<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yx9jBs63DnnKFDwtfhFXrBN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500513</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial inclu&#237;dos em uma coorte com HIV/AIDS em Pernambuco, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Evanizio Roque de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;bia Cristina Rocha Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Pessoa Milit&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Dem&#243;crito de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>George Tadeu Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Maria Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Josefina Cl&#225;udia Zirpoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alencar de Arraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Para&#237;ba</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>640</fpage>
      <lpage>647</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; fator de risco modific&#225;vel, cujo controle pode reduzir doen&#231;a cardiovascular nos pacientes com v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (HIV). OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de HAS e descrever as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com HAS e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o infectados pelo HIV/AIDS. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo seccional alinhado a uma coorte de pacientes com HIV/AIDS. Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o em n&#237;veis &gt; 140/90 mmHg ou uso de anti-hipertensivos e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em n&#237;veis &gt; 120/80 mmHg. RESULTADOS: Dos 958 pacientes, 388 (40,5%) eram normotensos, 325 (33,9%) pr&#233;-hipertensos e 245 (25,6%) hipertensos. Desses 245 pacientes, 172 (70,2%) sabiam ser hipertensos e 36 (14,8%) apresentavam press&#227;o arterial controlada. Tiveram diagn&#243;stico de HAS ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do HIV 62 pacientes (54,4%). Lipodistrofia ocorreu em 95 (46,1%) dos pacientes, j&#225; sobrepeso/obesidade em 129 (52,7%). Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antirretrovirais ocorreu em 184 (85,9%), 89 (41,6%) com inibidores de protease (IP) e 95 (44,4%) sem IP. Utilizavam antivirais &gt; 24 meses 74,7%. Idade, antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e triglicer&#237;deos foram maiores entre pacientes hipertensos. Tempo de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, contagem de linf&#243;citos CD4, carga viral, tempo e tipo de esquema antirretroviral foram semelhantes nos hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A elevada frequ&#234;ncia de hipertensos n&#227;o controlados e de riscos cardiovasculares nos infectados pelo HIV apontam a necessidade de medidas preventivas e terap&#234;uticas contra HAS nesse grupo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome de imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (AIDS)</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>estilo de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>anti-hipertensivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial inclu&#237;dos em uma coorte com HIV/AIDS em Pernambuco, Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evanizio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; Heloisa Ramos Lacerda<sup>II,III</sup>; L&#237;bia Cristina Rocha Vilela Moura<sup>II</sup>; Maria de F&#225;tima Pessoa Milit&#227;o de Albuquerque<sup>II,IV</sup>; Dem&#243;crito de Barros Miranda Filho<sup>II</sup>; George Tadeu Nunes Diniz<sup>IV</sup>; Val&#233;ria Maria Gon&#231;alves de Albuquerque<sup>III</sup>; Josefina Cl&#225;udia Zirpoli Amaral<sup>II</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Soares Monteiro<sup>III</sup>; Ricardo Alencar de Arraes Ximenes<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de Pernambuco </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es - FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; fator de risco modific&#225;vel, cujo controle pode reduzir doen&#231;a cardiovascular nos pacientes com v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (HIV). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de HAS e descrever as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com HAS e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o infectados pelo HIV/AIDS. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo seccional alinhado a uma coorte de pacientes com HIV/AIDS. Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o em n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg ou uso de anti-hipertensivos e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em n&#237;veis &gt; 120/80 mmHg. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 958 pacientes, 388 (40,5%) eram normotensos, 325 (33,9%) pr&#233;-hipertensos e 245 (25,6%) hipertensos. Desses 245 pacientes, 172 (70,2%) sabiam ser hipertensos e 36 (14,8%) apresentavam press&#227;o arterial controlada. Tiveram diagn&#243;stico de HAS ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do HIV 62 pacientes (54,4%). Lipodistrofia ocorreu em 95 (46,1%) dos pacientes, j&#225; sobrepeso/obesidade em 129 (52,7%). Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antirretrovirais ocorreu em 184 (85,9%), 89 (41,6%) com inibidores de protease (IP) e 95 (44,4%) sem IP. Utilizavam antivirais &gt; 24 meses 74,7%. Idade, antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e triglicer&#237;deos foram maiores entre pacientes hipertensos. Tempo de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, contagem de linf&#243;citos CD4, carga viral, tempo e tipo de esquema antirretroviral foram semelhantes nos hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A elevada frequ&#234;ncia de hipertensos n&#227;o controlados e de riscos cardiovasculares nos infectados pelo HIV apontam a necessidade de medidas preventivas e terap&#234;uticas contra HAS nesse grupo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle, s&#237;ndrome de imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (AIDS), HIV, estilo de vida, fatores de risco, anti-hipertensivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Enquanto os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV/AIDS experimentam aumento significativo na sobrevida em virtude do controle da infec&#231;&#227;o por meio da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) potente<sup>1</sup>, uma frequ&#234;ncia aumentada de doen&#231;a cardiovascular de origem ateroscler&#243;tica tem sido evidenciada nesse grupo, provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia da soma da infec&#231;&#227;o viral cr&#244;nica e dos efeitos colaterais dos antirretrovirais que resultam em dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos (intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, dislipidemia, lipodistrofia) e em dano endotelial<sup>2</sup>. Desse modo, o aparecimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial traria mais um fator de risco para o sistema cardiovascular ou, eventualmente, constituir-se-ia, por si s&#243;, uma consequ&#234;ncia do dano vascular determinado pelo HIV.</p>
    <p>Os dados de preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) nos pacientes com HIV/AIDS s&#227;o vari&#225;veis. Embora alguns autores relatem preval&#234;ncias maiores de press&#227;o elevada<sup>3</sup> e HAS<sup>4</sup> nesse grupo, comparadas &#224; preval&#234;ncia da HAS em indiv&#237;duos sem a infec&#231;&#227;o, outros estudos apresentam preval&#234;ncia similar da HAS entre homens e mulheres com HIV e indiv&#237;duos sem a infec&#231;&#227;o<sup>4-6</sup>. Outro aspecto que tamb&#233;m apresenta resultados diversos &#233; o papel dos antirretrovirais na g&#234;nese da HAS. Embora alguns autores<sup>4,7,8</sup> tenham constatado associa&#231;&#227;o da HAS ao maior tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antirretrovirais e ao emprego de esquemas que contenham inibidores de protease, outros estudos<sup>5,6,9</sup> n&#227;o constataram associa&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento de HAS &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou emprego de esquema antirretroviral . No Brasil, esses dados s&#227;o ainda mais escassos, com o estudo de Diehl e cols.<sup>2</sup>, que foi realizado em Londrina, Paran&#225;, e mostrou preval&#234;ncia de 32% de hipertens&#227;o em pacientes HIV positivos atendidos em ambulat&#243;rio; e o trabalho de Magalh&#227;es e cols.<sup>10</sup>, que mostrou preval&#234;ncia de 41,4% de hipertens&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos infectados pelo HIV.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho objetiva verificar, diagnosticar e classificar a HAS em pacientes adultos inclu&#237;dos em uma coorte de pacientes que vivem com HIV/AIDS, bem como estimar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e de caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas presentes nos hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo seccional em andamento no Recife, Pernambuco, alinhado a uma coorte para o estudo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos em indiv&#237;duos com HIV/AIDS maiores de 18 anos. O estudo foi realizado no per&#237;odo de junho de 2007 a dezembro de 2008 e incluiu a an&#225;lise basal dos primeiros 1.000 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na coorte. Os indiv&#237;duos foram atendidos nos ambulat&#243;rios do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz da Universidade de Pernambuco e do Hospital Corr&#234;a Pican&#231;o, da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de Pernambuco, selecionados consecutivamente. Responderam a um question&#225;rio e tiveram press&#227;o arterial (PA), peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal medidos por t&#233;cnicos treinados. Foi preenchida uma ficha de coleta de dados que continha informa&#231;&#245;es do tempo de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, tipo de tratamento antirretroviral, contagens de linf&#243;citos CD4 e carga viral, obtidos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Foi colhida amostra de sangue para testes de glicemia, dosagens de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
    <p>Para a aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, foi utilizado estetosc&#243;pio marca BD e esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio marca Missouri, devidamente calibrado pelo INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normaliza&#231;&#227;o e Qualidade Industrial). O diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi confirmado em uma segunda visita, realizada com intervalo de at&#233; dois meses. Em ambas as visitas, foram realizadas duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial em um dos membros superiores, utilizando-se, ao final, as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da HAS foi realizada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic> (JNC 7),<sup>11</sup> que considera quatro n&#237;veis, em mmHg: normal (PA sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 e PA diast&#243;lica &lt; 80); pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (PA sist&#243;lica entre 120 e 139 ou PA diast&#243;lica entre 80 e 89); hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 (PA sist&#243;lica entre 140 e 159 ou PA diast&#243;lica entre 90 e 99) e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 (PA sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 160 ou PA diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 100)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi realizado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula IMC = [peso (kg)]/[altura (m)<sup>2</sup>]. Atividade f&#237;sica regular foi definida como a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos laborais ou l&#250;dicos, calculado pelo equivalente metab&#243;lico na &#250;ltima semana da entrevista, de acordo com o Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica (IPAQ)<sup>12</sup>. Considerou-se tabagista todo indiv&#237;duo que declarou ser fumante no momento da entrevista, independentemente da quantidade de cigarros. O consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica foi classificado de acordo com o question&#225;rio padronizado para esse fim.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi feita com o <italic>software</italic> de estat&#237;stica "R" (<italic>The R Project for Statistical Computing</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.r-project.org">www.r-project.org</ext-link>). Para a an&#225;lise comparativa entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado, e, quando necess&#225;rio, o teste de Fisher. Para a an&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t-student</italic>. