad Medical Technologies, India) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">Figura 2C</xref>), auxiliado pela imagem dos <italic>stents</italic> previamente implantados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">Figura 2D</xref>) e liberado com 14 atm. Somente ap&#243;s a retirada do fio-guia e a medica&#231;&#227;o com MN5IS, p&#244;de-se observar o resultado final, que mostrou o <italic>stent</italic> com aspecto angiogr&#225;fico adequado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">Figura 2E</xref>). A paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es. No seguimento cl&#237;nico e angiogr&#225;fico aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante, ela estava assintom&#225;tica e com a manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado do implante do <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_17f02">Figura 2F</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="html"><fig id="pt_17f02"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P/50e36082058127557fc9c236684490ce20361766.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio da ATI, que apresenta baixa incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose, a AR &#233; mais frequentemente acometida por aterosclerose, tornando-se n&#227;o utiliz&#225;vel como enxerto vascular em 5% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. Na presen&#231;a de diabete melito, aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes apresentam aterosclerose da AR<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A taxa de pat&#234;ncia aos cinco anos p&#243;s-enxerto de AR situa-se entre 83% a 91%<sup>4</sup>, e o mecanismo exato para essas elevadas taxas de falha do enxerto &#233; desconhecido. Muitas hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido aventadas para explicar a presen&#231;a de estenoses em enxertos de AR: vasoespasmo, fluxo competitivo da circula&#231;&#227;o nativa, hiperplasia neointimal, les&#227;o endotelial durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do enxerto ou problemas t&#233;cnicos durante a cirurgia<sup>5</sup>. Em uma grande s&#233;rie de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas em enxertos radiais, observou-se que dois ter&#231;os dos casos de estenose ocorreram proximal ou distal &#224; anastomose, sugerindo que a origem principal da estenose nesses pacientes &#233; relacionada a dificuldades t&#233;cnicas<sup>6</sup>. No presente caso, a estenose est&#225; provavelmente relacionada &#224; hiperplasia neointimal, baseada na localiza&#231;&#227;o no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do enxerto e o espa&#231;o de tempo de 12 anos entre a cirurgia e o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>Desde os primeiros relatos de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria em enxerto de AR, observou-se que essas art&#233;rias s&#227;o potencialmente esp&#225;sticas, e o procedimento deve ser realizado com o uso liberal de drogas vasodilatadores<sup>7</sup>. Histologicamente, a AR difere da ATI pela maior espessura da camada m&#233;dia,com mi&#243;citos organizados em camadas mais densas com escasso tecido conjuntivo, enquanto a m&#233;dia da ATI tem organiza&#231;&#227;o irregular dos mi&#243;citos com estrutura frouxa do tecido conjuntivo e fibras el&#225;sticas. A densidade e a melhor organiza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas de AR podem gerar mais for&#231;a que a ATI, aumentando a propens&#227;o para o espasmo<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As dificuldades que ocorreram no presente caso foram relacionadas aos espasmos dos enxertos. As art&#233;rias radiais das mulheres s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis aos vasoconstritores, s&#227;o menos sens&#237;veis aos vasodilatadores e apresentam di&#226;metro menor que os homens<sup>2,8</sup>. O aspecto de saca-rolhas observado na ATI, ap&#243;s a passagem do fio-guia, ocorreu devido ao estiramento da art&#233;ria, que apresentava intensa tortuosidade no segmento m&#233;dio e tem sido descrito como uma marca caracter&#237;stica de espasmo coron&#225;rio. O segundo procedimento caracterizou-se por maior espasmo dos enxertos, provavelmente devido ao uso de fio-guia mais r&#237;gido, necess&#225;rio para fornecer suporte &#224; passagem do <italic>stent</italic> longo por trajeto tortuoso.</p>
    <p>O espasmo arterial pode ocorrer por estimula&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, estimula&#231;&#227;o nervosa e pela a&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras. Para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico do espasmo arterial, s&#227;o utilizados os nitratos (NG e MN5IS) e para os espasmos resistentes a esses f&#225;rmacos, os bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio (diltiazem e verapamil)<sup>7</sup>. No relato atual, foram utilizados para tratamento do espasmo somente nitratos em altas doses, pois acredit&#225;vamos que a principal causa do espasmo era secund&#225;ria &#224; passagem do fio-guia em ATI com intensa tortuosidade, refor&#231;ada pela observa&#231;&#227;o que a resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do espasmo ocorreu somente ap&#243;s a retirada do fio-guia.</p>
