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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cjrp9czRyG6pypQnYnqVKrB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011000300018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09600318</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011000300018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria e planejamento cir&#250;rgico na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Maretti A</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Otto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Estef&#226;nia B</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>N&#250;bia Welerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Linda Maria B. C</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Ascens&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Brasilia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>96</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e46</fpage>
      <lpage>e49</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Paciente de 45 anos do sexo masculino, com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica septal assim&#233;trica, tendo sido submetido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador no passado. Apesar do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, evoluiu com progressiva deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica suscitando tratamento invasivo. Entretanto, n&#227;o havia gradiente importante na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) ao ecocardiograma de repouso e o teste provocativo com dobutamina foi inconclusivo por n&#227;o atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preconizada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em uso de isoproterenol foi fundamental no diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. A miectomia septal foi realizada com sucesso e o paciente apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados intra-operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>planejamento antecipado de cuidados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria e planejamento cir&#250;rgico na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Fernanda Maretti A. Garcia; Maria Estef&#226;nia B. Otto; N&#250;bia Welerson Vieira; Linda Maria B. C. Santos; Juliana Ascens&#227;o de Souza; Fernando Antibas Atik</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Brasilia, DF - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="endb">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 45 anos do sexo masculino, com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica septal assim&#233;trica, tendo sido submetido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador no passado. Apesar do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, evoluiu com progressiva deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica suscitando tratamento invasivo. Entretanto, n&#227;o havia gradiente importante na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) ao ecocardiograma de repouso e o teste provocativo com dobutamina foi inconclusivo por n&#227;o atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preconizada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em uso de isoproterenol foi fundamental no diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. A miectomia septal foi realizada com sucesso e o paciente apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cuidados intra-operat&#243;rios, cirurgia tor&#225;cica, planejamento antecipado de cuidados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Resultado de um desarranjo das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) possui diversos graus de acometimento cl&#237;nico, na depend&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e gen&#233;ticas<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes responde adequadamente ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, especialmente aqueles sem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE). A presen&#231;a de sintomas refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, na presen&#231;a de gradiente importante (<underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg) no repouso ou com testes provocativos, identifica o grupo que necessita de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; relatar o caso de paciente portador de CMH, refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e sem obstru&#231;&#227;o importante da VSVE ao ecocardiograma de repouso e durante o estresse. No entanto, quando submetido &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria, pouco convencional para medir o gradiente da VSVE, o uso do teste provocativo com isoproterenol provou ser &#250;til, bem como a medida de par&#226;metros do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio para o planejamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 45 anos do sexo masculino, em acompanhamento em outro servi&#231;o por diagn&#243;stico de CMH septal assim&#233;trica, procurou a institui&#231;&#227;o com piora dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para classe funcional III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, a despeito de otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico (atenolol 100 mg/dia + verapamil 480 mg/dia + amiodarona 200 mg/dia), associado a epis&#243;dios sucessivos de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico havia sido estabelecido h&#225; 10 anos em decorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICC) e s&#237;ncope aos esfor&#231;os. O ecocardiograma da &#233;poca revelou hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica (espessura do septo de 20 mil&#237;metros e da parede posterior de 9 mil&#237;metros), por&#233;m sem gradiente na VSVE. O tratamento cl&#237;nico com betabloqueador e bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio foi eficaz por tr&#234;s anos. Foi ent&#227;o submetido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita em decorr&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar e s&#237;ncope recorrente. </p>