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados, consecutivamente, 1.000 indiv&#237;duos com HIV/AIDS. Houve perda de tr&#234;s pacientes (0,3%) por estarem gr&#225;vidas e a exclus&#227;o de 39 pacientes (3,9%) por possu&#237;rem apenas uma medida da PA. Assim, o universo do presente estudo foi composto de 958 sujeitos. Desse total, 584 pacientes (61%) eram do sexo masculino e 374 do sexo feminino (39%); 50% tinham at&#233; 40 anos, e a outra metade, mais do que 40 anos de idade. A m&#233;dia de idade dos indiv&#237;duos da coorte foi de 39,58 &#177; 10,03 anos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop13410_portfig01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos entrevistados de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA e as categorias de hipertens&#227;o. Entre os avaliados, 388 (40,5%) apresentaram press&#227;o arterial dentro da faixa normal; 325 (33,9%) foram considerados pr&#233;-hipertensos; e 245 (25,6%), hipertensos. Cento e setenta e dois pacientes (70,2%) sabiam ser portadores de hipertens&#227;o e 95 deles (38,8%) faziam uso cont&#237;nuo de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Apenas 36 (20,9%), que sabiam ser hipertensos, estavam com os n&#237;veis tensionais controlados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop13410_portfig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de hipertensos, 156 (63,7%) eram homens; 145 (59,2%), pardos; 63 (25,7%), brancos; e 28 (11,4%), negros; 174 (71,0%) tinham hist&#243;ria familiar de HAS. O tabagismo ocorreu em 56 (23,1%), consumo di&#225;rio de frutas em 139 (57,7%) e de verduras em 171 (71,2%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop13410_porttab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Lipodistrofia estava presente em 95 pacientes (46,1%); sobrepeso, em 95 (38,8%); e obesidade, em 34 (13,9%). A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal estava aumentada, segundo os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III, em 72 (29,5%) e, segundo os crit&#233;rios do IDF, em 126 (51,6%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia, o colesterol total &gt; 200 mg% ocorreu em 43 (30,9%), a fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg% em 24 (22,0%), HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg% em 75 (52,1%), triglicer&#237;deos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg% em 84 (60,0%) e glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl em dez pacientes (7,1%). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop13410_porttab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A carga viral estava indetect&#225;vel ou &lt; 10.000 c&#243;pias em 54 (80,6%), e os n&#237;veis de linf&#243;citos CD4 estavam &gt; 350 cel/mm<sup>3</sup> em 80 (63,5%). Utilizaram-se antirretrovirais em 184 pacientes (85,9%) e inibidores de protease (IP) em 89 (41,6%). Por&#233;m, n&#227;o se fez uso de IP em 95 pacientes (44,4%). Cerca de 127 pacientes (74,7%) utilizavam TARV por mais de 24 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop13410_porttab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos mostrou semelhan&#231;a na maioria dos fatores de risco, exceto na idade, antecedentes familiares de hipertens&#227;o, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, IMC e dosagem dos triglicer&#237;deos, que foram maiores nos hipertensos do que nos pr&#233;-hipertensos. A atividade f&#237;sica foi mais intensa nos pr&#233;-hipertensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop13410_portfig02">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab01">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab03">3</xref>). Os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e ao tratamento, tais como a carga viral, a contagem de linf&#243;citos CD4, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antirretrovirais, o tipo de esquema antirretroviral e a dura&#231;&#227;o de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o diferiram entre os hipertensos e os pr&#233;-hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop13410_portfig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo incluiu 958 indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV, na maioria pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AIDS e uso de TARV h&#225; mais de 24 meses, e revelou uma preval&#234;ncia de 25,6% de hipertens&#227;o e de 33,9% de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o. Apesar de a maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo j&#225; ter desenvolvido a AIDS, a m&#233;dia de linf&#243;citos CD4 foi de 470 c&#233;lulas, e 80,6% dos pacientes apresentavam carga viral indetect&#225;vel ou baixa, dados que sugerem fortemente o uso efetivo da TARV. Ao contr&#225;rio, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o, apenas 14,7% dos hipertensos estavam com a HAS controlada.</p>
    <p>A mais nova edi&#231;&#227;o do JNC 7<sup>11</sup> categorizou a press&#227;o arterial em normal, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2. A nova estratifica&#231;&#227;o em "pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o" &#233; um alerta aos m&#233;dicos e pacientes, pois se constatou que a morbidade e a mortalidade cardiovasculares iniciam-se com esses valores ou at&#233; mesmo com valores menores<sup>11</sup>. Em nossa coorte, uma grande parcela dos indiv&#237;duos vivendo com o HIV/AIDS, ou seja, 325 (33,9%), apresentou n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos dentro da faixa de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, o que sinaliza a import&#226;ncia da orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia da HAS, dois estudos importantes foram realizados no Brasil para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. O primeiro trata da compila&#231;&#227;o de estudos sobre preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em diferentes sexos e faixas et&#225;rias em diversas regi&#245;es do Brasil, realizados entre 1993 e 2004<sup>14</sup>. O segundo, denominado "Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil" e realizado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, avaliou prospectivamente 2.550 indiv&#237;duos, de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, em v&#225;rias cidades do Brasil a partir de 2005<sup>15</sup>. Nesses dois estudos, verificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia geral de hipertens&#227;o em cerca de 28,5%, sendo mais alta no Nordeste, onde atingiu 31,8%. Pode-se, assim, concluir que a preval&#234;ncia da HAS nos pacientes com HIV/AIDS que contabilizaram 25,6% nesse estudo n&#227;o foi diferente daquela constatada na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo italiano que arrolou 287 pacientes HIV positivos, em uso de TARV, verificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de 34,2% contra 11,9% nos pacientes do grupo-controle (p &lt; 0,0001)<sup>9</sup>. No <italic>Estudo Data Collectionon Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs</italic> (DAD, 2005), importante coorte internacional, concluiu-se que a PA elevada em indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV est&#225; associada a fatores de risco tradicionais para hipertens&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncias de um risco associado a nenhuma das classes de drogas antirretrovirais<sup>9</sup>, embora o uso de NNRTI esteja "tradicionalmente" associado a um baixo risco de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o. No estudo africano (<italic>Women's Interagency HIV Study</italic>, 2007)<sup>6</sup>, realizado em uma coorte composta apenas de mulheres HIV positivas, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi similar entre as 1.266 mulheres HIV positivas e 368 HIV negativas (26 <italic>versus</italic> 28%, p = 0,3800). Recente estudo em 2008<sup>4</sup>, em uma coorte norueguesa de 542 indiv&#237;duos com HIV/AIDS, a preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 36,5%, semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Um estudo realizado na Espanha<sup>16</sup> detectou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o no grupo HIV (25% <italic>versus</italic> 15%; p &lt; 0,001), quando comparado a pacientes controles HIV negativos.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao tratamento da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV/AIDS no presente estudo, observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia do uso de esquemas contendo IP nos hipertensos foi de 41,6%, e de esquemas sem IP foi de 44,4%. Quanto ao tipo de esquemas ARV (contendo IP ou ITRNN) envolvidos na g&#234;nese da HAS, apesar de a propor&#231;&#227;o do uso de IP ter sido maior entre os hipertensos do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de infectados, o desenho de estudo utilizado n&#227;o permite conclus&#245;es sobre o tema. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de esquemas antivirais dos mais variados, ou seja, simples ou complexos, n&#227;o impede a ader&#234;ncia aos antirretrovirais, enquanto o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, em geral, desperta menos interesse por parte do paciente e mesmo do m&#233;dico assistente, refletindo-se em apenas 14,7% pacientes com a HAS controlada. Trata-se de uma doen&#231;a geralmente oligo/assintom&#225;tica que, pela elevada preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o, certamente desencadeia menores receios e fantasias de morte que as geradas pelo HIV.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores de estilo de vida devem influenciar diretamente os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, tanto em uma dimens&#227;o individual quanto populacional. Desses, os fatores de estilo de vida mais importantes s&#227;o gordura corporal em excesso (sobrepeso/obesidade), consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica insuficiente, tabagismo, estresse e uma variedade de componentes da dieta<sup>17</sup>, como inadequado consumo de frutas e verduras<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabendo-se que o tabagismo &#233; um fator de risco j&#225; definido para hipertens&#227;o, observando a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop13410_porttab01">Tabela 1</xref>, nota-se uma preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo de 23,1% na casu&#237;stica, pr&#243;xima de valores encontrados por outro estudo na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>14</sup>. Um estudo em indiv&#237;duos com HIV/AIDS e portadores de angina de peito<sup>19</sup> detectou preval&#234;ncia total de fumantes de 24% em Pernambuco, enquanto Pupulin e cols.<sup>20</sup> verificaram uma taxa de 35% no Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso (sobrepeso/obesidade) (52,7%) nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos com HIV/AIDS est&#225; de acordo com os preocupantes &#237;ndices de sobrepeso apresentados na literatura, que demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 53,7 a 58% de indiv&#237;duos com IMC acima de 25 em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>21,22</sup>. Entre trabalhadores brasileiros, verificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia elevada de excesso de peso de, aproximadamente, 46% e de HAS de, aproximadamente, 30%, principalmente no sexo masculino<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com as diretrizes do JNC 7<sup>11</sup>, &#233; recomendado realizarem-se, no m&#237;nimo, trinta minutos de atividade f&#237;sica na maioria dos dias da semana. Na nossa casu&#237;stica de 245 hipertensos, 129 dos entrevistados (52, 6%) referem n&#227;o realizar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos (inativos/pouco ativos), e apenas 106 do total (47,4%) praticam atividade f&#237;sica regular (alta/moderada). Outros autores tamb&#233;m encontraram altas preval&#234;ncias de sedentarismo em nosso meio, variando de 31,8% para adultos e 58,0% para idosos na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>24</sup>. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significante na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica entre os hipertensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos no presente estudo, sinalizando que a atividade f&#237;sica poderia estar protegendo, tamb&#233;m nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, do aparecimento de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos mais elevados.