    <p>O <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico utilizado no presente caso, o Supralimus, eluidor de Sirolimus, mostrou efic&#225;cia no tratamento da reestenose intra-stent, com a manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante. O &#250;nico relato de caso do emprego de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gico para o tratamento de estenose em enxerto de AR foi relacionado &#224; les&#227;o <italic>de nova</italic> aorta ostial, e foi utilizado <italic>stent</italic> eluidor de paclitaxel<sup>9</sup>. Os <italic>stents</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de Sirolimus em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com paclitaxel, no tratamento da reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, mostraram menores taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo e de perda tardia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este caso ilustra o primeiro relato do implante de <italic>stent</italic> com elui&#231;&#227;o de Sirolimus para tratamento de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> em enxerto de AR, demonstrando as dificuldades t&#233;cnicas da ICP nesses enxertos, relacionados ao intenso espasmo e o excelente resultado angiogr&#225;fico imediato e aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles </p>
        <p> Rua Sena Madureira, 1265/102 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04021-051 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gcxm@cardiol.br">gcxm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="george.ximenes@terra.com.br">george.ximenes@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/07/09; revisado recebido em 07/03/10; aceito em 26/04/10</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Cameron A, Davis    KB, Green G, Schaff HV. Coronary artery bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery    grafts: effects on survival over a 15-year period. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 (4):    216-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary artery bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts: effects on survival over a 15-year period</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>216</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cameron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Acar C, Jebara    VA, Portoghese M, Beyssen B, Pagny JY, Grare P, et al. Revival of the radial    artery for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54 (4): 652-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Revival of the radial artery for coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>652</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jebara</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portoghese</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyssen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagny</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grare</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Nicolosi AC,    Pohl LL, Parsons P, Cambria RA, Olinger GN. Increased incidence of radial artery    calcification in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Surg Res. 2002; 102 (1):    1-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased incidence of radial artery calcification in patients with diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>J Surg Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolosi</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pohl</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parsons</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cambria</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olinger</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Acar C, Ramsheyi    A, Pagny JY, Jebara V, Barrier P, Fabiani JN, et al. The radial artery for coronary    artery bypass grafting: clinical and angiographic results at five years. J Thorac    Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 116 (6): 981-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The radial artery for coronary artery bypass grafting: clinical and angiographic results at five years</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>981</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsheyi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagny</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jebara</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiani</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Curtis JJ, Stoney    WS, Alford WC Jr, Burrus GR, Thomas CS Jr. Intimal hyperplasia: a cause of radial    artery aortocoronary bypass graft failure. Ann Thorac Surg. 1975; 20 (6): 628-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intimal hyperplasia: a cause of radial artery aortocoronary bypass graft failure</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoney</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alford WC</surname>
              <given-names>Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burrus</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas CS</surname>