    <p>Os epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, entretanto, persistiram, apesar de n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o com nenhuma arritmia card&#237;aca &#224; interroga&#231;&#227;o do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Ao procurar nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, apresentava limita&#231;&#227;o funcional importante e piora significativa da qualidade de vida, em classe funcional III da NYHA e com epis&#243;dios sucessivos de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope desencadeados aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os. O ecocardiograma mostrou aumento da espessura do septo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame anterior (23 mil&#237;metros), gradiente na VSVE em repouso de 8 mmHg, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 64% com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau I e valva mitral competente. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina foi considerado inconclusivo por atingir somente 69% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preconizada. O gradiente m&#225;ximo na VSVE com 40 microgramas/Kg/minuto de dobutamina foi de 46 mmHg. Neste momento, apresentou dispneia intensa e sinais cl&#225;ssicos de baixo d&#233;bito cerebral. </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi justificada pela exuber&#226;ncia dos sintomas e espessura septal aumentada, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de documenta&#231;&#227;o de gradiente importante na VSVE. Logo ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, foi realizado o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico com infus&#227;o de isoproterenol a 20 microgramas/Kg/min, mantendo a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia acima de 90 mmHg. Houve incremento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que passou de 80 para 120 batimentos por minuto. Diante dessas circunst&#226;ncias, foi poss&#237;vel a documenta&#231;&#227;o de gradiente na VSVE de 100 mmHg e aparecimento de insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante por movimento sist&#243;lico anterior. Medidas foram determinadas no sentido de planejamento da ressec&#231;&#227;o septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a18fig01m">fig. 1A</xref>): local de maior espessura do septo interventricular e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o anel a&#243;rtico, al&#233;m da dist&#226;ncia da espessura do septo em dire&#231;&#227;o a ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a18fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada a miectomia septal estendida com ressec&#231;&#227;o ampla em cunha entre os tr&#237;gonos fibrosos do cora&#231;&#227;o, respeitando as medidas previamente estabelecidas pelo ecocardiograma em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; profundidade de ressec&#231;&#227;o do septo, dist&#226;ncia do anel a&#243;rtico e extens&#227;o para dentro da cavidade ventricular. Ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, foi realizada nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a18fig01m">fig. 1B</xref>), que mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura do septo interventricular para 16 mil&#237;metros, sem gradiente no repouso e com gradiente de 21 mmHg ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de isoproterenol, sem insufici&#234;ncia mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a18fig02m">Fig. 2</xref>). A recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria transcorreu sem problemas, recebendo alta hospitalar em 10 dias. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a18fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No seguimento de 18 meses, encontra-se em classe funcional I da NYHA, sem s&#237;ncope ou arritmia, em uso atual de inibidor de angiotensina II, bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio e amiodarona. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente caso ilustra a seguinte peculiaridade: paciente com diagn&#243;stico de CMH septal assim&#233;trica, quadro cl&#237;nico exuberante de ICC e s&#237;ncope de repeti&#231;&#227;o, refrat&#225;rio a tratamento cl&#237;nico, por&#233;m sem demonstra&#231;&#227;o evidente de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE. </p>
