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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bqvqGTQCx6DX5NhYSmT5rhM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000400014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600414</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011000400014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Origem an&#244;mala do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda: avalia&#231;&#227;o do curso atrav&#233;s de tomografia computadorizada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andreou</surname>
            <given-names>Andreas Yiangou</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Nicosia General Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>342</fpage>
      <lpage>342</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CARTA AO EDITOR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Origem an&#244;mala do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda: avalia&#231;&#227;o do curso atrav&#233;s de tomografia computadorizada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andreas Yiangou Andreou</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia - CYPRUS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Angiografia coronariana, tomografia computadorizada, tronco arterial.</p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o de maio de 2010 dessa revista, Continentino e da Silva<sup>1</sup> apresentaram o caso de um paciente assintom&#225;tico de 68 anos em quem a angiografia coronariana por tomografia computadorizada (TC) revelou uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#250;nica conectada ao seio a&#243;rtico direito, que dava origem ao tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal direita e esquerda<sup>1</sup>. Minha opini&#227;o e coment&#225;rios s&#227;o referentes ao curso do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), que foi interpretado como sendo aquele "entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta", isto &#233;, interarterial.</p>
    <p>Espera-se que um TCE interarterial seja mostrado passando atrav&#233;s do istmo aortopulmonar; entretanto, nas imagens tridimensionais apresentadas, essa localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostra o TCE<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, logo ap&#243;s sua emerg&#234;ncia, o TCE adentra o infund&#237;bulo ventricular direito, para ent&#227;o aparecer no sulco interventricular anterior, onde ele se bifurca. O ponto de bifurca&#231;&#227;o est&#225; deslocado apicalmente, de forma que a art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda assume um curso relativamente longo direcionado &#224; esquerda, para tr&#225;s e superior proximal a fim de unir-se ao seu segmento de localiza&#231;&#227;o normal. Por conseguinte, o TCE deve estar seguindo um curso subpulmonar ou intraseptal, ou seja, sob o infund&#237;bulo ventricular direito e atrav&#233;s do aspecto superior da crista supraventricular em uma posi&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e ent&#227;o intramiocardicamente dentro do septo interventricular superior.</p>
    <p>A discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre um TCE interarterial e intraseptal &#233; importante, considerando suas diferentes implica&#231;&#245;es patofisiol&#243;gicas, cir&#250;rgicas e progn&#243;sticas<sup>3,4</sup>. O curso interarterial apresenta o maior risco de repercuss&#245;es adversas entre todas as anomalias coronarianas; este est&#225; ligado ao vaso ect&#243;pico proximal, que est&#225; intussusceptado dentro da parede medial a&#243;rtica. Em contraste, o curso intraseptal &#233; considerado benigno e apenas ocasionalmente tem sido correlacionado com sequelas isqu&#234;micas; isso est&#225; relacionado &#224; compress&#227;o muscular do segmento ect&#243;pico intramioc&#225;rdico durante a taquicardia.</p>
    <p>A angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) pode mostrar caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas que s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para cada um desses cursos, dessa forma facilitando sua diferencia&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Assim, o TCE com curso interarterial &#233; mostrado acima da valva pulmonar e nas imagens coronais, &#233; visto de frente entre a raiz a&#243;rtica e o tronco pulmonar como uma estrutura oval; o &#250;ltimo &#233; devido ao fato de o segmento ect&#243;pico intussusceptado proximal ser hipopl&#225;stico e lateralmente comprimido.</p>
    <p>Em contraste, o TCE intraseptal &#233; mostrado abaixo da valva pulmonar e por causa disso n&#227;o &#233; mostrado entre a raiz a&#243;rtica e o tronco pulmonar nas imagens coronais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Andreas Yiangou Andreou </p>
        <p> Cardiology Department </p>
        <p> New Nicosia General Hospital </p>
        <p> Old Road Nicosia-Limassol 213 </p>
        <p> P.O. Box 2029, Strovolos, Nicosia, Cyprus </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="y.andreas@yahoo.com">y.andreas@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/07/10; revisado recebido em 28/07/10; aceito em 18/08/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Continentino    MA, Silva JL. Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries: single trunk. Arq Bras    Cardiol. 2010;94(5):e131.</mixed-citation>
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          <fpage>e131</fpage>
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            <name>
              <surname>Continentino</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
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          <article-title>Right-sided origin of the left main coronary artery: typical variants and their visualization by cardiac computerized tomography</article-title>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Achenbach</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>3. Angelini P.    Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity. Circulation.    2007;115(10):1296-305.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity</article-title>
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              <surname>Angelini</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>4. Andreou AY,    Avraamides PC, Georgiou GM. Dual anterior interventricular artery type IV: a    rare anatomical variation. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32(7):699-702.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Avraamides</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
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        <mixed-citation>5. Nath H, Singh    SP, Lloyd SG. CT distinction of interarterial and intraseptal courses of anomalous    left coronary artery arising from inappropriate aortic sinus. AJR Am J Roentgenol.    2010;194(4):W351-2.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>CT distinction of interarterial and intraseptal courses of anomalous left coronary artery arising from inappropriate aortic sinus</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>W351</fpage>
