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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dLFHYzXDMy6Wxjb75v4stTd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor preditivo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso do teste ergom&#233;trico na mortalidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Eilert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>713</fpage>
      <lpage>719</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <year>2090</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (cuja m&#233;dia est&#225; entre 60 e 80 bpm) &#233; uma das mais simples vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e tem sido considerada como um preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor preditivo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (FCR), antes do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), na mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) e geral. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de caso-controle, que utilizou informa&#231;&#245;es contidas nos bancos de dados do laborat&#243;rio de ergometria de um hospital especializado em cardiologia e os registros de &#243;bitos da Secretaria da Sa&#250;de em uma cidade do sul do Brasil, de janeiro de 1995 a junho de 2007. Foram analisados 7.055 pacientes, sendo 1.645 (23,3%) do grupo caso (&#243;bitos) e 5.410 (76,7%) do grupo controle (vivos). Foi calculado o ponto de corte da FCR para mortalidade, atrav&#233;s da curva ROC e realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada para as vari&#225;veis selecionadas. Os desfechos foram mortalidade CV e geral. RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade CV foi de 674 casos (9,5%); a FCR &gt; 78 bpm foi o ponto de corte. Ap&#243;s ajustado para as vari&#225;veis selecionadas, o odds ratio (OR) para FCR &gt; 78 bpm foi de 3,5 (IC 95% = 2,9 - 4,2) para mortalidade CV e 3,6 (IC 95% = 3,2 - 4,0) para mortalidade geral. CONCLUS&#195;O: A FCR &gt; 78 bpm &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Valor preditivo dos testes</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor preditivo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso do teste ergom&#233;trico na mortalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jaqueline Eilert Fagundes; Iran Castro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (cuja m&#233;dia est&#225; entre 60 e 80 bpm) &#233; uma das mais simples vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e tem sido considerada como um preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral. </p>
    <p> OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor preditivo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (FCR), antes do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), na mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) e geral. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo de caso-controle, que utilizou informa&#231;&#245;es contidas nos bancos de dados do laborat&#243;rio de ergometria de um hospital especializado em cardiologia e os registros de &#243;bitos da Secretaria da Sa&#250;de em uma cidade do sul do Brasil, de janeiro de 1995 a junho de 2007. Foram analisados 7.055 pacientes, sendo 1.645 (23,3%) do grupo caso (&#243;bitos) e 5.410 (76,7%) do grupo controle (vivos). Foi calculado o ponto de corte da FCR para mortalidade, atrav&#233;s da curva ROC e realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada para as vari&#225;veis selecionadas. Os desfechos foram mortalidade CV e geral. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade CV foi de 674 casos (9,5%); a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm foi o ponto de corte. Ap&#243;s ajustado para as vari&#225;veis selecionadas, o odds ratio (OR) para FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm foi de 3,5 (IC 95% = 2,9 - 4,2) para mortalidade CV e 3,6 (IC 95% = 3,2 - 4,0) para mortalidade geral. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Valor preditivo dos testes, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, teste de esfor&#231;o/mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) intr&#237;nseca, sem qualquer influ&#234;ncia neuroumoral, &#233; de aproximadamente 100 a 120 bpm. A FC, na pessoa &#237;ntegra, em repouso, reflete um balan&#231;o entre os sistemas nervoso simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, com predomin&#226;ncia deste, tonicamente ativos. A predomin&#226;ncia desse sistema &#233; manifestada por uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (FCR), que &#233; menor do que a frequ&#234;ncia intr&#237;nseca, cuja m&#233;dia, em geral, est&#225; entre 60 e 80 bpm e &#233; uma das mais simples vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. A FCR ou FC basal &#233; conceituada como o n&#250;mero de batimentos card&#237;acos durante um minuto numa situa&#231;&#227;o de repouso<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde 1980, &#233; conhecido que a FCR &#233; fator progn&#243;stico para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e est&#225; associada com mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>3</sup> e geral<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em v&#225;rios estudos pr&#233;vios de longo seguimento, o impacto da FCR elevada foi observado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>5</sup>; em indiv&#237;duos idosos<sup>6</sup>; em hipertensos<sup>7</sup> e em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>6</sup>; na mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>8,9</sup> e geral<sup>8,10</sup>. Mais recentemente, outros estudos<sup>9,11,12</sup> comprovaram esses achados. Em an&#225;lises multivariadas, muitos estudos demonstraram que o risco relativo (RR) para FCR elevada permaneceu alto, mesmo depois de ajustado para os v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular, e observaram que o mesmo &#233; um fator preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral<sup>11,13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar o valor preditivo da FCR antes do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), na mortalidade cardiovascular e geral; correlacionando um valor como ponto de corte em uma amostra de pacientes que realizou o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o da FCR com mortalidade &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia em nosso meio. A partir das observa&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, as evid&#234;ncias com rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor preditivo da FCR na mortalidade cardiovascular e geral poder&#227;o incluir novos resultados aos j&#225; encontrados em estudos pr&#233;vios na literatura internacional, validando a FCR como um fator de risco para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de caso-controle, realizado com registros do banco de dados de testes ergom&#233;tricos de um hospital especializado em cardiologia e do banco de &#243;bitos em um munic&#237;pio no sul do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1995 a junho de 2007. Foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo caso (&#243;bitos) os pacientes do banco de &#243;bitos que realizaram o TE; no grupo controle (vivos) uma amostra de pacientes do banco de dados de TE; com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes cujos nomes eram hom&#244;nimos no banco de &#243;bitos e de TE, e que n&#227;o tinham dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o suficientes para confirmar se eram as mesmas pessoas. Utilizou-se o Programa de Pareamento e Sele&#231;&#227;o de Dados <italic>(Linkplus)</italic><sup>15</sup>; desenvolvido pelo <italic>Center for Disease Control</italic> (CDC) dos EUA, contendo um sofisticado mecanismo de <italic>linkage</italic>, atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rias etapas, para coincidir pelo nome os dados do banco de TE com os dados do banco de &#243;bitos. O emparelhamento deu-se por sexo e mesmo ano de realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE. Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o dos dados, constituiu-se uma amostra de 1.645 pacientes para o grupo caso (&#243;bitos) e de 5.410 pacientes para o grupo controle (este com <italic>n</italic> maior a fim de minimizar o poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos fora do domic&#237;lio), totalizando 7.055 pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os desfechos examinados foram mortalidade cardiovascular e geral. Foi considerada mortalidade CV quando o atestado de &#243;bito continha diagn&#243;sticos de causa card&#237;aca, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR), angina, miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, choque cardiog&#234;nico, morte s&#250;bita, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, arritmias card&#237;acas e outras causas encontradas no Cap. IX da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID 10)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Antes de iniciar o procedimento, a FCR &#233; registrada atrav&#233;s do monitor card&#237;aco, com o paciente sentado na poltrona e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; verificada manualmente. O protocolo de Bruce<sup>17</sup> &#233; o mais utilizado no TE do referido estudo, e a indica&#231;&#227;o para o exame, em aproximadamente 98% dos pacientes, era o estabelecimento de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis avaliadas foram: sexo, idade, fumo, drogas de a&#231;&#227;o CV, PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg, VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; hipercolesterolemia e diabete. Estas duas &#250;ltimas foram validadas a partir da an&#225;lise de uma subamostra de 1.198 Formul&#225;rios de Cadastramento de Testes Ergom&#233;tricos (sobre os fatores de risco CV), comparados com testes de laborat&#243;rio, atrav&#233;s do &#205;ndice de Concord&#226;ncia de Kappa<sup>18</sup> (considerado aceit&#225;vel quando <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,40): Hipercolesterolemia e colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl (K = 0,510); diabete e glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl (K = 0,621).</p>
    <p>No TE em quest&#227;o, o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio), foi calculado de forma indireta, considerando idade, sexo e carga tolerada, conforme descrito no Consenso Nacional de Ergometria<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> 15.0. Os testes utilizados foram: teste t de <italic>Student,</italic> qui-quadrado de Pearson, curva ROC, intervalos de confian&#231;a e an&#225;lise multivariada com <italic>odds ratio</italic>. O valor considerado para o "p" foi &lt; 0,05 e o intervalo de confian&#231;a foi de 95%.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Secretaria da Sa&#250;de e da institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi realizado o estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 7.055 pacientes, sendo 1.645 (23,3%) do grupo caso (&#243;bitos) e 5.410 (76,7%) do grupo controle (vivos). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 55,43 &#177; 10,48 anos, o sexo masculino predominante (62,3%) e o tempo de seguimento de 12 anos. A incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade CV foi de 674 casos (9,5%).</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das demais vari&#225;veis entre os grupos est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop14510t01">Tabela 1</xref>. A FCR m&#233;dia do grupo caso (&#243;bitos), tanto de origem CV (83,18 &#177; 15,50) quanto geral (83,19 &#177; 15,50), foi semelhante entre si, mas com diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparada ao grupo controle (72,13 &#177; 12,64). As vari&#225;veis fumo, diabete, PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg e VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, tiveram maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo caso (&#243;bito CV e geral) do que nos controles (p &lt; 0,001); a vari&#225;vel drogas de a&#231;&#227;o CV teve ocorr&#234;ncia maior no grupo caso (&#243;bito CV) (69%) do que nos controles (57,5%), p &lt; 0,001. As vari&#225;veis hipercolesterolemia e IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,005).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop14510t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, na distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel idade, observa-se: que aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram ao &#243;bito encontravam-se nas faixas et&#225;rias entre 51 e 60 anos e 61 e 70 anos; 6,4% (&#243;bito CV) e 6,9% (&#243;bito geral) ocorreram na faixa et&#225;ria dos 25 aos 40 anos; 16,8% (&#243;bito CV) e 15,3%,(&#243;bito geral) na faixa et&#225;ria dos 71 aos 88 anos, maior do que o grupo controle (3,5%). A diferen&#231;a de idade entre os grupos foi significativa (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra a curva ROC para o grupo caso (&#243;bitos CV e geral), tendo como FCR m&#237;nima = 41 bpm e FCR m&#225;xima = 134 bpm, sendo semelhantes entre si. A curva ROC avaliou os valores de sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) que melhor expressam o ponto de corte para FCR: &#243;bito geral (S = 0,618 e 1-E = 0,315) e &#243;bito CV (S = 0,614 e 1-E = 0,315), resultando em 61% e 68% respectivamente, determinando como o ponto de corte para mortalidade a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> est&#225; descrita a correla&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte para mortalidade com as vari&#225;veis significativas da amostra.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra que as mulheres tiveram a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens (OR = 1,32, IC = 1,19 a 1,46). As vari&#225;veis como fumo (OR = 1,21; IC = 1,08 a 1,36), diabete (OR = 1,65, IC = 1,41 a 1,95), VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 2,04, IC=1,71 a 2,43) e PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR = 1,36, IC = 1,24 a 1,50) tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm. O uso de drogas de a&#231;&#227;o CV teve efeito protetor, considerando que apenas 37,5% dos pacientes que as utilizavam tiveram a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, est&#225; descrita a associa&#231;&#227;o da FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm com a idade, distribu&#237;da entre os grupos, revelando que a maioria dos pacientes com FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm encontra-se no grupo caso (&#243;bitos), em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. No quintil de idade de 25 a 40 anos, observa-se um OR de 3,54(IC = 1,82 a 6,89) para &#243;bito CV e 3,73 (IC = 2,41 a 5,80) para &#243;bito geral, quando a FCR &#233; <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Na faixa et&#225;ria de 51 a 60 anos, aumenta o OR da mortalidade CV e geral em aproximadamente quatro vezes mais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Entre o grupo de 71 a 88 anos, as chances de mortalidade de causas CV (OR = 3,02; IC = 1,85 a 4,93) e geral (OR = 3,46; IC = 2,30 a 5,21) aumentam, respectivamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, quando os pacientes t&#234;m a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, est&#225; descrita a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para o grupo caso (&#243;bito CV). O sexo masculino (OR = 1,36; IC = 1,12 a 1,65), fumo (OR = 1,92; IC = 1,58 a 2,35), diabete (OR = 1,91; IC = 1,50 a 2,43), drogas de a&#231;&#227;o CV (OR = 1,27; IC = 1,04 a 1,55), PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR = 1,20; IC = 1,003 a 1,440) e VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 1,35; IC = 1,003 a 1,820) est&#227;o associados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular. A vari&#225;vel idade &#233; significativa somente na faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada (71 a 88 anos), com OR = 6,38 (IC = 4,11 a 9,88). A vari&#225;vel FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm (OR = 3,56; IC = 2,99 a 4,24) quando avaliada de forma isolada, mostrou-se como uma vari&#225;vel independente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> mostra a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para &#243;bito geral. O sexo masculino (OR = 1,27; IC = 1,11 a 1,45), fumo (OR = 1,68; IC = 1,46 a 1,94), diabete (OR = 1,43; IC = 1,18 a 1,73), e VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 1,28; IC = 1,03 a 1,59), idades entre 61 e 70 anos (OR = 1,52; IC = 1,17 a 1,97) e 71 e 88 anos (OR = 6,31; IC = 4,62 a 8,61) t&#234;m associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade geral. Quando avaliada de forma isolada, o comportamento da vari&#225;vel FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm (OR = 3,62; IC = 3,21 a 4,08) se repete.