</p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas considerado pesado/dependente foi referido por 27 dos pacientes hipertensos (11,8%) e 45 dos pr&#233;-hipertensos (14,8%), sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. O uso excessivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas est&#225; associado &#224; HAS e a restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta alco&#243;lica pode diminuir a press&#227;o arterial<sup>25,26</sup>, o que &#233; uma modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida recomendada pelo JNC 7<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao momento do diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o, mais da metade (54,4%) descobriu-a ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico do HIV, e muitos (29,8%) n&#227;o sabiam possuir esse diagn&#243;stico at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. Al&#233;m disso, apenas 21% dos pacientes que sabiam ser hipertensos tinham os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos adequadamente controlados. Esses achados parecem indicar que os pacientes n&#227;o foram avisados pelos m&#233;dicos infectologistas da presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o ou que ambos n&#227;o tomaram conhecimento do diagn&#243;stico de HAS, em decorr&#234;ncia da "ditadura virol&#243;gica", ou seja, todas as preocupa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o voltadas ao controle do HIV. Ou, ao contr&#225;rio, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada dos antirretrovirais poderia ter sido o fator determinante ao aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o, aspecto que parece pouco prov&#225;vel diante dos dados aqui apresentados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Finalizando, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com HIV/AIDS por meio da nova classifica&#231;&#227;o internacional do JNC 7 revelou preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o arterial em mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Cabe alertar ao cl&#237;nico que atende ao portador do HIV/AIDS que ele n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o somente um indiv&#237;duo infectado por um v&#237;rus potencialmente fatal, mas um paciente que, apesar do benef&#237;cio das novas terapias antirretrovirais, poder&#225; ter o progn&#243;stico prejudicado por comorbidades, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Evan&#237;zio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. The Lancet. 2008; 372 (9635): 293-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Dihel LA, Dias JR, Paes AC, Thomazini MC, Garcia LR, Cinagawa E, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008; 52 (4): 658-67. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Chow DC, Souza SA, Chen R, Richmond-Crum SM, Grandinetti A, Shikuma C. Elevated blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials. 2003; 4 (6): 411-6. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy. J Hypertens. 2008; 26 (11): 2126-33. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23 (8): 625-30. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Khalsa A, Karim R, Mack WJ, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, et al. Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS. 2007; 21 (18): 2539-41. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006; 20 (7): 1019-26. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Palacios R, Santos J, Garc&#237;a A, Castells E, Gonz&#225;lez M, Ruiz J, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. 2006; 7 (1): 10-5. </p>
    <p>9. Thi&#233;baut R, El-Sadr WM, Friis-M&#248;ller N, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, Monforte AD. Data Collection of Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs Study Group. Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2005; 10 (7): 811-23.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Magalh&#227;es MG, Greenberg B, Hansen H, Glick M. Comorbidities in older patients with HIV: a retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138 (11): 1468-75. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Chobanian AV, Bakris, GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL , et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42 (6): 1206-52. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short and Long Forms. 2005. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf">http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf</ext-link>.  </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1996. </p>
    <p>14. Passos VMA, Assis TD, Barreto SM. Hypertension in Brazil: estimates from population-based prevalence studies. Epidemiologia e Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de. 2006; 15 (1): 35-45.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ATLAS, Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil: v. 1. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/">http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/coracoesdobrasil/atlas/default.asp/</ext-link>. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Coloma Conde AG, Alvarez Albarr&#225;n M, Roca-Cusachs Coll A, Domingo Pedrol P, Puig Campmany M. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and lipid profile in HIV patients. Med Clin (Barc). 2008; 131 (18): 681-4. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Dusek JA, Hibberd PL, Buczynski RN, Chang, BH, Dusek KC, Johnston JM. Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: a randomized trial. J Altern Complem Med. 2008; 14 (2): 129-38. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 (9438): 937-52. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Zirpoli JC. Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco associados &#224; angina de peito em pacientes com HIV/AIDS. [Disserta&#231;&#227;o].Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2008. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Pupulin ART, Cassarotti D, Mosko L, Ando MH, Spack Jr M, Vieira S, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular em pacientes que fazem uso de terapia anti-retroviral. Rev Bras Anal Clin. 2008; 40 (3): 183-6. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Matos MFD, Souza e Silva NA, Pimenta AJ, Cunha AJ. Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobr&#225;s. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (1): 1-4. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Jenei Z, P&#225;ll D, Katona E, Kakuk G, Polg&#225;r P. The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Public Health. 2002; 116 (3): 138-44. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Sarno F, Bandoni DH, Jaime PC. Excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial em trabalhadores de empresas beneficiadas pelo Programa de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o do Trabalhador (PAT). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2008; 11 (3): 453-62. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Siqueira FV, Nahas MV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al . Aconselhamento para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica como estrat&#233;gia de educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2009; 25 (1): 203-13. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Pickering TG. Lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: is the glass half full or half empty? JAMA. 2003; 289 (16): 2131-2. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers. J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15 (6): 367-72. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Evanizio Roque de Arruda Junior </p>
        <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Maur&#237;cio, 1229 - Mana&#237;ra </p>
        <p> 58038-000 - Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="evanizio@cardiol.br">evanizio@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/04/09; revisado recebido em 26/02/10; aceito em 28/04/10.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>Full texts in English -</italic>
      </bold>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. The Lancet. 2008; 372 (9635): 293-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies</article-title>
          <source>The Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>9635</issue>
          <volume>372</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Dihel LA, Dias JR, Paes AC, Thomazini MC, Garcia LR, Cinagawa E, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008; 52 (4): 658-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco cardiovascular</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>658</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dihel</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paes</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomazini</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cinagawa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chow DC, Souza SA, Chen R, Richmond-Crum SM, Grandinetti A, Shikuma C. Elevated blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials. 2003; 4 (6): 411-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Elevated blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy</article-title>
          <source>HIV Clin Trials</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chow</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richmond-Crum</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grandinetti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shikuma</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy. J Hypertens. 2008; 26 (11): 2126-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2126</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baekken</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Os</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandvik</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oektedalen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23 (8): 625-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>625</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bergersen</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandvik</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruun</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tonstad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Khalsa A, Karim R, Mack WJ, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, et al. Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS. 2007; 21 (18): 2539-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study</article-title>
          <source>AIDS</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2539</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khalsa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karim</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minkoff</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006; 20 (7): 1019-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy</article-title>
          <source>AIDS</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1019</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crane</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Rompaey</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitahata</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Palacios R, Santos J, Garc&#237;a A, Castells E, Gonz&#225;lez M, Ruiz J, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. 2006; 7 (1): 10-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in a cohort of naive patients</article-title>
          <source>HIV Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castells</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Data Collection of Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs Study Group: Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients</article-title>
          <source>Antivir Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thi&#233;baut</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Sadr</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friis-M&#248;ller</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rickenbach</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiss</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monforte</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Magalh&#227;es MG, Greenberg B, Hansen H, Glick M. Comorbidities in older patients with HIV: a retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138 (11): 1468-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comorbidities in older patients with HIV: a retrospective study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Dent Assoc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1468</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glick</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Chobanian AV, Bakris, GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL , et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42 (6): 1206-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1206</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chobanian</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>GL</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izzo Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12.	International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short and Long Forms. 2005. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf">http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Short and Long Forms</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1996.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Biostatistical analysis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zar</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hypertension in Brazil: estimates from population-based prevalence studies</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiologia e Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>VMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ATLAS, Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil: v. 1. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/">http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/coracoesdobrasil/atlas/default.asp/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>ATLAS, Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
            <day>01</day>
