<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NXRW7xSQ3VCG6PkzMnYSCvr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente promove melhor desempenho mioc&#225;rdico em animais adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Renato S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abduch</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C. D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Seva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ananda Rigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Telles</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir A. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>364</fpage>
      <lpage>372</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias frequentemente evolui com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. O preparo ventricular para a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em pacientes adultos apresenta resultados desapontadores. OBJETIVO: Analisar a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) induzida por dois tipos de bandagem pulmonar (BP), convencional e intermitente em animais adultos. M&#201;TODOS: Dezenove cabras adultas foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos: Convencional (seis animais), Intermitente (seis animais) e Controle (sete animais). O grupo Convencional foi submetido &#224; BP fixa com fita card&#237;aca, enquanto no grupo Intermitente foi usado dispositivo de BP ajust&#225;vel, que gerava sobrecarga sist&#243;lica por 12 horas, alternada com 12 horas de descanso do VD. As press&#245;es de VD, tronco pulmonar e aorta foram medidas durante todo o estudo. Ecocardiograma foi realizado semanalmente. Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados para avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica dos ventr&#237;culos. O grupo Controle foi submetido a eutan&#225;sia para an&#225;lise em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. RESULTADOS: A sobrecarga press&#243;rica foi menor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada ao grupo Convencional. Houve aumento na espessura do VD do grupo Intermitente, medida pelo ecocardiograma, comparado ao seu momento basal (p&lt;0,05). O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do VD foi melhor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado ao Convencional. Os grupos estimulados apresentaram aumento da massa muscular em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Controle (p=0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no conte&#250;do de &#225;gua mioc&#225;rdica. CONCLUS&#195;O: A BP intermitente desenvolveu hipertrofia de melhor desempenho funcional, sugerindo este protocolo como m&#233;todo preferencial de preparo ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular direita</kwd>
        <kwd>animais</kwd>
        <kwd>transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> EXPERIMENTAL</p>
    <p>Sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente promove melhor desempenho mioc&#225;rdico em animais adultos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Intermittent systolic overload promotes better myocardial performance in adult animals</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leonardo Augusto Miana<sup>I,II</sup>; Renato S. Assad<sup>I</sup>; Maria C. D. Abduch<sup>I</sup>; Guilherme Seva Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Ananda Rigo Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Santos Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Lopes Telles<sup>I</sup>; Maria Teresa Souto<sup>I</sup>; Gustavo J. Silva<sup>I</sup>; Noedir A. G. Stolf<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias frequentemente evolui com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. O preparo ventricular para a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em pacientes adultos apresenta resultados desapontadores. </p>
    <p><bold> OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) induzida por dois tipos de bandagem pulmonar (BP), convencional e intermitente em animais adultos. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Dezenove cabras adultas foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos: Convencional (seis animais), Intermitente (seis animais) e Controle (sete animais). O grupo Convencional foi submetido &#224; BP fixa com fita card&#237;aca, enquanto no grupo Intermitente foi usado dispositivo de BP ajust&#225;vel, que gerava sobrecarga sist&#243;lica por 12 horas, alternada com 12 horas de descanso do VD. As press&#245;es de VD, tronco pulmonar e aorta foram medidas durante todo o estudo. Ecocardiograma foi realizado semanalmente. Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados para avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica dos ventr&#237;culos. O grupo Controle foi submetido a eutan&#225;sia para an&#225;lise em condi&#231;&#245;es basais. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS: </bold>A sobrecarga press&#243;rica foi menor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada ao grupo Convencional. Houve aumento na espessura do VD do grupo Intermitente, medida pelo ecocardiograma, comparado ao seu momento basal (p&lt;0,05). O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do VD foi melhor no grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado ao Convencional. Os grupos estimulados apresentaram aumento da massa muscular em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Controle (p=0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no conte&#250;do de &#225;gua mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A BP intermitente desenvolveu hipertrofia de melhor desempenho funcional, sugerindo este protocolo como m&#233;todo preferencial de preparo ventricular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, hipertrofia ventricular direita, animais, transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos/cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Corrected transposition of great arteries often evolves with right ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular preparation for anatomic correction in adult patients has produced disappointing results. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess right ventricular hypertrophy (RV) induced by conventional and intermittent pulmonary banding (PB) in adult animals. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Nineteen adult goats were divided into three groups: conventional (six animals), intermittent (six animals) and control (seven animals). The Conventional group underwent fixed PB with cardiac tape, while the intermittent group received PB adjustable device, which generated systolic overload for 12 hours, alternated with 12 hours of rest of RV. The pressures of the RV, pulmonary artery and aorta were measured throughout the study. Echocardiography was performed weekly. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the ventricles. The Control group was put to euthanasia for analysis at baseline. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Pressure overload was lower in the intermittent group (p = 0.001), compared to the conventional group. There was an increase in the thickness of the RV of the Intermittent group measured by echocardiography compared to their baseline values (p &lt; 0.05). The myocardial performance index in the RV group was better in the Intermittent group (p = 0.024), compared to the Conventional group. The groups stimulated showed increased muscle mass compared to the Control group (p = 0.001). There was no difference in myocardial water content. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The intermittent BP developed hypertrophy of better performance, suggesting this protocol as the preferred method of ventricular preparation. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular dysfunction, right; hipertrophy, right ventricular; animals; transposition of great vessels/surgery.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o tardia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) sist&#234;mico &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o de relativa frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) operados no plano atrial ou naqueles com transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida das grandes art&#233;rias (TCGA)<sup>1-4</sup>. Desde o final dos anos 1980, diversos autores v&#234;m reportando resultados satisfat&#243;rios realizando uma opera&#231;&#227;o que visa &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica dessas afec&#231;&#245;es, mediante a invers&#227;o arterial (cirurgia de Jatene)<sup>5</sup>, associada &#224; invers&#227;o atrial<sup>6-9</sup>. Essa opera&#231;&#227;o foi consagrada com o nome de "<italic>Double Switch</italic>", isto &#233;, a cirurgia de dupla troca. Essa abordagem visa impedir a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da fal&#234;ncia do VD sist&#234;mico e, consequentemente, evitar a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas mais dr&#225;sticas nesses pacientes, como o transplante card&#237;aco, pois resgata funcionalmente o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) morfol&#243;gico para a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, aliviando a sobrecarga press&#243;rica sobre o VD, com melhora significativa de sua fun&#231;&#227;o. Em aproximadamente um ter&#231;o desses casos, faz-se necess&#225;rio o preparo do VE, por meio de bandagem pulmonar (BP), readaptando-o para trabalhar como bomba press&#243;rica sist&#234;mica<sup>6,10,11</sup>. Entretanto, o preparo ventricular por meio da BP nesses pacientes apresenta resultados insatisfat&#243;rios<sup>8,11-14</sup>, especialmente quando realizado na adolesc&#234;ncia e na idade adulta. Os principais problemas relacionam-se com o longo tempo necess&#225;rio para obten&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular precoce e tardia, dificuldade de preparo em pacientes maiores e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#245;es para ajuste da bandagem. Alguns autores v&#234;m relatando estrat&#233;gias alternativas ao preparo tradicional, at&#233; mesmo em estudos cl&#237;nicos, predominantemente por meio da realiza&#231;&#227;o de bandagens ajust&#225;veis do tronco pulmonar<sup>8</sup>, ou ainda promovendo sobrecargas press&#243;ricas intermitentes, mimetizando o treinamento muscular esquel&#233;tico de atletas<sup>15,16</sup>. Com isso, aventamos a hip&#243;tese de que um protocolo de BP intermitente poderia promover um preparo mais adequado, com maior preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do HC - FMUSP (protocolo 621/05) e realizado na Divis&#227;o de Fisiologia Aplicada do Incor - HC - FMUSP, de acordo com as normas de uso de animais em ensino e pesquisa da Comiss&#227;o de Fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa Animal (Cofipa).</p>
    <p>Foram utilizadas 19 cabras adultas, divididas em tr&#234;s grupos: Controle (n=7, peso = 28,74 &#177; 4,13 kg, nenhum procedimento cir&#250;rgico), Convencional (n=6, peso = 26,33 &#177; 2,32 kg, BP com sobrecarga sist&#243;lica cont&#237;nua do VD) e Intermitente (n=6, peso = 25,17 &#177; 2,48 kg, BP com dispositivo ajust&#225;vel e 12 horas/dia de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente do VD).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os animais foram pesados e examinados por veterin&#225;rio para afastar doen&#231;as preexistentes. Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica basal para certifica&#231;&#227;o da inexist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas ou morfol&#243;gicas pr&#233;vias ao procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anestesia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pr&#233;-anest&#233;sico foi feito com xilazina 2%, na dose de 0,1 mg/kg, intramuscular (IM). A indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica foi obtida com propofol 1% (7 mg/kg) intravenoso (IV) para intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Os animais foram mantidos em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (Takaoka Fuji Maximus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), com oxig&#234;nio de 60% - 100%, volume corrente de 10 ml/kg e inala&#231;&#227;o de isoflurano (1 a 2%). As cabras foram posicionadas em dec&#250;bito lateral direito, monitorizadas com eletrocardiograma cont&#237;nuo (ECG) e linha de press&#227;o arterial invasiva cont&#237;nua, medida por meio de cateterismo da art&#233;ria auricular esquerda com cateter <italic>Introcath</italic> 22G (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG). A analgesia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi obtida nos tr&#234;s primeiros dias com a administra&#231;&#227;o de cloridrato de tramadol (2 mg/kg, intramuscular, 12/12h). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As cabras foram preparadas para procedimento est&#233;ril (antisepsia com iodopovidona). Foi realizada toracotomia lateral esquerda no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal e foram implantados cateteres <italic>intracath</italic> 17G (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG) na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (Ao), na via de sa&#237;da do VD e no tronco pulmonar (TP), conforme descrito previamente<sup>15</sup>. A seguir, o TP foi dissecado para implante da BP. Nos animais do grupo Convencional, a bandagem do TP foi realizada com fita card&#237;aca de algod&#227;o (Polysuture, S&#227;o Sebasti&#227;o do Para&#237;so, MG), posicionada cerca de 10 mm acima do plano valvar. Nos animais do grupo Intermitente, foi implantado dispositivo de bandagem ajust&#225;vel posicionado imediatamente acima da valva pulmonar e fixado &#224; advent&#237;cia do TP, para prevenir sua migra&#231;&#227;o. Ambos os grupos de estudo foram submetidos a uma sobrecarga sist&#243;lica de VD em torno de 70% da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica sist&#234;mica. Foi administrada heparina s&#243;dica na dose de 5.000 UI, duas vezes ao dia, por via subcut&#226;nea, diariamente at&#233; o final do protocolo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de bandagem ajust&#225;vel</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O dispositivo foi desenvolvido em colabora&#231;&#227;o com a SILIMED, ind&#250;stria de silicone e instrumental m&#233;dico-cir&#250;rgico e hospitalar Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, RJ. &#201; constitu&#237;do por tr&#234;s partes: anel de bandagem, tubo extensor e bot&#227;o de insufla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica do VD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupo convencional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O treinamento do VD foi iniciado na cirurgia de implante da bandagem. Os animais permaneceram em sobrecarga sist&#243;lica cont&#237;nua do VD por um per&#237;odo de quatro semanas, com bandagem fixa convencional, ajustada no dia da cirurgia. Com o animal consciente e imobilizado na maca especial, as press&#245;es de VD, TP e Ao foram anotadas duas vezes por semana. O gradiente press&#243;rico entre VD e TP e a rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#245;es entre o VD e a Ao foram obtidos pela medida de suas respectivas press&#245;es sist&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupo intermitente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O treinamento do VD foi iniciado ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o plena da cirurgia (aproximadamente 60 horas de convalescen&#231;a). Como no grupo Convencional, as press&#245;es basais de VD, TP e Ao foram anotadas com o animal consciente, imobilizado em maca especial e com o dispositivo completamente desinsuflado. Ap&#243;s a leitura das press&#245;es basais, o dispositivo de bandagem ajust&#225;vel foi insuflado com soro fisiol&#243;gico 0,9%, de modo a atingir uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VD de aproximadamente 70% da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica sist&#234;mica, desde que n&#227;o provocasse queda superior a 10% da &#250;ltima, conforme descrito em estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>15,17,18</sup>. A seguir, as press&#245;es foram aferidas novamente. A sobrecarga sist&#243;lica do VD foi mantida por um per&#237;odo de 12 horas, ap&#243;s o qual o animal foi novamente colocado na maca especial para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Ap&#243;s a leitura de press&#245;es, o dispositivo foi desinsuflado e, mais uma vez, as press&#245;es foram aferidas. O procedimento de insuflar e desinsuflar o dispositivo foi realizado diariamente por quatro semanas, sendo que as press&#245;es foram aferidas tr&#234;s dias na semana. Nos dias alternados, o volume injetado correspondeu ao mesmo volume calculado no &#250;ltimo dia de medidas hemodin&#226;micas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os animais foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica previamente ao inicio do protocolo, assim como semanalmente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, para avaliar o processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o do VD durante as quatro semanas de estudo. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, as cabras foram sedadas com ketamina (10 mg/kg, via intramuscular) e mantidas em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo durante os exames. Utilizou-se aparelho de ecocardiograma ACUSON Cypress (Siemens, Munique, Alemanha) e transdutor setorial multifrequencial (1,8-3,6 MHz) para a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens e an&#225;lise dos fluxos. As espessuras do septo interventricular (SIV) e da parede posterior do VE foram mensuradas no ecocardiograma bidimensional, no final da di&#225;stole, atrav&#233;s do corte paraesternal longitudinal na altura das c&#250;spides da valva mitral<sup>19</sup>. A espessura da parede livre do VD foi obtida no corte paraesternal transverso (na altura dos vasos da base e no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares) e no corte longitudinal quatro c&#226;maras, na regi&#227;o onde seus limites fossem mais facilmente visibilizados. A seguir, obteve-se a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica desses valores. Tamb&#233;m no corte longitudinal de quatro c&#226;maras, foram mensurados o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (DDF) e os volumes diast&#243;lico (VDF) e sist&#243;lico (VSF) finais do VD pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado<sup>19</sup>, sendo que, a partir deste &#250;ltimo, obteve-se o c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (FEVD)<sup>20</sup>, segundo a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p><bold>FEVD= (VDFVD - VSFVD) </bold>x<bold> VDFVD<sup>-1</sup></bold></p>
