<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mcFN3dmsF6TR66QKzrM4zgG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001400025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500425</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010001400025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tromb&#243;lise na embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a com base na capnografia volum&#233;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terzi</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Giuseppe Giovanni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>Ilma Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Pinto da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luis Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e97</fpage>
      <lpage>e100</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Trata-se do primeiro relato envolvendo uma paciente em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente de neurocirurgia submetida &#224; tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica por embolia pulmonar (EP) maci&#231;a e, por n&#227;o apresentar condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sem exame de imagem. Dados cl&#237;nicos, gasom&#233;tricos e capnogr&#225;ficos permitiram decidir pela tromb&#243;lise com seguran&#231;a. O gradiente P(a-et)CO2 passou de 46,4 mmHg para 11,8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) e a fra&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto alveolar end-tidal passou de 0,85 para 0,37 (normal &lt; 0,15) do per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise para o s&#233;timo dia p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise. Conclui-se que a capnografia volum&#233;trica (CV) foi &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico, bem como no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Embolia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>capnografia</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tromb&#243;lise na embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a com base na capnografia volum&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos Mello Moreira; Renato Giuseppe Giovanni Terzi; Ilma Aparecida Paschoal; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Martins; Evandro Pinto da Luz Oliveira; Antonio Luis Eiras Falc&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp - Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se do primeiro relato envolvendo uma paciente em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente de neurocirurgia submetida &#224; tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica por embolia pulmonar (EP) maci&#231;a e, por n&#227;o apresentar condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sem exame de imagem. Dados cl&#237;nicos, gasom&#233;tricos e capnogr&#225;ficos permitiram decidir pela tromb&#243;lise com seguran&#231;a. O gradiente P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub> passou de 46,4 mmHg para 11,8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) e a fra&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto alveolar end-tidal passou de 0,85 para 0,37 (normal &lt; 0,15) do per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise para o s&#233;timo dia p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise. Conclui-se que a capnografia volum&#233;trica (CV) foi &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico, bem como no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da paciente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Embolia pulmonar, capnografia, terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; uma afec&#231;&#227;o frequente e de dif&#237;cil confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Os estudos nacionais mostram que em torno de 3% a 5% das necropsias verifica-se a presen&#231;a de &#234;mbolos nos vasos pulmonares e, em 68% destes casos, &#233; a causa do &#243;bito. Estima-se que em 75% dos casos, o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233; realizado<sup>1</sup> e os exames cl&#225;ssicos de imagem nem sempre est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis, sobretudo em hospitais secund&#225;rios. Contrapondo-se a essa realidade, a capnografia volum&#233;trica (CV) &#233; um exame n&#227;o invasivo, realizado &#224; beira do leito e dispon&#237;vel mesmo em hospitais menores. A CV pode auxiliar na suspeita diagn&#243;stica da EP<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste relato, apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente que, a despeito do uso de anticoagulantes, evoluiu com altera&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita do quadro hemodin&#226;mico por suposta EP maci&#231;a. Diante da r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o do quadro hemodin&#226;mico, embora n&#227;o confirmado o diagn&#243;stico por imagem de EP, foi submetida &#224; tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica. A CV foi realizada antes da tromb&#243;lise e durante os 7 dias subsequentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 22 anos, internada em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de hospital terci&#225;rio, que, ap&#243;s a ex&#233;rese de tumor cerebral frontal (astrocitoma), cursou com diabetes ins&#237;pido de dif&#237;cil controle e quadro s&#233;ptico com discreto comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico. No 24&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a paciente encontrava-se em processo de retirada da pr&#243;tese ventilat&#243;ria (VM), com os seguintes par&#226;metros: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 0,30; respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (30 rpm), PEEP = 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; pHa = 7,50; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 62,2 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 27,6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21,8 mmol/l; BE = -0,1 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 94,8%; Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 207.</p>