              <given-names>Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Sharma A, Ajani    A, Garg N, GebreEyesus A, Varghese J, Pinnow E, et al. Percutaneous interventions    in radial artery grafts: clinical and angiographic outcomes. Catheter Cardiovasc    Interv. 2003; 59 (2): 172-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous interventions in radial artery grafts: clinical and angiographic outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ajani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>GebreEyesus</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varghese</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinnow</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Kulkarni NM,    Thomas MR. Severe spasm of a radial artery coronary bypass graft during coronary    intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 1999; 47 (3): 331-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Severe spasm of a radial artery coronary bypass graft during coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kulkarni</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Mong K, Duggan    JA, Tabrizchi R. Comparative study of functional responses and morphometric    state of distal arteries in male and female. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74 (6):    2126-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparative study of functional responses and morphometric state of distal arteries in male and female</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2126</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mong</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duggan</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tabrizchi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. McKay E, Ramsdale    KA, Ramsdale DR. Drug-eluting stent implantation for radial artery graft aorta-ostial    stenosis. N Z Med J. 2008; 121 (1273): 66-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Drug-eluting stent implantation for radial artery graft aorta-ostial stenosis</article-title>
          <source>N Z Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1273</issue>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McKay</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsdale</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramsdale</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Kastrati A,    Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Dibra A, Hausleiter J, Pache J, et al. Sirolimus-eluting    stent or paclitaxel-eluting stent vs balloon angioplasty for prevention of recurrences    in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis. JAMA. 2005; 293: 165-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sirolimus-eluting stent or paclitaxel-eluting stent vs balloon angioplasty for prevention of recurrences in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kastrati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehilli</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Beckerath</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dibra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hausleiter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pache</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Technical difficulty in stenting Supralimus in radial artery graft</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Technical difficulty in stenting Supralimus in radial artery graft</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles; Sergio Kreimer; Micheli Zanotti Galon; Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar Marchiori</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Iamspe - Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold>Stents/adverse effects; drug-eluting stents; graft occlusion, vascular; sirolimus.</p>
      <p>Woman, 67 years old, with unstable angina and history of myocardial revascularization: left internal thoracic artery to anterior descending artery and graft with radial artery (RA) to right coronary artery branches. Coronariography showed stenosis of 90% in the RA graft, treated with conventional stent. After two months, the patient developed unstable angina related to in-stent restenosis, treated with sirolimus-eluting stent. In the follow-up, six months after implantation, the patient was asymptomatic and maintening the outcome of the implant. This case report demonstrates the technical difficulties of percutaneous intervention in RA grafts and treatment outcome of in-stent restenosis with sirolimus stent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of internal thoracic artery (ITA) as a graft in myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) is associated with reduced mortality in the long term<sup>1</sup>, which led to increased interest in other arterial grafts (gastroepiploic, epigastric, and radial). Of these, the use of radial artery (RA) became more popular after the development of the technique and the prevention of spasm, which made possible the MRS with two grafts using sequential grafting with the left ITA anastomosed to anterior descending artery (ADA) and one or more RA grafts, anastomosed proximally to the left ITA and distally to the branches of the circumflex artery (CXA) or right coronary artery (RCA)<sup>2</sup>. The arterial grafts can develop stenosis and were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this case report, we describe the difficulties in PCI for the treatment of stenosis in the graft of RA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is a woman, 67 years old, with unstable angina and a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, who underwent MRS in 1996: left latero-lateral ITA anastomosis to the ADA and 1<sup>st</sup> diagonal branch (Dg1) and sequential Y-grafting with RA to the posterior ventricular branch (PVB) of RCA. Coronariography showed the ITA anastomosis with the ADA occluded; anastomosis with Dg1 without obstructions, the RA graft to the branch PVB with stenosis of 90% on the