    <p>Foram considerados normais valores de FEVD iguais ou acima de 55%<sup>21</sup>. Como par&#226;metro mais fidedigno do desempenho do VD, foi calculado o &#237;ndice de "<italic>performance</italic>" mioc&#225;rdica do VD (IPM<sub>VD</sub>) segundo a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p><bold>IPM<sub>VD </sub>= (TCIV + TRIV) </bold>x<bold> TE<sup>-1</sup></bold></p>
    <p>onde TCIV &#233; o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica, TRIV, o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico e TE, o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o. Os valores foram obtidos no corte longitudinal de quatro c&#226;maras, posicionando o volume da amostra no centro do anel valvar tric&#250;spide, medindo-se o intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio do fechamento valvar at&#233; o in&#237;cio da pr&#243;xima di&#225;stole (tempo a). O tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD foi calculado com o volume da amostra localizado na via de sa&#237;da do VD (tempo b), pelo corte paraesternal eixo curto. Subtraindo-se o tempo a pelo de b, obt&#233;m-se TCIV + TRIV. Esse valor foi ent&#227;o dividido pelo TE, adquirindo-se o IPM<sub>VD</sub><sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pesagem das massas card&#237;acas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi ent&#227;o removido do t&#243;rax e as paredes ventriculares e septal foram separadas de acordo com a t&#233;cnica de Fulton e cols.<sup>23</sup>. A seguir, o VD, VE e o SIV foram pesados em balan&#231;a digital METTLER AE-200 (Mettler-Toledo AG, Greifensee, Sui&#231;a). Em raz&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o de peso dos animais, as medidas foram normalizadas, por meio da indexa&#231;&#227;o de peso das massas musculares card&#237;acas pelo respectivo peso corporal do animal, conforme sugest&#227;o de Bishop e Cole<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conte&#250;do de &#225;gua dos tecidos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Depois de pesados, foram colhidas amostras de cada uma das paredes card&#237;acas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do de &#225;gua. O peso inicial (Pi) de cada amostra foi obtido, sendo ent&#227;o acondicionada em papel alum&#237;nio e devidamente identificada antes de serem colocadas na estufa (temperatura: 55-60&#186; C). Ap&#243;s cerca de 70 horas de desidrata&#231;&#227;o, cada amostra foi novamente pesada para se obter o peso seco (Ps). O porcentual do conte&#250;do de &#225;gua (CA (%)) foi ent&#227;o obtido atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula, assumindo que a distribui&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua foi homog&#234;nea no septo e nos ventr&#237;culos:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CA (%) = 100 - (Ps x Pi<sup>-1</sup> x 100)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os conte&#250;dos de &#225;gua das massas musculares card&#237;acas dos grupos Convencional e Intermitente foram comparados aos do grupo Controle, com o fim de se esclarecer se o ganho de peso do VD estaria associado ao edema mioc&#225;rdico ou aquisi&#231;&#227;o real de massa muscular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram comparadas entre os grupos e ao longo do protocolo por meio de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de dois fatores para medidas repetidas, seguida das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. J&#225; os valores de massa e conte&#250;do de &#225;gua do VD, VE e SIV foram comparados por meio de ANOVA de um fator, seguido das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. A sobrecarga sist&#243;lica imposta ao VD, dos grupos Cont&#237;nuo e Intermitente, foi avaliada por meio do c&#225;lculo das &#225;reas sob as curvas (m&#233;todo trapezoidal). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre essas &#225;reas foi realizada por meio de teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado. Os valores est&#227;o apresentados na forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Para todos os casos o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas por meio dos softwares utilizando o programa GraphPad Prism v.4 (San Diego, CA - EUA) e SigmaStat v.3.11.0 (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gradiente de press&#227;o VD/TP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sobrecarga sist&#243;lica gerada pela bandagem do TP nos grupos Convencional e Intermitente, ao longo de todo o protocolo, est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>, painel A. O painel B mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob as curvas de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica global imposta ao VD, durante todo o per&#237;odo de estudo. No grupo Intermitente, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de 72 horas, foi poss&#237;vel notar picos de gradientes sist&#243;licos VD/TP superiores aos daqueles gerados no grupo Convencional, alternados com per&#237;odos de "descanso" do VD. No grupo Convencional, observa-se um gradiente praticamente cont&#237;nuo, com pequenas quedas do gradiente entre a cirurgia e a primeira semana e entre a quarta semana e o momento da eutan&#225;sia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>, painel A). Quando as &#225;reas sob as curvas foram comparadas entre os grupos estimulados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>, painel B), notou-se menor sobrecarga sist&#243;lica global imposta ao VD no grupo Intermitente (p=0,002).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Raz&#227;o de press&#245;es VD/Ao</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o press&#243;rica VD/Ao basal foi semelhante nos grupos de estudo. Conforme objetivado na cirurgia, foi poss&#237;vel alcan&#231;ar uma rela&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica entre VD e Ao de 0,7. No entanto, notou-se queda significativa dessa raz&#227;o no grupo Convencional, a partir da primeira semana (p&lt;0,05), que se manteve ao longo do per&#237;odo estudado. J&#225; no grupo Intermitente, diante da possibilidade do ajuste di&#225;rio da bandagem, a rela&#231;&#227;o VD/Ao m&#225;xima manteve-se em torno de 0,7 ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo de estudo, diferentemente do grupo Convencional (p&lt;0,05), a n&#227;o ser por uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na quarta semana, com recupera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o no momento Eutan&#225;sia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Espessura das paredes card&#237;acas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da espessura da parede livre do VD n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos estimulados e o grupo Controle. A partir da segunda semana de estudo, o grupo Intermitente apresentou um aumento de 37,2% da espessura do VD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida basal (p&lt;0,05), enquanto no grupo Convencional n&#227;o foi observada modifica&#231;&#227;o dessa parede durante as quatro semanas de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). As espessuras do SIV e da parede posterior do VE n&#227;o variaram nos dois grupos estimulados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD nos dois grupos se manteve constante, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de dois fatores (p=0,45).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Similarmente &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi observada varia&#231;&#227;o significante do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD com o tempo ou entre os grupos, nas quatro semanas (p=0,42).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paralelamente ao di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no volume diast&#243;lico final do VD ao longo do protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, em nenhum dos grupos nem dentre eles (p=0,70).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice de "<italic>performance</italic>" mioc&#225;rdica do VD (IPM<sub>VD</sub>)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref> mostra que os grupos de estudo partiram de valores basais de IPM<sub>VD</sub> semelhantes. No entanto, o grupo Intermitente apresentou melhor desempenho do ventr&#237;culo estimulado, representado por menores valores de IPM<sub>VD</sub> ao longo do protocolo de sobrecarga, quando comparado ao grupo Convencional (p=0,024).</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Achados morfol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pesagem das massas card&#237;acas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados de peso das massas das cavidades ventriculares, indexadas para o peso de cada animal, est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>. O grupo Intermitente (1,24 g/kg &#177; 0,15 g/kg) e o grupo Convencional (1,08 g/kg &#177; 0,17 g/kg) apresentaram aumento da massa muscular do VD de 67,57% e 45,95%, respectivamente (p= 0,001), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (0,74 g/kg &#177; 0,07 g/kg). N&#227;o ocorreu varia&#231;&#227;o no peso das massas do VE e do SIV entre os grupos. A indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa do VD pela &#225;rea de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref>. Observou-se um aumento mais expressivo dessa rela&#231;&#227;o no grupo Intermitente, ou seja, para varia&#231;&#245;es de mesma magnitude da sobrecarga sist&#243;lica imposta ao VD, o ganho de massa observado no grupo Intermitente foi maior (p=0,0006). </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Conte&#250;do de &#225;gua</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados do conte&#250;do de &#225;gua dos grupos. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa no conte&#250;do de &#225;gua entre os grupos, em nenhum dos segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio estudados. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, ficou claramente atestada a maior facilidade no manuseio dos gradientes press&#243;ricos com o uso da bandagem ajust&#225;vel, e, consequentemente, maiores gradientes press&#243;ricos foram atingidos, o que poderia minimizar muitos dos contratempos referidos no preparo do mioc&#225;rdio adulto, como a imprecis&#227;o do ajuste da bandagem e a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#245;es<sup>11,12</sup>. Embora tenha sido submetido a uma menor &#225;rea de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, o grupo Intermitente apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia a maior ganho de massa ventricular, que foi de aproximadamente 75% do ganho observado em animais jovens, submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, por&#233;m com um tempo de treinamento <italic>sete vezes</italic> menor<sup>15</sup>. Isso corrobora as diferen&#231;as encontradas entre lactentes e adultos em estudos de preparo ventricular, com grande variabilidade no tempo necess&#225;rio e risco aumentado de fal&#234;ncia ventricular precoce e tardia nos adultos<sup>25-27</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a bandagem tradicional confirmou as dificuldades encontradas na cirurgia de adolescentes, quando pequenos ajustes na bandagem provocaram intensa instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica nos animais, determinando repetidos reajustes e um ato cir&#250;rgico mais moroso e laborioso, em conson&#226;ncia com os estudos cl&#237;nicos. Apesar das dificuldades encontradas com a bandagem convencional, foi poss&#237;vel atingir a rela&#231;&#227;o VD/Ao almejada em todos os animais do grupo Convencional no ato cir&#250;rgico. Entretanto, o ajuste obtido no intraoperat&#243;rio tornava-se menos preciso ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, com queda da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/Ao, conforme relatado em v&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais, incorrendo em perda do gradiente pretendido ao longo do protocolo, seja por dilata&#231;&#227;o ou por disfun&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara subpulmonar<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aumento de 33% observado na espessura da parede livre do VD no grupo Intermitente correspondeu a cerca de 25% do aumento encontrado no estudo de animais jovens, corroborando os achados de um menor aumento de massa ventricular em animais adultos, durante um tempo mais prolongado de est&#237;mulo hipertr&#243;fico<sup>15</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es mais evidentes de espessura da parede livre do VD apareceram j&#225; na segunda semana e mantiveram-se constantes posteriormente. &#201; dif&#237;cil afirmar que o processo hipertr&#243;fico ventricular em humanos seria o mesmo, dadas as diferen&#231;as entre as esp&#233;cies. Entretanto, nota-se marcante tend&#234;ncia de diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de preparo com a bandagem intermitente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do preparo do VD, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;as em repouso. Entretanto, o IPM<sub>VD</sub> tem se mostrado uma ferramenta valiosa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita<sup>22,30</sup>. A an&#225;lise desse par&#226;metro permitiu constatar a supremacia funcional do preparo ventricular observada nos animais do grupo Intermitente, mediante seus menores &#237;ndices de IPM<sub>VD. </sub>Esse achado pode ser decorrente do benef&#237;cio dos per&#237;odos de descanso intercalados com a sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente. Como nos animais jovens, talvez estes intervalos de descanso ao longo do protocolo possam otimizar o fluxo coronariano subendoc&#225;rdico e, consequentemente, maior aporte de substratos para o processo hipertr&#243;fico do mioc&#225;rdio, limitando assim a severidade do estresse sist&#243;lico cont&#237;nuo imposto ao VD do grupo cont&#237;nuo<sup>31,32</sup>. Como o treinamento atl&#233;tico promove uma hipertrofia ventricular fisiol&#243;gica, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>33</sup>, procurou-se transpor para o preparo ventricular alguns princ&#237;pios j&#225; adotados para os atletas. Dentre eles, per&#237;odos de treinamento intenso intercalados com per&#237;odos de descanso, o que permitiria ao m&#250;sculo reposi&#231;&#227;o de seus estoques intracelulares, adaptando-o gradativamente &#224; nova condi&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diante do achado de ganho de massa do VD nos grupos estimulados, procurou-se analisar os poss&#237;veis substratos morfol&#243;gicos para justificar este incremento. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o conte&#250;do de &#225;gua nos tecidos mioc&#225;rdicos, para identificar poss&#237;vel edema, que promoveria aumento do peso e da espessura das massas musculares, o que n&#227;o ocorreu de modo significativo. O presente estudo comprova de forma consistente a possibilidade de hipertrofia no mioc&#225;rdio maduro, mediante a obten&#231;&#227;o de aumento no peso e espessura do VD, com tend&#234;ncia &#224; superioridade para o grupo Intermitente. Pesquisadores franceses avaliaram o retreinamento do mioc&#225;rdio de ovelhas adultas, identificando focos de fibrose nos animais submetidos &#224; bandagem convencional, diferentemente dos submetidos &#224; bandagem intermitente<sup>16</sup>, o que pode ser um dos substratos para um pior desempenho funcional. Vida e cols.<sup>34</sup> compararam o processo adaptativo ventricular de ratos jovens e adultos submetidos &#224; bandagem do tronco pulmonar. Os autores encontraram maior ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno nos cora&#231;&#245;es adultos. O est&#237;mulo intermitente do presente estudo promoveu hipertrofia com menor imposi&#231;&#227;o de sobrecarga ventricular. Com isso, natural seria propor tal regime press&#243;rico como uma alternativa mais saud&#225;vel ao modelo tradicional de preparo. Perrino e cols.<sup>35</sup> estudaram o VE de camundongos submetidos a est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos de hipertrofia, como correr e nadar, comparados com sobrecargas press&#243;ricas fixas e intermitentes, por meio de bandagem da aorta. Os autores demonstraram que a sobrecarga fixa desencadeou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, enquanto a sobrecarga intermitente manteve a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, &#224; semelhan&#231;a dos est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos (correr e nadar). Entretanto, quando marcadores biomoleculares de hipertrofia foram analisados, percebeu-se que havia sinaliza&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica em ambos os tipos de sobrecarga artificial, fixa e intermitente, diferentemente dos est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do preparo do VE em pacientes adultos leva em considera&#231;&#227;o alguns fatores: rela&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica do VE morfol&#243;gico/press&#227;o sist&#234;mica adequada com boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, boa resposta inotr&#243;pica e obten&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia desencadeada pela sobrecarga sist&#243;lica da bandagem. No entanto, n&#227;o raro, pacientes apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, alguns at&#233; mesmo necessitando transplante card&#237;aco. Alguns estudos cl&#237;nicos relatam a impossibilidade de se realizar o preparo ventricular em pacientes que j&#225; chegaram &#224; adolesc&#234;ncia, tamanha a dificuldade para se obter hipertrofia ventricular sem provocar disfun&#231;&#227;o nestes pacientes<sup>8,11</sup>. Outros autores concluem que a idade &#233; o maior fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de mudan&#231;as mal adaptativas<sup>34</sup>. Com isso, futuramente, protocolos de sobrecarga intermitente, semelhantes ao testado neste estudo, poderiam ser sugeridos nesses pacientes, visando promover hipertrofia efetiva, sem dano ao tecido mioc&#225;rdio, evitando o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo possui as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a um estudo experimental, e o principal deles reside no fato de que a BP em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o promove readapta&#231;&#227;o do VD, enquanto em pacientes portadores de TGA e TCGA, a BP promove o preparo do VE. A observa&#231;&#227;o da tend&#234;ncia &#224; menor hipertrofia no grupo Convencional pode refletir a dificuldade no preparo de mioc&#225;rdios maduros na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como tamb&#233;m a necessidade de per&#237;odos mais prolongados de est&#237;mulo para se atingir tal efeito. Embora a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica seja atualmente o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional do VD<sup>36,37</sup>, no presente estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel contar com o aux&#237;lio desse exame, que certamente enriqueceria os achados. Apesar disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi estimada pelo mesmo observador (MCDA), usando o mesmo m&#233;todo para todos os animais, o que minimiza a variabilidade entre as duas abordagens diagn&#243;sticas. Estudos histol&#243;gicos e do metabolismo energ&#233;tico nesses animais est&#227;o em andamento em nosso laborat&#243;rio para corroborar as evid&#234;ncias funcionais encontradas no presente estudo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A bandagem do tronco pulmonar promoveu hipertrofia do VD em ambos os grupos de estudo de cabras adultas, seja de forma convencional, seja de forma intermitente, ao longo das quatro semanas, sem que isso fosse acompanhado por ac&#250;mulo significativo de &#225;gua. Apesar da menor sobrecarga sist&#243;lica imposta ao VD do grupo Intermitente, foram observados, neste grupo, maiores picos de gradientes sist&#243;licos, maior varia&#231;&#227;o da espessura da parede livre do VD e maior ganho de massa muscular por unidade de sobrecarga. A hipertrofia promovida pela sobrecarga intermitente proporcionou um melhor desempenho do ventr&#237;culo direito, ao longo do estudo. Provavelmente, o preparo ventricular mais fisiol&#243;gico de adolescentes portadores de TGA ou TCGA, com ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico falido seria beneficiado com a sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente, visando promover uma hipertrofia efetiva, com preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem o apoio prestado pelos diretores da SILIMED, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, e pela sua divis&#227;o de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, nas pessoas de Ana Soares e Andr&#233; Esteves, pela valiosa ajuda no aprimoramento do prot&#243;tipo utilizado em animais adultos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Leonardo Augusto Miana </p>
        <p> Rua Severino Meireles, 59 - Alto dos Passos </p>
        <p> 36025-040 - Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="leonardomiana@cardiol.br">leonardomiana@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leonardomiana@sbccv.org.br">leonardomiana@sbccv.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/12/09; revisado recebido em 06/02/10; aceito em 17/03/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Wilson NJ, Clarkson PM, Barratt-Boyes BG,    Calder AL, Whitlock RM, Easthope RN, et al. Long-term outcome after the mustard    repair for simple transposition of the great arteries. 28-year follow-up. J    Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32 (3): 758-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term outcome after the mustard repair for simple transposition of the great arteries: 28-year follow-up</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>758</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarkson</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barratt-Boyes</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calder</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitlock</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Easthope</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Sarkar D, Bull C, Yates R, Wright D, Cullen    S, Gewillig M, et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes of atrial repair of simple    transposition with implications for a late arterial switch strategy. Circulation.    1999; 100 (19 Suppl): II176-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of long-term outcomes of atrial repair of simple transposition with implications for a late arterial switch strategy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>II176</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarkar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bull</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yates</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cullen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gewillig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Puley G, Siu S, Connelly M, Harrison D, Webb    G, Williams WG, et al. Arrhythmia and survival in patients &gt; 18 years of    age after the mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries.    Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83 (7): 1080-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arrhythmia and survival in patients &gt; 18 years of age after the mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1080</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puley</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connelly</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Oechslin E, Jenni R. 40 years after the first    atrial switch procedure in patients with transposition of the great arteries:    long-term results in Toronto and Zurich. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 48 (4):    233-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>40 years after the first atrial switch procedure in patients with transposition of the great arteries: long-term results in Toronto and Zurich</article-title>
          <source>Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oechslin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenni</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Jatene AD, Fontes VF, Paulista PP, de Souza    LC, Neger F, Galantier M, et al. Successful anatomic correction of transposition    of the great vessels: a preliminary report. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1975; 28 (4):    461-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Successful anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels: a preliminary report</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulista</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galantier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Mee RB. Severe right ventricular failure after    Mustard or Senning operation. Two-stage repair: pulmonary artery banding and    switch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986; 92 (3 Pt 1): 385-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Severe right ventricular failure after Mustard or Senning operation: Two-stage repair: pulmonary artery banding and switch</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mee</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Reddy VM, McElhinney DB, Silverman NH, Hanley    FL. The double switch procedure for anatomical repair of congenitally corrected    transposition of the great arteries in infants and children. Eur Heart J. 1997;    18 (9): 1470-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The double switch procedure for anatomical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in infants and children</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1470</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McElhinney</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Devaney EJ, Charpie JR, Ohye RG, Bove EL.    Combined arterial switch and Senning operation for congenitally corrected transposition    of the great arteries: patient selection and intermediate results. J Thorac    Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 125 (3): 500-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Combined arterial switch and Senning operation for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: patient selection and intermediate results</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>500</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devaney</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charpie</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohye</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bove</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Imamura M, Drummond-Webb JJ, Murphy DJ Jr,    Prieto LR, Latson LA, Flamm SD, et al. Results of the double switch operation    in the current era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 70 (1): 100-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Results of the double switch operation in the current era</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Imamura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drummond-Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy Jr</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prieto</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latson</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flamm</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Padalino MA, Stellin G, Brawn WJ, Fasoli    G, Daliento L, Milanesi O, et al. Arterial switch operation after left ventricular    retraining in the adult. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 70 (5): 1753-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arterial switch operation after left ventricular retraining in the adult</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1753</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Padalino</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stellin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brawn</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fasoli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daliento</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milanesi</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Winlaw DS, McGuirk SP, Balmer C, Langley    SM, Griselli M, Stumper O, et al. Intention-to-treat analysis of pulmonary artery    banding in conditions with a morphological right ventricle in the systemic circulation    with a view to anatomic biventricular repair. Circulation. 2005; 111 (4): 405-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intention-to-treat analysis of pulmonary artery banding in conditions with a morphological right ventricle in the systemic circulation with a view to anatomic biventricular repair</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Winlaw</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGuirk</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balmer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langley</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griselli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stumper</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Arterial switch after    failed atrial baffle procedures for transposition of the great arteries. Ann    Thorac Surg. 2000; 69 (3): 851-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arterial switch after failed atrial baffle procedures for transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>851</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mavroudis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Backer</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Poirier NC, Mee RB. Left ventricular reconditioning    and anatomical correction for systemic right ventricular dysfunction. Semin    Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2000; 3: 198-215.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular reconditioning and anatomical correction for systemic right ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>215</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poirier</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mee</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Poirier NC, Yu JH, Brizard CP, Mee RB. Long-term    results of left ventricular reconditioning and anatomic correction for systemic    right ventricular dysfunction after atrial switch procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc    Surg. 2004; 127 (4): 975-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term results of left ventricular reconditioning and anatomic correction for systemic right ventricular dysfunction after atrial switch procedures</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poirier</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brizard</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mee</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Assad RS, Abduch MC, Valente AS, Andrade    JL, Krieger JE, et al. Adjustable pulmonary trunk banding: comparison of two    methods of acute subpulmonary ventricle hypertrophy. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg.    2006; 21 (4): 418-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Adjustable pulmonary trunk banding: comparison of two methods of acute subpulmonary ventricle hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abduch</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Le Bret E, Lupoglazoff JM, Borenstein N,    Fromont G, Laborde F, Bachet J, et al. Cardiac "fitness" training:    an experimental comparative study of three methods of pulmonary artery banding    for ventricular training. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79 (1): 198-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac "fitness" training: an experimental comparative study of three methods of pulmonary artery banding for ventricular training</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le Bret</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupoglazoff</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borenstein</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fromont</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laborde</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bachet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Dias CA, Assad RS, Caneo LF, Abduch MC, Aiello    VD, Dias AR, et al. Reversible pulmonary trunk banding. II. An experimental    model for rapid pulmonary ventricular hypertrophy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.    2002; 124 (5): 999-1006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reversible pulmonary trunk banding: II. An experimental model for rapid pulmonary ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>999</fpage>