            <month>04</month>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Coloma Conde AG, Alvarez Albarr&#225;n M, Roca-Cusachs Coll A, Domingo Pedrol P, Puig Campmany M. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and lipid profile in HIV patients. Med Clin (Barc). 2008; 131 (18): 681-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of arterial hypertension and lipid profile in HIV patients</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin (Barc)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>681</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coloma Conde</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvarez Albarr&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roca-Cusachs Coll</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domingo Pedrol</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puig Campmany</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Dusek JA, Hibberd PL, Buczynski RN, Chang, BH, Dusek KC, Johnston JM. Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: a randomized trial. J Altern Complem Med. 2008; 14 (2): 129-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: a randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>J Altern Complem Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dusek</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hibberd</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buczynski</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>BH</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dusek</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnston</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 (9438): 937-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case control study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>937</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>9438</issue>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawken</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ounpuu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dans</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Zirpoli JC. Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco associados &#224; angina de peito em pacientes com HIV/AIDS. [Disserta&#231;&#227;o].Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco associados &#224; angina de peito em pacientes com HIV/AIDS</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zirpoli</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Pupulin ART, Cassarotti D, Mosko L, Ando MH, Spack Jr M, Vieira S, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular em pacientes que fazem uso de terapia anti-retroviral. Rev Bras Anal Clin. 2008; 40 (3): 183-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular em pacientes que fazem uso de terapia anti-retroviral</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Anal Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>183</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pupulin</surname>
              <given-names>ART</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassarotti</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosko</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ando</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spack Jr</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Matos MFD, Souza e Silva NA, Pimenta AJ, Cunha AJ. Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobr&#225;s. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (1): 1-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobr&#225;s</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>MFD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Jenei Z, P&#225;ll D, Katona E, Kakuk G, Polg&#225;r P. The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Public Health. 2002; 116 (3): 138-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary</article-title>
          <source>Public Health</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jenei</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#225;ll</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katona</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kakuk</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polg&#225;r</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Sarno F, Bandoni DH, Jaime PC. Excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial em trabalhadores de empresas beneficiadas pelo Programa de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o do Trabalhador (PAT). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2008; 11 (3): 453-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial em trabalhadores de empresas beneficiadas pelo Programa de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o do Trabalhador (PAT)</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>453</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarno</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandoni</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaime</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Siqueira FV, Nahas MV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al . Aconselhamento para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica como estrat&#233;gia de educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2009; 25 (1): 203-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aconselhamento para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica como estrat&#233;gia de educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>FV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Facchini</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccini</surname>
              <given-names>RX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomasi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Pickering TG. Lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: is the glass half full or half empty? JAMA. 2003; 289 (16): 2131-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: is the glass half full or half empty?</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2131</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pickering</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers. J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15 (6): 367-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>367</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okubo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suwazono</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Art&#237;culos Originales</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Perfil de los pacientes con hipertensi&#243;n arterial incluidos en una cohorte con VIH/SIDA en Pernambuco, Brasil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evanizio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; Heloisa Ramos Lacerda<sup>II,III</sup>; L&#237;bia Cristina Rocha Vilela Moura<sup>II</sup>; Maria de F&#225;tima Pessoa Milit&#227;o de Albuquerque<sup>II,IV</sup>; Dem&#243;crito de Barros Miranda Filho<sup>II</sup>; George Tadeu Nunes Diniz<sup>IV</sup>; Val&#233;ria Maria Gon&#231;alves de Albuquerque<sup>III</sup>; Josefina Cl&#225;udia Zirpoli Amaral<sup>II</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Soares Monteiro<sup>III</sup>; Ricardo Alencar de Arraes Ximenes<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es - FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondencia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica (HAS) es factor de riesgo modificable, cuyo control puede reducir enfermedad cardiovascular en los pacientes con virus de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (VIH).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Estimar la prevalencia de HAS y describir las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con HAS y prehipertensi&#243;n infectados por el VIH/SIDA.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudio seccional alineado a una cohorte de pacientes con VIH/SIDA. Se consider&#243; hipertensi&#243;n en niveles <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg el uso de antihipertensivos y prehipertensi&#243;n en niveles &gt; 120/80 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De los 958 pacientes, 388 (40,5%) eran normotensos, 325 (33,9%) prehipertensos, y 245 (25,6%) hipertensos. De esos 245 pacientes, 172 (70,2%) sab&#237;an que eran hipertensos, y 36 (14,8%) presentaban presi&#243;n arterial controlada. Tuvieron diagn&#243;stico de HAS despu&#233;s del diagn&#243;stico de VIH 62 pacientes (54,4%). Lipodistrofia ocurri&#243; en 95 (46,1%) de los pacientes, sobrepeso/obesidad en 129 (52,7%). Utilizaci&#243;n de antirretrovirales ocurri&#243; en 184 (85,9%), 89 (41,6%) con inhibidores de proteasa (IP) y 95 (44,4%) sin IP. Utilizaban antivirales &gt; 24 meses 74,7%. Edad, antecedentes familiares de hipertensi&#243;n, circunferencia abdominal, &#237;ndice de masa corporal y triglic&#233;ridos fueron mayores entre pacientes hipertensos. Tiempo de infecci&#243;n por el VIH, recuento de linfocitos CD4, carga viral, tiempo y tipo de esquema antirretroviral fueron semejantes en los hipertensos y prehipertensos.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> La elevada frecuencia de hipertensos no controlados y de riesgos cardiovasculares en los infectados por el VIH se&#241;alan la necesidad de medidas preventivas y terap&#233;uticas contra HAS en ese grupo. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 95(5): 640-647)</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras-clave:</bold> Hipertensi&#243;n / prevenci&#243;n &amp; control, s&#237;ndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA), VIH, estilo de vida, factores de riesgo, antihipertensivos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mientras que los pacientes con infecci&#243;n por el VIH/SIDA experimentan aumento significativo en la sobrevida en virtud del control de la infecci&#243;n por medio de la terapia antirretroviral (TARV) potente<sup>1</sup>, una frecuencia aumentada de enfermedad cardiovascular de origen ateroscler&#243;tico ha sido evidenciada en ese grupo, probablemente a consecuencia de la suma de la infecci&#243;n viral cr&#243;nica y de los efectos colaterales de los antirretrovirales que resultan en disturbios metab&#243;licos (intolerancia a la glucosa, dislipidemia, lipodistrofia) y en da&#241;o endotelial<sup>2</sup>. De ese modo, la aparici&#243;n de hipertensi&#243;n arterial traer&#237;a un factor m&#225;s de riesgo para el sistema cardiovascular o, eventualmente, se constituir&#237;a, por s&#237; s&#243;lo, en una consecuencia del da&#241;o vascular determinado por el VIH.</p>
      <p>Los datos de prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica (HAS) en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA son variables. Aunque algunos autores relaten prevalencias mayores de presi&#243;n elevada<sup>3</sup> y HAS<sup>4</sup> en ese grupo, comparadas a la prevalencia de la HAS en individuos sin la infecci&#243;n, otros estudios presentan prevalencia similar de la HAS entre hombres y mujeres con VIH y individuos sin la infecci&#243;n<sup>4-6</sup>. Otro aspecto que tambi&#233;n presenta resultados diversos es el papel de los antirretrovirales en la gen&#233;sis de la HAS. Aunque algunos autores<sup>4,7,8</sup> hayan constatado asociaci&#243;n de la HAS al mayor tiempo de utilizaci&#243;n de antirretrovirales y al empleo de esquemas que contengan inhibidores de proteasa, otros estudios<sup>5,6,9</sup> no constataron asociaci&#243;n del aparici&#243;n de HAS a la utilizaci&#243;n el empleo de esquema antirretroviral . En el Brasil, esos datos son aun m&#225;s escasos, con el estudio de Diehl et al<sup>2</sup>, que fue realizado en Londrina, Paran&#225;, y mostr&#243; prevalencia de 32% de hipertensi&#243;n en pacientes VIH positivos atendidos en ambulatorio; y el trabajo de Magalh&#227;es et al<sup>10</sup>, que mostr&#243; prevalencia de 41,4% de hipertensi&#243;n en individuos con m&#225;s de 50 a&#241;os infectados por el VIH.</p>
      <p>El presente trabajo pretende verificar, diagnosticar y clasificar la HAS en pacientes adultos incluidos en una cohorte de pacientes que viven con VIH/SIDA, as&#237; como estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo y de caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas presentes en los hipertensos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se trata de un estudio seccional en andamiento en Recife, Pernambuco, alineado a una cohorte para el estudio de enfermedad cardiovascular y disturbios metab&#243;licos en individuos con VIH/SIDA mayores de 18 a&#241;os. El estudio fue realizado en el per&#237;odo de junio de 2007 a diciembre de 2008 e incluy&#243; el an&#225;lisis basal de los primeros 1.000 pacientes incluidos en la cohorte. Los individuos fueron atendidos en los ambulatorios del Hospital Universitario Oswaldo Cruz de la Universidad de Pernambuco y del Hospital Corr&#234;a Pican&#231;o, de la Secretar&#237;a de Salud del Estado de Pernambuco, seleccionados consecutivamente. Respondieron un cuestionario y tuvieron presi&#243;n arterial (PA), peso, altura y circunferencia abdominal medidos por t&#233;cnicos entrenados. Fue llenada una ficha de recolecci&#243;n de datos que conten&#237;a informaciones del tiempo de infecci&#243;n por el VIH, tipo de tratamiento antirretroviral, recuentos de linfocitos CD4 y carga viral, obtenidos del historia cl&#237;nica. Fue recogida muestra de sangre para tests de glucemia, dosajes de colesterol y triglic&#233;ridos.</p>