middle third (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">B</xref>) ADA and RCA with stenoses with 70% and 100%, respectively, with collateral circulation of the ADA to the ADA 3 + / 4 +. Ventriculography showed extensive left ventricular hypertrophic aspect. Stent implant was indicated for the treatment of stenosis in the graft of RA. The approach was the right femoral artery (RFA), and mammary 6F guiding catheter was used (Medtronic-AVE, USA) and guide wire Galeo floppy 0.014" (Biotronik, Switzerland). The left ITA showed severe tortuosity in the middle third and, after passage of the guide wire, showed corkscrew-like appearance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1C</xref>). It was performed predilatation of the lesion with a balloon catheter Elect 2.5 x 10 mm (Biotronik). The control angiography showed intense spasm in the grafts of RA and the ITA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1D</xref>). Monitrato-5 of isosorbide 20 mg (MN5IS) was given by the guide catheter, with improvement of spasm, followed by stent implantation PRO-Kinetic 2.75 x 13 mm (Biotronik) with 12 atm. Angiographic control after implantation, the spasm persisted and the patient was again treated with MN5IS without success, followed by administration of 200 mcg nitroglycerin (NG), allowing visualization of the vessel. It was observed, then angiographic appearance of proximal dissection to the stent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1E</xref>), treated by implantation of another stent PRO-Kinetic 2.75x13mm, released at 12 atm. It was performed post-stent dilatation with balloon of the stent to 14 atm. The control angiography showed adequate expansion of stents, TIMI III flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1F</xref>), with complete resolution of spasm in arterial grafts, observed only after removal of the guide wire. The patient recovered without complications.</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_17f01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P/aff30d5cf5936e165dda1aaf130f1f68bad660ee.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
</p>
      <p>After two months, she had chest pain at rest without ECG changes, troponin and CK-MB mass. New coronariography was performed, which revealed in-stent restenosis diffuse pattern, with stenosis of 95% in the RA graft (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">B</xref>). New PCI was performed in the same procedure via AFD, and we used the same type of guide catheter and guide wire Extra support Choice PT 0.014" (Bostom Scientific Inc., USA) introduced via the left ITA to the branch PVB, followed by catheter-balloon Elect 2.5 x 15 mm for pre-dilation. Again she presented severe spasm of the grafts being medicated with MN5IS by the guide catheter, with slight improvement, making it difficult to position the stent Supralimus 3.0 x 29 mm (Sahajanad Medical Technologies, India) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">Figure 2C</xref>), aided by the image of the previously implanted stents (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">Figure 2D</xref>) and released with 14 atm. Only after the withdrawal of the guide wire and medication MN5IS, it was possible to observe the end result, which showed the stent with adequate angiographic aspect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">Figure 2E</xref>). The patient recovered without complications. Angiographic and clinical follow-up six months post-implant, she was asymptomatic and maintaining the result of drug-eluting stent implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f02-body2">Figure 2F</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_17f02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
<fn id="en_17f02a-body2"/><fn id="en_17f02xf2d-body2"/><fn id="en_17f02d-body2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-e01-en.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Unlike ITA, which has a low incidence of atherosclerosis, the RA is more frequently affected by atherosclerosis, making it unusable as a vascular graft in 5% of patients undergoing MRS. In the presence of diabetes mellitus, approximately 50% of patients presented atherosclerosis RA<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patency rate at five years post-grafting of RA is between 83% to 91%<sup>4</sup>, and the exact mechanism for these high rates of graft failure is unknown. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the presence of stenosis in grafts of RA: vasospasm, competitive flow from native circulation, neointimal hyperplasia, endothelial lesion during manipulation of the graft or technical problems during surgery<sup>5</sup>. In a large series of percutaneous interventions in radial grafts, it was found that two thirds of cases of stenosis occurred proximal or distal anastomosis, suggesting that the main cause of stenosis in these patients is related to technical difficulties<sup>6</sup>. In this case, the stenosis is probably related to neointimal hyperplasia, based on location in the middle third of the graft and the time span of 12 years between surgery and onset of symptoms.</p>