          <lpage>1006</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caneo</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abduch</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Muraoka R, Yokota M, Aoshima M, Nomoto S,    Kyoku I, Kobayashi A, et al. Extrathoracically adjustable pulmonary artery banding.    J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983; 86 (4): 582-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Extrathoracically adjustable pulmonary artery banding</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>582</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muraoka</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokota</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aoshima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nomoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kyoku</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf    FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification:    a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards    Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction    with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European    Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005; 18 (12): 1440-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1440</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB. Methods    for obtaining quantitative information from the echocardiographic examination.    In: Snider AR, Serwer GA, Ritter SB, editors. Echocardiography in pediatric    heart disease. 2nd ed. Missouri: Mosby; 1997. p. 133-234.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Echocardiography in pediatric heart disease</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>234</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Snider</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serwer</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snider</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serwer</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritter</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Morhy SS, Andrade JL, Soares AM, Ribeiro    ZV, Wilberg TM, Mathias W Jr, et al. Non-invasive assessment of right ventricular    function in the late follow-up of the Senning procedure. Cardiol Young. 2005;    15 (2): 154-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-invasive assessment of right ventricular function in the late follow-up of the Senning procedure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morhy</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ZV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilberg</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Jr</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Tei C, Nishimura RA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ.    Noninvasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index: correlation with simultaneous    measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.    1997; 10 (2): 169-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index: correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tei</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Fulton RM, Hutchinson EC, Jones AM. Ventricular    weight in cardiac hypertrophy. Br Heart J. 1952; 14 (3): 413-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular weight in cardiac hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1952</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fulton</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutchinson</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Bishop SP, Cole CR. Production of externally    controlled progressive pulmonic stenosis in the dog. J Appl Physiol. 1969; 26    (5): 659-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Production of externally controlled progressive pulmonic stenosis in the dog</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>659</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bishop</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cole</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Takahashi Y, Nakano S, Shimazaki Y, Kadoba    K, Taniguchi K, Sano T, et al. Echocardiographic comparison of postoperative    left ventricular contractile state between one- and two-stage arterial switch    operation for simple transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1991;    84 (5 Suppl): III180-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic comparison of postoperative left ventricular contractile state between one- and two-stage arterial switch operation for simple transposition of the great arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>III180</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakano</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimazaki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kadoba</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sano</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Benzaquen BS, Webb GD, Colman JM, Therrien    J. Arterial switch operation after Mustard procedures in adult patients with    transposition of the great arteries: is it time to revise our strategy? Am Heart    J. 2004; 147 (3): E8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arterial switch operation after Mustard procedures in adult patients with transposition of the great arteries: is it time to revise our strategy?</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>E8</fpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benzaquen</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colman</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Therrien</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Quinn DW, McGuirk SP, Metha C, Nightingale    P, de Giovanni JV, Dhillon R, et al. The morphologic left ventricle that requires    training by means of pulmonary artery banding before the double-switch procedure    for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is at risk of    late dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 135 (5): 1137-44, 1144 e1-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The morphologic left ventricle that requires training by means of pulmonary artery banding before the double-switch procedure for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is at risk of late dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1137</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quinn</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGuirk</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metha</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nightingale</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Giovanni</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhillon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Corno AF, Bonnet D, Sekarski N, Sidi D, Vouhe    P, von Segesser LK. Remote control of pulmonary blood flow: initial clinical    experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 126 (6): 1775-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Remote control of pulmonary blood flow: initial clinical experience</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1775</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corno</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekarski</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vouhe</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Segesser</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Bonnet D, Corno AF, Sidi D, Sekarski N, Beghetti    M, Schulze-Neick I, et al. Early clinical results of the telemetric adjustable    pulmonary artery banding FloWatch-PAB. Circulation. 2004; 110 (11 Suppl 1):    II158-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early clinical results of the telemetric adjustable pulmonary artery banding FloWatch-PAB</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>II158</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corno</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekarski</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beghetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulze-Neick</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Takeuchi D, Nakanishi T, Tomimatsu H, Nakazawa    M. Evaluation of right ventricular performance long after the atrial switch    operation for transposition of the great arteries using the Doppler Tei index.    Pediatr Cardiol. 2006; 27 (1): 78-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of right ventricular performance long after the atrial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries using the Doppler Tei index</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>78</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takeuchi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakanishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomimatsu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakazawa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. White FC, Sanders M, Peterson T, Bloor CM.    Ischemic myocardial injury after exercise stress in the pressure-overloaded    heart. Am J Pathol. 1979; 97 (3): 473-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ischemic myocardial injury after exercise stress in the pressure-overloaded heart</article-title>
          <source>Am J Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloor</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Carroll SM, Nimmo LE, Knoepfler PS, White    FC, Bloor CM. Gene expression in a swine model of right ventricular hypertrophy:    intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor and plasminogen    activators are upregulated during pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995;    27 (7): 1427-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Gene expression in a swine model of right ventricular hypertrophy: intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor and plasminogen activators are upregulated during pressure overload</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1427</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nimmo</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knoepfler</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloor</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Oliveira EM, Krieger JE. Hipertrofia card&#237;aca    e treinamento f&#237;sico: aspectos moleculares. Hipertens&#227;o. 2002;    5: 73-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hipertrofia card&#237;aca e treinamento f&#237;sico: aspectos moleculares</article-title>
          <source>Hipertens&#227;o</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Vida VL, Angelini A, Ausoni S, Bilardi A,    Ori C, Vlassich F, et al. Age is a risk factor for maladaptive changes in rats    exposed to increased pressure loading of the right ventricular myocardium. Cardiol    Young. 2007; 17 (2): 202-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age is a risk factor for maladaptive changes in rats exposed to increased pressure loading of the right ventricular myocardium</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>202</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vida</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ausoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilardi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vlassich</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Perrino C, Prasad SV, Mao L, Noma T, Yan    Z, Kim HS, et al. Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent    cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction. J Clin Invest. 2006; 116 (6):    1547-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1547</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perrino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prasad</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noma</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Horton KD, Meece RW, Hill JC. Assessment    of the right ventricle by echocardiography: a primer for cardiac sonographers.    J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009; 22 (7): 776-92; quiz 861-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of the right ventricle by echocardiography: a primer for cardiac sonographers</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>776</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horton</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meece</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Sade LE, Gulmez O, Ozyer U, Ozgul E, Agildere    M, Muderrisoglu H. Tissue Doppler study of the right ventricle with a multisegmental    approach: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.    2009; 22 (4): 361-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler study of the right ventricle with a multisegmental approach: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sade</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gulmez</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozyer</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozgul</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agildere</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muderrisoglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intermittent systolic overload promotes better myocardial performance in adult animals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Corrected transposition of great arteries often evolves with right ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular preparation for anatomic correction in adult patients has produced disappointing results. OBJECTIVE: To assess right ventricular hypertrophy (RV) induced by conventional and intermittent pulmonary banding (PB) in adult animals. METHODS: Nineteen adult goats were divided into three groups: conventional (six animals), intermittent (six animals) and control (seven animals). The Conventional group underwent fixed PB with cardiac tape, while the intermittent group received PB adjustable device, which generated systolic overload for 12 hours, alternated with 12 hours of rest of RV. The pressures of the RV, pulmonary artery and aorta were measured throughout the study. Echocardiography was performed weekly. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the ventricles. The Control group was put to euthanasia for analysis at baseline. RESULTS: Pressure overload was lower in the intermittent group (p = 0.001), compared to the conventional group. There was an increase in the thickness of the RV of the Intermittent group measured by echocardiography compared to their baseline values (p &lt; 0.05). The myocardial performance index in the RV group was better in the Intermittent group (p = 0.024), compared to the Conventional group. The groups stimulated showed increased muscle mass compared to the Control group (p = 0.001). There was no difference in myocardial water content. CONCLUSION: The intermittent BP developed hypertrophy of better performance, suggesting this protocol as the preferred method of ventricular preparation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular dysfunction, right</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrophy, right ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>animals</kwd>