      <p>Para la medida de la PA, fue utilizado estetoscopio marca BD y esfigmoman&#243;metro de columna de mercurio marca Missouri, debidamente calibrado por el INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrolog&#237;a, Normalizaci&#243;n y Calidad Industrial). El diagn&#243;stico de HAS fue confirmado en una segunda visita, realizada con intervalo de hasta dos meses. En ambas visitas, fueron realizadas dos medidas de la presi&#243;n arterial en uno de los miembros superiores, utiliz&#225;ndose, al final, las medias de las presiones sist&#243;licas y diast&#243;licas. La clasificaci&#243;n de la HAS fue realizada de acuerdo con la clasificaci&#243;n del <italic>Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic> (JNC 7),<sup>11</sup> que considera cuatro niveles, en mmHg: normal (PA sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 y PA diast&#243;lica &lt; 80); prehipertensi&#243;n (PA sist&#243;lica entre 120-139 o PA diast&#243;lica entre 80-89); hipertensi&#243;n nivel 1 (PA sist&#243;lica entre 140-159 o PA diast&#243;lica entre 90-99) y hipertensi&#243;n nivel 2 (PA sist&#243;lica <sup>3</sup> 160 o PA diast&#243;lica <sup>3</sup> 100)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>El c&#225;lculo del &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC) fue realizado de acuerdo con la f&#243;rmula IMC = [peso (kg)] / [altura (m)<sup>2</sup>]. Actividad f&#237;sica regular fue definida como la pr&#225;ctica de ejercicios f&#237;sicos laborales o l&#250;dicos, calculado por el equivalente metab&#243;lico en la &#250;ltima semana de la entrevista, de acuerdo con el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad F&#237;sica (IPAQ)<sup>12</sup>. Se consider&#243; tabaquista todo individuo que declar&#243; ser fumante en el momento de la entrevista, independientemente de la cantidad de cigarrillos. El consumo de bebida alcoh&#243;lica fue clasificado de acuerdo con el cuestionario estandarizado para ese fin.</p>
      <p>El presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica en Investigaci&#243;n de la Universidad de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico de los datos fue hecho con el <italic>software</italic> de estad&#237;stica "R" (The R Project for Statistical Computing: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.r-project.org">www.r-project.org</ext-link>). Para el an&#225;lisis comparativo entre las variables categ&#243;ricas fue aplicado el test qui-cuadrado, y, cuando fue necesario, el test de Fisher. Para el an&#225;lisis comparativo de las variables continuas, fue utilizado el test <italic>t</italic>-student. Los valores de p &lt; 0,05 indican significancia estad&#237;stica<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fueron evaluados, consecutivamente, 1.000 individuos con VIH/SIDA. Hubo p&#233;rdida de tres pacientes (0,3%) por estar gr&#225;vidas y la exclusi&#243;n de 39 pacientes (3,9%) por poseer apenas una medida de la PA. As&#237;, el universo del presente estudio fue compuesto de 958 sujetos. De ese total, 584 pacientes (61%) eran del sexo masculino y 374 del sexo femenino (39%); 50% ten&#237;an hasta 40 a&#241;os, y la otra mitad, m&#225;s de 40 a&#241;os de edad. La media de edad de los individuos de la cohorte fue de 39,58 <underline>+</underline> 10,03 a&#241;os.</p>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a13fig01m-body2">Figura 1</xref> presenta la distribuci&#243;n de los entrevistados de acuerdo con la clasificaci&#243;n de los niveles de PA y las categor&#237;as de hipertensi&#243;n. Entre los evaluados, 388 (40,5%) presentaron presi&#243;n arterial dentro de la franja normal; 325 (33,9%) fueron considerados prehipertensos; y 245 (25,6%), hipertensos. Ciento setenta y dos pacientes (70,2%) sab&#237;an que eran portadores de hipertensi&#243;n, y 95 de ellos (38,8%) hac&#237;an uso continuo de medicaci&#243;n antihipertensiva. Apenas 36 (20,9%), que sab&#237;an que eran hipertensos, estaban con los niveles de tensi&#243;n controlados.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_a13fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Del total de hipertensos, 156 (63,7%) eran hombres; 145 (59,2%), pardos; 63 (25,7%), blancos; y 28 (11,4%), negros; 174 (71,0%) ten&#237;an historia familiar de HAS. El tabaquismo ocurri&#243; en 56 (23,1%), consumo diario de frutas en 139 (57,7%) y de verduras en 171 (71,2%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab01m-body2">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a13tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Lipodistrofia estaba presente en 95 pacientes (46,1%); sobrepeso, en 95 (38,8%); y obesidad, en 34 (13,9%). La circunferencia abdominal estaba aumentada, seg&#250;n los criterios del NCEP-ATP III, en 72 (29,5%) y, seg&#250;n los criterios del IDF, en 126 (51,6%). La <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab02m-body2">Tabla 2</xref> muestra que, en relaci&#243;n a la dislipidemia, el colesterol total &gt; 200 mg% ocurri&#243; en 43 (30,9%), la fracci&#243;n LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg% en 24 (22,0%), HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg% en 75 (52,1%), triglic&#233;ridos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg% en 84 (60,0%) y glucemia <underline>&gt; </underline>110mg/dL en diez pacientes (7,1%).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a13tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>La carga viral estaba indetectable o &lt; 10.000 copias en 54 (80,6%), y los niveles de linfocitos CD4 estaban &gt; 350 cel/mm3 en 80 (63,5%). Se utilizaron antirretrovirales en 184 pacientes (85,9%) e inhibidores de proteasa (IP) en 89 (41,6%). Sin embargo, no se hizo uso de IP en 95 pacientes (44,4%). Cerca de 127 pacientes (74,7%) utilizaban TARV por m&#225;s de 24 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab03m-body2">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a13tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>La comparaci&#243;n entre los hipertensos y prehipertensos mostr&#243; semejanza en la mayor&#237;a de los factores de riesgo, excepto en la edad, antecedentes familiares de hipertensi&#243;n, circunferencia abdominal, IMC y dosaje de los triglic&#233;ridos, que fueron mayores en los hipertensos que en los prehipertensos. La actividad f&#237;sica fue m&#225;s intensa en los prehipertensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a13fig02m-body2">Figura 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab01m-body2">Tablas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab02m-body2">2</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab03m-body2">3</xref>). Los par&#225;metros relacionados a la infecci&#243;n por el VIH y al tratamiento, tales como la carga viral, el recuento de linfocitos CD4, la utilizaci&#243;n de antirretrovirales, el tipo de esquema antirretroviral y la duraci&#243;n de su utilizaci&#243;n, no difirieron entre los hipertensos y los prehipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab03m-body2">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_a13fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio incluy&#243; 958 individuos infectados por el VIH, en la mayor&#237;a pacientes con diagn&#243;stico previo de SIDA y uso de TARV hace m&#225;s de 24 meses, y revel&#243; una prevalencia de 25,6% de hipertensi&#243;n y de 33,9% de prehipertensi&#243;n. A pesar de que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio ya hab&#237;an desarrollo SIDA, la media de linfocitos CD4 fue de 470 c&#233;lulas, y 80,6% de los pacientes presentaban carga viral indetectable o baja, datos que sugieren fuertemente el uso efectivo de la TARV. Al contrario, en relaci&#243;n a la hipertensi&#243;n, apenas 14,7% de los hipertensos estaban con la HAS controlada.</p>
      <p>La m&#225;s nueva edici&#243;n del <italic>JNC 7<sup>11</sup></italic> clasific&#243; la presi&#243;n arterial en normal, prehipertensi&#243;n, hipertensi&#243;n nivel 1 y hipertensi&#243;n nivel 2. La nueva estratificaci&#243;n en "prehipertensi&#243;n" es un alerta a los m&#233;dicos y pacientes, pues se constat&#243; que la morbilidad y la mortalidad cardiovasculares se inician con esos valores o hasta aun con valores menores<sup>11</sup>. En nuestra cohorte, una gran parte de los individuos viviendo con el VIH/SIDA, o sea, 325 (33,9%), present&#243; niveles pres&#243;ricos dentro de la franja de prehipertensi&#243;n, lo que se&#241;ala la importancia de la orientaci&#243;n sobre h&#225;bitos de vida saludables en esa poblaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>En cuanto a la prevalencia de la HAS, dos estudios importantes fueron realizados en el Brasil para evaluar la prevalencia de la HAS en la poblaci&#243;n en general. El primero trata de la compilaci&#243;n de estudios sobre prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n en diferentes sexos y franjas et&#225;reas en diversas regiones del Brasil, realizados entre 1993 y 2004<sup>14</sup>. El segundo, denominado "<italic>Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil</italic>" y realizado por la <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>, evalu&#243; prospectivamente 2.550 individuos, de diferentes franjas et&#225;reas, en varias ciudades del Brasil a partir de 2005<sup>15</sup>. En esos dos estudios, se verific&#243; una prevalencia general de hipertensi&#243;n en cerca de 28,5%, siendo m&#225;s alta en el Nordeste, onde alcanz&#243; 31,8%. Se puede, as&#237;, concluir que la prevalencia de la HAS en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA que contabilizaron 25,6% en ese estudio no fue diferente de aquella constatada en la poblaci&#243;n brasile&#241;a.</p>
      <p>En un estudio italiano que comprendi&#243; 287 pacientes VIH positivos, en uso de TARV, se verific&#243; una prevalencia de 34,2% contra 11,9% en los pacientes del grupo-control (P &lt; 0,0001)<sup>9</sup>. En el <italic>Estudio Data Collection</italic> <italic>on Adverse Events of Anti-VIH Drugs</italic> (DAD, 2005), importante cohorte internacional, se concluy&#243; que la PA elevada en individuos infectados por el VIH est&#225; asociada a factores de riesgo tradicionales para hipertensi&#243;n<sup>9</sup>. No hubo evidencias de un riesgo asociado a ninguna de las clase de drogas antirretrovirales<sup>9</sup>, aunque el uso de NNRTI est&#233; "tradicionalmente" asociado a un bajo riesgo de desarrollo de hipertensi&#243;n. En el estudio africano (<italic>Women's Interagency VIH Study</italic>, 2007)<sup>6</sup>, realizado en una cohorte compuesta apenas de mujeres VIH positivas, la prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n fue similar entre las 1.266 mujeres VIH positivas y 368 VIH negativas (26 <italic>versus</italic> 28%, P = 0,3800). Reciente estudio en 2008<sup>4</sup>, en una cohorte noruega de 542 individuos con VIH/SIDA, la prevalencia de HA fue de 36,5%, semejante a la de la poblaci&#243;n en general. Un estudio realizado en Espa&#241;a<sup>16</sup> detect&#243; una alta prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n en el grupo VIH (25% <italic>versus</italic> 15%; P &lt; 0,001), cuando fue comparado a pacientes controles VIH negativos.</p>
      <p>En cuanto al tratamiento de la infecci&#243;n por el VIH/SIDA en el presente estudio, se observ&#243; que la prevalencia del uso de esquemas conteniendo IP en los hipertensos fue de 41,6%, y de esquemas sin IP fue de 44,4%. En cuanto al tipo de esquemas ARV (conteniendo IP el ITRNN) envueltos en la g&#233;nesis de la HAS, a pesar de la proporci&#243;n del uso de IP haber sido mayor entre los hipertensos que en la poblaci&#243;n general de infectados, el dise&#241;o de estudio utilizado no permite conclusiones sobre el tema. Se observa tambi&#233;n que la utilizaci&#243;n de esquemas antivirales de los m&#225;s variados, o sea, simples o complejos, no impide la adherencia a los antirretrovirales, mientras que el tratamiento de la hipertensi&#243;n, en general, despierta menos inter&#233;s por parte del paciente y aun del m&#233;dico asistente, reflej&#225;ndose en apenas 14,7% de pacientes con la HAS controlada. Se trata de una enfermedad generalmente oligo/asintom&#225;tica que, por la elevada prevalencia en la poblaci&#243;n, ciertamente desencadena menores recelos y fantas&#237;as de muerte que las generadas por el VIH.</p>
      <p>Varios factores de estilo de vida deben influenciar directamente los niveles pres&#243;ricos, tanto en una dimensi&#243;n individual cuanto poblacional. De esos, los factores de estilo de vida m&#225;s importantes son grasa corporal en exceso (sobrepeso/obesidad), consumo de alcohol, actividad f&#237;sica insuficiente, tabaquismo, estr&#233;s y una variedad de componentes de la dieta<sup>17</sup>, como inadecuado consumo de frutas y verduras<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sabi&#233;ndose que el tabaquismo es un factor de riesgo ya definido para hipertensi&#243;n, observando la <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a13tab01m-body2">Tabla 1</xref>, se nota una prevalencia de tabaquismo de 23,1% en la casu&#237;stica, pr&#243;xima de valores encontrados por otro estudio en la poblaci&#243;n brasile&#241;a<sup>14</sup>. Un estudio en individuos con VIH/SIDA y portadores de angina de pecho<sup>19</sup> detect&#243; prevalencia total de fumantes de 24% en Pernambuco, mientras que Pupulin et al<sup>20</sup> verificaron una tasa de 35% en Paran&#225;.</p>