      <p>Since the first reports of graft coronary intervention in RA graft, we found that these arteries are potentially spastic, and the procedure may be performed with the liberal use of vasodilators drugs<sup>7</sup>. Histologically, the RA differs from ITA for the greatest thickness of the medium layer, with myocytes arranged in denser layers with little connective tissue, while the ITA average has irregular organization of the myocytes with loose structure of connective tissue and elastic fibers. The density and better organization of smooth muscle cells of RA can generate more power than the ITA, increasing the propensity for spasm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The difficulties that occurred in this case were related to spasms of the grafts. The radial arteries of women are more sensitive to vasoconstrictors, are less sensitive to vasodilators and have a diameter smaller than the men<sup>2,8</sup>. The appearance of corkscrew observed in ITA, after the passage of the guide wire, was due to stretch of artery, which had severe tortuosity in the middle segment and has been described as a hallmark of coronary spasm. The second procedure was characterized by greater spasm of the grafts, probably due to the use of more rigid guide wire is necessary to support the passage of the stent over a tortuous path.</p>
      <p>Arterial spasm may occur by mechanical stimulation, nerve stimulation and the action of vasoconstrictor substances. For the pharmacological treatment of arterial spasm, nitrates are used (NG and MN5IS) and the spasms are resistant to these drugs, the calcium channel blockers (diltiazem and verapamil)<sup>7</sup>. In the current report, were used for treatment of spasm only nitrates in high doses, since we believed that the main cause of the spasm was secondary to the passage of the guide wire on ITA with severe tortuosity, reinforced by the observation that the complete resolution of spasm occurred only after withdrawal of the guide wire.</p>
      <p>The drug-eluting stents used in this case, the Supralimus, Sirolimus-eluting, has shown efficacy in treating in-stent restenosis, with the maintenance of the outcome at six months post-implant. The only case report of drug stents to treat stenosis in RA was related to the <italic>new</italic> aorta ostial lesions, and eluting stent of paclitaxel<sup>9</sup> was used. The Sirolimus-eluting stents compared with paclitaxel in treatment of in-stent restenosis, showed lower rate of target lesion revascularization and late loss<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>This case illustrates the first report of implantation of sirolimus-eluting stent for treatment of in-stent restenosis in the RA graft, demonstrating the technical difficulties of PCI in these grafts, related to severe spasm and excellent angiographic result immediately and six months post- implant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Dificultad t&#233;cnica en el implante de stent Supralimus en injerto de arteria radial</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASO CL&#205;NICO</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Dificultad t&#233;cnica en el implante de <italic>stent</italic> Supralimus en injerto de arteria radial</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles; Sergio Kreimer; Micheli Zanotti Galon; Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar Marchiori</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Iamspe - Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold><italic>Stents</italic>/efectos adversos, <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, restenosis de injerto vascular, Sirolimus.</p>
      <p>Mujer, 67 a&#241;os, con angina inestable y pasado de revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica: arteria tor&#225;cica interna izquierda para arteria descendente anterior e injerto con arteria radial (AR) para ramas de la arteria coronaria derecha. La coronariograf&#237;a mostr&#243; estenosis de 90% en injerto de AR, tratada con <italic>stent</italic> convencional. Despu&#233;s de dos meses, evolucion&#243; con angina inestable relacionada a restenosis <italic>intrastent</italic>, tratada con <italic>stent</italic> con eluci&#243;n de Sirolimus. En el seguimiento a los seis meses post implante, estaba asintom&#225;tica y con manutenci&#243;n del resultado del implante. Este relato de caso demuestra las dificultades t&#233;cnicas de la intervenci&#243;n percut&#225;nea en injertos de AR y el resultado del tratamiento de restenosis <italic>intrastent</italic> con <italic>stent</italic> con Sirolimus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La utilizaci&#243;n de la arteria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI) como injerto en cirug&#237;a de revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) est&#225; asociada a la reducci&#243;n de la mortalidad a largo plazo<sup>1</sup>, lo que llev&#243; al aumento del inter&#233;s por otros injertos arteriales (gastroepiploica, epig&#225;strica y radial). De esas, el uso de la arteria radial (AR) se volvi&#243; m&#225;s popular despu&#233;s del perfeccionamiento de la t&#233;cnica y la prevenci&#243;n de espasmo, lo que volvi&#243; posible la CRM con de los injertos utiliz&#225;ndose injerto secuencial con la ATI izquierda anastomosada a la arteria descendente anterior (ADA) y uno o m&#225;s injertos de la AR, anastomosada proximalmente a la ATI izquierda y distalmente a ramas de la arterias circunfleja (ACJ) o coronaria derecha (ACD)<sup>2</sup>. Los injertos arteriales pueden desarrollar estenosis y ser tratados por intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea (ICP). En el presente relato de caso, describimos las dificultades