    <p>Subitamente, a paciente apresentou dificuldade respirat&#243;ria, hipoxemia e piora hemodin&#226;mica. Com a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de EP maci&#231;a, foi realizado um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, que evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada de c&#226;maras direitas, refluxo tric&#250;spide moderado e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar = 50 mmHg. O ecocardiograma (ECG) revelou a presen&#231;a de S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s esse epis&#243;dio, houve reajuste do VM para: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (12/38 rpm); PEEP = 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O e V<sub>T</sub> = 500 ml; a gasometria arterial colhida a seguir revelou: pH = 7,26; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 44,5 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54,6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 23,7 mmol/l; BE = -2,7 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 71,7%; Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 44,5. Foi introduzida dobutamina visando melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Tr&#234;s horas ap&#243;s, ainda no ventilador mec&#226;nico, apresentou os seguintes par&#226;metros: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (14/27 rpm); PEEP = 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; V<sub>T</sub> = 500 ml, a gasometria arterial mostrou: pH = 7,22; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 50,7 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54,7 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21,3 mmol/l; BE = -6,2 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 82,3%; Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 50,7.</p>
    <p>Pela CV, foi determinada a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final de CO<sub>2</sub> (PetCO<sub>2</sub>) (CO<sub>2</sub>SMO PLUS 8100 Dixtal/Novametrix<sup>&#174;</sup>) que, associada &#224; gasometria arterial (Radiometer ABL 700<sup>&#174;</sup>), permitiu o c&#225;lculo de diferentes &#237;ndices derivados, tais como a fra&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto alveolar <italic>end-tidal</italic> (AVDSf), a fra&#231;&#227;o tardia do espa&#231;o morto alveolar (<italic>fDlate</italic>), o gradiente art&#233;rio-alveolar de CO<sub>2</sub> [P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub>]; e o <italic>Slope</italic> da fase III do espirograma de CO<sub>2</sub> (Slp III).</p>
    <p>Dada a r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o do quadro, risco iminente de morte e com valores da CV indicativos de aumento do espa&#231;o morto alveolar - compat&#237;veis com EP<sup>2-7</sup> -, a equipe m&#233;dica, ap&#243;s consentimento informado da fam&#237;lia, optou pelo tratamento trombol&#237;tico com alteplase (EV 100 mg / 2 horas).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura<sup>8</sup> conclui que a hemorragia &#233; a mais frequente das complica&#231;&#245;es da tromb&#243;lise, cujo risco situa-se entre 6-20%, sendo a hemorragia intracerebral a mais temida. Por isso, o risco de hemorragia &#233; o que define as contraindica&#231;&#245;es para a tromb&#243;lise. Essas contraindica&#231;&#245;es relativas s&#227;o o sangramento ativo ou doen&#231;a intracraniana recente (com menos de 6 semanas), trauma, bi&#243;psia visceral, sangramento gastrointestinal, dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica, pun&#231;&#227;o de vaso n&#227;o pass&#237;vel de compress&#227;o e pericardite. Apresentando profunda instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (FC = 168 bpm, PAM = 52 mmHg, SpO<sub>2</sub> = 83% e FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1), a paciente n&#227;o apresentava condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de ser transportada a fim de realizar o exame de imagem (angiotomografia helicoidal). No entanto, a paciente pode ser avaliada pela CV, a qual apresentou valores sugestivos de EP<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A capnografia estima o valor do espa&#231;o morto alveolar<sup>2-7</sup>. A associa&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da CV com a gasometria arterial permite o c&#225;lculo de v&#225;rios &#237;ndices, cujas vari&#225;veis inferem a extens&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto alveolar e, consequentemente, a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o de &#225;reas oclu&#237;das do sistema arterial pulmonar<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram determinados os seguintes par&#226;metros capnogr&#225;ficos:</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>1. PetCO<sub>2</sub><sup>9</sup>;</p>
      <p>2. Slp III<sup>9</sup>;</p>
      <p>3. P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub><sup>6</sup><italic>(</italic>valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 5 mmHg);</p>
      <p>4. AVDSf, calculada pela f&#243;rmula: PaCO<sub>2</sub> - PetCO<sub>2</sub> / PaCO<sub>2</sub>, onde PetCO<sub>2</sub> &#233; o CO<sub>2</sub><italic>end-tidal</italic><sup>7</sup> (valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,15);</p>
      <p>5. <italic>fDlate</italic>, obtida pela extrapola&#231;&#227;o do volume corrente expirado em 15% da capacidade pulmonar total (CPT) estimada: <italic>fDlate</italic> = PaCO<sub>2</sub>-Pet(15% CPT)CO<sub>2</sub> / PaCO<sub>2</sub><sup>5</sup> (valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,12).</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Na vig&#234;ncia de um evento emb&#243;lico, acentua-se a desigualdade na rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o e, como consequ&#234;ncia, alteram-se as vari&#225;veis que expressam o espa&#231;o morto alveolar<sup>2-7</sup>. Quanto maior o valor calculado, maior o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o da rede vascular e, com isso, maior o espa&#231;o morto alveolar, inferindo-se que h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o da &#225;rea sem perfus&#227;o e o valor encontrado<sup>2-7</sup>. As vari&#225;veis estudadas tenderam &#224; normaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o tratamento trombol&#237;tico, indicando a ocorr&#234;ncia de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o de vasos.</p>