    <p>A CMH pode apresentar curso cl&#237;nico bastante vari&#225;vel. Enquanto alguns pacientes podem manifestar sintomas de ICC, eventos emb&#243;licos e morte s&#250;bita, outros permanecem est&#225;veis ou assintom&#225;ticos ao longo dos anos, com mais de 25% dos portadores apresentando longevidade igual &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o normal. &#201; poss&#237;vel que seu curso varie de acordo com seu substrato gen&#233;tico<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de descrita inicialmente como doen&#231;a predominantemente n&#227;o obstrutiva, dentre os pacientes que procuram tratamento especializado, a forma obstrutiva foi demonstrada como mais prevalente, nos quais sintomas de ICC justificam-se por obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo induzido por esfor&#231;o<sup>4</sup>. Em pacientes muito sintom&#225;ticos, como nesse caso, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de gradiente significativo em repouso torna-se mandat&#243;ria a pesquisa de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica que justifique tais sintomas. Manobras provocativas como Valsalva, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, ou infus&#227;o de dobutamina podem ser utilizadas. Em casos selecionados, caso ainda persistam d&#250;vidas, a utilidade do isoproterenol em elucidar gradientes latentes em pacientes com CMH foi descrita<sup>4-6</sup>. Em s&#233;rie recente, 14 dos 25 pacientes com CMH e sintomas de ICC classe funcional III/IV n&#227;o considerados inicialmente para tratamento invasivo, em vista de aus&#234;ncia de gradiente significativo, apresentaram gradiente <underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg durante cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o uso do isoproterenol. O aumento m&#233;dio do gradiente com a infus&#227;o da droga foi de 50&#177;41 mmHg em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal. Ao serem submetidos &#224; miectomia septal ou abla&#231;&#227;o septal por &#225;lcool, 93% desses portadores de gradiente induz&#237;vel experimentaram importante al&#237;vio dos sintomas de ICC<sup>6</sup>. Esse artif&#237;cio foi utilizado nesse caso, uma vez que, a despeito dos sintomas exuberantes, o gradiente de VSVE apresentava-se lim&#237;trofe (46 mmHg) ap&#243;s ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina. O isoproterenol atua ao n&#237;vel dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos causando aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, inotropismo positivo e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Aumento da velocidade do fluxo causada pela droga, na presen&#231;a de hipertrofia septal, pode levar a deslocamento anterior do aparato valvar mitral em decorr&#234;ncia de efeito Venturi. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; respons&#225;vel n&#227;o somente pela obstru&#231;&#227;o suba&#243;rtica, mas tamb&#233;m pelo aparecimento concomitante de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, em vista de incompleta aposi&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides<sup>2,4</sup>. O teste provocativo com isoproterenol n&#227;o apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es em maiores casu&#237;sticas<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Miectomia septal foi indicada por ser considerada padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia nos pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios a terapia medicamentosa e forma obstrutiva de CMH, suspeita essa confirmada ap&#243;s teste com isoproterenol. O resultado cir&#250;rgico foi excelente, pois aboliu o gradiente na VSVE durante o repouso e manteve o septo interventricular em 16 mil&#237;metros, corroborando a completa ressec&#231;&#227;o septal. O seguimento de 18 meses mostra o paciente assintom&#225;tico, com melhora expressiva da qualidade de vida. Esse achado &#233; embasado por vasta experi&#234;ncia da t&#233;cnica em centros de refer&#234;ncia<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nessa doen&#231;a, o acr&#233;scimo do planejamento cir&#250;rgico pelo ecocardiograma intraoperat&#243;rio desempenhou papel crucial<sup>9,10</sup>. Al&#233;m de avaliar o gradiente de VSVE ap&#243;s teste provocativo e o mecanismo da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, auxiliou na estimativa do grau e da extens&#227;o da ressec&#231;&#227;o septal. Foi poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m avaliar o grau de al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo de VSVE ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e analisar a eventual necessidade de ressec&#231;&#227;o adicional, pois a recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio normalmente &#233; reflexo de ressec&#231;&#227;o incompleta. </p>
    <p>A CMH &#233; uma doen&#231;a com fisiopatologia complexa e ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente elucidada. Ilustramos um caso com sintomas exuberantes de ICC, em que manobra provocativa com isoproterenol p&#244;de identificar paciente com obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica, o qual se beneficiou de tratamento cir&#250;rgico de redu&#231;&#227;o septal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="endb" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando Antibas Atik </p>
        <p> SQSW 102 bloco D / 508 - Sudoeste </p>