en la ICP para tratamiento de estenosis en el injerto de AR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Relato de caso</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se trata de mujer, 67 a&#241;os, con angina inestable y antecedentes de hipertensi&#243;n arterial y diabetes mellitus, sometida a CRM en 1996: anastomosis de la ATI izquierda l&#225;tero-lateral con la ADA y 1&#186; rama diagonal (Dg1) e injerto secuencial en Y con la AR para la rama ventricular posterior (VPD) de la ACD. La coronariograf&#237;a mostr&#243; anastomosis de la ATI con la ADA ocluida; anastomosis con el Dg1 sin obstrucciones; injerto de la AR para la rama VPD con estenosis de 90% en el tercio medio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">Figura 1A</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">B</xref>); ADA y ACD con estenosis de 70% y 100%, respectivamente, con circulaci&#243;n colateral de la ADA para la ACD 3+/4+. La ventriculograf&#237;a mostr&#243; aspecto hipertr&#243;fico del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo. Fue indicado implante de <italic>stent</italic> para el tratamiento de la estenosis en el injerto de AR. La v&#237;a de acceso fue la arteria femoral derecha (AFD), y fueron utilizados el cat&#233;ter gu&#237;a mamaria 6F (Medtronic-AVE, USA) y el hilo gu&#237;a Galeo <italic>floppy</italic> 0,014" (Biotronik, Switzerland). La ATI izquierda presentaba intensa tortuosidad en el tercio medio y, despu&#233;s del pasaje del hilo gu&#237;a, present&#243; aspecto de tirabuz&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">Figura 1C</xref>). Fue realizada predilataci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n con cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n Elect 2,5x10mm (Biotronik). La angiograf&#237;a de control mostr&#243; intenso espasmo en los injertos de la AR y de la ATI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">Figura 1D</xref>). Fue medicada con mononitrato-5 de isosorbide 20 mg (MN5IS) por el cat&#233;ter gu&#237;a, con mejora del espasmo, seguido del implante del <italic>stent</italic> PRO-Kinetic 2,75 x 13 mm (Biotronik) con 12 atm. En el control angiogr&#225;fico post implante, el espasmo persisti&#243;, y la paciente fue nuevamente medicada con MN5IS sin &#233;xito, seguido de la administraci&#243;n de nitroglicerina 200 mcg (NG), permitiendo la visualizaci&#243;n del vaso. Fue observado, entonces, aspecto angiogr&#225;fico de disecci&#243;n proximal al <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">Figura 1E</xref>), tratada por el implante de otro <italic>stent</italic> PRO- Kinetic 2,75 x 13 mm, liberado con 12 atm. Fue realizada post dilataci&#243;n intra <italic>stent</italic> con el bal&#243;n del <italic>stent</italic> a 14 atm. La angiograf&#237;a de control mostr&#243; expansi&#243;n adecuada de los <italic>stents</italic>, flujo TIMI III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f01-body3">Figura 1F</xref>), con la resoluci&#243;n completa del espasmo en los injertos arteriales, observada solamente despu&#233;s de la retirada del hilo gu&#237;a. La paciente evolucion&#243; sin complicaciones.</p>
      <p content-type="html">
        <fig id="es_17f01-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P/2b226d77b62faf12ab73741058ced269a97cd115.jpg"/>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Despu&#233;s de dos meses, present&#243; precordialgia en reposo, sin alteraciones del electrocardiograma, troponina y CK-MB masa. Fue realizada nueva coronariograf&#237;a, que revel&#243; restenosis intra<italic>stent</italic> est&#225;ndar difuso, con estenosis de 95% en el injerto de la AR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">Figura 2A</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">B</xref>). Fue realizada nueva ICP en el mismo procedimiento v&#237;a AFD, y fue utilizado el mismo tipo de cat&#233;ter gu&#237;a e hilo gu&#237;a Extra support Choice PT 0,014" (Bostom Scientific Inc., USA) introducido v&#237;a ATI izquierda hasta la rama VPD, seguido de cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n Elect 2,5 x 15 mm para predilataci&#243;n. Present&#243; nuevamente intenso espasmo de los injertos, siendo medicada con MN5IS por el cat&#233;ter gu&#237;a, con leve mejora, dificultando el posicionamiento del <italic>stent</italic> Supralimus 3,0 x 29 mm (Sahajanad Medical Technologies, India) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">Figura 2C</xref>), auxiliado por la imagen de los <italic>stents</italic> previamente implantados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">Figura 2D</xref>) y liberado con 14 atm. Solamente despu&#233;s de la retirada del hilo gu&#237;a y la medicaci&#243;n con MN5IS, se pudo observar el resultado final, que mostr&#243; el <italic>stent</italic> con aspecto angiogr&#225;fico adecuado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">Figura 2E</xref>). La paciente evolucion&#243; sin complicaciones. En el seguimiento cl&#237;nico y angiogr&#225;fico a los seis meses post implante, estaba asintom&#225;tica y con la manutenci&#243;n del resultado del implante del <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_17f02-body3">Figura 2F</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="es_17f02-body3"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/NVQmF5Hx8k33JQX3VXVbg8P/58c0d3ad69d28046f1655743d3fd7baaa038ec19.