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, comprovamos a associa&#231;&#227;o da FCR elevada com mortalidade, j&#225; evidenciada em outras publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>9,14,19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios como o <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES), <italic>Spandau Health Test</italic> (SHT), e <italic>The Three Chicago Edidemiologic Studies</italic> revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre FC e mortalidade cardiovascular e de origem n&#227;o cardiovascular<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos confirmaram, tamb&#233;m, esses dados, como o <italic>CORDIS Trial</italic> e o MATISS: Kristal-Boneh e cols.<sup>11</sup>. No estudo CORDIS, ficou identificado que FCR elevada estava fortemente associada com todas as causas de mortalidade (RR = 2,23, IC = 1,4 a 3,.6; FCR &gt; 90 bpm) e mortalidade cardiovascular, mesmo ap&#243;s controle para v&#225;rios fatores de risco conhecidos. Seccareccia e cols.<sup>13</sup>; no estudo MATISS, verificaram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o italiana de baixo risco, que o aumento da FC estava associado ao aumento do RR de 1,52 (IC = 1,29 a 1,78) para todas as causas de mortalidade, de 1,63 (IC = 1,26 a 2,10) para mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o indiv&#237;duo que tem a FCR elevada tem menor variabilidade de FC (refletindo um desequil&#237;brio no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo) a qual promove o aparecimento de arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, aterosclerose e aumenta o risco de mortalidade<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que a hipercolesterolemia e o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea entre os grupos caso e controle. Embora nessa amostra n&#227;o tenham sido vari&#225;veis significativas isoladamente, a associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), tabagismo e diabete podem aumentar a mortalidade<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis selecionadas, todas estavam associadas &#224; FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, o que j&#225; &#233; evidenciado em muitos estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstram que o tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o, o diabete e o sedentarismo est&#227;o associados com uma maior FC e risco de mortalidade<sup>7,24,25</sup>. A vari&#225;vel PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg foi significativa somente no grupo caso (&#243;bito CV), e os pacientes que morreram tinham 1,20 mais chances de estarem com a PA elevada. O impacto da FC elevada na mortalidade em pacientes hipertensos, o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e, tamb&#233;m, que indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos apresentam risco aumentado de tr&#234;s a quatro vezes de sofrer evento CV (e o dobro do risco de morrer deste evento), quando comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, j&#225; est&#225; bem documentado na literatura<sup>4,26,27</sup>. A hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica envolvida nestes fatores de risco e o desequil&#237;brio entre a atividade simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica explicam esses achados<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, observa-se que os pacientes com uma FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm pertenciam ao sexo feminino (42,8%), embora o sexo masculino tenha sido predominante na mortalidade CV (65,9%) e na mortalidade geral (64,3%). Apesar de a FCR ser mais elevada nas mulheres, a associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o, aterosclerose, morbidade e mortalidade CV, tem sido encontrada de forma mais t&#234;nue ou ausente nas mesmas<sup>28</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as mulheres, principalmente na pr&#233;-menopausa, devido aos n&#237;veis elevados de HDL colesterol, por a&#231;&#227;o dos estr&#243;genos, estejam protegidas contra os efeitos delet&#233;rios de uma FC elevada<sup>29</sup>. Os pacientes que morreram de causas CV e geral, e que estavam na faixa et&#225;ria entre 51 a 60 e 61 a 70 anos, tinham quatro vezes mais chances de estarem com a FCR elevada, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. Em indiv&#237;duos sadios, existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa da FC com a idade<sup>2</sup>. Sabe-se que os fatores de risco cardiovascular est&#227;o associados com uma FC mais elevada e, sendo assim, os efeitos da FC elevada nesta faixa et&#225;ria, s&#227;o ainda mais delet&#233;rios<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>A FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, quando avaliada isoladamente, teve impacto na mortalidade CV e geral. No nosso estudo, os pacientes que morreram tinham chances mais que triplicadas (OR = 3,56 e 3,62 respectivamente) de estarem com a FCR elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o morreram, comprovando a associa&#231;&#227;o da FCR elevada com mortalidade. Os efeitos delet&#233;rios da FC elevada j&#225; foram demonstrados no estudo Framingham<sup>21</sup>; no qual uma coorte composta por 5.070 sujeitos, livres de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ao entrarem no estudo, a mortalidade cardiovascular aumentou progressivamente com incremento da FCR.</p>
    <p>O grande n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo permite confirmar a hip&#243;tese de que a associa&#231;&#227;o da FCR elevada com mortalidade n&#227;o ocorre ao acaso.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os achados demonstram que existe rela&#231;&#227;o da FCR com mortalidade, a partir de um ponto de corte da FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, encontrado tanto nos &#243;bitos de origem CV quanto geral, com um risco maior na faixa et&#225;ria de 71 a 88 anos. Mesmo ap&#243;s ajustada para as vari&#225;veis como sexo, diabete, fumo, drogas de a&#231;&#227;o CV, PA em repouso <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg e VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, a FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, em nosso meio, mostrou-se como um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular e geral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais fatores que poderiam impor limita&#231;&#245;es aos resultados encontrados foram: a origem, n&#227;o descrita, de todos os pacientes que realizaram o TE (alguns poderiam ter vindo da emerg&#234;ncia e estarem com a FCR elevada); a maneira utilizada para considerar os pacientes como vivos no estudo (n&#227;o presentes na lista de &#243;bitos da Secretaria da Sa&#250;de); a veracidade das informa&#231;&#245;es oriundas dos Atestados de &#211;bitos e o uso somente do teste Estat&#237;stico de Kappa para valida&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Iran Castro </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 - Santana </p>
        <p> 90620-000 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">iran.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/08/09; revisado recebido em 08/01/10; aceito em 24/02/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Art&#237;culos Originales</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Valor predictivo de la frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo del test ergom&#233;trico en la mortalidad</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: La frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo (cuya media est&#225; entre 60 y 80 lpm) es una de las m&#225;s simples variables cardiovasculares y ha sido considerada como un predictor de mortalidad cardiovascular y general.' OBJETIVO: Evaluar el valor predictivo de la frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo (FCR), antes del test ergom&#233;trico (TE), en la mortalidad cardiovascular (CV) y general. M&#201;TODOS: Estudio de caso-control, que utiliz&#243; informaciones contenidas en los bancos de datos del laboratorio de ergometr&#237;a de un hospital especializado en cardiolog&#237;a y los registros de &#243;bitos de la Secretar&#237;a de Salud en una ciudad del sur del Brasil, de enero de 1995 a junio de 2007. Fueron analizados 7.055 pacientes, siendo 1.645 (23,3%) del grupo caso (&#243;bitos) y 5.410 (76,7%) del grupo control (vivos). Fue calculado el punto de corte de la FCR para mortalidad, a trav&#233;s de la curva ROC y realizado el an&#225;lisis multivariado para las variables seleccionadas. Los desenlaces fueron mortalidad CV y general. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de mortalidad CV fue de 674 casos (9,5%); la FCR &gt; 78 lpm fue el punto de corte. Despu&#233;s de ajustado para las variables seleccionadas, el odds ratio (OR) para FCR &gt; 78 lpm fue de 3,5 (IC 95% = 2,9 - 4,2) para mortalidad CV y 3,6 (IC 95% = 3,2 - 4,0) para mortalidad general. CONCLUSI&#211;N: La FCR &gt; 78 lpm es un predictor independiente de mortalidad cardiovascular y general.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Valor predictivo de los tests</kwd>