    <p>Segue abaixo o comportamento das vari&#225;veis capnogr&#225;ficas avaliadas:</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>&#149; PetCO<sub>2</sub> (valor de refer&#234;ncia 36,7 &#177; 3,7 mmHg)<sup>9</sup>: 8,2 (pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise); 13,1 (p&#243;s-24h); 17,7 (p&#243;s-48h); 16,4 (p&#243;s-72h); 19,9 (p&#243;s-96h); 19,0 (p&#243;s-120h); 20,3 (p&#243;s-144h); 20,4 mmHg (p&#243;s-168h);</p>
      <p>&#149; Slp III (valor de refer&#234;ncia 7,5 &#177; 2,4 mmHg/l)<sup>9</sup>: 0,26 (pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise); 0,77 (p&#243;s-24h) ; 3,96 (p&#243;s-48h); 8,77 (p&#243;s-72h); 7,62 (p&#243;s-96h); 5,07 (p&#243;s-120h); 6,6 (p&#243;s-144h); 8,47mmHg/l (p&#243;s-168h);</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>fDlate</italic><sup>5</sup>: 0,85 (pr&#233;-tromb&#243;lise); 0,68 (p&#243;s-24h); 0,54 (p&#243;s-48h); 0,55 (p&#243;s-72h); 0,39 (p&#243;s-96h); 0,38 (p&#243;s-120h); 0,41 (p&#243;s-144h); 0,31 (p&#243;s-168h).</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Para efeito de ilustra&#231;&#227;o, seguem (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>) somente duas vari&#225;veis capnogr&#225;ficas [P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub> e AVDSf] que, quando associadas &#224; gasometria arterial, podem ser facilmente obtidas por qualquer capn&#243;grafo dispon&#237;vel no mercado, realizadas &#224; beira do leito e em qualquer hospital.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nesse dram&#225;tico relato de caso, pode-se observar que, quando criteriosamente aplicada, a CV &#233; &#250;til no aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento terap&#234;utico de pacientes que estejam impossibilitados ou n&#227;o de realizarem o exame de imagem. O CV mostrou-se ainda uma ferramenta &#250;til ao corroborar na decis&#227;o da conduta cl&#237;nica na fase inicial da avalia&#231;&#227;o e na resolu&#231;&#227;o da EP, pois, com a progressiva reperfus&#227;o pulmonar, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto alveolar e, com isso, tend&#234;ncia &#224; normaliza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis capnogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>Poder-se-ia argumentar que o aumento do espa&#231;o morto deveu-se &#224; presen&#231;a da PEEP. Por&#233;m, Blanch e cols.<sup>10</sup> mostraram que n&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o morto quando a PEEP encontra-se nos valores em que ocorreu o presente relato. Nesse caso, todas as medidas de CV foram feitas com PEEP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica e a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro hemodin&#226;mico, realizou-se uma tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio, que n&#227;o evidenciou sangramento. A paciente evoluiu com alta da UTI e, posteriormente, com alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Marcos Mello Moreira pela Universidade Estadual de campinas - UNICAMP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcos Mello Moreira </p>
        <p> Rua Celso Eg&#237;dio de Souza Santos, 181 - Jardim Chapad&#227;o </p>
        <p> 13070-570 - Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcosmm@fcm.unicamp.br">marcosmm@fcm.unicamp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/03/09; revisado recebido em 06/08/09; aceito em 17/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Mesquita CT,    Morandi Jr JL, Perrone FT, Oliveira CS, Barreira LJ, Nascimento SS, et al. Fatal    pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients: clinical diagnosis versus pathological    confirmation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 73 (3): 251-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients: clinical diagnosis versus pathological confirmation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morandi Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrone</surname>
              <given-names>FT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreira</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Moreira MM,    Terzi RGG, Carvalho CHN, Oliveira Neto AF, Pereira MC, Paschoal IA. Alveolar    dead space and capnographic variables before and after thrombolysis in patients    with acute pulmonary embolism. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5 (1): 9-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Alveolar dead space and capnographic variables before and after thrombolysis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terzi</surname>
              <given-names>RGG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>CHN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira Neto</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paschoal</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Moreira MM,    Terzi RG, Vieira RW, Petrucci Jr O, Paschoal IA, Oliveira PP, et al. Pre and    post-pulmonary thromboendarterectomies capnographic variables. Rev Bras Cir    Cardiovasc. 22 (4): 509-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pre and post-pulmonary thromboendarterectomies capnographic variables</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <fpage>509</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terzi</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrucci Jr</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paschoal</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Moreira MM,    Terzi RG, Pereira MC, Grangeia TC, Paschoal IA. Volumetric capnography as a    noninvasive diagnostic procedure in acute pulmonary thromboembolism. J Bras    Pneumol. 