        <p> 70670204 - Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atikf@mac.com">atikf@mac.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 16/10/09; revisado recebido em 10/01/10; aceito em 04/03/10. </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intraoperative evaluation and surgical planning in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A male, 45 year old patient, with diagnosis of septum hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, having undergone a cardiofibrilator implant in the past. Despite the optimized clinical treatment, he evolved to a progressive clinical deterioration that led to invasive treatment. However, there was not an important gradient in the exit pathway of the left ventricle (EPLV) at the echocardiogram in rest and the challenging test with dobutamine was non conclusive because it did not reach the preconized cardiac frequency. The intraoperative evaluation with a transesophageal echocardiogram using isoproterenol was fundamental for the diagnosis of the EPLV obstruction. The septum myectomy was performed successfully and the patient presented good post-operative evolution.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>intraoperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>advance care planning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Intraoperative evaluation and surgical planning in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Fernanda Maretti A. Garcia; Maria Estef&#226;nia B. Otto; N&#250;bia Welerson Vieira; Linda Maria B. C. Santos; Juliana Ascens&#227;o de Souza; Fernando Antibas Atik</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Brasilia, DF - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A male, 45 year old patient, with diagnosis of septum hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, having undergone a cardiofibrilator implant in the past. Despite the optimized clinical treatment, he evolved to a progressive clinical deterioration that led to invasive treatment. However, there was not an important gradient in the exit pathway of the left ventricle (EPLV) at the echocardiogram in rest and the challenging test with dobutamine was non conclusive because it did not reach the preconized cardiac frequency. The intraoperative evaluation with a transesophageal echocardiogram using isoproterenol was fundamental for the diagnosis of the EPLV obstruction. The septum myectomy was performed successfully and the patient presented good post-operative evolution. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; intraoperative care; thoracic surgery; advance care planning.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Result of a disarrangement of the myocardial fibers, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has several degrees of clinical onset, depending on the anatomical and genetic<sup>1</sup> characteristics. </p>
      <p>The majority of the patients responds adequately to the clinical treatment, specially those without obstruction of the left ventricle exit pathway (EPLV). The presence of refractory symptoms to the clinical treatment, in the presence of major gradient (<underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg) in rest or with challenging test, identifies the group that meeds the surgical treatment or alcoholic septum ablation<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this paper is to report the case of a patient with HCM. Refractory to the clinical treatment and without major obstruction of EPLV at the echocardiogram in rest and during the stress, However, when submitted to intraoperative evaluation, little conventional to measure the EPLV gradient, the use of the challenging test with isoproferenol proved that it is useful, as well as the measurement of the intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram parameters for the surgical planning. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male, 45 year old patient, followed up in other service due to symmetric septum HCM, went to the institution with worsening of the cardiac insufficiency symptoms for functional class III of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) in the last six months, despite the optimization of the clinical treatment (atenolol 100 mg/day + verapamil 480 mg/day + amiodarone 200 mg/day), associated to successive events of pre-syncope at the minimum efforts. The diagnosis had been established 10 years before, due to cardiac insufficiency (CCI) and syncope at efforts. The echocardiogram of that time revealed symmetric septum hypertrophy (septum thickness of 20 millimeters and of the posterior wall of 9 millimeters), however, without EPLV gradient. The clinical treatment with betablockers and calcium channel blocker was effective for three years. He was, then, submitted to the cardiodefibrilator implant, as a primary prevention for sudden death due to family history and recurrent syncope. </p>
      <p>The events of syncope, however, persisted, despite the non correlation with any cardiac arrhythmia at the implantable cardiodefibrilator. </p>
      <p>When coming to our institution, he presented major functional limitation and significant worsening in the quality of life, in functional class III of NYHA and with successive events of pre-syncope triggered by the minimum efforts. The echocardiogram shoed increase in the thickness of the septum in relation to the previous exam (23 millimeters), gradient in EPLV in rest of 8 mmHg, ejection fraction of 64% with dyastolic dysfunction degree I and competent mitral valva. </p>
      <p>The stress echocardiogram with dobutamine was considered non conclusive because it reached only 69% of the preconized heart rate. The maximum gradient in EPLV with 40 microgram/kg/minute of dobutamine was of 46mmHg. At that moment, he presented intensive dyspnea and classical signs of low cerebral debit. </p>