        <kwd>frecuencia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>prueba de esfuerzo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Valor predictivo de la frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo del test ergom&#233;trico en la mortalidad</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jaqueline Eilert Fagundes; Iran Castro</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> La frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo (cuya media est&#225; entre 60 y 80 lpm) es una de las m&#225;s simples variables cardiovasculares y ha sido considerada como un predictor de mortalidad cardiovascular y general.'</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Evaluar el valor predictivo de la frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo (FCR), antes del test ergom&#233;trico (TE), en la mortalidad cardiovascular (CV) y general.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudio de caso-control, que utiliz&#243; informaciones contenidas en los bancos de datos del laboratorio de ergometr&#237;a de un hospital especializado en cardiolog&#237;a y los registros de &#243;bitos de la Secretar&#237;a de Salud en una ciudad del sur del Brasil, de enero de 1995 a junio de 2007. Fueron analizados 7.055 pacientes, siendo 1.645 (23,3%) del grupo caso (&#243;bitos) y 5.410 (76,7%) del grupo control (vivos). Fue calculado el punto de corte de la FCR para mortalidad, a trav&#233;s de la curva ROC y realizado el an&#225;lisis multivariado para las variables seleccionadas. Los desenlaces fueron mortalidad CV y general.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> La incidencia de mortalidad CV fue de 674 casos (9,5%); la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm fue el punto de corte. Despu&#233;s de ajustado para las variables seleccionadas, el <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) para FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm fue de 3,5 (IC 95% = 2,9 - 4,2) para mortalidad CV y 3,6 (IC 95% = 3,2 - 4,0) para mortalidad general.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> La FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm es un predictor independiente de mortalidad cardiovascular y general.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold> Valor predictivo de los tests, frecuencia card&#237;aca, prueba de esfuerzo/ mortalidad.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La frecuencia card&#237;aca (FC) intr&#237;nseca, sin ninguna influencia neurohumoral, es de aproximadamente 100 a 120 lpm. La FC, en la persona &#237;ntegra, en reposo, refleja un balance entre los sistemas nervioso simp&#225;tico y parasimp&#225;tico, con predominio de este, t&#243;nicamente activos. El predominio de ese sistema es manifestado por una frecuencia card&#237;aca en reposo (FCR), que es menor que la frecuencia intr&#237;nseca, cuya media, en general, est&#225; entre 60 y 80 lpm y es una de las m&#225;s simples variables cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. La FCR o FC basal es considerada como el n&#250;mero de latidos card&#237;acos durante un minuto en una situaci&#243;n de reposo<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Desde 1980, es conocido que la FCR es factor pron&#243;stico de enfermedad arterial coronaria y est&#225; asociada a mortalidad cardiovascular<sup>3</sup> y general<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>En varios estudios previos de largo seguimiento, el impacto de la FCR elevada fue observado en la poblaci&#243;n general<sup>5</sup>, en individuos a&#241;osos<sup>6</sup>, en hipertensos<sup>7</sup> y en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio<sup>6</sup>, en la mortalidad cardiovascular<sup>8,9</sup> y general <sup>8,10</sup>. M&#225;s recientemente, otros estudios<sup>9,11,12</sup> comprobaron esos hallazgos. En an&#225;lisis multivariados, muchos estudios demostraron que el riesgo relativo (RR) para FCR elevada permaneci&#243; alto, aun despu&#233;s de ajustado para los varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y observaron que el mismo es un factor predictor de mortalidad cardiovascular y general<sup>11,13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el valor predictivo de la FCR antes del test ergom&#233;trico (TE), en la mortalidad cardiovascular y general; correlacionando un valor como punto de corte en una muestra de pacientes que realiz&#243; el test ergom&#233;trico.</p>
      <p>La investigaci&#243;n sobre la relaci&#243;n de la FCR con mortalidad es de extrema importancia en nuestro medio. A partir de las observaciones de este estudio, las evidencias con relaci&#243;n al valor predictivo de la FCR en la mortalidad cardiovascular y general podr&#225;n incluir nuevos resultados a los ya encontrados en estudios previos en la literatura internacional, validando la FCR como un factor de riesgo para nuestra poblaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Estudio de caso control, realizado con registros del banco de datos de tests ergom&#233;tricos de un hospital especializado en cardiolog&#237;a y del banco de &#243;bitos en un municipio en el sur del Brasil, en el per&#237;odo de enero de 1995 a junio de 2007. Fueron incluidos en el grupo caso (&#243;bitos) los pacientes del banco de &#243;bitos que realizaron el TE; en el grupo control (vivos) una muestra de pacientes del banco de datos de TE; con edad <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 a&#241;os. Fueron excluidos pacientes cuyos nombres eran hom&#243;nimos en el banco de &#243;bitos y de TE, y que no ten&#237;an datos de identificaci&#243;n suficientes para confirmar s&#237; eran las mismas personas. Se utiliz&#243; el Programa de Pareamiento y Selecci&#243;n de Datos <italic>(Linkplus)15</italic>, desarrollado por el <italic>Center for Disease Control</italic> (CDC) de los E.E.U.U., conteniendo un sofisticado mecanismo de <italic>linkage</italic>, a trav&#233;s de varias etapas, para coincidir por el nombre los datos del banco de TE con los datos del banco de &#243;bitos. El emparejamiento se dio por sexo y mismo a&#241;o de realizaci&#243;n del TE. Despu&#233;s de la selecci&#243;n de los datos, se constituy&#243; una muestra de 1.645 pacientes para el grupo caso (&#243;bitos) y de 5.410 pacientes para el grupo control (&#233;ste con <italic>n</italic> mayor a fin de minimizar el posible sesgo de ocurrencia de &#243;bitos fuera del domicilio), totalizando 7.055 pacientes.</p>
      <p>Los desenlaces examinados fueron mortalidad cardiovascular y general. Fue considerada mortalidad CV cuando el certificado de defunci&#243;n conten&#237;a diagn&#243;sticos de causa card&#237;aca, como infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR), angina, miocardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica, shock cardiog&#233;nico, muerte s&#250;bita, insuficiencia card&#237;aca congestiva, arritmias card&#237;acas y otras causas encontradas en el Cap. IX del CID 10<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Antes de iniciar el procedimiento, la FCR es registrada a trav&#233;s del monitor card&#237;aco, con el paciente sentado en la silla y la presi&#243;n arterial (PA) es verificada manualmente. El protocolo de Bruce<sup>17</sup> es el m&#225;s utilizado en el TE del referido estudio, y la indicaci&#243;n para el examen, en aproximadamente 98% de los pacientes, era el establecimiento de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Las variables evaluadas fueron: sexo, edad, tabaco, drogas de acci&#243;n CV, PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg, VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min., &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, hipercolesterolemia y diabetes. Estas dos &#250;ltimas fueron validadas a partir del an&#225;lisis de una submuestra de 1.198 Formularios de Registro de Tests Ergom&#233;tricos (sobre los factores de riesgo CV), comparados con tests de laboratorio, a trav&#233;s del &#205;ndice de Concordancia de Kappa<sup>18</sup> (considerado aceptable cuando <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,40): Hipercolesterolemia y colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl (K = 0,510); diabetes y glucemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl (K = 0,621).</p>