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          <volume>194</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Nath</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery: course determination by computed tomography</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery: course determination by computed tomography</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Andreas Yiangou Andreou</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia - CYPRUS</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold>Coronary angiography; computed tomography; truncus arteriosus.</p>
      <p>In the May 2010 issue of this journal, Continentino and da Silva<sup>1</sup> presented the case of a 68-year-old asymptomatic man in whom the computed tomographic coronary angiography displayed a right aortic sinus-connected single coronary artery that gave rise to the right and left main (LMCA) coronary artery<sup>1</sup>. My opinion and comments are related to the course of the LMCA, which was interpreted as being "between the pulmonary artery and aorta", i.e., interarterial.</p>
      <p>An interarterial LMCA is expected to be depicted as passing through the aortopulmonary isthmus; however, in the three-dimensional images presented, this location is devoid of the LMCA<sup>2</sup>. Furthermore, shortly after its emergence, the LMCA embeds within the right ventricular infundibulum to surface in the anterior interventricular groove, where it bifurcates. The bifurcation point is displaced apically for which reason the left circumflex artery assumes a relatively long leftward, backward and superior proximal course in order to join its normally located segment. Accordingly, the LMCA must be following a subpulmonary or intraseptal course, namely underneath the right ventricular infundibulum and through the superior aspect of the crista supraventricularis in a subendocardial position and then intramyocardially, inside the upper interventricular septum.</p>
      <p>Discrimination between an interarterial and intraseptal LMCA is important considering their different pathophysiological, surgical and prognostic implications<sup>3,4</sup>. The interarterial course carries the greatest risk for adverse repercussions among all coronary anomalies; it is linked to the proximal ectopic vessel, which is intussuscepted within the aortic wall media. In contrast, the intraseptal course is considered benign and has been only occasionally correlated with ischemic sequelae; it is linked to muscular compression of the intramyocardial ectopic segment during tachycardia. Computed tomographic coronary angiography may depict anatomic features that are specific to each of these courses, thereby facilitating their differentiation<sup>5</sup>. Thus, a LMCA with interarterial course is depicted above the pulmonary valve and on coronal images, it is seen <italic>en face</italic> between the aortic root and pulmonary trunk as an oval structure; the latter is due to the fact that the proximal intussuscepted ectopic segment is hypoplastic and laterally compressed.</p>
      <p>In contrast, the intraseptal LMCA is depicted below the pulmonary valve and because of that, it is not revealed between the aortic root and pulmonary trunk on coronal images.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Origen an&#243;malo del tronco de coronaria izquierda: evaluaci&#243;n del curso atrav&#233;s de tomograf&#237;a computada</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CARTA AL EDITOR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Origen an&#243;malo del tronco de coronaria izquierda: evaluaci&#243;n del curso atrav&#233;s de tomograf&#237;a computada</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Andreas Yiangou Andreou</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia - CYPRUS</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold>Angiograf&#237;a coronaria, tomograf&#237;a computada, tronco arterial.</p>
      <p>En la edici&#243;n de mayo de 2010 de esta revista, Continentino y Da Silva<sup>1</sup> presentaron el caso de un paciente asintom&#225;tico de 68 a&#241;os en quien la angiograf&#237;a coronaria por tomograf&#237;a computada (TC) revel&#243; una arteria coronaria &#250;nica conectada al seno a&#243;rtico derecho, que daba origen al tronco de la arteria coronaria principal derecha e izquierda<sup>1</sup>. Mi opini&#243;n y comentarios son referentes al curso del tronco de la coronaria izquierda (TCI), que fue interpretado como siendo aquel "entre la arteria pulmonar y la aorta", isto es, interarterial.</p>
      <p>Se espera que un TCI interarterial sea mostrado pasando a trav&#233;s del istmo aortopulmonar; entre tanto, en las im&#225;genes tridimensionales presentadas, esa localizaci&#243;n no muestra el TCI<sup>2</sup>. Adem&#225;s de eso, enseguida despu&#233;s de su emergencia, el TCI se adentra en el infund&#237;bulo ventricular derecho, para aparecer entonces en el surco interventricular anterior, onde se bifurca. El punto de bifurcaci&#243;n est&#225; desplazado apicalmente, de forma que la arteria circunflexa izquierda asume un curso relativamente largo dirigido a la izquierda, para atr&#225;s y superior proximal a fin de unirse a su segmento de localizaci&#243;n normal. Por consiguiente, el TCI debe estar siguiendo un curso subpulmonar o intraseptal, o sea, bajo el infund&#237;bulo ventricular derecho y a trav&#233;s del aspecto superior de la cresta supraventricular en una posici&#243;n subendoc&#225;rdica y entonces intramioc&#225;rdicamente dentro del septo interventricular superior.</p>
      <p>La discriminaci&#243;n entre un TCI interarterial y intraseptal es importante, considerando sus diferentes implicaciones patofisiol&#243;gicas, quir&#250;rgicas y pron&#243;sticas<sup>3,4</sup>. El curso interarterial presenta el mayor riesgo de repercusiones adversas entre todas las anomal&#237;as coronarias; este est&#225; ligado al vaso ect&#243;pico proximal, que est&#225; intususceptado dentro de la pared medial a&#243;rtica. En contraste, el curso intraseptal es considerado benigno y apenas ocasionalmente ha sido correlacionado con secuelas isqu&#233;micas; eso est&#225; relacionado a la compresi&#243;n muscular del segmento ect&#243;pico intramioc&#225;rdico durante la taquicardia.</p>
      <p>La angiograf&#237;a por Tomograf&#237;a Computada (TC) puede mostrar caracter&#237;sticas anat&#243;micas que son espec&#237;ficas para cada uno de esos cursos, de esa forma facilitando su diferenciaci&#243;n<sup>5</sup>. As&#237;, el TCI con curso interarterial es mostrado encima de la valva pulmonar y en las im&#225;genes coronales, es visto de frente entre la raiz a&#243;rtica y el tronco pulmonar como una estructura oval; lo &#250;ltimo es debido al hecho de que el segmento ect&#243;pico intususceptado proximal es hipopl&#225;stico y lateralmente comprimido.</p>
      <p>En contraste, el TCI intraseptal es mostrado abajo de la valva pulmonar y por esa causa no es mostrado entre la raiz a&#243;rtica y el tronco pulmonar en las im&#225;genes coronales.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