2008; 34 (5): 328-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Volumetric capnography as a noninvasive diagnostic procedure in acute pulmonary thromboembolism</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>328</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terzi</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grangeia</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paschoal</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Eriksson L,    Wollmer P, Olsson CG, Albrechtsson U, Larusdottir H, Nilsson R, et al. Diagnosis    of pulmonary embolism based upon alveolar dead space analysis. Chest. 1989;    96 (2): 357-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism based upon alveolar dead space analysis</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eriksson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wollmer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olsson</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albrechtsson</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larusdottir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Fletcher R,    Jonson B, Cumming G, Brew J. The concept of deadspace with special reference    to the single breath test for carbon dioxide. Br J Anaesth. 1981; 53 (1): 77-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The concept of deadspace with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide</article-title>
          <source>Br J Anaesth</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumming</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brew</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Rodger MA, Bredeson    CN, Jones G, Rasuli P, Raymond F, Clement AM. The bedside investigation of pulmonary    embolism diagnosis study. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166 (2): 181-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The bedside investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodger</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bredeson</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasuli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raymond</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clement</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Harris T, Meek    S. When should we thrombolyse patients with pulmonary embolism? A systematic    review of the literaturey. Emerg Med J. 2005; 22 (11): 766-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>When should we thrombolyse patients with pulmonary embolism?: A systematic review of the literaturey</article-title>
          <source>Emerg Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>766</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meek</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Paschoal I,    Moreira M, Pereira M, Piza S, Gon&#231;alves J, Metze K, et al. Noninvasive    evaluation of pulmonary disease using volumetric capnography in adult patients    with cystic fibrosis. J Cystic Fibrosis. 2007; 6 (Suppl): IS38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary disease using volumetric capnography in adult patients with cystic fibrosis</article-title>
          <source>J Cystic Fibrosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>IS38</fpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paschoal</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piza</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metze</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Blanch L, Lucangelo    U, Lopez-Aguilar J, Fernandez R, Romero PV. Volumetric capnography in patients    with acute lung injury: effects of positive end-expiratory pressure. Eur Respir    J. 1999; 13 (5): 1048-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Volumetric capnography in patients with acute lung injury: effects of positive end-expiratory pressure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1048</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blanch</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucangelo</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thrombolysis in massive pulmonary embolism based on the volumetric capnography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This is the first report of a patient submitted to chemical thrombolysis due to massive pulmonary embolism (PE) during the postoperative period of neurosurgery, in whom due to the lack of adequate clinical conditions, no imaging assessment was performed. Clinical, gasometric and capnographic data allowed the decision to perform the thrombolysis with safety. The P(a-et)CO2 gradient decreased from 46.4 mmHg to 11.8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) and the end-tidal alveolar dead space fraction decreased from 0.85 to 0.37 (normal &lt; 0.15) from the pre-thrombolysis period to the 7th day post-thrombolysis. We conclude that the volumetric capnography (VC) was useful in the patient's diagnosis and clinical follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>capnography</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombolytic therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Thrombolysis in massive pulmonary embolism based on the volumetric capnography</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcos Mello Moreira; Renato Giuseppe Giovanni Terzi; Ilma Aparecida Paschoal; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Martins; Evandro Pinto da Luz Oliveira; Antonio Luis Eiras Falc&#227;o</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first report of a patient submitted to chemical thrombolysis due to massive pulmonary embolism (PE) during the postoperative period of neurosurgery, in whom due to the lack of adequate clinical conditions, no imaging assessment was performed. Clinical, gasometric and capnographic data allowed the decision to perform the thrombolysis with safety. The P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub> gradient decreased from 46.4 mmHg to 11.8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) and the end-tidal alveolar dead space fraction decreased from 0.85 to 0.37 (normal &lt; 0.15) from the pre-thrombolysis period to the 7<sup>th</sup> day post-thrombolysis. We conclude that the volumetric capnography (VC) was useful in the patient's diagnosis and clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary embolism; capnography; thrombolytic therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a frequent disorder, of which diagnostic confirmation is difficult to achieve. National studies have shown that approximately 3% to 5% of the necropsies disclose the presence of emboli in the pulmonary vessels and, in 68% of these cases, it is the cause of death. It is estimated that in 75% of the cases, the diagnosis is not achieved<sup>1</sup> and the standard imaging assessments are not always available, mainly in secondary hospitals. In contrast, the volumetric capnography (VC) is a non-invasive bedside test, which is available even at smaller hospitals. The VC can help diagnose patients with a diagnostic suspicion of PE<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>This report presents the case of a patient who, in spite of anticoagulant therapy, developed sudden alteration in the hemodynamic parameters presumably due to massive PE. Considering the rapid deterioration of the hemodynamic state, although the diagnosis of PE was not confirmed by imaging assessment, the patient was submitted to chemical thrombolysis. The VC was performed before the thrombolysis and for seven subsequent days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 22-year-old female patient, admitted at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital developed difficult-to-control diabetes insipidus after the excision of a frontal brain tumor (astrocytoma), together with septic conditions and mild hemodynamic alterations. On the 24<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, the patient was going through the mechanical ventilation (MV) weaning process, with the following parameters: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 0.30; spontaneous breathing (30 rpm), PEEP = 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; apH = 7.50; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 62.2 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 27.6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21.8 mmol/l; BE = -0.1 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 94.8%; PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio= 207.</p>
      <p>The patient suddenly started to present respiratory difficulty, hypoxemia and hemodynamic worsening. With the diagnostic hypothesis of massive PE, a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, which disclosed moderate dilation of the right chambers, moderate tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary artery systolic pressure = 50 mmHg. The echocardiograma (ECG) showed the presence of S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> pattern.</p>
      <p>After this episode sthe MV was adjusted to: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (12/38 rpm); PEEP = 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O and TV = 500 ml; the subsequent arterial gasometry showed: pH = 7.26; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 44.5 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54.6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 23.7 mmol/l; BE = -2.7 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 71.7%; PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio = 44.5. Dobutamine was started, aiming at the hemodynamic function improvement. Three hours later, while still on mechanical ventilation, the patient presented the following parameters: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (14/27 rpm); PEEP = 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; TV = 500 ml, arterial gasometry showed: pH = 7.22; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 50.7 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54.7 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21.3 mmol/l; BE = -6.2 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 82.3%; PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio= 50.7.</p>
      <p>Through the VC, the end-tidal CO<sub>2</sub> pressure (PetCO<sub>2</sub>) was determined (CO<sub>2</sub>SMO PLUS 8100 Dixtal/Novametrix&#153;) which, associated to the arterial gasometry (Radiometer ABL 700&#153;), allowed the calculation of different derived indices, such as end-tidal alveolar dead space fraction ,(AVDSf), the late dead space fraction (fDlate), the CO<sub>2</sub> arterial-alveolar gradient [P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub>]; and the slope of phase III of the CO<sub>2</sub> spirogram (Slp III).</p>
      <p>Considering the patient's rapid deterioration, imminent risk of death and VC values indicative of increase in the alveolar dead space - compatible with PE<sup>2-7</sup> - the medical team, after the family had given the informed consent, chose to institute the thrombolytic treatment with alteplase (IV 100 mg/2 hours).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A recent systematic literature review<sup>8</sup> concluded the bleeding is the most frequent complication of thrombolysis, of which risk is around 6-20%, with intracranial bleeding being the most feared complication. Thus, the risk of bleeding is what defines the contraindications for thrombolysis. These relative contraindications are recent active bleeding or intracranial disease (less than 6 weeks), trauma, visceral biopsy, gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation disorders, kidney or liver failure, puncture of vessel not susceptible to compression and pericarditis. As the patient presented severe hemodynamic instability HR = 168 bpm, MAP = 52 mmHg, SpO<sub>2</sub> = 83% and FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1), she did not present the adequate clinical conditions for transportation to another institution in order to undergo image assessment (helicoidal angiotomography). However, the patient was assessed by VC, which disclosed values suggestive of PE<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The capnography estimates the value of the alveolar dead space<sup>2-7</sup>. The association between the VC results with those of the arterial gasometry allows the calculation of several indices, from which variables the extension of the alveolar dead space can be inferred and, consequently, the presence and extension of the occluded areas of the pulmonary artery system <sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following capnographic parameters were determined:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>1. PetCO<sub>2</sub><sup>9</sup>;</p>