      <p>En el TE en cuesti&#243;n, el VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (consumo m&#225;ximo de ox&#237;geno), fue calculado de forma indirecta, considerando edad, sexo y carga tolerada, seg&#250;n lo descripto en el Consenso Nacional de Ergometr&#237;a<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico fue realizado con el paquete estad&#237;stico SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> 15.0. Los tests utilizados fueron: test t de <italic>Student,</italic> qui-cuadrado de Pearson, curva ROC, intervalos de confianza y an&#225;lisis multivariado con <italic>odds ratio</italic>. El valor considerado para el "P" fue &lt; 0,05 y el intervalo de confianza fue de 95%.</p>
      <p>Este estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica en Investigaci&#243;n de la Secretar&#237;a de la Salud y de la instituci&#243;n donde fue realizado el estudio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fueron analizados 7.055 pacientes, siendo 1.645 (23,3%) del grupo caso (&#243;bitos) y 5.410 (76,7%) del grupo control (vivos). La media de edad fue de 55,43 &#177; 10,48 a&#241;os, el sexo masculino predominante (62,3%) y el tiempo de seguimiento de 12 a&#241;os. La incidencia de mortalidad CV fue de 674 casos (9,5%).</p>
      <p>La distribuci&#243;n de las dem&#225;s variables entre los grupos est&#225; descripta en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Tabla 1</xref>. LA FCR media del grupo caso (&#243;bitos), tanto de origen CV (83,18 &#177; 15,50) como general (83,19 &#177; 15,50), fue semejante entre s&#237;, pero con diferencia significativa (P &lt; 0,001) cuando fue comparada al grupo control (72,13 &#177; 12,64). Las variables tabaco, diabetes, PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg y VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, tuvieron mayor frecuencia en el grupo caso (&#243;bito CV y general) que en los controles (P &lt; 0,001); la variable drogas de acci&#243;n CV tuvo ocurrencia mayor en el grupo caso (&#243;bito CV) (69%) que en los controles (57,5%), P &lt; 0,001. Las variables hipercolesterolemia y IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> tuvieron distribuci&#243;n homog&#233;nea en la comparaci&#243;n entre los grupos (P &gt; 0,005).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Tabla 2</xref>, en la distribuci&#243;n de la variable edad, se observa: que aproximadamente 30% de los pacientes que evolucionaron a &#243;bito se encontraban en las franjas et&#225;reas entre 51 y 60 a&#241;os y 61 y 70 a&#241;os; 6,4% (&#243;bito CV) y 6,9% (&#243;bito general) ocurrieron en la franja et&#225;rea de los 25 a los 40 a&#241;os; 16,8% (&#243;bito CV) y 15,3%,(&#243;bito general) en la franja et&#225;rea de los 71 a los 88 a&#241;os, mayor que el grupo control (3,5%). La diferencia de edad entre los grupos fue significativa (P &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figura 1</xref> muestra la curva ROC para el grupo caso (&#243;bitos CV y general), teniendo como FCR m&#237;nima = 41 lpm y FCR m&#225;xima = 134 lpm, siendo semejantes entre s&#237;. La curva ROC evalu&#243; los valores de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) que mejor expresan el punto de corte para FCR: &#243;bito general (S = 0,618 y 1 - E = 0, 315) y &#243;bito CV (S = 0,614 y 1 - E = 0,315), resultando en 61% y 68% respectivamente, determinando como el punto de corte para mortalidad la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>En las <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Tablas 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">4</xref> est&#225; descripta la correlaci&#243;n del punto de corte para mortalidad con las variables significativas de la muestra.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt04-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Tabla 3</xref> muestra que las mujeres tuvieron la FCR<underline> &gt;</underline> 78 lpm, en relaci&#243;n a los hombres (OR = 1,32, IC = 1,19 a 1,46). Las variables como tabaco (OR = 1,21; IC = 1,08 a 1,36), diabetes (OR = 1,65, IC = 1,41 a 1,95), VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 2,04, IC=1,71 a 2,43) y PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR = 1,36, IC = 1,24 a 1,50) tuvieron asociaci&#243;n con la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm. El uso de drogas de acci&#243;n CV tuvo efecto protector, considerando que apenas 37,5% de los pacientes que las utilizaban tuvieron la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm.</p>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Tabla 4</xref>, est&#225; descripta la asociaci&#243;n de la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm con la edad, distribuida entre los grupos, revelando que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes con FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm se encuentra en el grupo caso (&#243;bitos), en todas las franjas et&#225;reas. En el quintil de edad de 25 a 40 a&#241;os, se observa un OR de 3,54(IC = 1,82 a 6,89) para &#243;bito CV y 3,73 (IC = 2,41 a 5,80) para &#243;bito general, cuando la FCR es <underline>&gt;</underline>78 lpm, en relaci&#243;n al grupo control. En la franja et&#225;rea de 51 a 60 a&#241;os, aumenta el OR de la mortalidad CV y general en aproximadamente cuatro veces m&#225;s en relaci&#243;n al grupo control. Entre el grupo de 71 a 88 a&#241;os, las posibilidades de mortalidad de causas CV (OR = 3,02; IC = 1,85 a 4,93) y general (OR = 3,46; IC = 2,30 a 5,21) aumentan, respectivamente, en relaci&#243;n al grupo control, cuando los pacientes tienen la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm.</p>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Tabla 5</xref>, est&#225; descripta la regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para el grupo caso (&#243;bito CV). El sexo masculino (OR = 1,36; IC = 1,12 a 1,65), tabaco (OR = 1,92; IC = 1,58 a 2,35), diabetes (OR = 1,91; IC = 1,50 a 2,43), drogas de acci&#243;n CV (OR = 1,27; IC = 1,04 a 1,55), PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR = 1,20; IC = 1,003 a 1,440) y VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 1,35; IC = 1,003 a 1,820) est&#225;n asociados a la mortalidad cardiovascular. La variable edad es significativa solamente en la franja et&#225;rea m&#225;s avanzada (71 a 88 a&#241;os), con OR = 6,38 (IC = 4,11 a 9,88). La variable FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm (OR = 3,56; IC = 2,99 a 4,24) cuando fue evaluada de forma aislada, se mostr&#243; como una variable independiente.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt05-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6-body2">Tabla 6</xref> muestra la regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para &#243;bito general. El sexo masculino (OR = 1,27; IC = 1,11 a 1,45), tabaco (OR = 1,68; IC = 1,46 a 1,94), diabetes (OR = 1,43; IC = 1,18 a 1,73), y VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR = 1,28; IC = 1,03 a 1,59), edades entre 61 y 70 a&#241;os (OR = 1,52; IC = 1,17 a 1,97) y 71 y 88 a&#241;os (OR = 6,31; IC = 4,62 a 8,61) tiene asociaci&#243;n con la mortalidad general. Cuando es evaluada de forma aislada, el comportamiento de la variable FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm (OR = 3,62; IC = 3,21 a 4,08) se repite.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt06-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En nuestro estudio, comprobamos la asociaci&#243;n de la FCR elevada con mortalidad, ya evidenciada en otras publicaciones<sup>19,14,20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Estudios previos como el <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES), <italic>Spandau Health Test</italic> (SHT), y <italic>The Three Chicago Edidemiologic Studies</italic> revelaron una asociaci&#243;n entre FC y mortalidad cardiovascular y de origen no cardiovascular<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Otros estudios confirmaron, tambi&#233;n, esos datos, como el <italic>CORDIS Trial</italic> y el MATISS: Kristal-Boneh y cols.<sup>11</sup>. En el estudio CORDIS, qued&#243; identificado que FCR elevada estaba fuertemente asociada con todas las causas de mortalidad (RR = 2,23, IC = 1,4 a 3,6; FCR &gt; 90lpm) y mortalidad cardiovascular, aun despu&#233;s de control para varios factores de riesgo conocidos. Seccareccia y cols.