      <p>The surgical indication was justified by the exuberance of the symptoms and increased septum thickness, even in the absence of important gradient documentation in EPLV. Soon after the anesthetic induction, it was performed the transesophageal echocardiogram with isoproterenol infusion at 20 micrograms/kg/min, keeping the average blood pressure over 90 mmHg. There was increment of the heart rate that went from 80 to 120 beats per minute. Due to these circumstances, it was possible to have the gradient documentation in EPLV of 100 mmHg and appearance of major mitral insufficiency by previous systolic movement. Measures were determined in order to plan the septum resection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a18fig01m-body2">fig. 1A</xref>): place with interventricular septum thickness and its relation to the aortic ring, in addition to the septum thickness distance in direction to the left ventricle end. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a18fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Expanded septum myectomy was performed with broad resection in wedge, between the fibrous trigonous of the heart, respecting the previously established measurements by the echocardiogram in relation to the depth of the septum resection, distance from the aortic ring and extension inwards of the ventricular cavity. After the extracorporeal circulation exit, it as performed a new echocardiographic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a18fig01m-body2">fig, 1B</xref>), which showed reduction of the interventricular septum thickness to 16 millimeters. Without gradient in rest and with gradient of 21 mmHg after the isoproterenol infusion, without mitral insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a18fig02m-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The pos-surgery recovery took place without problems receiving hospital discharge in 10 days. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a18fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the 18 month follow-up, he was in the functional class I of NYHA without syncope or arrhythmia, currently using the angiotensin II inhibitor, calcium channel blocker and amiodarne. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present case illustrates the following peculiarity: patient with diagnosis of symmetric septum HCM, exuberant clinical condition of ICC and repeat syncope, refractory to clinical treatment, but without evident demonstration of EPLV obstruction. </p>
      <p>The HCM can present quite variable clinical course. However, some patients can present symptoms of ICC, embolic events and sudden death, other stay stable or symptomatic over the years, with more than 25% of the affected people presenting longevity equal to the one of the normal population. It is possible that its course changes according the genetic substract<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite initially described as a predominantly non obstructive disease, among the patients that look for specialized treatment, the obstructive form was demonstrated as the most prevalent, in which symptoms of the ICC are justified by obstruction to the flow induced by effort<sup>4</sup>. In patients very symptomatic, as is this case, even in the absence of the significant gradient in rest, it is mandatory to research the dynamic obstruction that justifies such symptoms, Aggressive maneuvers, such as Valsalva, physical exercise or dobutamine infusion can be used. In selected cases, if doubts persist, the usefulness of isoproteremol in elucidating latent gradients in patients with HCM was described<sup>4-6</sup>. In a recent series, 14 of the 25 patients with HCM and symptoms of ICC functional class III/IV not initially considered for invasive treatment, due to the absence of significant gradient, presented gradient <underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg during cardiac catheterization after the use of isoproterenol. The average increase of the gradient with the drug infusion was of 50&#177;41 mmHg in relation to the basal value. When submitted to septum myectomy or septum ablation by alcohol, 93% of these holders of inducible gradient experienced important relieve of the ICC symptoms<sup>6</sup>. This resource was used in this case, as despite the exuberant symptoms, the gradient of EPLV presented in the limit (46 mmHg) after the stress echocardiogram with dobutamin. The isoproterenol acts at the beta-adrenergic receptor levels causing increase of the heart rate, positive inotropism and vasodilation. Increase in the flow speed caused by the drug, in the presence of septum hypertrophy, can lead to anterior displacement of the mitral valvar apparatus due to the Venturi effect. This phenomenum is responsible not only for the subaortic obstruction, but also for the concurrent appearance of mitral insufficiency, due to the incomplete apposition of the cuspids<sup>2,4</sup>. The challenging test with isoproterenol did no present complication in greater casuistries<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Septum myectomy was indicated as it is considered reference standard in patients with symptoms refractory to medication therapy and obstructive form of HCM, being this suspicion