        <p>2. Slp III<sup>9</sup>;</p>
        <p>3. P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub><sup>6</sup><italic>(</italic>normal value <italic>&lt;</italic> 5 mmHg);</p>
        <p>4. AVDSf, calculated by the formula: PaCO<sub>2</sub> - PetCO<sub>2</sub> /PaCO<sub>2</sub>, where PetCO<sub>2</sub> is end-tidal CO<sub>2</sub><sup>7</sup> (normal value <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.15);</p>
        <p>5. <italic>fDlate</italic>, obtained from the extrapolation of the current expired volume at 15% of the estimated total pulmonary capacity (TPC): <italic>fDlate</italic> = PaCO<sub>2</sub>-Pet(15% TCP)CO<sub>2</sub> /PaCO<sub>2</sub><sup>5</sup> (normal value <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.12).</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>During an embolic event, the ventilation/perfusion ratio imbalance is accentuated and, as a consequence, the variables that express the alveolar dead space also present alterations<sup>2-7</sup>. The higher the calculated value, the higher the degree of vascular network obstruction, and thus, the more extensive the alveolar dead space is, considering a correlation between the extension of the area without perfusion and the obtained value<sup>2-7</sup>. The studied variables tended to normalization after the thrombolytic treatment, indicating the occurrence of vessel rechanneling.</p>
      <p>The capnographic variables presented the following behavior:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#149; PetCO<sub>2</sub> (reference value: 36.7 &#177; 3.7 mmHg)<sup>9</sup>: 8.2 (pre-thrombolysis); 13.1 (after 24h); 17.7 (after 48h); 16.4 (after 72h); 19.9 (after 96h); 19.0 (after 120h); 20.3 (after 144h); 20.4 mmHg (after 168h);</p>
        <p>&#149; Slp III (reference value: 7.5 &#177; 2.4 mmHg/l)<sup>9</sup>: 0.26 (pre-thrombolysis); 0.77 (after 24h) ; 3.96 (after 48h); 8.77 (after 72h); 7.62 (after 96h); 5.07 (after 120h); 6.6 (after 144h); 8.47mmHg/l (after 168h);</p>
        <p>&#149; <italic>fDlate</italic><sup>5</sup>: 0.85 (pre-thrombolysis); 0.68 (after 24h); 0.54 (after 48h); 0.55 (after 72h); 0.39 (after 96h); 0.38 (after 120h); 0.41 (after 144h); 0.31 (after 168h).</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>To illustrate that (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">2</xref>), two capnographic variables muras [P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub> and AVDSf] are demonstrated, which, when associated to arterial gasometry can be easily obtained through any capnographer available in the market and performed at the bedside and at any hospital.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In this dramatic case report, one can observe that, when strictly applied, VC can be useful as a diagnostic tool and in the therapeutic follow-up of patients that cannot be submitted to imaging assessment. The VC also showed to be a useful tool in decision-making at the initial phase of PE assessment and O CV mresolution, as the progressive pulmonary reperfusion resulted in a decrease of the alveolar dead space and thus, a tendency towards the normalization of the capnographic variables.</p>
      <p>One can speculate that the increase in the dead space was due to the presence of PEEP. However, Blanch et al<sup>10</sup> showed that there is no alteration in the dead space when the PEEP is at the levels observed in the present study. In this case, all VC measurements were carried out with a PEEP of 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>After the thrombolytic therapy and the stabilization of the hemodynamic picture, a head computed tomography was carried out, which did not disclose bleeding. The patient was discharged from the ICU and subsequently, from the hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Marcos Mello Moreira, from <italic>Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Trombolisis en la embolia pulmonar maciza con base en la capnograf&#237;a volum&#233;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>Se trata del primer relato incluyendo una paciente en postoperatorio reciente de neurocirug&#237;a sometida a trombolisis qu&#237;mica por embolia pulmonar (EP) maciza y, por no presentar condiciones cl&#237;nicas, sin examen de imagen. Datos cl&#237;nicos, gasom&#233;tricos y capnogr&#225;ficos permitieron decidir por la trombolisis con seguridad. El gradiente P(la-et)CO2 pas&#243; de 46,4 mmHg a 11,8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) y la fracci&#243;n del espacio muerto alveolar end-tidal pas&#243; de 0,85 a 0,37 (normal &lt; 0,15) del per&#237;odo pretrombolisis al s&#233;ptimo d&#237;a post trombolisis. Se concluye que la capnograf&#237;a volum&#233;trica (CV) fue &#250;til en el diagn&#243;stico, as&#237; como en el control cl&#237;nico de la paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Embolia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>capnograf&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASO CL&#205;NICO</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Trombolisis en la embolia pulmonar maciza con base en la capnograf&#237;a volum&#233;trica</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcos Mello Moreira; Renato Giuseppe Giovanni Terzi; Ilma Aparecida Paschoal; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Martins; Evandro Pinto da Luz Oliveira; Antonio Luis Eiras Falc&#227;o</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp - Campinas, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se trata del primer relato incluyendo una paciente en postoperatorio reciente de neurocirug&#237;a sometida a trombolisis qu&#237;mica por embolia pulmonar (EP) maciza y, por no presentar condiciones cl&#237;nicas, sin examen de imagen. Datos cl&#237;nicos, gasom&#233;tricos y capnogr&#225;ficos permitieron decidir por la trombolisis con seguridad. El gradiente P(la-et)CO<sub>2</sub> pas&#243; de 46,4 mmHg a 11,8 mmHg (normal &lt; 5 mmHg) y la fracci&#243;n del espacio muerto alveolar <italic>end-tidal</italic> pas&#243; de 0,85 a 0,37 (normal &lt; 0,15) del per&#237;odo pretrombolisis al s&#233;ptimo d&#237;a post trombolisis. Se concluye que la capnograf&#237;a volum&#233;trica (CV) fue &#250;til en el diagn&#243;stico, as&#237; como en el control cl&#237;nico de la paciente.