<sup>13</sup>, en el estudio MATISS, verificaron, en una poblaci&#243;n italiana de bajo riesgo, que el aumento de la FC estaba asociado al aumento del RR de 1,52 (IC = 1,29 a 1,78) para todas las causas de mortalidad, de 1,63 (IC = 1,26 a 2,10) para mortalidad cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Se sabe que el individuo que tiene la FCR elevada tiene menor variabilidad de FC (reflejando un desequilibrio en el sistema nervioso aut&#243;nomo) la cual promueve la aparici&#243;n de arritmias, insuficiencia card&#237;aca, aterosclerosis y aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Se observ&#243; que la hipercolesterolemia y el IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> tuvieron distribuci&#243;n homog&#233;nea entre los grupos caso y control. Aunque en esa muestra no hayan sido variables significativas aisladamente, la asociaci&#243;n con otros factores de riesgo como hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica (HAS), tabaquismo y diabetes pueden aumentar la mortalidad<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>En relaci&#243;n a las dem&#225;s variables seleccionadas, todas estaban asociadas a la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm, lo que ya es evidenciado en muchos estudios previos que demuestran que el tabaquismo, la hipertensi&#243;n, el diabetes y el sedentarismo est&#225;n asociados con una mayor FC y riesgo de mortalidad<sup>7,25,26</sup>. La variable PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg fue significativa solamente en el grupo caso (&#243;bito CV), y los pacientes que murieron ten&#237;an 1,20 m&#225;s posibilidades de estar con la PA elevada. El impacto de la FC elevada en la mortalidad en pacientes hipertensos, el desarrollo de la enfermedad arterial coronaria y, tambi&#233;n, que individuos diab&#233;ticos presentan riesgo aumentado de tres a cuatro veces de sufrir evento CV (y el doble del riesgo de morir de este evento), cuando es comparado a la poblaci&#243;n general, ya est&#225; bien documentado en la literatura<sup>4,27,28</sup>. La hiperactividad adren&#233;rgica envuelta en estos factores de riesgo y el desequilibrio entre la actividad simp&#225;tica y parasimp&#225;tica explican esos hallazgos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Tabla 3</xref>, se observa que los pacientes con una FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm pertenec&#237;an al sexo femenino (42,8%), aunque el sexo masculino haya sido predominante en la mortalidad CV (65,9%) y en la mortalidad general (64,3%). A pesar de que la FCR era m&#225;s elevada en las mujeres, la asociaci&#243;n con el desarrollo de hipertensi&#243;n, aterosclerosis, morbilidad y mortalidad CV, ha sido encontrada de forma m&#225;s tenue o ausente en las mismas<sup>29</sup>. Es posible que las mujeres, principalmente en la premenopausia, debido a los niveles elevados de HDL colesterol, por acci&#243;n de los estr&#243;genos, est&#233;n protegidas contra los efectos delet&#233;reos de una FC elevada<sup>30</sup>. Los pacientes que murieron de causas CV y general, y que estaban en la franja et&#225;rea entre 51 a 60 y 61 a 70 a&#241;os, ten&#237;an cuatro veces m&#225;s posibilidades de tener la FCR elevada, como muestra la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Tabla 4</xref>. En individuos sanos, existe una relaci&#243;n inversa de la FC con la edad<sup>2</sup>. Se sabe que los factores de riesgo cardiovascular est&#225;n asociados con una FC m&#225;s elevada y, siendo as&#237;, los efectos de la FC elevada en esta franja et&#225;rea, son aun m&#225;s delet&#233;reos<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>La FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm, cuando fue evaluada aisladamente, tuvo impacto en la mortalidad CV y general. En nuestro estudio, los pacientes que murieron ten&#237;an posibilidades m&#225;s que triplicadas (OR = 3,56 y 3,62 respectivamente) de estar con la FCR elevada en relaci&#243;n a los que no murieron, comprobando la asociaci&#243;n de la FCR elevada con mortalidad. Los efectos delet&#233;reos de la FC elevada ya fueron demostrados en el estudio Framingham<sup>22</sup>, en el cual una cohorte composta por 5.070 sujetos, libres de enfermedades cardiovasculares al entrar en el estudio, la mortalidad cardiovascular aument&#243; progresivamente con incremento de la FCR.</p>
      <p>El gran n&#250;mero de pacientes incluidos en nuestro estudio permite confirmar la hip&#243;tesis de que la asociaci&#243;n de la FCR elevada con mortalidad no ocurre por casualidad.</p>
      <p>En conclusi&#243;n, los hallazgos demuestran que existe relaci&#243;n de la FCR con mortalidad, a partir de un punto de corte de la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm, encontrado tanto en los &#243;bitos de origen CV como general, con un riesgo mayor en la franja et&#225;rea de 71 a 88 a&#241;os. Aun despu&#233;s de ajustada para las variables como sexo, diabetes, tabaco, drogas de acci&#243;n CV, PA en reposo <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg y VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, la FCR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 lpm, en nuestro medio, se mostr&#243; como un predictor independiente de mortalidad cardiovascular y general.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitaciones del estudio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los principales factores que podr&#237;an imponer limitaciones a los resultados encontrados fueron: el origen, no descripto, de todos los pacientes que realizaron el TE (algunos podr&#237;an haber venido de la emergencia y estar con la FCR elevada); la manera utilizada para considerar los pacientes como vivos en el estudio (no presentes en la lista de &#243;bitos de la Secretar&#237;a de la Salud); la veracidad de las informaciones oriundas de los Atestados de &#211;bitos y el uso solamente del test Estad&#237;stico de Kappa para validaci&#243;n de variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuve fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No hay vinculaci&#243;n de este estudio a programas de postgrado.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive value of resting heart rate for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Resting heart rate (which ranges from 60 to 80 bpm) is one of the simplest cardiovascular parameters, and has been considered as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive value of resting heart rate (RHR) before exercise stress testing (ET) for cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality. METHODS: This was a case-control study using data from the database of the Exercise Testing Laboratory of a cardiac hospital and the death records of the Health Department of a city located in the South of Brazil from January 1995 to June 2007. A total of 7,055 patients were studied; 1,645 (23.3%) in the case group (deceased) and 5,410 (76.7%) in the control group (alive). The cut-off value of RHR for mortality was derived from the ROC curve, and a multivariate analysis was performed for the selected variables. The study's outcome measures were cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Six hundred and seventy-four patients died of cardiovascular diseases (9.5%); the cut-off value was RHR &gt; 78 bpm). After adjusting for selected variables, the odds ratio (OR) of RHR &gt; 78 bpm was 3.5 (95% CI 2.9 to 4.2) for CV mortality and 3.6 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.0) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Resting heart rate &gt; 78 is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Predictive value of tests</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Predictive value of resting heart rate for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jaqueline Eilert Fagundes; Iran Castro</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Resting heart rate (which ranges from 60 to 80 bpm) is one of the simplest cardiovascular parameters, and has been considered as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the predictive value of resting heart rate (RHR) before exercise stress testing (ET) for cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This was a case-control study using data from the database of the Exercise Testing Laboratory of a cardiac hospital and the death records of the Health Department of a city located in the South of Brazil from January 1995 to June 2007. A total of 7,055 patients were studied; 1,645 (23.3%) in the case group (deceased) and 5,410 (76.7%) in the control group (alive). The cut-off value of RHR for mortality was derived from the ROC curve, and a multivariate analysis was performed for the selected variables. The study's outcome measures were cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Six hundred and seventy-four patients died of cardiovascular diseases (9.5%); the cut-off value was RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm). After adjusting for selected variables, the odds ratio (OR) of RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm was 3.5 (95% CI 2.9 to 4.2) for CV mortality and 3.6 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.0) for all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Resting heart rate <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 is an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Predictive value of tests; heart rate; exercise test/mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intrinsic heart rate (HR), in the absence of any neurohumoral influence, is approximately 100 to 120 bpm. In the healthy individual, heart rate at rest reflects a balance between the tonically active sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with a predominance of the latter. Such predominance results in a resting heart rate (RHR) that is lower than the intrinsic heart rate, one of the simplest cardiovascular parameters that usually ranges from 60 to 80 bpm<sup>1</sup>. Resting HR, or baseline HR, refers to the number of heartbeats per minute at rest<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since 1980, it is known that resting heart rate is a prognostic factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and that it is associated with cardiovascular<sup>3</sup> and all-cause<sup>4</sup> mortality.</p>