confirmed after a test with isoproterenol. The surgical result was excellent, because it abolished the gradient in EPLV during the rest and kept the interventricular septum in 16 millimeters, corroborating the complete septum resection. The follow-up of 16 months shows the symptomatic patient, with expressive improvement of quality of life. This finding is based on the broad experience of the technique in reference centers<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this disease, the addition of the surgical planning by the intraoperative echocardiogram played a crucial role<sup>9,10</sup>. In addition to evaluate the EPLV gradient after the challenging test and the mechanism of the mitral insufficiency, helped in the estimate of the degree and of the extension of the septum resection. It was possible also to evaluate the relief degree of the obstruction to the EPLV flow after the intervention and analyze the eventual need of additional resection, because the recurrence of symptoms in the post-surgery period usually is a reflex of the incomplete resection. </p>
      <p>HCM is a disease with complex physiopathology and is not totally elucidated. We illustrate a case with exuberant symptoms of ICC, where the challenging maneuver with isoproterenol could identify the patient with dynamic obstruction, who benefited from the surgical treatment of septum reduction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Evaluaci&#243;n intraoperatoria y planeamiento quir&#250;rgico en la cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>Paciente de 45 a&#241;os del sexo masculino, con diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica septal asim&#233;trica, habiendo sido sometido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador en el pasado. A pesar del tratamiento cl&#237;nico optimizado, evolucion&#243; con progresivo deterioro cl&#237;nico suscitando tratamiento invasivo. Entre tanto, no hab&#237;a gradiente importante en la v&#237;a de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo (VSVI) al ecocardiograma de reposo y el test provocativo con dobutamina fue inconclusivo por no alcanzar la frecuencia card&#237;aca preconizada. La evaluaci&#243;n intraoperatoria con ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico en uso de isoproterenol fue fundamental en el diagn&#243;stico de obstrucci&#243;n de la VSVI. La miectom&#237;a septal fue realizada con &#233;xito y el paciente present&#243; buena evoluci&#243;n postoperatoria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados intra operatorios</kwd>
        <kwd>cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>planeamiento anticipado de cuidados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASO CL&#205;NICO</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Evaluaci&#243;n intraoperatoria y planeamiento quir&#250;rgico en la cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Fernanda Maretti A. Garcia; Maria Estef&#226;nia B. Otto; N&#250;bia Welerson Vieira; Linda Maria B. C. Santos; Juliana Ascens&#227;o de Souza; Fernando Antibas Atik</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Brasilia, DF - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Paciente de 45 a&#241;os del sexo masculino, con diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica septal asim&#233;trica, habiendo sido sometido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador en el pasado. A pesar del tratamiento cl&#237;nico optimizado, evolucion&#243; con progresivo deterioro cl&#237;nico suscitando tratamiento invasivo. Entre tanto, no hab&#237;a gradiente importante en la v&#237;a de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo (VSVI) al ecocardiograma de reposo y el test provocativo con dobutamina fue inconclusivo por no alcanzar la frecuencia card&#237;aca preconizada. La evaluaci&#243;n intraoperatoria con ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico en uso de isoproterenol fue fundamental en el diagn&#243;stico de obstrucci&#243;n de la VSVI. La miectom&#237;a septal fue realizada con &#233;xito y el paciente present&#243; buena evoluci&#243;n postoperatoria.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold>Cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica, cuidados intra operatorios, cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica, planeamiento anticipado de cuidados.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Resultado de un desarreglo de las fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, la cardiomiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) posee diversos grados de acometimiento cl&#237;nico, en la dependencia de caracter&#237;sticas anat&#243;micas y gen&#233;ticas<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes responde adecuadamente al tratamiento cl&#237;nico, especialmente aquellos sin obstrucci&#243;n de la v&#237;a de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo (VSVI). La presencia de s&#237;ntomas refractarios al tratamiento cl&#237;nico, en la presencia de gradiente importante (<underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg) en reposo o con tests provocativos, identifica el grupo que necesita tratamiento quir&#250;rgico o ablaci&#243;n septal alcoh&#243;lica<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el caso de paciente portador de CMH, refractario al tratamiento cl&#237;nico y sin obstrucci&#243;n importante de la VSVI al ecocardiograma de reposo y durante el estr&#233;s. Mientras tanto, cuando fue sometido a evaluaci&#243;n intraoperatoria, poco convencional para medir el gradiente de la VSVI, el uso del test provocativo con isoproterenol prob&#243; ser &#250;til, as&#237; como la medida de par&#225;metros del ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperatorio para el planeamiento quir&#250;rgico. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Relato del caso</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Paciente de 45 a&#241;os del sexo masculino, en control en otro servicio por diagn&#243;stico de CMH septal asim&#233;trica, procur&#243; la instituci&#243;n con empeoramiento de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca para clase funcional III de la <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) en los &#250;ltimos seis meses, a despecho de optimizaci&#243;n del tratamiento cl&#237;nico (atenolol 100 mg/d&#237;a + verapamil 480 mg/d&#237;a + amiodarona 200 mg/d&#237;a), asociado a episodios sucesivos de pres&#237;ncope a los m&#237;nimos esfuerzos. </p>
      <p>El diagn&#243;stico hab&#237;a sido establecido hac&#237;a 10 a&#241;os en consecuencia de insuficiencia card&#237;aca (ICC) y s&#237;ncope a los esfuerzos. El ecocardiograma de la &#233;poca revel&#243; hipertrofia septal asim&#233;trica (espesor del septo de 20 mil&#237;metros y de la pared posterior de 9 mil&#237;metros), sin embargo sin gradiente en la VSVI. El tratamiento cl&#237;nico con betabloqueante y bloqueador de canal de calcio fue eficaz por tres a&#241;os. Fue entonces sometido a implante de cardiodesfibrilador como prevenci&#243;n primaria de muerte s&#250;bita a consecuencia de historia familiar y s&#237;ncope recurrente. </p>
      <p>Los episodios de s&#237;ncope, entre tanto, persistieron, a pesar de no haber correlaci&#243;n con ninguna arritmia card&#237;aca a la interrogaci&#243;n del cardiodesfibrilador implantable. </p>
      <p>Al procurar nuestra instituci&#243;n, presentaba limitaci&#243;n funcional importante y empeoramiento significativa de la calidad de vida, en clase funcional III de la NYHA y con episodios sucesivos de pres&#237;ncope desencadenados a los m&#237;nimos esfuerzos. El ecocardiograma mostr&#243; aumento del espesor del septo en relaci&#243;n al examen anterior (23 mil&#237;metros), gradiente en la VSVI en reposo de 8 mmHg, fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n de 64% con disfunci&#243;n diast&#243;lica grado I y v&#225;lvula mitral competente. </p>
      <p>El ecocardiograma de estr&#233;s con dobutamina fue considerado inconclusivo por alcanzar solamente 69% de la frecuencia card&#237;aca preconizada. El gradiente m&#225;ximo en la VSVI con 40 microgramos/Kg/minuto de dobutamina fue de 46 mmHg. En este momento, present&#243; disnea intensa y se&#241;ales cl&#225;sicos de bajo d&#233;bito cerebral. </p>
      <p>La indicaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica fue justificada por la exuberancia de los s&#237;ntomas y espesor septal aumentado, aun en la ausencia de documentaci&#243;n de gradiente importante en la VSVI. Enseguida despu&#233;s de la inducci&#243;n anest&#233;sica, fue realizado el ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico con infusi&#243;n de isoproterenol a 20 microgramos/Kg/min, manteniendo la presi&#243;n arterial media encima de 90 mmHg. Hubo incremento de la frecuencia card&#237;aca, que pas&#243; de 80 a 120 latidos por minuto. Delante de esas circunstancias, fue posible la documentaci&#243;n de gradiente en la VSVI de 100 mmHg y aparici&#243;n de insuficiencia mitral importante por movimiento sist&#243;lico anterior. Medidas fueron determinadas en el sentido de planeamiento de la resecci&#243;n septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a18fig01m-body3">Fig. 1A</xref>): lugar de mayor espesor del septo interventricular y su relaci&#243;n con el anillo a&#243;rtico, adem&#225;s de la distancia del espesor del septo en direcci&#243;n a la punta del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_a18fig01m-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Fue realizada la miectom&#237;a septal extendida con resecci&#243;n amplia en cu&#241;a entre los tr&#237;gonos fibrosos del coraz&#243;n, respetando las medidas previamente establecidas por el ecocardiograma en relaci&#243;n a la profundidad de resecci&#243;n del septo, distancia del anillo a&#243;rtico y extensi&#243;n hacia dentro de la cavidad ventricular. Despu&#233;s de la salida de circulaci&#243;n extracorp&#243;rea, fue realizada nueva evaluaci&#243;n ecocardiogr&#225;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a18fig01m-body3">Fig. 1B</xref>), que mostr&#243; reducci&#243;n del espesor del septo interventricular para 16 mil&#237;metros, sin gradiente en el reposo y con gradiente de 21 mmHg despu&#233;s de la infusi&#243;n de isoproterenol, sin insuficiencia mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a18fig02m-body3">Fig. 2</xref>). La recuperaci&#243;n post-operatoria transcurri&#243; sin problemas, recibiendo alta hospitalaria en 10 d&#237;as. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_a18fig02m-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-96-03-0e46-00018-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>En el seguimiento de 18 meses, se encuentra en clase funcional I de la NYHA, sin s&#237;ncope o arritmia, en uso actual de inhibidor de angiotensina II, bloqueador de canal de calcio y amiodarona. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente caso ilustra la siguiente peculiaridad: paciente con diagn&#243;stico de CMH septal asim&#233;trica, cuadro cl&#237;nico exuberante de ICC y s&#237;ncope de repetici&#243;n, refractario a tratamiento cl&#237;nico, sin embargo sin demostraci&#243;n evidente de obstrucci&#243;n de la VSVI. </p>