      <p>La elevada prevalencia de exceso de peso (sobrepeso/obesidad) (52,7%) en esa poblaci&#243;n de hipertensos con VIH/SIDA est&#225; de acuerdo con los preocupantes &#237;ndices de sobrepeso presentados en la literatura, que demostr&#243; una prevalencia de 53,7-58% de individuos con IMC encima de 25 en diferentes poblaciones<sup>21,22</sup>. Entre trabajadores brasile&#241;os, se verific&#243; una prevalencia elevada de exceso de peso de, aproximadamente, 46% y de HAS de, aproximadamente, 30%, principalmente en el sexo masculino<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>De acuerdo con las directrices del JNC 7<sup>11</sup>, es recomendado realizar, por lo menos, treinta minutos de actividad f&#237;sica la mayor&#237;a de los d&#237;as de la semana. En nuestra casu&#237;stica de 245 hipertensos, 129 de los entrevistados (52, 6%) refieren no realizar ejercicios f&#237;sicos (inactivos/poco activos), y apenas 106 del total (47,4%) practican actividad f&#237;sica regular (alta/moderada). Otros autores tambi&#233;n encontraron altas prevalencias de sedentarismo en nuestro medio, variando de 31,8% para adultos y 58,0% para a&#241;osos en la poblaci&#243;n en general<sup>24</sup>. Se observ&#243; diferencia significativa en la pr&#225;ctica de actividad f&#237;sica entre los hipertensos y prehipertensos en el presente estudio, se&#241;alando que la actividad f&#237;sica podr&#237;a estar protegiendo, tambi&#233;n en esa poblaci&#243;n, de la aparici&#243;n de niveles pres&#243;ricos m&#225;s elevados.</p>
      <p>En el presente trabajo, el consumo de bebidas alcoh&#243;licas considerado pesado/dependiente fue referido por 27 de los pacientes hipertensos (11,8%) y 45 de los prehipertensos (14,8%), sin diferencia entre los grupos. El uso excesivo de bebidas alcoh&#243;licas est&#225; asociado a la HAS, y la restricci&#243;n de la ingesta alcoh&#243;lica puede disminuir la presi&#243;n arterial<sup>25,26</sup>, lo que es una modificaci&#243;n del estilo de vida recomendada por el JNC 7<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cuanto al momento del diagn&#243;stico de la hipertensi&#243;n, m&#225;s de la mitad (54,4%) la descubri&#243; despu&#233;s del diagn&#243;stico del VIH, y muchos (29,8%) no sab&#237;an que ten&#237;an ese diagn&#243;stico hasta la realizaci&#243;n del presente estudio. Adem&#225;s de eso, apenas 21% de los pacientes que sab&#237;an ser hipertensos ten&#237;an los niveles pres&#243;ricos adecuadamente controlados. Esos hallazgos parecen indicar que los pacientes no fueron avisados por los m&#233;dicos infect&#243;logos de la presencia de la hipertensi&#243;n o que ambos no tomaron conocimiento del diagn&#243;stico de HAS, a consecuencia de la "dictadura virol&#243;gica", o sea, todas las preocupaciones est&#225;n volcadas al control del VIH. O, al contrario, la utilizaci&#243;n prolongada de los antirretrovirales podr&#237;a haber sido el factor determinante de la aparici&#243;n de la hipertensi&#243;n, aspecto que parece poco probable delante de los datos aqu&#237; presentados.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Finalizando, la evaluaci&#243;n de una poblaci&#243;n con VIH/SIDA por medio de la nueva clasificaci&#243;n internacional del JNC 7 revel&#243; prevalencia de prehipertensi&#243;n e hipertensi&#243;n arterial en m&#225;s de la mitad de la poblaci&#243;n. Cabe alertar al cl&#237;nico que atiende al portador del VIH/SIDA que &#233;ste no es solamente un individuo infectado por un virus potencialmente fatal, sino un paciente que, a pesar del beneficio de las nuevas terapias antirretrovirales, podr&#225; tener el pron&#243;stico perjudicado por comorbilidades, como la hipertensi&#243;n arterial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio fue financiado por el Programa Nacional de DST/SIDA - Ministerio de Salud.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de tesis de Doctorado de Evan&#237;zio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior por la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. The Lancet. 2008; 372 (9635): 293-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Dihel LA, Dias JR, Paes AC, Thomazini MC, Garcia LR, Cinagawa E, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008; 52 (4): 658-67. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Chow DC, Souza SA, Chen R, Richmond-Crum SM, Grandinetti A, Shikuma C. Elevated blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials. 2003; 4 (6): 411-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy. J Hypertens. 2008; 26 (11): 2126-33. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23 (8): 625-30. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Khalsa A, Karim R, Mack WJ, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, et al. Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS. 2007; 21 (18): 2539-41. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006; 20 (7): 1019-26. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Palacios R, Santos J, Garc&#237;a A, Castells E, Gonz&#225;lez M, Ruiz J, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. 2006; 7 (1): 10-5. </p>
      <p>9. Thi&#233;baut R, El-Sadr WM, Friis-M&#248;ller N, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, Monforte AD. Data Collection of Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs Study Group. Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2005; 10 (7): 811-23.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Magalh&#227;es MG, Greenberg B, Hansen H, Glick M. Comorbidities in older patients with HIV: a retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138 (11): 1468-75. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Chobanian AV, Bakris, GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL , et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42 (6): 1206-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short and Long Forms. 2005. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf">http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf</ext-link>.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1996. </p>
      <p>14. Passos VMA, Assis TD, Barreto SM. Hypertension in Brazil: estimates from population-based prevalence studies. Epidemiologia e Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de. 2006; 15 (1): 35-45.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ATLAS, Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil: v. 1. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/">http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/coracoesdobrasil/atlas/default.asp/</ext-link>. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Coloma Conde AG, Alvarez Albarr&#225;n M, Roca-Cusachs Coll A, Domingo Pedrol P, Puig Campmany M. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and lipid profile in HIV patients. Med Clin (Barc). 2008; 131 (18): 681-4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Dusek JA, Hibberd PL, Buczynski RN, Chang, BH, Dusek KC, Johnston JM. Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: a randomized trial. J Altern Complem Med. 2008; 14 (2): 129-38. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 (9438): 937-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Zirpoli JC. Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco associados &#224; angina de peito em pacientes com HIV/AIDS. [Disserta&#231;&#227;o].Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2008. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Pupulin ART, Cassarotti D, Mosko L, Ando MH, Spack Jr M, Vieira S, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular em pacientes que fazem uso de terapia anti-retroviral. Rev Bras Anal Clin. 2008; 40 (3): 183-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Matos MFD, Souza e Silva NA, Pimenta AJ, Cunha AJ. Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobr&#225;s. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (1): 1-4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Jenei Z, P&#225;ll D, Katona E, Kakuk G, Polg&#225;r P. The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Public Health. 2002; 116 (3): 138-44. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Sarno F, Bandoni DH, Jaime PC. Excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial em trabalhadores de empresas beneficiadas pelo Programa de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o do Trabalhador (PAT). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2008; 11 (3): 453-62. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Siqueira FV, Nahas MV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al . Aconselhamento para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica como estrat&#233;gia de educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2009; 25 (1): 203-13. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Pickering TG. Lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: is the glass half full or half empty? JAMA. 2003; 289 (16): 2131-2. </p>
      <p>26. Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers. J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15 (6): 367-72.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondencia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Evanizio Roque de Arruda Junior</p>
          <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Maur&#237;cio, 1229 - Mana&#237;ra</p>
          <p> 58038-000 - Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="evanizio@cardiol.br">evanizio@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Art&#237;culo recibido en 22/04/09; revisado recibido en 26/02/10; aceptado en 28/04/10</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Profile of patients with hypertension included in a cohort with HIV/AIDS in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HBP) is modifiable risk factor, whose control may reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and describe the characteristics of patients with hypertension infected by HIV/AIDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study aligned to a cohort of patients with HIV/AIDS. The study considered hypertension at levels &gt; 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs and pre-hypertension at levels &gt; 120/80 mmHg. RESULTS: Out of 958 patients, 388 (40.5%) were normotensive, 325 (33.9%) were pre-hypertensive, and 245 (25.6%) were hypertensive. Out of these 245 patients, 172 (70.2%) were aware of the fact there they were hypertensive, and 36 (14.8%) had blood pressure controlled. Sixty-two (62) patients (54.4%) were diagnosed with hypertension after HIV diagnosis. Lipodystrophy occurred in 95 (46.1%) patients; overweight/obesity in 129 (52.7%). Use of antiretrovirals occurred in 184 (85.9%), 89 (41.6%) with protease inhibitors (PI) and 95 (44.4%) without PI. Out of these patients, 74.7 used antivirals &gt; 24 months. Age, family history of hypertension, waist circumference, body mass index and triglyceride levels were higher among hypertensive patients. Time of HIV infection, CD4 count, viral load, time and type of antiretroviral regimen were similar in hypertensive and prehypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of uncontrolled hypertensive patients and cardiovascular risks in HIV-infected patients point out to the need for preventive and therapeutic measures against hypertension in this group.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>life style</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>antihypertensive agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Profile of patients with hypertension included in a cohort with HIV/AIDS in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evanizio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; Heloisa Ramos Lacerda<sup>II,III</sup>; L&#237;bia Cristina Rocha Vilela Moura<sup>II</sup>; Maria de F&#225;tima Pessoa Milit&#227;o de Albuquerque<sup>II,IV</sup>; Dem&#243;crito de Barros Miranda Filho<sup>II</sup>; George Tadeu Nunes Diniz<sup>IV</sup>; Val&#233;ria Maria Gon&#231;alves de Albuquerque<sup>III</sup>; Josefina Cl&#225;udia Zirpoli Amaral<sup>II</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Soares Monteiro<sup>III</sup>; Ricardo Alencar de Arraes Ximenes<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa - PB</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de Pernambuco</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto Aggeu Magalh&#227;es - FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body3">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Hypertension (HBP) is modifiable risk factor, whose control may reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of hypertension and describe the characteristics of patients with hypertension infected by HIV/AIDS.