      <p>Several past long-term follow-up studies have demonstrated the impact of elevated resting HR in the general population<sup>5</sup>; elderly subjects<sup>6</sup>; and hypertensive<sup>7</sup> as well as acute myocardial infarction pacients<sup>6</sup>; on both cardiovascular<sup>8,9</sup> and all-cause<sup>8,10</sup>. This finding has been confirmed by more recent studies. <sup>9,11,12</sup>. In multivariate analyses, many studies have found that the relative risk (RR) for elevated RHR remained high even after being adjusted for several cardiovascular risk factors. These studies also found that increased RHR is a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality<sup>11,13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study sought to evaluate the predictive value of resting (pre-exercise) heart rate for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, establishing a cut-off value in a sample of patients undergoing exercise stress testing (ET). Investigating the relationship between RHR and mortality is extremely important. The findings of our study both support and add new evidence to the existing literature regarding the predictive value of RHR for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a case-control study using data from the database of exercise tests of a cardiac hospital and the death records of a city located in the South of Brazil from January 1995 to June 2007. The case group (deceased) consisted of patients selected from the Death Registry who had undergone exercise testing, and the control group (alive) consisted of patients extracted from the database of the Exercise Testing Laboratory (aged 25 or older). Patients who had the same name in the database were excluded from the study when there was insufficient data to determine if they were one and the same person. The Probabilistic Record Linkage Software <italic>(</italic>Link Plus<italic>)</italic><sup>15</sup> developed by the U.S Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a sophisticated linkage mechanism, was used to mach the names from the database of the Exercise Testing Laboratory with those of the Death Registry. Matching was done by gender and the same year at which the exercise test had been performed. After data analysis, a total of 7,055 patients were selected: 1,645 for the case group (deceased) and 5,410 for the control group (the number of patients was greater in this group to minimize any potential bias resulting from deaths away from home).</p>
      <p>The outcome measures selected were cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Death was considered as due to cardiovascular disease if the death certificate listed acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiorespiratory arrest, angina pectoris, ischemic heart disease, cardiogenic shock, sudden death, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, or other causes of death included in chapter IX of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10)<sup>16</sup>. Before beginning the test, a seated resting heart rate was measured with a heart rate monitor and blood pressure (BP) was taken manually. The Bruce protocol<sup>17</sup> was used for most patients, and the indication for the test (about 98%) was based on the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>The following variables were analyzed: gender, age, smoking status, use of cardiovascular drugs, resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg, VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. The latter two were validated based on the analysis of a subsample of 1,198 Registration Forms for Exercise Testing (on cardiovascular risk factors) and compared with laboratory tests using the Kappa Index of Agreement<sup>18</sup> (considered acceptable when <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.40): hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl (K = 0.510); diabetes and blood glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl (K = 0.621).</p>
      <p>In this study, VO<sub>2</sub> max (maximal oxygen uptake) was determined indirectly, taking into account age, gender, and tolerated workload, as described in the Brazilian Consensus on Ergometry<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS&#153; software package (version 15.0). The following tests were applied: the Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, ROC curve, confidence intervals, and multivariate analysis with odds ratio. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant, and the confidence interval was 95%.</p>
      <p>This study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the local Health Department and the Institutional Review Board.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 7,055 patients were evaluated, 1,645 (23.3%) of whom were in the case group (deceased) and 5,410 (76.7%) in the control group (alive). The mean age of the study population was 55.43 &#177; 10.48 years, and 61.3% of the patients were male. The follow-up period was 12 years. Cardiovascular mortality rate was 9.5% (674 patients).</p>
      <p>The distribution of the remaining variables between groups is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body3">Table 1</xref>. Mean resting HR of the case group (deceased), for both cardiovascular and all-cause death, was similar (83.18 &#177; 15.50 and 83.19 &#177; 15.50), but when it was compared with the control group (72.13 &#177; 12.64), there was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). Smoking, diabetes, resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg and VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min were more prevalent in the case group (CV and all-cause death) than in the control group (p &lt; 0.001); cardiovascular drugs were more frequently used in the case group (CV death) (69%) than in the control group (57.5%), p &lt; 0.001. Hypercholesterolemia and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were equally distributed among groups (p &gt; 0.005).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding age distribution, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body3">Table 2</xref> shows that approximately 30% of the patients who died were in the 51 to 60 and 61 to 70 age groups; 6.4% (CV death) and 6.9% (all-cause death) were in the 25 to 40 age group; and 16.8% (CV death) and 15.3% (all-cause death) were in the 71 to 88 age group, greater than in the control group (3.5%). The age difference between groups was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figure 1</xref> depicts the ROC curves for the case group, both for CV and all-cause death, which were similar to one another; minimal resting HR was 41 bpm, and maximum resting HR was 134 bpm. The ROC curve analysis showed the optimal sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the cut-off value of resting heart rate for all-cause death (sensitivity of 0.618 and 1 and specificity of 0. 