        <kwd>transposition of great vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Intermittent systolic overload promotes better myocardial performance in adult animals</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Leonardo Augusto Miana<sup>I, II</sup>; Renato S. Assad<sup>I</sup>; Maria C. D. Abduch<sup>I</sup>; Guilherme Seva Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Ananda Rigo Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Santos Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Lopes Telles<sup>I</sup>; Maria Teresa Souto<sup>I</sup>; Gustavo J. Silva<sup>I</sup>; Noedir A. G. Stolf<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Corrected transposition of great arteries often evolves with right ventricular dysfunction. The ventricular preparation for anatomic correction in adult patients has produced disappointing results.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess right ventricular hypertrophy (RV) induced by conventional and intermittent pulmonary banding (PB) in adult animals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Nineteen adult goats were divided into three groups: conventional (six animals), intermittent (six animals) and control (seven animals). The Conventional group underwent fixed PB with cardiac tape, while the intermittent group received PB adjustable device, which generated systolic overload for 12 hours, alternated with 12 hours of rest of RV. The pressures of the RV, pulmonary artery and aorta were measured throughout the study. Echocardiography was performed weekly. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the ventricles. The Control group was put to euthanasia for analysis at baseline.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Pressure overload was lower in the intermittent group (p = 0.001), compared to the conventional group. There was an increase in the thickness of the RV of the Intermittent group measured by echocardiography compared to their baseline values (p &lt; 0.05). The myocardial performance index in the RV group was better in the Intermittent group (p = 0.024), compared to the Conventional group. The groups stimulated showed increased muscle mass compared to the Control group (p = 0.001). There was no difference in myocardial water content.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The intermittent BP developed hypertrophy of better performance, suggesting this protocol as the preferred method of ventricular preparation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular dysfunction, right; hipertrophy, right ventricular; animals; transposition of great vessels/surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Late right ventricular dysfunction (VD) is a complication of relative frequency in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) operated at the atrial level or in those with corrected transposition of the great arteries (c-TGA)<sup>1-4</sup>. Since the late 1980s, several authors have reported satisfactory results by performing an operation aimed at the anatomic correction of these diseases through arterial switch (the Jatene procedure)<sup>5</sup>, associated with atrial inversion<sup>6-9</sup>. Such procedure was named Double Switch, i.e., a double replacement surgery. This approach aims to prevent the natural evolution of systemic RV failure, and thus avoid the adoption of more drastic measures in these patients, such as heart transplantation, since it functionally rescues the morphological left ventricle (LV) for the systemic circulation, relieving pressure overload on the RV, significantly improving its function. In approximately one third of these cases, it is necessary to prepare the LV through pulmonary banding (PB), adjusting it to work as a systemic pressure pump<sup>6,10,11</sup>. However, ventricular preparation through PB in these patients produces unsatisfactory results<sup>8,11-14</sup>, especially when performed in adolescence and adulthood. The main problems relate to the long time needed to obtain hypertrophy, development of early and late ventricular dysfunction, difficulty of preparation in elderly patients and need for reinterventions to fit the banding. Some authors have reported alternative strategies to traditional preparation even in clinical studies, primarily through adjustable banding of pulmonary trunk<sup>8</sup>, or promoting intermittent pressure overload, mimicking the skeletal muscle training of athletes<sup>15,16</sup>. Hence, we hypothesized that a protocol of intermittent PB could promote a more suitable preparation, with greater preservation of ventricular functions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects of HC - FMUSP (protocol 621/05) and performed in the Division of Applied Physiology of InCor - HC - FMUSP, according to the standards of animal use in teaching and research of Cofipa (Audit Committee of Animal Research).</p>
      <p>The study employed 19 adult goats divided into three groups: Control (n=7, weight = 28.74 &#177; 4.13 kg, no surgical procedure), Conventional (n=6, weight = 26.33 &#177; 2.32 kg, PB with continuous systolic overload of the RV) and Intermittent (n=6, weight = 25.17 &#177; 2.48 kg, PB with adjustable device and 12 hours/day of intermittent systolic overload of the RV).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Preoperative evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The animals were weighed and examined by a veterinarian to rule out preexisting conditions. Baseline echocardiographic assessment was performed to certify the absence of anatomical or morphological abnormalities prior to the procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anesthesia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pre-anesthetic drug used was xilazina 2% at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, intramuscular (IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol 1% (7 mg/kg) intravenous (IV) for orotracheal intubation. The animals were maintained on mechanical ventilation (Takaoka Fuji Maximus, S&#227;o Paulo, SP) with oxygen 60% - 100%, tidal volume of 10 ml/kg and inhalation of isoflurane (1-2%). The goats were positioned in right lateral position monitored with continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous invasive blood pressure line measured by catheterization of the left atrial artery with Introcath 22G catheter (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG). Postoperative analgesia was obtained on the first three days with administration of tramadol chloridrate (2 mg/kg, intramuscular, 12/12h).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The goats were prepared for sterile procedure (antisepsis with povidone-iodine). We performed left thoracotomy in the 4<sup>th</sup> intercostal space and implanted intracath catheters 17G (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG) in the descending thoracic aorta (Ao), at the outflow of the RV and in the pulmonary trunk (PT), as described previously<sup>15</sup>. Then, the PT was dissected to implant PB. In the animals of the Conventional group, the TP banding was performed with cardiac tape cotton (Polysuture, S&#227;o Sebasti&#227;o do Para&#237;so, MG), positioned about 10 mm above the valve. In the animals of the Intermittent group, an adjustable banding device was implanted immediately above the pulmonary valve and fixed to the adventitia of the PT, to prevent migration. Both groups were subjected to a systolic overload of the RV around 70% of systemic systolic pressure. Heparin was administered at a dose of 5,000 IU twice a day subcutaneously until the end of the protocol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Description of the adjustable banding device</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The device was developed in collaboration with SILIMED, <italic>Ind&#250;stria de Silicone e Instrumental M&#233;dico-Cir&#250;rgico e Hospitalar</italic> Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, RJ. It consists of three parts: banding ring, extension tube and inflation button (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_13f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol of RV systolic overload</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conventional group</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The RV training was initiated in the banding implant surgery. The animals remained under continuous systolic overload of the RV for a period of four weeks with conventional fixed banding adjusted on the day of surgery. With the animal conscious and immobilized on a special stretcher, the pressures of RV, PT and Ao were recorded twice a week. The pressure gradient between RV and pulmonary trunk and the pressure ratio between RV and Ao were obtained by measuring their respective systolic pressures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intermittent group</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The RV training was initiated after full recovery from surgery (approximately 60 hours of convalescence). As in the Conventional group, the basal pressures of RV, PT and Ao were recorded with the animal conscious, immobilized on a special stretcher and the device completely deflated. After reading the basal pressures, the adjustable banding device was inflated with 0.9% saline in order to reach an RV systolic pressure of approximately 70% of systemic systolic pressure, provided that it did not cause a decrease of systolic pressure of more than 10%, as described in previous studies<sup>15,17,18</sup>. Then, the pressures were measured again. The RV systolic overload was maintained for a period of 12 hours, after which the animal was again placed on a special stretcher for hemodynamic monitoring. After the reading of pressures, the device was deflated and, again, the pressures were measured. The procedure to inflate and deflate the device was performed daily for four weeks, and the pressures were measured three days a week. On alternate days, the injected volume corresponded to the same volume calculated on the last day of hemodynamic measurements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All animals underwent echocardiographic evaluation before the protocol, and weekly after surgery to evaluate the adaptation of the RV during the four weeks of study. For the exams, the goats were sedated with ketamina (10 mg/kg intramuscular) and maintained in the left lateral position during the examinations. We used ACUSON Cypress echocardiography machine (Siemens, Munich, Germany) and multifrequency sector transducer (1.8 to 3.6 MHz) to obtain the images and flow analyses. The thicknesses of the interventricular septum (IVS) and LV posterior wall were measured in two-dimensional echocardiogram at the end of diastole through the longitudinal parasternal section at the height of the mitral valve cusps<sup>19</sup>. The thickness of the RV free wall was obtained in the cross-sectional parasternal section (at the height of the great vessels and at the level of the papillary muscles) and in the longitudinal four-chamber section in the region where its boundaries are more easily viewed. Then, we obtained the arithmetic mean of these values. Also in the longitudinal four-chamber section, we measured the end diastolic diameter (EDD) and end diastolic volumes (EDV) and end systolic volumes (ESV) of the RV through the modified Simpson method<sup>19</sup>, and from the latter, we obtained the calculation of the RV ejection fraction (RVEF)<sup>20</sup>, according to the formula:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RVEF = (EDVRV - ESVRV) x EDVRV<sup>-1</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p>Normal values of RVEF were considered at or above 55%<sup>21</sup>. As the most reliable parameter of RV performance, we calculated the myocardial performance index of the RV myocardial (MPI<sub>VD</sub>) according to the formula:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>MPI<sub>RV</sub> = (TCIV + TRIV) x ET<sup>-1</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p>where TCIV is the isovolumetric contraction time, TRIV, isovolumetric relaxation time and ET, ejection time. The values were obtained in longitudinal four-chamber section, positioning the sample volume at the center of the tricuspid valve annulus, measuring the time interval between the onset of valve closure to the beginning of the next diastole (time a). The RV ejection time was calculated with the sample volume located in the RV outflow (time b) through the parasternal short axis. Subtracting the time a for b, we obtain TCIV + TRIV. This value was then divided by the TE, producing MPI<sub>VD</sub><sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac masses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After euthanasia, the heart were then removed from the thorax and the ventricular and septal walls were separated according to the technique of Fulton et al<sup>23</sup>. Then, the RV, LV and IVS were weighed in a digital scale METTLER AE-200 (Mettler-Toledo AG, Greifensee, Switzerland). Due to variations in animal weight, measurements were standardized by means of indexation of weight of heart muscle mass according to animals' body weight, as suggested by Bishop and Cole<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Water content of tissues</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After weighing, samples were collected from each of the cardiac walls for evaluation of water content (WC). The initial weight (IW) of each sample was determined. Then, they were wrapped in aluminum foil and properly identified before being placed in an incubator (temperature: 55-60&#176;C). After about 70 hours of dehydration, each sample was weighed again to determine the dry weight (Wd). The water content percentage was then determined through the following formula, assuming that the water distribution was homogeneous in the septum and ventricles:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>WC (%) = 100 - (Wd x IW<sup>-1</sup> x 100)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The water contents of heart muscle mass of Conventional and Intermittent groups were compared to the Control group, in order to clarify whether the RV weight gain was associated with myocardial edema or actual acquisition of muscle mass.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The normal distribution of each variable was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The mean hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were compared between groups and throughout the protocol through two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The values of mass and water content of the RV, LV and IVS were compared by means of one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The systolic overload imposed on the RV of the Continuous and Intermittent groups was assessed by calculating the areas under the curve (trapezoidal method). The comparison between these areas was performed through unpaired Student's t test. The values are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). For all cases, the significance level was 5%. Statistical analyses were performed with software applications using the program GraphPad Prism v.4 (San Diego, CA - USA) and SigmaStat v.3.11.0 (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic measures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pressure gradient RV/PT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systolic overload generated by the PT banding in the Conventional and Intermittent groups, throughout the protocol, is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>, panel A. Panel B shows the comparison of areas under the curves of global systolic overload imposed on the RV throughout the study. In the Intermittent group, after the period of postoperative recovery of 72 hours, we found peak systolic gradients RV/PT greater than those generated in the Conventional group, alternating with periods of "rest" of the RV. In the Conventional group, there was a virtually continuous gradient, with small decreases in gradient between surgery and the first week and between the fourth week and the time of euthanasia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>, panel A). When the areas under the curves were compared between stimulated groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>, panel B), we observed a lower systolic overload imposed on the RV in the Intermittent group (p = 0.002).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_13f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pressure ratio RV/Ao</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The baseline pressure ratio RV/Ao was similar in study groups. As intended with the surgery, it was possible to achieve a pressure ratio between RV and Ao of 0.7. However, we noted a significant decrease in the ratio of this Conventional group, from the first week (p &lt; 0.05), which was maintained throughout the study period. In the Intermittent group, facing the possibility of daily adjustment of banding, the maximum RV/Ao ratio remained around 0.7 throughout the study period, unlike the Conventional group (p &lt; 0.05), except for a significant reduction in the fourth week, with recovery of the relationship at the time of euthanasia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_13f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic findings</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Thickness of cardiac walls</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The preoperative evaluation of the thickness of the RV free wall revealed no differences between stimulated groups and the Control group. From the second week of study, the Intermittent group presented a 37.2% increase of the RV thickness compared to baseline values (p &lt; 0.05), whereas in the Conventional group, no change was observed in this wall during the four weeks of continuous overload (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The thicknesses of the IVS and LV posterior wall did not vary in both stimulated groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>RV ejection fraction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The RV ejection fraction in both groups remained constant, with no statistical difference by two-factor analysis of variance (p = 0.45).