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold> Embolia pulmonar, capnograf&#237;a, terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La embolia pulmonar (EP) es una afecci&#243;n frecuente y de dif&#237;cil confirmaci&#243;n diagn&#243;stica. Los estudios nacionales muestran que en alrededor 3% a 5% de las necropsias se verifica la presencia de &#233;mbolos en los vasos pulmonares y, en 68% de estos casos, es la causa del &#243;bito. Est&#237;mase que en 75% de los casos, el diagn&#243;stico no es realizado<sup>1</sup> y los ex&#225;menes cl&#225;sicos de imagen no siempre est&#225;n disponibles, sobre todo en hospitales secundarios. Contraponi&#233;ndose a esa realidad, la capnograf&#237;a volum&#233;trica (CV) es un examen no invasivo, realizado al lado de la cama y disponible aun en hospitales menores. La CV puede auxiliar en la sospecha diagn&#243;stica de la EP<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>En este relato, se presenta el caso de una paciente que, a despecho del uso de anticoagulantes, evolucion&#243; con alteraci&#243;n s&#250;bita del cuadro hemodin&#225;mico por supuesta EP maciza. Delante del r&#225;pido deterioro del cuadro hemodin&#225;mico, aunque no estaba confirmado el diagn&#243;stico por imagen de EP, fue sometida a trombolisis qu&#237;mica. La CV fue realizada antes de la trombolisis y durante los 7 d&#237;as subsiguientes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Relato de caso</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Una paciente del sexo femenino, de 22 a&#241;os, internada en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de hospital terciario, que, despu&#233;s de la ex&#233;resis de tumor cerebral frontal (astrocitoma), curs&#243; con diabetes ins&#237;pida de dif&#237;cil control y cuadro s&#233;ptico con discreto compromiso hemodin&#225;mico. En el 24&#186; d&#237;a de post-operatorio, la paciente se encontraba en proceso de retirada de la pr&#243;tesis ventilatoria (VM), con los siguientes par&#225;metros: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 0,30; respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea (30 rpm), PEEP = 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; pHa = 7,50; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 62,2 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 27,6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21,8 mmol/l; BE = -0,1 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 94,8%; Relaci&#243;n PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 207.</p>
      <p>S&#250;bitamente, la paciente present&#243; dificultad respiratoria, hipoxemia y empeoramiento hemodin&#225;mico. Con la hip&#243;tesis diagn&#243;stica de EP maciza, fue realizado un ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, que evidenci&#243; dilataci&#243;n moderada de c&#225;maras derechas, reflujo tric&#250;spide moderado y presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de la arteria pulmonar = 50 mmHg. El ecocardiograma (ECG) revel&#243; la presencia de S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>.</p>
      <p>Despu&#233;s de ese episodio, hubo reajuste del VM a: FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (12/38 rpm); PEEP = 8 cmH<sub>2</sub>O y V<sub>T</sub> = 500 ml; la gasometr&#237;a arterial recogida a seguir revel&#243;: pH = 7,26; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 44,5 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54,6 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 23,7 mmol/l; BE = -2,7 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 71,7%; Relaci&#243;n PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 44,5. Fue introducida dobutamina buscando mejora de la funci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica. Tres horas despu&#233;s, aun en el respirador mec&#225;nico, present&#243; los siguientes par&#225;metros : FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1; SIMV (14/27 rpm); PEEP = 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; V<sub>T</sub> = 500 ml, la gasometr&#237;a arterial mostr&#243;: pH = 7,22; PaO<sub>2</sub> = 50,7 mmHg; PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 54,7 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 21,3 mmol/l; BE = -6,2 mmol/l; SatO<sub>2</sub> = 82,3%; Relaci&#243;n PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> = 50,7.</p>
      <p>Por la CV, fue determinada la presi&#243;n expiratoria final de CO<sub>2</sub> (PetCO<sub>2</sub>) (CO<sub>2</sub>SMO PLUS 8100 Dixtal/Novametrix<sup>&#174;</sup>) que, asociada a la gasometr&#237;a arterial (Radiometer ABL 700<sup>&#174;</sup>), permiti&#243; el c&#225;lculo de diferentes &#237;ndices derivados, tales como la fracci&#243;n del espacio muerto alveolar <italic>end-tidal</italic> (AVDSf), la fracci&#243;n tard&#237;a del espacio muerto alveolar (<italic>fDlate</italic>), el gradiente arterio-alveolar de CO<sub>2</sub> [P(la-et)CO<sub>2</sub>]; y el <italic>Slope</italic> de la fase III del espirograma de CO<sub>2</sub> (Slp III).</p>