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study aligned to a cohort of patients with HIV/AIDS. The study considered hypertension at levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs and pre-hypertension at levels &gt; 120/80 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Out of 958 patients, 388 (40.5%) were normotensive, 325 (33.9%) were pre-hypertensive, and 245 (25.6%) were hypertensive. Out of these 245 patients, 172 (70.2%) were aware of the fact there they were hypertensive, and 36 (14.8%) had blood pressure controlled. Sixty-two (62) patients (54.4%) were diagnosed with hypertension after HIV diagnosis. Lipodystrophy occurred in 95 (46.1%) patients; overweight/obesity in 129 (52.7%). Use of antiretrovirals occurred in 184 (85.9%), 89 (41.6%) with protease inhibitors (PI) and 95 (44.4%) without PI. Out of these patients, 74.7 used antivirals &gt; 24 months. Age, family history of hypertension, waist circumference, body mass index and triglyceride levels were higher among hypertensive patients. Time of HIV infection, CD4 count, viral load, time and type of antiretroviral regimen were similar in hypertensive and prehypertensive patients.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high frequency of uncontrolled hypertensive patients and cardiovascular risks in HIV-infected patients point out to the need for preventive and therapeutic measures against hypertension in this group. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension/prevention &amp; control; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); HIV: life style; risk factors; antihypertensive agents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>While there has been a significant increase in the survival rate of patients with HIV/AIDS, due to control of infection by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)<sup>1</sup>, there has been evidence of an increased frequency of cardiovascular disease of atherosclerotic origin in this group, probably due to the combination of chronic viral infection and the side effects of antiretroviral drugs, which results in metabolic disorders (glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, lipoatrophy) and endothelial damage<sup>2</sup>. Thus, the onset of hypertension would bring an additional risk factor for the cardiovascular system or, it would constitute, in itself, a consequence of the vascular damage determined by the HIV.</p>
      <p>The data on the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in patients with HIV/AIDS vary. Even though some authors have reported higher prevalence of high blood pressure<sup>3</sup> and systemic arterial hypertension<sup>4</sup> in this group, compared to the prevalence of SAH in subjects without infection, other studies have found similar prevalence of SAH between men and women with HIV and individuals without the infection<sup>4-6</sup>. Another aspect that also shows different results is the role of antiretroviral drugs in the genesis of SAH. Even though some authors<sup>4,7,8</sup> have found a relationship between SAH and the longer time of use of antiretroviral drugs and the use of regimens containing protease inhibitors, other studies<sup>5,6,9</sup> found no association between the onset of SAH and the use or employment of an antiretroviral regimen. In Brazil, these data are even scarcer, with the study by Diehl et al<sup>2</sup>, which was conducted in the city of Londrina, state of Paran&#225;, and which showed 32% prevalence of hypertension in HIV positive patients treated as outpatients<sup>2</sup>, and the work of Magalh&#227;es et al<sup>10</sup>, who showed 41.4% prevalence of hypertension in HIV-infected individuals over the age of 50<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this work is to verify, diagnose and classify SAH in adult patients included in a cohort of patients living with HIV/AIDS, and to estimate the prevalence of risk factors and epidemiological characteristics present in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study in progress in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, which is aligned with a cohort for the study of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders in individuals over the age of 18 with HIV/AIDS. The study was conducted from June 2007 to December 2008 and it included a baseline analysis of the first 1,000 patients included in the cohort. The subjects were treated in outpatient clinics of Oswaldo Cruz Hospital, of Pernambuco University, and in the outpatient clinics of Correa Picanco Hospital, of the Health Department of Pernambuco State, consecutively selected. They completed a questionnaire and their blood pressure (BP), weight, height and waist circumference were measured by trained technicians. A data collection form was filled out with information, contained in medical records, about how long the person had had the HIV infection, type of antiretroviral treatment, viral load and CD4 lymphocyte counts. A blood sample was collected for testing blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels.</p>
      <p>To measure the blood pressure, we used a BD<sup>TM</sup> stethoscope and a Missouri<sup>TM</sup> mercury column sphygmomanometer, duly calibrated by INMETRO (Brazilian Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality). The diagnosis of SAH was confirmed on a second visit, paid after an interval of up to two months. On both visits, two measurements of the blood pressure were made on one of the upper limbs, and in the end, the mean systolic and diastolic pressures were used. The SAH was classified according to the classification of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7)<sup>11</sup>, which considers four levels, in mmHg: normal (systolic BP &lt; 120 and diastolic BP &lt; 80); prehypertension (systolic BP between 120 and 139 or diastolic BP between 80 and 89); stage 1 hypertension (systolic BP between 140 and 159 or diastolic BP between 90 and 99) and stage 2 hypertension (systolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 160 or diastolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 100)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by using the BMI formula = [weight (kg)] / [height (m)<sup>2</sup>]. Regular physical activity was defined as the practice of physical activity during work breaks or leisure time, calculated by the metabolic equivalent of the last week of the interview, according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)<sup>12</sup>. All subjects who reported being a smoker at the time of the interview were considered smokers, regardless of the quantity of cigarettes. The consumption of alcohol was classified according to the standardized questionnaire intended for this purpose.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Pernambuco University.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis of the data was carried out by using the statistical software "R" (The R Project for Statistical Computing: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.r-project.org">www.r-project.org</ext-link>). For a comparative analysis of the categorical variables, we applied the chi-square test, and, when necessary, the Fisher's exact test. For the comparative analysis of continuous variables, we used the Student's t-test. p values &lt; 0.05 indicate statistical significance<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One thousand (1,000) individuals with HIV/AIDS were consecutively evaluated. There was the loss of three patients (0.3%), because they were pregnant and 39 patients (3.9%) were excluded because the BP of such patients had been measured only once. Thus, the universe of this study consisted of 958 subjects. Out of this total, 584 patients (61%) were male and 374 were female (39%); 50% of them were 40 years-old or younger, and the other half were over 40 years of age. The average age of the cohort was 39.58 &#177; 10.03 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop13410_ingfig01-body3">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of respondents according to the classification of BP levels and the categories of hypertension. Among the individuals evaluated, 388 (40.5%) had blood pressure within the normal range, 325 (33.9%) were considered prehypertensive, and 245 (25.6%) were considered hypertensive. One hundred and seventy-two patients (70.2%) knew they had hypertension, and 95 of them (38.8%) used antihypertensive medication on a continuous basis. The blood pressure levels were controlled in only 36 (20.9%) patients that knew that they were hypertensive.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop13410_ingfig01-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Out of the total of hypertensive patients, 156 (63.7%) were men, 145 (59.2%) were of mixed race; 63 (25.7%) were white; and 28 (11.4%) were black; 174 (71.0%) had a family history of SAH. Fifty-six (56) patients (23.1%) smoked, 139 (57.7%) ate fruit on a daily basis and 171 (71.2%) ate vegetables on a daily basis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab01-body3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop13410_ingtab01-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ninety-five (95) patients (46.1%) had lipodystrophy; 95 (38.8%) were overweight; and 34 (13.9%) were obese. The waist circumference was increased, according to criteria of NCEP-ATP III, in 72 (29.5%) patients and, according to the IDF's criteria, in 126 (51.6%) patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab02-body3">Table 2</xref> shows that, in relation to dyslipidemia, the total cholesterol level was &gt; 200 mg% in 43 (30.9%) patients, the LDL-cholesterol level was <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg% in 24 (22.0%), the HDL-cholesterol level was &lt; 40 mg% in 75 (52.1%), the triglyceride level was <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg% in 84 (60.0%) and the glucose levels were <underline>&gt;</underline> 110mg/dl in ten patients (7.1%). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop13410_ingtab02-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The viral load was undetectable or &lt; 10,000 copies in 54 patients (80.6%) and the CD4 lymphocyte levels were &gt; 350 cells/mm3 in 80 patients (63.5%). Antiretroviral drugs were used in 184 patients (85.9%) and protease inhibitors (PI) in 89 (41.6%). However, 95 patients (44.4%) did not use PI. Approximately 127 patients (74.7%) had been using antiretroviral drugs for more than 24 months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab03-body3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop13410_ingtab03-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A comparison between hypertensive and prehypertensive patients showed similarity in most risk factors, except for the fact that hypertensive patients were older, they had more cases of hypertension in their families, their waist circumference was larger, and their body mass index and triglyceride levels were higher. The physical activity of prehypertensive patients was more intense (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop13410_ingfig02-body3">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab01-body3">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab02-body3">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab03-body3">3</xref>). With respect to the parameters related to HIV infection and treatment, such as viral load, CD4 lymphocyte counts, the use of antiretroviral drugs, the type of antiretroviral regimen and duration of use, there was no difference between hypertensive and prehypertensive patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab03-body3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop13410_ingfig02-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-05-0640-00138-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study included 958 HIV-infected individuals, most of whom were patients that had been previously diagnosed with AIDS and who had used antiretroviral drugs for more than 24 months. The study also revealed prevalence of 25.6% of hypertension and 33.9% of pre-hypertension. Even though most patients included in the study had already developed AIDS, the average CD4 lymphocyte count was 470 cells, and 80.6% of patients had a low or undetectable viral load. These data strongly suggest the effective use of antiretroviral drugs. Conversely, in relation to hypertension, the SAH was controlled in only 14.7% of hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>The newest edition of JNC 7<sup>11</sup> categorized blood pressure into normal, prehypertension, "stage 1" hypertension and "stage 2" hypertension. The new "prehypertension" category is a warning to physicians and patients, because it was found that the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality begin with these values or even at lower values<sup>11</sup>. In our cohort, the blood pressure level of a large portion of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, i.e., 325 (33.9%), was within the pre-hypertension range, which indicates the importance of providing this population with guidance on how to lead a healthy lifestyle.</p>