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RV diastolic diameter</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Similar to the ejection fraction, there was no significant variation of the RV end diastolic diameter over time or between groups in four weeks (p = 0.42).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RV end-diastolic volume</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to the RV end diastolic diameter, there were also no differences in RV end-diastolic volume during the systolic overload protocol in relation to the preoperative echocardiographic assessment, in none of the groups or among them (p = 0.70).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RV myocardial performance index (MPI<sub>VD</sub>)</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_13f4-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows that the groups started from similar baseline MPI<sub>VD</sub>. However, the Intermittent group presented a better stimulated ventricle performance represented by lower values of MPI<sub>VD</sub> over the overload protocol when compared to the Conventional group (p = 0.024).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_13f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphological findings</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Weighing of cardiac masses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Weight data of ventricular cavity masses indexed to the weight of each animal are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>. The Intermittent group (1.24 g/kg &#177; 0.15 g/kg) and the Conventional group (1.08 g/kg &#177; 0.17 g/kg) showed increased muscle mass of RV of 67.57% and 45.95%, respectively (p = 0.001) compared to the control group (0.74 g/kg &#177; 0.07 g/kg). There were no weight differences of LV IVS between the study groups, The index of RV mass by the area of systolic overload is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-body2">Figure 6</xref>. There was a more significant increase in this ratio in the Intermittent group, i.e., for variations of the same magnitude of systolic overload imposed on the RV, the mass gain observed in the Intermittent group was higher (p = 0.0006).</p>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Water content</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows water content data of the groups. There was no significant difference in water content between the groups in any of the myocardial segments studied.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has was clearly attested the easiness in handling pressure gradients using adjustable banding, and, consequently, higher pressure gradients were achieved, which could reduce many of the setbacks reported in myocardial preparation in adults, such as inaccurate adjustments of banding and the need for re-interventions<sup>11,12</sup>. Although it has been subjected to a smaller area of systolic overload, the Intermittent group was found to be more likely to gain ventricular mass, which was approximately 75% of the gain observed in young animals subjected to the same systolic overload protocol, but with a training time seven times smaller<sup>15</sup>. That corroborates the differences found between infants and adults in ventricular preparation studies, with great variability in time and increased risk of early and late ventricular failure in adults<sup>25-27</sup>. Moreover, traditional banding confirmed the difficulties faced in surgeries in adolescents, when small banding adjustments caused severe hemodynamic instability in animals, determining repeated adjustments and a time-consuming and hard surgical procedure, in line with clinical studies. Despite the difficulties faced with conventional banding, it was possible to reach the RV/Ao ratio desired in all animals in the Conventional group during surgery. However, the intraoperative adjustment was less accurate after anesthetic recovery, with a drop in the RV/Ao ratio, as reported in several clinical and experimental studies, incurring loss of the gradient intended along the desired protocol, either by dilation or dysfunction of subpulmonary chamber<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 33% increase observed in the RV free wall thickness in the Intermittent group corresponded to about 25% of the increase found in the study of young animals, corroborating the findings of a smaller increase in ventricular mass in adult animals, over a longer time of hypertrophic stimulus<sup>15</sup>. The most evident RV free wall thickness appeared as early as in the second week and remained constant thereafter. It is difficult to say that the ventricular hypertrophic process in humans would be the same, given the differences between species. However, there is a remarkable tendency to reduce the preparation time with the intermittent banding. Concerning the functional assessment of the RV preparation, the ejection fraction showed no differences at rest. However, the MPI<sub>VD</sub> has proven to be a valuable tool for assessing right ventricular function<sup>22,30</sup>. The analysis of this parameter revealed the functional supremacy of the ventricular preparation observed in the animals of the Intermittent group, over its lower indexes of MPI<sub>VD</sub>. This finding may be due to the benefit of resting periods interspersed with intermittent pressure overload. As in young animals, perhaps these resting intervals over the protocol may optimize the subendocardial coronary flow and consequently a larger input of substrates for myocardial hypertrophic process, thereby limiting the severity of systolic stress imposed on the RV of the continuous group<sup>31,32</sup>. As athletic training promotes a physiological ventricular hypertrophy without myocardial dysfunction<sup>33</sup>, we tried to implement in ventricular preparation some principles already adopted for some athletes. Among them, periods of intense training interspersed with periods of rest, which would allow the replacement of intracellular muscle stores, gradually adapting the muscles to the new pressure condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphological parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before the finding of mass gain of the RV in stimulated groups, we tried to analyze potential morphological substrates to justify such increase. Initially, we measured the water content in myocardial tissues to identify a potential edema, which would increase weight and thickness of muscle masses, which did not occur significantly. This study consistently demonstrates the hypertrophy ability in the mature myocardium by means of increased weight and thickness of the RV, with a trend toward superiority over the Intermittent group. French researchers evaluated the retraining of the myocardium of adult sheep, identifying foci of fibrosis in animals subjected to conventional banding, as opposed to those undergoing intermittent banding<sup>16</sup>, which may be one of the substrates for a worse functional performance. Vida et al<sup>34</sup> compared the ventricular adaptive process of young and adult rats undergoing pulmonary trunk banding. The authors found a greater accumulation of collagen in adult hearts. The intermittent stimulation of this study promoted hypertrophy with less imposition of ventricular overload. With this, it would be natural to propose such a pressure system as a healthier alternative to the traditional model of preparation. Perrino et al<sup>35</sup> studied the LV from mice undergoing physiological stimuli of hypertrophy, such as running and swimming, compared with fixed intermittent pressure overload by aortic banding. The authors demonstrated that the fixed overload triggered ventricular dysfunction, while the intermittent overload maintained the ventricular function, similar to physiological stimuli (running and swimming). However, when molecular markers of hypertrophy were analyzed, it was noticed that there were pathological signs in both types of artificial overload, both fixed and intermittent, unlike physiological stimuli.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the clinical setting, assessment of LV preparation in adult patients takes into account some factors: pressure ratio of morphological LV/proper systemic pressure with good ventricular function, good inotropic response and hypertrophy triggered by systolic overload of the banding. However, not infrequently, patients have left ventricular dysfunction after anatomic correction, even requiring cardiac transplantation. Some clinical studies have reported an inability to perform ventricular preparation in patients who have reached adolescence, due to the difficulty to obtain ventricular hypertrophy without causing dysfunction in these patients<sup>8,11</sup>. Other authors conclude that age is a major risk factor for the development of adaptive changes<sup>34</sup>. Hence, in the future, protocols of intermittent overload, similar to those tested in this study, could be suggested for these patients, in order to promote an effective hypertrophy, without any damage to the myocardial tissue, preventing the development of ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has the limitations inherent to an experimental study, and the main one lies in the fact that PB in experimental animals promotes upgrading of the RV, while in patients with TGA and c-TGA, PB promotes the preparation of the LV. The observation of the trend towards smaller hypertrophy in the Conventional group may reflect the difficulty in preparing mature myocardium in clinical practice, as well as the need for longer periods of stimulation to achieve that end. Although magnetic resonance imaging is currently the standard for morphological and functional assessment of RV<sup>36,37</sup>, in this study, we could not rely on such examination, which would certainly enrich the findings. Despite this, RV function was estimated by the same observer (MCDA), using the same method for all animals, which minimizes the variability between the two diagnostic approaches. Histological and energy metabolism studies in these animals are underway in our laboratory to support the functional evidence found in this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The banding of the pulmonary trunk promoted RV hypertrophy in both study groups of adult goats, either conventionally or intermittently over the four weeks with no significant accumulation of water. Despite the lower RV systolic overload imposed on the Intermittent group, this group presented larger systolic peak gradients, greater variation in thickness of the RV free wall and greater muscle mass per unit of overload. The hypertrophy promoted by the intermittent overload provided better performance of the right ventricle during the study. Probably the most physiological ventricular preparation of adolescents with TGA or c-TGA with systemic ventricle failure would benefit from intermittent systolic overload to promote an effective hypertrophy, with preservation of left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge the support provided by directors of SILIMED, Rio de Janeiro, and its division of Product Development, by Ana Soares and Andr&#233; Esteves, for the valuable help in improving the prototype used in adult animals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Leonardo Augusto Miana, from <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> and <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente promueve mejor desempe&#241;o mioc&#225;rdico en animales adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: La transposici&#243;n corregida de las grandes arterias frecuentemente evoluciona con disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha. La preparaci&#243;n ventricular para la correcci&#243;n anat&#243;mica en pacientes adultos presenta resultados desalentadores. OBJETIVO: Analizar la hipertrofia del ventr&#237;culo derecho (VD) inducida por dos tipos de vendaje pulmonar (VP), convencional e intermitente en animales adultos. M&#201;TODOS: Diecinueve cabras adultas fueron divididas en tres grupos: Convencional (seis animales), Intermitente (seis animales) y Control (siete animales). El grupo Convencional fue sometido al VP fijo con cinta card&#237;aca, mientras que en el grupo Intermitente fue usado dispositivo de VP ajustable, que generaba sobrecarga sist&#243;lica por 12 horas, alternada con 12 horas de descanso del VD. Las presiones de VD, tronco pulmonar y aorta fueron medidas durante todo el estudio. Ecocardiograma fue realizado semanalmente. Despu&#233;s de cuatro semanas, los animales fueron eutanasiados para evaluaci&#243;n morfol&#243;gica de los ventr&#237;culos. El grupo Control fue sometido a eutanasia para an&#225;lisis en condiciones basales. RESULTADOS: La sobrecarga pres&#243;rica fue menor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada al grupo Convencional. Hubo aumento en el espesor del VD del grupo Intermitente, medida por el ecocardiograma, comparado a su momento basal (p&lt;0,05). El &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica del VD fue mejor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado al Convencional. Los grupos estimulados presentaron aumento de la masa muscular en comparaci&#243;n al grupo Control (p=0,001). No hubo diferencia en el contenido de agua mioc&#225;rdica. CONCLUSI&#211;N: EL VP intermitente desarroll&#243; hipertrofia de mejor desempe&#241;o funcional, sugiriendo este protocolo como m&#233;todo preferencial de preparaci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular derecha</kwd>
        <kwd>animales</kwd>
        <kwd>transposici&#243;n de los grandes vasos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente promueve mejor desempe&#241;o mioc&#225;rdico en animales adultos</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Leonardo Augusto Miana<sup>I, II</sup>; Renato S. Assad<sup>I</sup>; Maria C. D. Abduch<sup>I</sup>; Guilherme Seva Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Ananda Rigo Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Santos Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Lopes Telles<sup>I</sup>; Maria Teresa Souto<sup>I</sup>; Gustavo J. Silva<sup>I</sup>; Noedir A. G. Stolf<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> La transposici&#243;n corregida de las grandes arterias frecuentemente evoluciona con disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha. La preparaci&#243;n ventricular para la correcci&#243;n anat&#243;mica en pacientes adultos presenta resultados desalentadores.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analizar la hipertrofia del ventr&#237;culo derecho (VD) inducida por dos tipos de vendaje pulmonar (VP), convencional e intermitente en animales adultos.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Diecinueve cabras adultas fueron divididas en tres grupos: Convencional (seis animales), Intermitente (seis animales) y Control (siete animales). El grupo Convencional fue sometido al VP fijo con cinta card&#237;aca, mientras que en el grupo Intermitente fue usado dispositivo de VP ajustable, que generaba sobrecarga sist&#243;lica por 12 horas, alternada con 12 horas de descanso del VD. Las presiones de VD, tronco pulmonar y aorta fueron medidas durante todo el estudio. Ecocardiograma fue realizado semanalmente. Despu&#233;s de cuatro semanas, los animales fueron eutanasiados para evaluaci&#243;n morfol&#243;gica de los ventr&#237;culos. El grupo Control fue sometido a eutanasia para an&#225;lisis en condiciones basales.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> La sobrecarga pres&#243;rica fue menor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,001), comparada al grupo Convencional. Hubo aumento en el espesor del VD del grupo Intermitente, medida por el ecocardiograma, comparado a su momento basal (p&lt;0,05). El &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica del VD fue mejor en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,024), comparado al Convencional. Los grupos estimulados presentaron aumento de la masa muscular en comparaci&#243;n al grupo Control (p=0,001). No hubo diferencia en el contenido de agua mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> EL VP intermitente desarroll&#243; hipertrofia de mejor desempe&#241;o funcional, sugiriendo este protocolo como m&#233;todo preferencial de preparaci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold> Disfunci&#243;n ventricular derecha, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, animales, transposici&#243;n de los grandes vasos/cirug&#237;a.