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-04-0e69-00017-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Al contrario de la ATI, que presenta baja incidencia de aterosclerosis, la AR es m&#225;s frecuentemente afectada por aterosclerosis, volvi&#233;ndose no utilizable como injerto vascular en 5% de los pacientes sometidos a la CRM. En presencia de diabetes mellitus, aproximadamente 50% de los pacientes presentan aterosclerosis de la AR<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>La tasa de ausencia de estenosis a los cinco a&#241;os post injerto de AR se sit&#250;a entre 83% a 91%<sup>4</sup>, y el mecanismo exacto para esas elevadas tasas de falla del injerto es desconocido. Muchas hip&#243;tesis han sido formuladas para explicar la presencia de estenosis en injertos de AR: vasoespasmo, flujo competitivo de la circulaci&#243;n nativa, hiperplasia neointimal, lesi&#243;n endotelial durante la manipulaci&#243;n del injerto o problemas t&#233;cnicos durante la cirurgia<sup>5</sup>. En una gran serie de intervenciones percut&#225;neas en injertos radiales, se observ&#243; que dos tercios de los casos de estenosis ocurrieron proximal o distal a la anastomosis, sugiriendo que el origen principal de la estenosis en esos pacientes est&#225; relacionado a dificultades t&#233;cnicas<sup>6</sup>. En el presente caso, la estenosis est&#225; probablemente relacionada a la hiperplasia neointimal, basada en la localizaci&#243;n en el tercio medio del injerto y el espacio de tiempo de 12 a&#241;os entre la cirug&#237;a y el comienzo de los s&#237;ntomas.</p>
      <p>Desde los primeros relatos de intervenci&#243;n coronaria en injerto de AR, se observ&#243; que esas arterias son potencialmente esp&#225;sticas, y el procedimiento debe ser realizado con el uso liberal de drogas vasodilatadoras<sup>7</sup>. Histol&#243;gicamente, la AR difiere de la ATI por el mayor espesor de la capa media, con miocitos organizados en capas m&#225;s densas con escaso tejido conjuntivo, mientras que la media de la ATI tiene organizaci&#243;n irregular de los miocitos con estructura floja del tejido conjuntivo y fibras el&#225;sticas. La densidad y la mejor organizaci&#243;n de las c&#233;lulas musculares lisas de AR pueden generar m&#225;s fuerza que la ATI, aumentando la propensi&#243;n al espasmo<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Las dificultades que ocurrieron en el presente caso fueron relacionadas a los espasmos de los injertos. Las arterias radiales de las mujeres son m&#225;s sensibles a los vasoconstrictores, son menos sensibles a los vasodilatadores y presentan di&#225;metro menor que los hombres<sup>2,8</sup>. El aspecto de tirabuz&#243;n observado en la ATI, despu&#233;s del pasaje del hilo gu&#237;a, ocurri&#243; debido al estiramiento de la arteria, que presentaba intensa tortuosidad en el segmento medio y ha sido descripto como una marca caracter&#237;stica de espasmo coronario. El segundo procedimiento se caracteriz&#243; por mayor espasmo de los injertos, probablemente debido al uso de hilo gu&#237;a m&#225;s r&#237;gido, necesario para proveer soporte al pasaje del <italic>stent</italic> ancho por trayecto tortuoso.</p>
      <p>El espasmo arterial puede ocurrir por estimulaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica, estimulaci&#243;n nerviosa y por la acci&#243;n de sustancias vasoconstrictoras. Para el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico del espasmo arterial, son utilizados los nitratos (NG y MN5IS) y para los espasmos resistentes a esos f&#225;rmacos, los bloqueadores de canales de calcio (diltiazem y verapamil)<sup>7</sup>. En el relato actual, fueron utilizados para tratamiento del espasmo solamente nitratos en altas dosis, pues cre&#237;amos que la principal causa del espasmo era secundaria al pasaje del hilo gu&#237;a en ATI con intensa tortuosidad, reforzada por la observaci&#243;n de que la resoluci&#243;n completa del espasmo ocurri&#243; solamente despu&#233;s de la retirada del hilo gu&#237;a.</p>
      <p>El <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico utilizado en el presente caso, el Supralimus, eluidor de Sirolimus, mostr&#243; eficacia en el tratamiento de la restenosis intrastent, con la manutenci&#243;n del resultado a los seis meses post implante. El &#250;nico relato de caso del empleo de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gico para el tratamiento de estenosis en injerto de AR fue relacionado a la lesi&#243;n de <italic>nueva</italic> aorta ostial, y fue utilizado <italic>stent</italic> eluidor de paclitaxel<sup>9</sup>. Los <italic>stents</italic> con eluci&#243;n de Sirolimus en comparaci&#243;n a los con paclitaxel, en el tratamiento de la restenosis intra <italic>stent</italic>, mostraron menores tasas de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n blanco y de p&#233;rdida tardia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Este caso ilustra el primer relato de implante de <italic>stent</italic> con eluci&#243;n de Sirolimus para tratamiento de restenosis intra<italic>stent</italic> en injerto de AR, demostrando las dificultades t&#233;cnicas de la ICP en esos injertos, relacionados al intenso espasmo y el excelente resultado angiogr&#225;fico inmediato y a los seis meses post implante.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiamiento externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No hay vinculaci&#243;n de este estudio a programas de postgrado.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