      <p>Dado el r&#225;pido deterioro del cuadro, riesgo inminente de muerte y con valores de la CV indicativos de aumento del espacio muerto alveolar - compatibles con EP<sup>2-7</sup> -, el equipo m&#233;dico, despu&#233;s de consentimiento informado de la familia, opt&#243; por el tratamiento trombol&#237;tico con alteplase (EV 100 mg/2 horas).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Reciente revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de la literatura<sup>8</sup> concluye que la hemorragia es la m&#225;s frecuente de las complicaciones de la trombolisis, cuyo riesgo se sit&#250;a entre 6-20%, siendo la hemorragia intracerebral la m&#225;s temida. Por eso, el riesgo de hemorragia es el que define las contraindicaciones para la trombolisis. Esas contraindicaciones relativas son el sangrado activo o enfermedad intracraneana reciente (con menos de 6 semanas), trauma, biopsia visceral, sangrado gastrointestinal, disturbios de la coagulaci&#243;n, insuficiencia renal o hep&#225;tica, punci&#243;n de vaso no pasible de compresi&#243;n y pericarditis. Presentando profunda inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica (FC = 168 lpm, PAM = 52 mmHg, SpO<sub>2</sub> = 83% y FiO<sub>2</sub> = 1), la paciente no presentaba condiciones cl&#237;nicas de ser transportada a fin de realizar el examen de imagen (angiotomograf&#237;a helicoidal). Mientras tanto, la paciente pudo ser evaluada por la CV, la cual present&#243; valores sugestivos de EP<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>La capnograf&#237;a estima el valor del espacio muerto alveolar<sup>2-7</sup>. La asociaci&#243;n de los resultados de la CV con la gasometr&#237;a arterial permite el c&#225;lculo de varios &#237;ndices, cuyas variables infieren la extensi&#243;n del espacio muerto alveolar y, consecuentemente, la presencia y la extensi&#243;n de &#225;reas ocluidas del sistema arterial pulmonar<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Fueron determinados los siguientes par&#225;metros capnogr&#225;ficos:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>1. PetCO<sub>2</sub><sup>9</sup>;</p>
        <p>2. Slp III<sup>9</sup>;</p>
        <p>3. P(la-et)CO<sub>2</sub><sup>6</sup><italic>(</italic>valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 5 mmHg);</p>
        <p>4. AVDSf, calculada por la f&#243;rmula: PaCO<sub>2</sub> - PetCO<sub>2</sub>/PaCO<sub>2</sub>, donde PetCO<sub>2</sub> es el CO<sub>2</sub><italic>end-tidal</italic><sup>7</sup> (valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,15);</p>
        <p>5. <italic>fDlate</italic>, obtenida por la extrapolaci&#243;n del volumen corriente expirado en 15% de la capacidad pulmonar total (CPT) estimada: <italic>fDlate</italic> = PaCO<sub>2</sub>-Pet(15% CPT)CO<sub>2</sub> / PaCO<sub>2</sub><sup>5</sup> (valor normal <italic>&lt;</italic> 0,12).</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>En la vigencia de un evento emb&#243;lico, se acent&#250;a la desigualdad en la relaci&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n/perfusi&#243;n y, como consecuencia, se alteran las variables que expresan el espacio muerto alveolar<sup>2-7</sup>. Cuanto mayor es el valor calculado, mayor es el grado de obstrucci&#243;n de la red vascular y, con eso, mayor el espacio muerto alveolar, infiri&#233;ndose que hay correlaci&#243;n entre la extensi&#243;n del &#225;rea sin perfusi&#243;n y el valor encontrado<sup>2-7</sup>. Las variables estudiadas tendieron a la normalizaci&#243;n despu&#233;s del tratamiento trombol&#237;tico, indicando la ocurrencia de recanalizaci&#243;n de vasos.</p>
      <p>Sigue abajo el comportamiento de las variables capnogr&#225;ficas evaluadas:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#149; PetCO<sub>2</sub> (valor de referencia 36,7 &#177; 3,7 mmHg)<sup>9</sup>: 8,2 (pre-trombolisis); 13,1 (post-24h); 17,7 (post-48h); 16,4 (post-72h); 19,9 (post-96h); 19,0 (post-120h); 20,3 (post-144h); 20,4 mmHg (post-168h);</p>
        <p>&#149; Slp III (valor de referencia 7,5 &#177; 2,4 mmHg/l)<sup>9</sup>: 0,26 (pre-trombolisis); 0,77 (post-24h); 3,96 (post-48h); 8,77 (post-72h); 7,62 (post-96h); 5,07 (post-120h); 6,6 (post-144h); 8,47mmHg/l (post-168h);</p>
        <p>&#149; <italic>fDlate</italic><sup>5</sup>: 0,85 (pre-trombolisis); 0,68 (post-24h); 0,54 (post-48h); 0,55 (post-72h); 0,39 (post-96h); 0,38 (post-120h); 0,41 (post-144h); 0,31 (post-168h).</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Para efecto de ilustraci&#243;n, siguen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figuras 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body3">2</xref>) solamente dos variables capnogr&#225;ficas [P(a-et)CO<sub>2</sub> y AVDSf] que, cuando son asociadas a la gasometr&#237;a arterial, pueden ser f&#225;cilmente obtenidas por cualquier capn&#243;grafo disponible en el mercado, realizadas al lado de la cama y en cualquier hospital.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-04-0e97-00025-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>En este dram&#225;tico relato de caso, se puede observar que, cuando es criteriosamente aplicada, la CV es &#250;til en el auxilio diagn&#243;stico y control terap&#233;utico de pacientes que est&#233;n imposibilitados o no de realizarse el examen de imagen. El CV se mostr&#243; aun una herramienta &#250;til al corroborar en la decisi&#243;n de la conducta cl&#237;nica en la fase inicial de la evaluaci&#243;n y en la resoluci&#243;n de la EP, pues, con la progresiva reperfusi&#243;n pulmonar, hubo reducci&#243;n del espacio muerto alveolar y, con eso, tendencia a la normalizaci&#243;n de las variables capnogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>Se podr&#237;a argumentar que el aumento del espacio muerto se debi&#243; a la presencia de la PEEP. Sin embargo, Blanch et al<sup>10</sup> mostraron que no hay alteraci&#243;n del espacio muerto cuando la PEEP se encuentra en los valores en que ocurri&#243; el presente relato. En ese caso, todas las medidas de CV fueron hechas con PEEP de 5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>Despu&#233;s de la terap&#233;utica trombol&#237;tica y la estabilizaci&#243;n del cuadro hemodin&#225;mico, se realiz&#243; una tomograf&#237;a computarizada de cr&#225;neo, que no evidenci&#243; sangrado. La paciente evolucion&#243; con alta de la UTI y, posteriormente, con alta hospitalaria.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiamiento externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de tesis de doctorado de Marcos Mello Moreira por la Universidad Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