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La disfunci&#243;n tard&#237;a del ventr&#237;culo derecho (VD) sist&#233;mico es una complicaci&#243;n de relativa frecuencia en pacientes portadores de transposici&#243;n de las grandes arterias (TGA) operados en el plano atrial o en aquellos con transposici&#243;n corregida de las grandes arterias (TCGA)<sup>1-4</sup>. Desde el final de los a&#241;os 80, diversos autores vienen reportando resultados satisfactorios realizando una operaci&#243;n que busca la correcci&#243;n anat&#243;mica de esas afecciones, mediante la inversi&#243;n arterial (cirug&#237;a de Jatene)<sup>5</sup>, asociada a la inversi&#243;n atrial<sup>6-9</sup>. Esa operaci&#243;n fue consagrada con el nombre de "<italic>Double Switch</italic>", o sea, cirug&#237;a de doble intercambio. Ese abordaje busca impedir la evoluci&#243;n natural de la insuficiencia del VD sist&#233;mico y, consecuentemente, evitar la adopci&#243;n de medidas m&#225;s dr&#225;sticas en esos pacientes, como el transplante card&#237;aco, pues rescata funcionalmente el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo (VI) morfol&#243;gico para la circulaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica, aliviando la sobrecarga pres&#243;rica sobre el VD, con mejora significativa de su funci&#243;n. En aproximadamente un tercio de esos casos, se hace necesaria la preparaci&#243;n del VI, por medio de vendaje pulmonar (VP), readapt&#225;ndolo para trabajar como bomba pres&#243;rica sist&#233;mica<sup>6,10,11</sup>. Entre tanto, la preparaci&#243;n ventricular por medio del VP en esos pacientes presenta resultados insatisfactorios<sup>8,11-14</sup>, especialmente cuando es realizado en la adolescencia y en la edad adulta. Los principales problemas se relacionan con el largo tiempo necesario para obtenci&#243;n de la hipertrofia, desarrollo de disfunci&#243;n ventricular precoz y tard&#237;a, dificultad de preparaci&#243;n en pacientes mayores y necesidad de reintervenciones para ajuste del vendaje. Algunos autores vienen relatando estrategias alternativas a la preparaci&#243;n tradicional, hasta en estudios cl&#237;nicos, predominantemente por medio de la realizaci&#243;n de vendajes ajustables del tronco pulmonar<sup>8</sup>, o aun promoviendo sobrecargas pres&#243;ricas intermitentes, mimetizando el entrenamiento muscular esquel&#233;tico de atletas<sup>15,16</sup>. Con eso, descartamos la hip&#243;tesis de que un protocolo de VP intermitente podr&#237;a promover una preparaci&#243;n m&#225;s adecuada, con mayor preservaci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este estudio fue aprobado por la Comisi&#243;n de &#201;tica para An&#225;lisis de Proyectos de Investigaci&#243;n del HC - FMUSP (protocolo 621/05) y realizado en la Divisi&#243;n de Fisiolog&#237;a Aplicada del Incor - HC - FMUSP, de acuerdo con las normas de uso de animales en ense&#241;anza e investigaci&#243;n de la Comisi&#243;n de Fiscalizaci&#243;n de Investigaci&#243;n Animal (Cofipa).</p>
      <p>Fueron utilizadas 19 cabras adultas, divididas en tres grupos: Control (n=7, peso = 28,74 &#177; 4,13 kg, ning&#250;n procedimiento quir&#250;rgico), Convencional (n=6, peso = 26,33 &#177; 2,32 kg, VP con sobrecarga sist&#243;lica continua del VD) e Intermitente (n=6, peso = 25,17 &#177; 2,48 kg, VP con dispositivo ajustable y 12 horas/d&#237;a de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente del VD).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluaci&#243;n preoperatoria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los animales fueron pesados y examinados por veterinario para descartar enfermedades preexistentes. Fue realizada evaluaci&#243;n ecocardiogr&#225;fica basal para certificaci&#243;n de la inexistencia de alteraciones anat&#243;micas o morfol&#243;gicas previas al procedimiento.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anestesia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El pre anest&#233;sico fue hecho con xilazina 2%, en la dosis de 0,1 mg/kg, intramuscular (IM). La inducci&#243;n anest&#233;sica fue obtenida con propofol 1% (7 mg/kg) intravenoso (IV) para intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal. Los animales fueron mantenidos en ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica (Takaoka Fuji Maximus, Son Paulo, SP), con ox&#237;geno de 60% - 100%, volumen corriente de 10 ml/kg y inhalaci&#243;n de isoflurano (1 a 2%). Las cabras fueron posicionadas en dec&#250;bito lateral derecho, monitoreadas con electrocardiograma continuo (ECG) y l&#237;nea de presi&#243;n arterial invasiva continua, medida por medio de cateterismo de la arteria auricular izquierda con cat&#233;ter <italic>Introcath</italic> 22G (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG). La analgesia post-operatoria fue obtenida en los tres primeros d&#237;as con la administraci&#243;n de clorhidrato de tramadol (2 mg/kg, intramuscular, 12/12h).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedimiento quir&#250;rgico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Las cabras fueron preparadas para procedimiento est&#233;ril (antisepsia con iodopovidona). Fue realizada toracotom&#237;a lateral izquierda en el 4&#186; espacio intercostal y fueron implantados cat&#233;teres <italic>intracath</italic> 17G (BD, Juiz de Fora, MG) en la aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (Al), en la v&#237;a de salida del VD y en el tronco pulmonar (TP), seg&#250;n descripto previamente<sup>15</sup>. A seguir, el TP fue disecado para implante del VP. En los animales del grupo Convencional, el vendaje del TP fue realizado con cinta card&#237;aca de algod&#243;n (Polysuture, S&#227;o Sebasti&#227;o do Para&#237;so, MG), posicionada cerca de 10 mm encima del plano valvar. En los animales del grupo Intermitente, fue implantado dispositivo de vendaje ajustable posicionado inmediatamente encima de la valva pulmonar y fijado a la adventicia del TP, para prevenir su migraci&#243;n. Ambos grupos de estudio fueron sometidos a una sobrecarga sist&#243;lica de VD de alrededor de 70% de la presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica sist&#233;mica. Fue administrada heparina s&#243;dica en la dosis de 5.000 UI, dos veces al d&#237;a, por v&#237;a subcut&#225;nea, diariamente hasta el final del protocolo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Descripci&#243;n del dispositivo de vendaje ajustable</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El dispositivo fue desarrollado en colaboraci&#243;n con la SILIMED, industria de silicona e instrumental m&#233;dico-quir&#250;rgico y hospitalario Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Es constituido por tres partes: anillo de vendaje, tubo extensor y bot&#243;n de insuflaci&#243;n (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica del VD</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Grupo convencional</p>
      <p>El entrenamiento del VD fue iniciado en la cirug&#237;a de implante del vendaje. Los animales permanecieron en sobrecarga sist&#243;lica continua del VD por un per&#237;odo de cuatro semanas, con vendaje fijo convencional, ajustado el d&#237;a de la cirug&#237;a. Con el animal consciente y inmovilizado en la camilla especial, las presiones de VD, TP y Al fueron anotadas dos veces por semana. El gradiente pres&#243;rico entre VD y TP y la relaci&#243;n de presiones entre el VD y la Al fueron obtenidos por la medida de sus respectivas presiones sist&#243;licas.</p>
      <p>Grupo intermitente</p>
      <p>El entrenamiento del VD fue iniciado despu&#233;s de recuperaci&#243;n plena de la cirug&#237;a (aproximadamente 60 horas de convalecencia). Como en el grupo Convencional, las presiones basales de VD, TP y Al fueron anotadas con el animal consciente, inmovilizado en camilla especial y con el dispositivo completamente desinsuflado. Despu&#233;s de la lectura de las presiones basales, el dispositivo de vendaje ajustable fue insuflado con suero fisiol&#243;gico 0,9%, de modo de alcanzar una presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica de VD de aproximadamente 70% de la presi&#243;n sist&#243;lica sist&#233;mica, desde que no provocase ca&#237;da superior a 10% de la &#250;ltima, seg&#250;n descripto en estudios previos<sup>15,17,18</sup>. A seguir, las presiones fueron medidas nuevamente. La sobrecarga sist&#243;lica del VD fue mantenida por un per&#237;odo de 12 horas, despu&#233;s del cual el animal fue nuevamente colocado en la camilla especial para monitoreo hemodin&#225;mico. Despu&#233;s de la lectura de presiones, el dispositivo fue desinsuflado y, una vez m&#225;s, las presiones fueron medidas. El procedimiento de insuflar y desinsuflar el dispositivo fue realizado diariamente por cuatro semanas, siendo que las presiones fueron medidas tres d&#237;as por semana. En los d&#237;as alternados, el volumen inyectado correspondi&#243; al mismo volumen calculado en el &#250;ltimo d&#237;a de medidas hemodin&#225;micas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Estudio ecocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Todos los animales fueron sometidos a evaluaci&#243;n ecocardiogr&#225;fica previa al inicio del protocolo, as&#237; como semanalmente en el post operatorio, para evaluar el proceso de adaptaci&#243;n del VD durante las cuatro semanas de estudio. Para la realizaci&#243;n de los ex&#225;menes, las cabras fueron sedadas con ketamina (10 mg/kg, v&#237;a intramuscular) y mantenidas en dec&#250;bito lateral izquierdo durante los ex&#225;menes. Se utiliz&#243; aparato de ecocardiograma ACUSON Cypres (Siemens, Munich, Alemania) y transductor sectorial multifrecuencial (1,8-3,6 MHz) para la obtenci&#243;n de las im&#225;genes y an&#225;lisis de los flujos. Los espesores del septo interventricular (SIV) y de la pared posterior del VI fueron medidos en el ecocardiograma bidimensional, en el final de la di&#225;stole, a trav&#233;s del corte paraesternal longitudinal a la altura de las c&#250;spides de la valva mitral<sup>19</sup>. El espesor de la pared libre del VD fue obtenido en el corte paraesternal transverso (a la altura de los vasos de la base y en el nivel de los m&#250;sculos papilares) y en el corte longitudinal cuatro c&#225;maras, en la regi&#243;n donde sus l&#237;mites fuesen m&#225;s f&#225;cilmente visibles. A seguir, se obtuvo la media aritm&#233;tica de esos valores. Tambi&#233;n en el corte longitudinal cuatro c&#225;maras, fueron medidos el di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico final (DDF) y los vol&#250;menes diast&#243;lico (VDF) y sist&#243;lico (VSF) finales del VD por el m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado (19), siendo que, a partir de este &#250;ltimo, se obtuvo el c&#225;lculo de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del VD (FEVD)<sup>20</sup>, seg&#250;n la f&#243;rmula:</p>
      <p><bold>FEVD= (VDFVD - VSFVD)</bold> x <bold>VDFVD<sup>-1</sup></bold></p>
      <p>Fueron considerados normales valores de FEVD iguales o encima de 55%<sup>21</sup>. Como par&#225;metro m&#225;s fidedigno del desempe&#241;o del VD, fue calculado el &#237;ndice de "<italic>performance</italic>" mioc&#225;rdica del VD (IPM<sub>VD</sub>) seg&#250;n la f&#243;rmula:</p>
      <p><bold>IPM<sub>VD</sub> = (TCIV + TRIV)</bold> x <bold>TE<sup>-1</sup></bold></p>
      <p>donde TCIV es el tiempo de contracci&#243;n isovolum&#233;trica, TRIV, el tiempo de relajamiento isovolum&#233;trico y TE, el tiempo de eyecci&#243;n. Los valores fueron obtenidos en el corte longitudinal cuatro c&#225;maras, posicionando el volumen de la muestra en el centro del anillo valvar tric&#250;spide, midi&#233;ndose el intervalo de tiempo entre el comienzo del cierre valvar hasta el comienzo de la pr&#243;xima di&#225;stole (tiempo a). El tiempo de eyecci&#243;n del VD fue calculado con el volumen de la muestra localizado en la v&#237;a de salida del VD (tiempo b), por el corte paraesternal eje corto. Sustray&#233;ndose el tiempo a del b, se obtiene TCIV + TRIV. Ese valor fue entonces dividido por el TE, adquiri&#233;ndose el IPM<sub>VD</sub><sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pesaje de las masas card&#237;acas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despu&#233;s de la eutanasia, el coraz&#243;n fue removido del t&#243;rax y las paredes ventriculares y septal fueron separadas de acuerdo con la t&#233;cnica de Fulton et al<sup>23</sup>. A continuaci&#243;n, el VD, VI y el SIV fueron pesados en balanza digital METTLER AE-200 (Mettler-Toledo AG, Greifensee, Sui&#231;a). En raz&#243;n de la variaci&#243;n de peso de los animales, las medidas fueron normalizadas, por medio de la indexaci&#243;n de peso de las masas musculares card&#237;acas por el respectivo peso corporal del animal, seg&#250;n sugesti&#243;n de Bishop y Cole<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Contenido de agua de los tejidos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despu&#233;s de pesados, fueron colectadas muestras de cada una de las paredes card&#237;acas para evaluaci&#243;n de contenido de agua. El peso inicial (Pi) de cada muestra fue obtenido, siendo entonces acondicionadas en papel aluminio y debidamente identificadas antes de ser colocadas en la estufa (temperatura: 55-60&#186; C). Despu&#233;s de cerca de 70 horas de deshidrataci&#243;n, cada muestra fue nuevamente pesada para obtener el peso seco (Ps). El porcentaje del contenido de agua fue entonces obtenido a trav&#233;s de la siguiente f&#243;rmula, asumiendo que la distribuci&#243;n de agua fue homog&#233;nea en el septo y en los ventr&#237;culos:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CA (%) = 100 - (Ps x Pi<sup>-1</sup> x 100)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los contenidos de agua de las masas musculares card&#237;acas de los grupos Convencional y Intermitente fueron comparados a los del grupo Control, con el fin de aclarar si el aumento de peso del VD estar&#237;a asociado al edema mioc&#225;rdico o a adquisici&#243;n real de masa muscular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La normalidad de la distribuci&#243;n de cada variable fue evaluada por medio del test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Las medias de variables hemodin&#225;micas y ecocardiogr&#225;ficas fueron comparadas entre los grupos y a lo largo del protocolo por medio de an&#225;lisis de variancia (ANOVA) de dos factores para medidas repetidas, seguida de las comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de Bonferroni. Los valores de masa y contenido de agua del VD, VI y SIV fueron comparados por medio de ANOVA de un factor, seguido de las comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de Bonferroni. La sobrecarga sist&#243;lica impuesta al VD, de los grupos Continuo e Intermitente, fue evaluada por medio del c&#225;lculo de las &#225;reas bajo las curvas (m&#233;todo trapezoidal). La comparaci&#243;n entre esas &#225;reas fue realizada por medio de test <italic>t</italic> de Student no pareado. Los valores est&#225;n presentados en la forma de media &#177; desv&#237;o est&#225;ndar (DE). Para todos los casos el nivel de significancia utilizado fue de 5%. Los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos fueron realizados por medio de softwares utilizando el programa GraphPad Prism v.4 (San Diego, CA - EUA) y SigmaStat v.3.11.0 (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Medidas hemodin&#225;micas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Gradiente de presi&#243;n VD/TP</p>
      <p>La sobrecarga sist&#243;lica generada pelador el vendaje del TP en los grupos Convencional e Intermitente, a lo largo de todo el protocolo, est&#225; representada en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body3">figura 2</xref>, panel A. El panel B muestra la comparaci&#243;n de las &#225;reas bajo las curvas de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica global impuesta al VD, durante todo el per&#237;odo de estudio. En el grupo Intermitente, despu&#233;s del per&#237;odo de recuperaci&#243;n post-operatoria de 72 horas, fue posible notar picos de gradientes sist&#243;licos VD/TP superiores a los de aquellos generados en el grupo Convencional, alternados con per&#237;odos de "descanso" del VD. En el grupo Convencional, se observa un gradiente pr&#225;cticamente continuo, con peque&#241;as ca&#237;das del gradiente entre la cirug&#237;a y la primera semana y entre la cuarta semana y el momento de la eutanasia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body3">fig. 2</xref>, panel A). Cuando las &#225;reas bajo las curvas fueron comparadas entre los grupos estimulados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body3">fig, 2</xref>, panel B), se not&#243; menor sobrecarga sist&#243;lica global impuesta al VD en el grupo Intermitente (p=0,002).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Raz&#243;n de presiones VD/Al</p>