      <p>La CMH puede presentar curso cl&#237;nico bastante variable. Mientras que algunos pacientes pueden manifestar s&#237;ntomas de ICC, eventos emb&#243;licos y muerte s&#250;bita, otros permanecen estables o asintom&#225;ticos a lo largo de los a&#241;os, con m&#225;s de 25% de los portadores presentando longevidad igual a la de la poblaci&#243;n normal. Es posible que su curso var&#237;e de acuerdo con su substrato gen&#233;tico<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>A pesar de descripta inicialmente como enfermedad predominantemente no obstructiva, entre los pacientes que procuran tratamiento especializado, la forma obstructiva fue demostrada como m&#225;s prevalente, en los cuales s&#237;ntomas de ICC se justifican por obstrucci&#243;n al flujo inducido por esfuerzo<sup>4</sup>. En pacientes muy sintom&#225;ticos, como en ese caso, aun en ausencia de gradiente significativo en reposo se vuelve obligatoria la investigaci&#243;n de obstrucci&#243;n din&#225;mica que justifique tales s&#237;ntomas. Maniobras provocativas como Valsalva, ejercicio f&#237;sico, o infusi&#243;n de dobutamina pueden ser utilizadas. En casos seleccionados, en caso de que aun persistan dudas, la utilidad del isoproterenol en elucidar gradientes latentes en pacientes con CMH fue descripta<sup>4-6</sup>. En serie reciente, 14 de los 25 pacientes con CMH y s&#237;ntomas de ICC clase funcional III/IV no considerados inicialmente para tratamiento invasivo, en vista de ausencia de gradiente significativo, presentaron gradiente <underline>&gt;</underline>50 mmHg durante cateterismo card&#237;aca despu&#233;s del uso del isoproterenol. El aumento medio del gradiente con la infusi&#243;n de la droga fue de 50&#177;41 mmHg en relaci&#243;n al valor basal. Al ser sometidos a miectom&#237;a septal o ablaci&#243;n septal por alcohol, 93% de esos portadores de gradiente inducible experimentaron importante alivio de los s&#237;ntomas de ICC<sup>6</sup>. Ese artificio fue utilizado en ese caso, una vez que, a despecho de los s&#237;ntomas exuberantes, el gradiente de VSVI se presentaba lim&#237;trofe (46 mmHg) despu&#233;s de ecocardiograma de estr&#233;s con dobutamina. El isoproterenol act&#250;a al nivel de los receptores betabloqueantes adren&#233;rgicos causando aumento de la frecuencia card&#237;aca, inotropismo positivo y vasodilataci&#243;n. Aumento de la velocidad del flujo causada por la droga, en la presencia de hipertrofia septal, puede llevar la desplazamiento anterior del aparato valvular mitral a consecuencia de efecto Venturi. Ese fen&#243;meno es responsable no solamente por la obstrucci&#243;n suba&#243;rtica, pero tambi&#233;n por la aparici&#243;n concomitante de insuficiencia mitral, en vista de incompleta aposici&#243;n de las c&#250;spides<sup>2,4</sup>. El test provocativo con isoproterenol no present&#243; complicaciones en mayores casu&#237;sticas<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Miectom&#237;a septal fue indicada por ser considerada <italic>gold standard</italic> de referencia en los pacientes con s&#237;ntomas refractarios a terapia medicamentosa y forma obstructiva de CMH, sospecha esa confirmada despu&#233;s de test con isoproterenol. El resultado quir&#250;rgico fue excelente, pues aboli&#243; el gradiente en la VSVI durante el reposo y mantuvo el septo interventricular en 16 mil&#237;metros, corroborando la completa resecci&#243;n septal. El seguimiento de 18 meses muestra el paciente asintom&#225;tico, con mejora expresiva de la calidad de vida. Ese hallazgo est&#225; apoyado por vasta experiencia de la t&#233;cnica en centros de referencia<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>En esa enfermedad, el agregado del planeamiento quir&#250;rgico por el ecocardiograma intraoperatorio desempe&#241;&#243; papel crucial<sup>9,10</sup>. Adem&#225;s de evaluar el gradiente de VSVI despu&#233;s de test provocativo y el mecanismo de la insuficiencia mitral, auxili&#243; en la estimativa del grado y de la extensi&#243;n de la resecci&#243;n septal. Fue posible tambi&#233;n evaluar el grado de alivio de la obstrucci&#243;n al flujo de VSVI despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n y analizar la eventual necesidad de resecci&#243;n adicional, pues la recurrencia de s&#237;ntomas en el postoperatorio normalmente es reflejo de resecci&#243;n incompleta. </p>
      <p>La CMH es una enfermedad con fisiopatolog&#237;a compleja y aun no fue totalmente elucidada. Ilustramos un caso con s&#237;ntomas exuberantes de ICC, en el que una maniobra provocativa con isoproterenol puede identificar paciente con obstrucci&#243;n din&#225;mica, el cual se benefici&#243; de tratamiento quir&#250;rgico de reducci&#243;n septal. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiamiento externas. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No hay vinculaci&#243;n de este estudio a programas de postgrado. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