      <p>With respect to the prevalence of SAH, two important studies were conducted in Brazil to assess the prevalence of SAH in the general population. The first one deals with the compilation of studies on the prevalence of hypertension in different genders and age groups in different regions of Brazil, conducted between 1993 and 2004<sup>14</sup>. The second one, called "Hearts of Brazil" and conducted by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, prospectively evaluated 2,550 individuals of different age groups, in several cities in Brazil from 2005 onwards<sup>15</sup>. In both studies, there was an overall prevalence of hypertension in about 28.5% of the individuals, and the highest prevalence was in the Northeast, where it reached 31.8%. Thus, one can conclude that the prevalence of SAH in patients with HIV/AIDS that accounted for 25.6% in this study was not different from that found in the Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>In an Italian study that included 287 HIV-positive patients, who were on HAART, there was prevalence of 34.2% against 11.9% in patients in the control group (p &lt; 0.0001)<sup>9</sup>. In the study called Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD, 2005), a leading international cohort, it was concluded that high blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals is associated with traditional risk factors for hypertension<sup>9</sup>. There was no evidence of a risk associated with any of the classes of antiretroviral drugs<sup>9</sup>, although the use of NNRTI is "traditionally" associated with a low risk of developing hypertension. In the African study (Women's Interagency HIV Study, 2007)<sup>6</sup> conducted with a cohort composed of only HIV positive women, the prevalence of hypertension in 1,266 HIV-positive women was similar to the prevalence of hypertension in 368 HIV-negative women (26 <italic>versus</italic> 28%, p = 0.3800). In a recent study conducted in 2008<sup>4</sup>, in a Norwegian cohort of 542 individuals with HIV/AIDS, hypertension was prevalent in 36.5% of the individuals, which is similar to the general population. A study in Spain<sup>16</sup> detected high prevalence of hypertension in the HIV group (25% <italic>versus</italic> 15%, p &lt; 0.001) when compared to HIV-negative control patients.</p>
      <p>With respect to the treatment of HIV infection in this study, it was found that the prevalence of PI-containing regimens in hypertensive patients was 41.6%, and the prevalence of regimens without PI was 44.4%. With respect to the type of antiretroviral regimens (containing PI or NNRTI) involved in the genesis of the SAH, even though the proportion of use of PI was greater among hypertensive patients than in the general population infected, the study design used does not allow reaching conclusions about the theme. It was also possible to notice that the use of different antiviral regimens, i.e. simple or complex regimens, does not preclude adherence to antiretroviral therapy, whereas the treatment of hypertension, in general, arouses less interest of the patient and even of the assistant physician, which explains why the hypertension was controlled in only 14.7% of the patients. It is a disease that is usually oligosymptomatic/asymptomatic and which, due to its high prevalence in the population, certainly creates less fear and fewer fantasies of death than the HIV. </p>
      <p>Several lifestyle factors are likely to have a direct influence on blood pressure levels, both from the perspective of individuals and from the perspective of the population. Among these, the most important lifestyle factors are excess body fat (overweight/obesity), alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, smoking, stress and a variety of dietary components<sup>17</sup>, such as inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowing that smoking is an established risk factor for hypertension, if one observes <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop13410_ingtab01-body3">Table 1</xref>, one will see that there is 23.1% prevalence of smoking in the sample, which is close to values found in another study in the Brazilian population<sup>14</sup>. A study with individuals with HIV/AIDS and patients with angina pectoris<sup>19</sup> detected 24% of total prevalence of smokers in Pernambuco State, while Pupulin et al. found a rate of 35% in Paran&#225; State<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of overweightness (overweightness/obesity) (52.7%) in this population of hypertensive patients with HIV/AIDS is in line with the alarming rates of overweightness described in the literature, which showed the prevalence of 53.7 to 58% of individuals with BMI above 25 in different populations<sup>21,22</sup>. Among Brazilian workers, there was high prevalence of overweightness (approximately 46%) and SAH (approximately 30%), mainly among males<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The guidelines of JNC 7<sup>11</sup> recommend doing least thirty minutes of physical exercises on most days of the week. In our sample of 245 hypertensive patients, 129 of the respondents (52.6%) reported not doing physical exercises (inactive/little active), and only 106 of the total (47.4%) reported doing physical exercises on a regular basis (high/moderate physical activity). Other authors also found high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in our country, ranging from 31.8% for adults to 58.0% for the elderly in the general population<sup>24</sup>. There was significant difference between the physical activity levels of hypertensive patients and the levels of prehypertensive patients in this study, indicating that physical activity could be protecting, also in this population, against the emergence of higher pressure levels.</p>
      <p>In this study, alcohol dependence or heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages was reported by 27 of the hypertensive patients (11.8%) and 45 of the pre-hypertensive patients (14.8%), with no difference between the groups. The excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is associated with SAH, and the restriction of alcohol intake can lower blood pressure<sup>25,26</sup>, which is a modification of lifestyle recommended by JNC 7<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to the time when the hypertension was diagnosed, more than half (54.4%) learned they had hypertension after the HIV diagnosis, and many (29.8%) did not know they had hypertension before this study was conducted. Moreover, only 21% of patients who knew they were hypertensive had their blood pressure levels adequately controlled. These findings seem to indicate that the patients were not warned by infectious disease specialists about the fact that they had hypertension, or that neither the patients nor the doctors had learned of the hypertension diagnosis, due to the "virological dictatorship," i.e., all concerns are aimed at controlling the HIV. Or rather, the prolonged use of antiretroviral drugs could have been the determining factor for the onset of hypertension, which is an aspect that seems unlikely given the data presented here.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the evaluation of a population with HIV/AIDS, according to the new international classification of JNC 7, revealed prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in over half of the population. It is important to warn clinicians who provide care to HIV/AIDS patients that such patients are not only individuals infected with a potentially fatal virus, but, despite the benefit of new antiretroviral therapies, they are also patients whose prognosis may be affected by comorbidities, such as hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by <italic>Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS - Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Evan&#237;zio Roque de Arruda J&#250;nior, from <italic>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. The Lancet. 2008; 372 (9635): 293-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Dihel LA, Dias JR, Paes AC, Thomazini MC, Garcia LR, Cinagawa E, et al. Preval&#234;ncia da lipodistrofia associada ao HIV em pacientes ambulatoriais brasileiros: rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008; 52 (4): 658-67. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Chow DC, Souza SA, Chen R, Richmond-Crum SM, Grandinetti A, Shikuma C. Elevated blood pressure in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials. 2003; 4 (6): 411-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy. J Hypertens. 2008; 26 (11): 2126-33. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23 (8): 625-30. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Khalsa A, Karim R, Mack WJ, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, et al. Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS. 2007; 21 (18): 2539-41. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006; 20 (7): 1019-26. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Palacios R, Santos J, Garc&#237;a A, Castells E, Gonz&#225;lez M, Ruiz J, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. 2006; 7 (1): 10-5. </p>
      <p>9. Thi&#233;baut R, El-Sadr WM, Friis-M&#248;ller N, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, Monforte AD. Data Collection of Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs Study Group. Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2005; 10 (7): 811-23.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Magalh&#227;es MG, Greenberg B, Hansen H, Glick M. Comorbidities in older patients with HIV: a retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138 (11): 1468-75. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Chobanian AV, Bakris, GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL , et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42 (6): 1206-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short and Long Forms. 2005. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf">http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf</ext-link>.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1996. </p>
      <p>14. Passos VMA, Assis TD, Barreto SM. Hypertension in Brazil: estimates from population-based prevalence studies. Epidemiologia e Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de. 2006; 15 (1): 35-45.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. ATLAS, Cora&#231;&#245;es do Brasil: v. 1. [acesso em 2009 abr 01]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/">http://prevencao.cardiol.br/campanhas/coracoesdobrasil/atlas/default.asp/</ext-link>. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Coloma Conde AG, Alvarez Albarr&#225;n M, Roca-Cusachs Coll A, Domingo Pedrol P, Puig Campmany M. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and lipid profile in HIV patients. Med Clin (Barc). 2008; 131 (18): 681-4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Dusek JA, Hibberd PL, Buczynski RN, Chang, BH, Dusek KC, Johnston JM. Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: a randomized trial. J Altern Complem Med. 2008; 14 (2): 129-38. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 (9438): 937-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Zirpoli JC. Preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco associados &#224; angina de peito em pacientes com HIV/AIDS. [Disserta&#231;&#227;o].Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; 2008. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Pupulin ART, Cassarotti D, Mosko L, Ando MH, Spack Jr M, Vieira S, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular em pacientes que fazem uso de terapia anti-retroviral. Rev Bras Anal Clin. 2008; 40 (3): 183-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Matos MFD, Souza e Silva NA, Pimenta AJ, Cunha AJ. Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobr&#225;s. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82 (1): 1-4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Jenei Z, P&#225;ll D, Katona E, Kakuk G, Polg&#225;r P. The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary. Public Health. 2002; 116 (3): 138-44. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Sarno F, Bandoni DH, Jaime PC. Excesso de peso e hipertens&#227;o arterial em trabalhadores de empresas beneficiadas pelo Programa de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o do Trabalhador (PAT). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2008; 11 (3): 453-62. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Siqueira FV, Nahas MV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, et al . Aconselhamento para a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica como estrat&#233;gia de educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2009; 25 (1): 203-13. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Pickering TG. Lifestyle modification and blood pressure control: is the glass half full or half empty? JAMA. 2003; 289 (16): 2131-2. </p>
      <p>26. Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure change: 5-year follow-up study of the association in normotensive workers. J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15 (6): 367-72.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body3" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Evanizio Roque de Arruda Junior</p>
          <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Maur&#237;cio, 1229 - Mana&#237;ra</p>
          <p> 58038-000 - Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="evanizio@cardiol.br">evanizio@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 22, 2009; revised manuscript received February 26, 2010; accepted April 28, 2010.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