      <p>La raz&#243;n pres&#243;rica VD/Al basal fue semejante en los grupos de estudio. Seg&#250;n fue visto en la cirug&#237;a, fue posible alcanzar una relaci&#243;n pres&#243;rica entre VD y Al de 0,7. Mientras tanto, se not&#243; ca&#237;da significativa de esa raz&#243;n en el grupo Convencional, a partir de la primera semana (p&lt;0,05), que se mantuvo a lo largo del per&#237;odo estudiado. En el grupo Intermitente, frente a la posibilidad de ajuste diario de la vendaje, la relaci&#243;n VD/Al m&#225;xima se mantuvo alrededor de 0,7 a lo largo de todo el per&#237;odo de estudio, a diferencia del grupo Convencional (p&lt;0,05), a no ser por una reducci&#243;n significativa en la cuarta semana, con recuperaci&#243;n de la relaci&#243;n en el momento Eutanasia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_13f03-body3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_13f03-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf03-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hallazgos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Espesor de las paredes card&#237;acas</p>
      <p>La evaluaci&#243;n preoperatoria del espesor de la pared libre del VD no revel&#243; diferencias entre los grupos estimulados y el grupo Control. A partir de la segunda semana de estudio, el grupo Intermitente present&#243; un aumento de 37,2% del espesor del VD en relaci&#243;n a la medida basal (p&lt;0,05), mientras que en el grupo Convencional no fue observada modificaci&#243;n de esa pared durante las cuatro semanas de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body3">tab. 1</xref>). Los espesores del SIV y de la pared posterior del VI no variaron en los dos grupos estimulados.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del VD</p>
      <p>La fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del VD en los dos grupos se mantuvo constante, no habiendo diferencia estad&#237;stica por el an&#225;lisis de variancia de dos factores (p=0,45).</p>
      <p>Di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico final del VD</p>
      <p>Similarmente a la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n, no fue observada variaci&#243;n significante del di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico final del VD con el tiempo o entre los grupos, en las cuatro semanas (p=0,42).</p>
      <p>Volumen diast&#243;lico final del VD</p>
      <p>Paralelamente al di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico final del VD, tampoco fueron observadas diferencias en el volumen diast&#243;lico final del VD a lo largo del protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, en relaci&#243;n a la evaluaci&#243;n ecocardiogr&#225;fica pre operatoria, en ninguno de los grupos ni entre ellos (p=0,70).</p>
      <p>&#205;ndice de "<italic>performance</italic>" mioc&#225;rdica del VD (IPM<sub>VD</sub>)</p>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body3">figura 4</xref> muestra que los grupos de estudio partieron de valores basales de IPM<sub>VD</sub> semejantes. Mientras tanto, el grupo Intermitente present&#243; mejor desempe&#241;o del ventr&#237;culo estimulado, representado por menores valores de IPM<sub>VD</sub> a lo largo del protocolo de sobrecarga, cuando fue comparado al grupo Convencional (p=0,024).</p>
      <fig id="f4-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf04-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Hallazgos morfol&#243;gicos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pesaje de las masas card&#237;acas</p>
      <p>Los datos de peso de las masas de las cavidades ventriculares, indexadas para el peso de cada animal, est&#225;n representadas en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body3">figura 5</xref>. El grupo Intermitente (1,24 g/kg &#177; 0,15 g/kg) y el grupo Convencional (1,08 g/kg &#177; 0,17 g/kg) presentaron aumento de la masa muscular del VD de 67,57% y 45,95%, respectivamente (p = 0,001), en relaci&#243;n al grupo control (0,74 g/kg &#177; 0,07 g/kg). No ocurri&#243; variaci&#243;n en el peso de las masas del VI y del SIV entre los grupos. La indexaci&#243;n de la masa del VD por la &#225;rea de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica est&#225; representada en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-body3">figura 6</xref>. Se observ&#243; un aumento m&#225;s significativo de esa relaci&#243;n en el grupo Intermitente, o sea, para variaciones de la misma magnitud de la sobrecarga sist&#243;lica impuesta al VD, el aumento de masa observado en el grupo Intermitente fue mayor (p=0,0006).</p>
      <fig id="f5-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf05-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gf06-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Contenido de agua</p>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_13t02-body3">tabla 2</xref> muestra los datos del contenido de agua de los grupos. No fue observada diferencia significativa en el contenido de agua entre los grupos, en ninguno de los segmentos del miocardio estudiados.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_13t02-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0364-00105-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En el presente estudio, qued&#243; claramente demostrada la mayor facilidad en el manejo de los gradientes pres&#243;ricos con el uso del vendaje ajustable, y, consecuentemente, mayores gradientes pres&#243;ricos fueron alcanzados, lo que podr&#237;a minimizar muchos de los contratiempos referidos en la preparaci&#243;n del miocardio adulto, como la imprecisi&#243;n del ajuste del vendaje y la necesidad de reintervenciones<sup>11,12</sup>. Aunque haya sido sometido a una menor &#225;rea de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, el grupo Intermitente present&#243; una tendencia a mayor aumento de masa ventricular, que fue de aproximadamente 75% del aumento observado en animales j&#243;venes, sometidos al mismo protocolo de sobrecarga sist&#243;lica, aunque con un tiempo de entrenamiento siete veces menor<sup>15</sup>. Eso corrobora las diferencias encontradas entre lactantes y adultos en estudios de preparaci&#243;n ventricular, con gran variabilidad en el tiempo necesario y riesgo aumentado de insuficiencia ventricular precoz y tard&#237;a en los adultos<sup>25-27</sup>. Adem&#225;s de eso, el vendaje tradicional confirm&#243; las dificultades encontradas en la cirug&#237;a de adolescentes, cuando peque&#241;os ajustes en el vendaje provocaron intensa inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica en los animales, determinando repetidos reajustes y un acto quir&#250;rgico m&#225;s demorado y laborioso, en consonancia con los estudios cl&#237;nicos. A pesar de las dificultades encontradas con el vendaje convencional, fue posible alcanzar la relaci&#243;n VD/Al deseada en todos los animales del grupo Convencional en el acto quir&#250;rgico. Entre tanto, el ajuste obtenido en el intraoperatorio se volv&#237;a menos preciso despu&#233;s de la recuperaci&#243;n anest&#233;sica, con ca&#237;da de la relaci&#243;n VD/Al, seg&#250;n relatado en varios estudios cl&#237;nicos y experimentales, incurriendo en p&#233;rdida del gradiente pretendido a lo largo del protocolo, sea por dilataci&#243;n o por disfunci&#243;n de la c&#225;mara subpulmonar<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El aumento de 33% observado en el espesor de la pared libre del VD en el grupo Intermitente correspondi&#243; a cerca de 25% del aumento encontrado en el estudio de animales j&#243;venes, corroborando los hallazgos de un menor aumento de masa ventricular en animales adultos, durante un tiempo m&#225;s prolongado de est&#237;mulo hipertr&#243;fico<sup>15</sup>. Las alteraciones m&#225;s evidentes de espesor de la pared libre del VD aparecieron en la segunda semana y se mantuvieron constantes posteriormente. Es dif&#237;cil afirmar que el proceso hipertr&#243;fico ventricular en humanos ser&#237;a el mismo, dadas las diferencias entre las especies. Entre tanto, se nota significativa tendencia de disminuci&#243;n del tiempo de preparaci&#243;n con el vendaje intermitente. En relaci&#243;n a la evaluaci&#243;n funcional de la preparaci&#243;n del VD, la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n no evidenci&#243; diferencias en reposo. Mientras tanto, el IPM<sub>VD</sub> se ha mostrado una herramienta valiosa para la evaluaci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n ventricular derecha<sup>22,30</sup>. El an&#225;lisis de ese par&#225;metro permiti&#243; constatar la supremac&#237;a funcional de la preparaci&#243;n ventricular observada en los animales del grupo Intermitente, mediante sus menores &#237;ndices de IPM<sub>VD.</sub> Ese hallazgo puede ser consecuencia del beneficio de los per&#237;odos de descanso intercalados con la sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente. Como en los animales j&#243;venes, tal vez estos intervalos de descanso a lo largo del protocolo puedan optimizar el flujo coronario subendoc&#225;rdico y, consecuentemente, mayor aporte de sustratos para el proceso hipertr&#243;fico del miocardio, limitando as&#237; la severidad del estr&#233;s sist&#243;lico continuo impuesto al VD del grupo continuo<sup>31,32</sup>. Como el entrenamiento atl&#233;tico promueve una hipertrofia ventricular fisiol&#243;gica, sin disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica<sup>33</sup>, se procur&#243; trasponer para la preparaci&#243;n ventricular algunos principios ya adoptados para los atletas. Entre ellos, per&#237;odos de entrenamiento intenso intercalados con per&#237;odos de descanso, lo que permitir&#237;a al m&#250;sculo reposici&#243;n de sus stocks intracelulares, adapt&#225;ndolo gradualmente a la nueva condici&#243;n pres&#243;rica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Par&#225;metros morfol&#243;gicos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Delante del hallazgo de aumento de masa del VD en los grupos estimulados, se procur&#243; analizar los posibles sustratos morfol&#243;gicos para justificar este incremento. Inicialmente, fue evaluado el contenido de agua en los tejidos mioc&#225;rdicos, para identificar posible edema, que promover&#237;a aumento del peso y del espesor de las masas musculares, lo que no ocurri&#243; de modo significativo. El presente estudio comprueba de forma consistente la posibilidad de hipertrofia en el miocardio maduro, mediante la obtenci&#243;n de aumento en el peso y espesor del VD, con tendencia a la superioridad para el grupo Intermitente. Investigadores franceses evaluaron el reentrenamiento del miocardio de ovejas adultas, identificando focos de fibrosis en los animales sometidos al vendaje convencional, diferentemente de los sometidos al vendaje intermitente<sup>16</sup>, lo que puede ser uno de los sustratos para un peor desempe&#241;o funcional. Vida et al<sup>34</sup> compararon el proceso adaptativo ventricular de ratones j&#243;venes y adultos sometidos al vendaje del tronco pulmonar. Los autores encontraron mayor acumulaci&#243;n de col&#225;geno en los corazones adultos. El est&#237;mulo intermitente del presente estudio promovi&#243; hipertrofia con menor imposici&#243;n de sobrecarga ventricular. Con eso, natural ser&#237;a proponer tal r&#233;gimen pres&#243;rico como una alternativa m&#225;s saludable al modelo tradicional de preparaci&#243;n. Perrino et al<sup>35</sup> estudiaron el VI de ratones sometidos a est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos de hipertrofia, como correr y nadar, comparados con sobrecargas pres&#243;ricas fijas e intermitentes, por medio de vendaje de la aorta. Los autores demostraron que la sobrecarga fija desencaden&#243; disfunci&#243;n ventricular, mientras que la sobrecarga intermitente mantuvo la funci&#243;n ventricular, a semejanza de los est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos (correr y nadar). Entre tanto, cuando marcadores biomoleculares de hipertrofia fueron analizados, se percibi&#243; que hab&#237;a se&#241;alizaci&#243;n patol&#243;gica en ambos tipos de sobrecarga artificial, fija y intermitente, diferentemente de los est&#237;mulos fisiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Implicaciones cl&#237;nicas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En el escenario cl&#237;nico, la evaluaci&#243;n del preparaci&#243;n del VI en pacientes adultos toma en consideraci&#243;n algunos factores: relaci&#243;n pres&#243;rica del VI morfol&#243;gico/presi&#243;n sist&#233;mica adecuada con buena funci&#243;n ventricular, buena respuesta inotr&#243;pica y obtenci&#243;n de hipertrofia desencadenada por la sobrecarga sist&#243;lica del vendaje. Mientras tanto, no raro, pacientes presentan disfunci&#243;n ventricular despu&#233;s de la correcci&#243;n anat&#243;mica, algunos hasta aun necesitando transplante card&#237;aco. Algunos estudios cl&#237;nicos relatan la imposibilidad de realizar la preparaci&#243;n ventricular en pacientes que ya llegaron a la adolescencia, tama&#241;a es la dificultad para obtener hipertrofia ventricular sin provocar disfunci&#243;n en estos pacientes<sup>8,11</sup>. Otros autores concluyen que la edad es el mayor factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de cambios mal adaptativos<sup>34</sup>. Con eso, en el futuro, protocolos de sobrecarga intermitente, semejantes al probado en este estudio, podr&#237;an ser sugeridos en esos pacientes, procurando promover hipertrofia efectiva, sin da&#241;o al tejido mioc&#225;rdico, evitando el desarrollo de disfunci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitaciones del estudio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio posee las limitaciones inherentes a un estudio experimental, y el principal de ellos reside en el hecho de que el VP en animales de experimentaci&#243;n promueve readaptaci&#243;n del VD, mientras que en pacientes portadores de TGA y TCGA, el VP promueve la preparaci&#243;n del VI. La observaci&#243;n de la tendencia a la menor hipertrofia en el grupo Convencional puede reflejar la dificultad en la preparaci&#243;n de miocardios maduros en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica, como tambi&#233;n la necesidad de per&#237;odos m&#225;s prolongados de est&#237;mulo para alcanzar tal efecto. Aunque la resonancia nuclear magn&#233;tica sea actualmente el est&#225;ndar de referencia para evaluaci&#243;n morfol&#243;gica y funcional del VD<sup>36,37</sup>, en el presente estudio no fue posible contar con el auxilio de ese examen, que seguramente enriquecer&#237;a los hallazgos. A pesar de eso, la funci&#243;n del VD fue estimada por el mismo observador (MCDA), usando el mismo m&#233;todo para todos los animales, lo que minimiza la variabilidad entre los dos abordajes diagn&#243;sticos. Estudios histol&#243;gicos y del metabolismo energ&#233;tico en esos animales est&#225;n en andamiento en nuestro laboratorio para corroborar las evidencias funcionales encontradas en el presente estudio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusiones</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El vendaje del tronco pulmonar promovi&#243; hipertrofia del VD en ambos grupos de estudio de cabras adultas, ya sea de forma convencional, o sea de forma intermitente, a lo largo de las cuatro semanas, sin que eso fuese acompa&#241;ado por acumulaci&#243;n significativa de agua. A pesar de la menor sobrecarga sist&#243;lica impuesta al VD del grupo Intermitente, fueron observados, en este grupo, mayores picos de gradientes sist&#243;licos, mayor variaci&#243;n del espesor de la pared libre del VD y mayor aumento de masa muscular por unidad de sobrecarga. La hipertrofia promovida por la sobrecarga intermitente proporcion&#243; un mejor desempe&#241;o del ventr&#237;culo derecho, a lo largo del estudio. Probablemente, la preparaci&#243;n ventricular m&#225;s fisiol&#243;gica de adolescentes portadores de TGA o TCGA, con ventr&#237;culo sist&#233;mico insuficiente ser&#237;a beneficiada con la sobrecarga sist&#243;lica intermitente, buscando promover una hipertrofia efectiva, con preservaci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n ventricular izquierda.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Agradecimientos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los autores agradecen el apoyo prestado por los directores de la SILIMED, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, y por su divisi&#243;n de Desarrollo de Productos, en las personas de Ana Soares y Andr&#233; Esteves, por la valiosa ayuda en el mejoramiento del prototipo utilizado en animales adultos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de tesis de Doctorado de Leonardo Augusto Miana por el <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> y <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