315) and CV death (sensitivity of 0.614 and 1 and specificity of 0.315), resulting in 61% and 68%, respectively. The cut-off value for mortality, therefore, was RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body3">4</xref> show the correlation between the cut-off value for mortality and the significant variables of the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body3">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm with age distributed among groups, showing that most patients with RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm belonged to the case group (deceased) in all age brackets. In the quintile of the 25 to 40 age group, OR was 3.54 (CI 1.82-6.89) for cardiovascular death and 3.73 (CI 2.41-5.80) for all-cause death when resting HR was <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, compared to the control group. In the 51-60 age group, the odds ratio for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was about four times higher than that of the control group. In the 71-88 age group, the likelihood of cardiovascular (OR 3.02; CI 1.85-4.93) and all-cause (OR 3.46, CI 2.30 -5.21) mortality increased in patients with resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body3">Table 3</xref> shows that more women than men had RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm (OR 1.32, CI 1.19 -1.46). Smoking (OR 1.21, CI 1.08 -1.36), diabetes (OR 1.65, CI 1.41-1.95), VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR 2.04, CI 1.71-2.43), and resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR 1.36, CI 1.24 -1.50) were associated with resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm. Cardiovascular drugs were found to have a protective effect, since only 37.5% of the patients who were using them had resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body3">Table 5</xref> shows the logistic regression analysis for the case group (CV death). Male gender (OR 1.36, CI 1.12-1.65), smoking (OR 1,92, CI 1.58-2.35), diabetes (OR 1.91; CI 1.50-2.43), use of cardiovascular drugs (OR 1.27, CI 1.04-1.55), resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg (OR 1.20, CI 1.003-1.440), and VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR 1.35, CI 1.003-1.820) were associated with cardiovascular mortality. Age was significant only in the oldest age group (71 to 88), with odds ratio of 6.38 (CI 4.11-9.88). When evaluated separately, resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm was found to be an independent variable (OR 3.56, CI 2.99-4.24).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6-body3">Table 6</xref> shows the logistic regression analysis for all-cause mortality. Male gender (OR 1.27, CI 1.11-1.45), smoking (OR 1.68, CI 1.46-1.94), diabetes (OR 1.43, CI 1.18-1.73), VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min (OR 1.28, CI 1.03-1.59), plus age groups 61 to 70 (OR: 1.52, CI: 1.17-1.97) and age 71 to 88 (OR 6.31, CI 4.62-8.61) were associated with all-cause mortality. When resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm (OR 3.62, CI 3.21-4.08) was evaluated separately, it showed the same behavior.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-06-0713-00149-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our study, elevated RHR was found to be associated with mortality, as reported by other authors<sup>9,14,19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In earlier studies, such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Spandau Health Test (SHT), and The Three Chicago Epidemiologic Studies, heart rate was associated with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other studies have confirmed these data, such as the CORDIS Trial and MATISS: Kristal-Boneh et al<sup>11</sup>; in the CORDIS trial, found that elevated RHR was strongly associated with both all-cause (RR 2.23, CI 1.4-3.6; RHR &gt; 90 bpm) and cardiovascular mortality, even after controlling for many known risk factors. Seccareccia et al<sup>13</sup>; in the MATISS study, found that in a low-risk Italian population heart rate increment was associated with a RR increase of 1.52 (CI 1.29-1.78) for all-cause mortality and 1.63 (CI: 1.26-2.10) for cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      <p>It is known that individuals with elevated resting heart rate have less HR variability (reflecting an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system), which predisposes to arrhythmias, heart failure, atherosclerosis and increased risk of death<sup>22</sup>. In this study, hypercholesterolemia and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were equally distributed between the case and control groups. Although no variable alone was significant, the association with other risk factors, such as systemic hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes may increase mortality rates<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>All the remaining variables were associated with resting HR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, as evidenced by several previous studies demonstrating that smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased HR and mortality risk<sup>7,24,25</sup>. Only in the case group (CV death) was resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg significant, and the patients who died were 1.20 times more likely to have increased blood pressure. The impact of elevated heart rate on hypertensive as well as diabetic patients, increasing by three-to-four-fold the risk of cardiovascular events and twice the risk of dying from such an event, compared to the general population, is already well documented in the literature<sup>4,26,27</sup>. The adrenergic hyperactivity involved in these risk factors and the imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities explain these findings<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body3">Table 3</xref> shows that patients with RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm tended to be women (42.8%), although cardiovascular death (65.9%) and all-cause death (64.3%) were more prevalent in men. Even though RHR was higher in women, the association with the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and CV morbidity and mortality is lower or absent in this group<sup>28</sup>. It is possible that women, especially premenopausal women, are protected from the deleterious effects of elevated HR due to an estrogen-associated increase in their serum HDL-cholesterol levels<sup>29</sup>. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body3">Table 4</xref>, patients who died from cardiovascular disease and from all causes, and who belonged to the age groups 51 to 60 and 61 to 70 years, were four times more likely to have increased RHR. In healthy individuals, HR is inversely related to age<sup>2</sup>. Cardiovascular risk factors are known to be associated with increased HR, therefore the effects of elevated HR in said age groups are even more deleterious<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evaluated separately, RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm was found to have an impact on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In our study, the patients who died were more than three times as likely to have increased RHR than those who did not (OR 3.56 and 3.62, respectively). This finding supports the association of increased RHR with mortality. The deleterious effects of elevated HR have already been demonstrated in the Framingham study<sup>21</sup>. In this study, in a cohort of 5,070 subjects free of cardiovascular diseases at baseline, cardiovascular mortality increased progressively with resting heart rate.</p>
      <p>The large number of patients included in our study makes it possible to confirm the hypothesis that the association of elevated RHR with mortality is not accidental.</p>
      <p>Concluding, our findings suggest a relationship between RHR and mortality, from a cut-off value of RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, found both in CV and all-case deaths, with greater risk in the 71 to 88 age group. In our study, RHR <underline>&gt;</underline> 78 bpm, even after adjustment for gender, diabetes, smoking, use of cardiovascular drugs, resting BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg, and VO<sub>2</sub>max <underline>&lt;</underline> 28 ml/kg/min, was found to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Possible limitations to our results include the following: the origin, not described, of all patients undergoing exercise test (some may have come from the ER and have increased RHR); the method used to consider patients as alive in the study (i. e., the fact that they were not included in the death records of the Health Department); the reliability of the information abstracted from the Death Certificates; and the fact that the Kappa test was the only statistical method used to validate the study variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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