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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">T6CFddQh6SqGdWb5gTMyg8J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rosiglitazona e les&#227;o vascular em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos: avalia&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ol&#237;mpio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prim</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Slud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>283</fpage>
      <lpage>288</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O uso da rosiglitazona tem sido o objeto de extensas discuss&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da rosiglitazona nas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, no local da inj&#250;ria e na art&#233;ria contralateral, de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos submetidos &#224; les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Coelhos brancos machos receberam uma dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica atrav&#233;s de gavagem oral por 6 semanas e foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo rosiglitazona (GR - 14 coelhos tratados com rosiglitazona por 6 semanas) e grupo controle (GC - 18 coelhos sem rosiglitazona). Os animais foram submetidos a les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita no 14&#186; dia. RESULTADOS: Na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial (RIM) entre os grupos GR e GC. A rosiglitazona n&#227;o reduziu a probabilidade de les&#245;es tipo I, II ou III (72,73% vs 92,31%; p=0,30) e les&#245;es tipo IV ou V (27,27% vs 7,69%; p=0,30). Na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral, a &#225;rea intimal era significantemente menor no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,024). A &#225;rea luminal era maior no GR quando comparado ao GC (p &lt; 0,0001). Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante de 65% na IMR no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,021). Nenhum dos crit&#233;rios histol&#243;gicos para les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas tipos I a V (American Heart Association) foram encontrados na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esses achados demonstram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de rosiglitazona por 6 semanas impede a aterog&#234;nese no local da les&#227;o, mas n&#227;o em um vaso distante do s&#237;tio da les&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Rosiglitazona</kwd>
        <kwd>coelhos</kwd>
        <kwd>hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> ANATOMIA PATOL&#211;GICA</p>
    <p>Rosiglitazona e les&#227;o vascular em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos: avalia&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Alessi; Ol&#237;mpio Ribeiro Fran&#231;a Neto; Camila Prim; Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da Silva; Lucia de Noronha; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini; Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O uso da rosiglitazona tem sido o objeto de extensas discuss&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos da rosiglitazona nas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, no local da inj&#250;ria e na art&#233;ria contralateral, de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos submetidos &#224; les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Coelhos brancos machos receberam uma dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica atrav&#233;s de gavagem oral por 6 semanas e foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo rosiglitazona (GR - 14 coelhos tratados com rosiglitazona por 6 semanas) e grupo controle (GC - 18 coelhos sem rosiglitazona). Os animais foram submetidos a les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita no 14&#186; dia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial (RIM) entre os grupos GR e GC. A rosiglitazona n&#227;o reduziu a probabilidade de les&#245;es tipo I, II ou III (72,73% <italic>vs</italic> 92,31%; p=0,30) e les&#245;es tipo IV ou V (27,27% <italic>vs</italic> 7,69%; p=0,30). Na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral, a &#225;rea intimal era significantemente menor no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,024). A &#225;rea luminal era maior no GR quando comparado ao GC (p &lt; 0,0001). Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante de 65% na IMR no GR quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,021). Nenhum dos crit&#233;rios histol&#243;gicos para les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas tipos I a V (<italic>American Heart Association</italic>) foram encontrados na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esses achados demonstram que a administra&#231;&#227;o de rosiglitazona por 6 semanas impede a aterog&#234;nese no local da les&#227;o, mas n&#227;o em um vaso distante do s&#237;tio da les&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Rosiglitazona, coelhos, hipercolesterolemia, aterosclerose/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissoma gama (PPAR&#947;), principalmente a rosiglitazona (RGZ), tem sido objeto de extensas discuss&#245;es em publica&#231;&#245;es recentes<sup>1-6</sup>. H&#225; aparentes aumentos no risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e morte relacionada a eventos cardiovasculares associados com o uso de RGZ cujos mecanismos s&#227;o incertos<sup>1,3,5</sup>. Dessa forma, um melhor entendimento de todos os mecanismos implicados no metabolismo da RGZ &#233; essencial. Altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas e locais do leito vascular ap&#243;s les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o tem sido amplamente descritas na literatura<sup>7,8</sup>. H&#225; relatos de que a les&#227;o vascular pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es em tecidos saud&#225;veis em locais distantes do s&#237;tio da les&#227;o. O presente estudo foi conduzido para analisar os efeitos da RGZ na forma&#231;&#227;o neointimal local e na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral n&#227;o lesionada em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta e dois coelhos brancos machos (Nova Zel&#226;ndia), pesando 2,474 &#177; 0,348 kg, foram utilizados neste experimento. Os animais foram manuseados em concord&#226;ncia com o Guia de Princ&#237;pios no Cuidado e Uso de Animais. A aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi obtida do Comit&#234; de Pesquisa Animal da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica (PUC). Durante os primeiros 14 dias, os animais receberam uma dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica (1% colesterol-Sigma-Aldrich<sup>&#174;</sup>). Subsequentemente, eles receberam uma dieta com 0.5% de colesterol at&#233; o sacrif&#237;cio dos animais (42 dias). Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo controle (GC), que consistia em 18 coelhos sem RGZ e o grupo rosiglitazona (GR), que consistia em 14 coelhos tratados com RGZ durante todo o experimento (42 dias). A RGZ foi administrada por gavagem oral (3 mg/kg de peso corporal/dia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Les&#227;o vascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os coelhos foram submetidos &#224; les&#227;o por cateter bal&#227;o (20 x 3 mm/5 atm/5 min.) na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca direita no 14&#186; dia do experimento. A anestesia foi induzida com cetamina (Vetanarcol<sup>&#174;</sup>-K&#246;nig - 3,5 mg/kg) e xilazina intramuscular (Coopazine<sup>&#174;</sup>-Coopers - 5 mg/kg). Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os animais receberam analg&#233;sicos intramusculares por 3 dias (25 mg/dia de flunixin - Banamine<sup>&#174;</sup>-Schering-Plough) e antibi&#243;ticos intramusculares por 4 dias (100 mg/dia de oxitetraciclina - TormicinaP<sup>&#174;</sup> - Toruga). Os coelhos foram sacrificados atrav&#233;s de uma dose letal de barbit&#250;ricos no dia 42 e a aorta e a art&#233;ria il&#237;aca de cada animal foram removidas para an&#225;lise imunohistoqu&#237;mica e histol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Histopatologia quantitativa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica foi realizada por um patologista experiente (LN), "cegado" para o tratamento com RGZ. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas microscopicamente em conjunto com o software Image Pro-plus<sup>&#174;</sup> 4.5 (Media Cybernetics Inc., Silver Spring, MD, EUA). Os par&#226;metros histomorfom&#233;tricos foram obtidos pelo c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial (a &#225;rea da camada intimal dividida pela &#225;rea da camada medial) - IMR - de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por Phillips e cols.<sup>9</sup>. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno total foi feita atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de polariza&#231;&#227;o por Sirius red<sup>10</sup>. As les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas foram analisadas e classificadas de acordo com Stary e cols.<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Imunohistoqu&#237;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A prepara&#231;&#227;o de tecidos e t&#233;cnicas imunohistol&#243;gicas foram realizadas de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante inclu&#237;das nos kits (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, EUA). Os cortes foram corados para macr&#243;fagos usando anticorpo monoclonal prim&#225;rio RAM-11(Dako<sup>&#174;</sup>, Carpinteria, CA, EUA), e para actina alfa de m&#250;sculo liso com o anticorpo policlonal prim&#225;rio HHF-35 (Dako<sup>&#174;</sup>, Carpinteria, CA, EUA). Para as compara&#231;&#245;es imunohistoqu&#237;micas qualitativas de macr&#243;fagos e presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na &#225;rea intimal, os cortes foram computados e registrados como porcentagens de animais com c&#233;lulas em ambas as art&#233;rias il&#237;acas. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es imunohistoqu&#237;micas quantitativas de conte&#250;do de macr&#243;fagos ou c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na &#225;rea intimal, os cortes foram computados e registrados como porcentagens de c&#233;lulas na &#237;ntima.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise qu&#237;mica do sangue </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue foram obtidas no primeiro dia do experimento, imediatamente antes da les&#227;o por cateter bal&#227;o e tamb&#233;m imediatamente antes do sacrif&#237;cio atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica-laboratorial incluiu glicemia de jejum, colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade colesterol (HDL-C) e triglic&#233;rides (TGC). As medidas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de um sistema automatizado (Abbott Architect ci8200; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi baseado no estudo de Zhao-hui e cols.<sup>14</sup>. A principal vari&#225;vel de interesse foi considerada como sendo a raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial. Para detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima de 0,15 entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder de teste de 80%, o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de animais foi definido como 12. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dias &#177; DP e medianas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilks foi usado para testar a normalidade da amostra. Para par&#226;metros quantitativos, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o GC e o GR. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para vari&#225;veis qualitativas ou categ&#243;ricas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi indicada por um valor de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> Statistica/Windows vers&#227;o 5.1 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A - Perfis metab&#243;lico e lip&#237;dico </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O peso dos animais n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupo (dados n&#227;o mostrados). N&#237;veis basais de glicemia, colesterol total (CT), HDL-C e triglic&#233;rides (TGC) eram relativamente similares nos dois grupos antes do inicio da dieta. No 14&#186; dia, duas semanas ap&#243;s a dieta rica em colesterol ter sido iniciada, os n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum eram maiores no GC. No dia do sacrif&#237;cio, os n&#237;veis de glicose n&#227;o diferiam entre os dois grupos. Aumentos graduais nos n&#237;veis de CT e TGC foram observados a partir da fase inicial, durante a les&#227;o vascular at&#233; o sacrif&#237;cio, sem diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos. Um aumento gradual nos n&#237;veis de HDL-C foi observado em ambos os grupos. N&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-C foram observados no GR do que no GC na &#233;poca da les&#227;o vascular, bem como na &#233;poca do sacrif&#237;cio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>B - Histomorfometria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#225;rea intimal era significantemente menor no GR quando comparado ao GC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,024), enquanto a &#225;rea luminal era maior no GR quando comparado ao GC (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,0001). Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante de 65% na raz&#227;o intimal-medial (IMR) no GR quando comparado com o GC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,021). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09410_port_tab02m">Tabela 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09410_port_fig01m">Figura 1</xref>). De acordo com a an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica proposta por Stary et al, nenhum dos crit&#233;rios para les&#245;es tipo I-V foram encontrados no GR. N&#227;o houve dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno nas camadas intimal e medial no GR.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09410_port_tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09410_port_fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na raz&#227;o intimal-medial entre o GC e o GR. De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica proposta por Stary et al, a rosiglitazona n&#227;o reduziu a probabilidade de les&#245;es tipo I, II ou III (72,73% <italic>vs</italic> 92,31%; <italic>p</italic>=0,30) e tipo les&#245;es IV ou V (27,27% <italic>vs</italic> 7,69%; <italic>p</italic>=0,30) no GR quando comparado ao GC. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na extens&#227;o da deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (tipos I e III) entre o GC e o GR (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>C - Imunohistoqu&#237;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O GR n&#227;o apresentou marcadores de c&#233;lulas intimais quando comparado ao GC (ver abaixo).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na porcentagem de animais com macr&#243;fagos na camada intimal entre o GC e o GR (33,4% <italic>vs</italic> 71,5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,07). A porcentagem de animais com c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na camada intimal foi maior no GR quando comparado ao GC (22,3% <italic>vs</italic> 71,5%; <italic>p </italic>= 0,011; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para investigar os efeitos da rosiglitazona, um ligante de PPAR&#947;, na aterog&#234;nese em um modelo animal, estudamos coelhos com um aumento de 6 vezes nos n&#237;veis de colesterol na &#233;poca da les&#227;o vascular e 14 vezes na &#233;poca da eutan&#225;sia. O modelo animal utilizado aqui foi baseado em estudos anteriores no qual coelhos rapidamente desenvolveram hipercolesterolemia ap&#243;s serem alimentados com uma dieta rica em colesterol<sup>15,16,22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; algumas vantagens em utilizar coelhos em um modelo animal, principalmente o baixo custo do experimento. Os efeitos metab&#243;licos de uma dieta com alto teor de colesterol nos coelhos foram extensivamente explicados em nosso estudo anterior<sup>24</sup>. Em resumo, nesse experimento, uma eleva&#231;&#227;o gradual e significante dos n&#237;veis de glicose tamb&#233;m ocorre, e acreditamos que isso pode ser secund&#225;rio ao desenvolvimento de algum grau de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, embora esse fato n&#227;o tenha sido avaliado no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m observamos uma eleva&#231;&#227;o significante nos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e HDL-C, mas esses efeitos nos TGC tem sido de certa forma vari&#225;veis na literatura<sup>14,25,26</sup>. Os coelhos foram submetidos a les&#227;o por cateter bal&#227;o e os efeitos subsequentes da RGZ foram investigados localmente e em um vaso distante do s&#237;tio da les&#227;o. Na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca homolateral, o GR n&#227;o exibiu nenhuma les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou nenhuma deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno ou macr&#243;fago e marcadores de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na camada intimal. Os achados mais importantes foram identificados na maior &#225;rea luminal e menor &#225;rea intimal nos vasos dos coelhos tratados com RGZ. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise imunohistoqu&#237;mica demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no recrutamento de macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas musculares lisas para a parede arterial vascular quando a RGZ foi usada. Surpreendentemente, a RGZ n&#227;o exerceu qualquer efeito na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contralateral, nossos dados mostraram que a RGZ n&#227;o teve efeito significante na porcentagem de animais com macr&#243;fagos intimais, les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas iniciais e avan&#231;adas, e raz&#227;o entre as &#225;reas intimal e medial. Al&#233;m disso, encontramos um aumento significante nos animais que apresentavam c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na camada intimal das art&#233;rias il&#237;acas n&#227;o submetidas &#224; les&#227;o por cateter bal&#227;o. Enquanto em outros estudos n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia dos efeitos antiaterog&#234;nicos do ligante de PPAR&#947; em diferentes modelos animais e em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>16-21</sup>, o presente estudo relata a falta de efeito antiaterog&#234;nico de um agonista de PPAR&#947; em um vaso distante do s&#237;tio da les&#227;o. N&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de que nossa an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica tenha refletido um pequeno per&#237;odo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; RGZ. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o avaliamos a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito (ONOO<sup>-</sup>), oxido n&#237;trico (NO) endotelial, ou a express&#227;o da fosfoprote&#237;na estimulada por vasodilatador (VASP), que deveriam ser analisados em estudos futuros e poderiam certamente explicar alguns de nossos achados.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, o estudo RECORD demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o de rosiglitazona &#224; terapia hipoglicemiante em indiv&#237;duos com diabete melito tipo 2 aumenta o risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas n&#227;o o risco de morbidade ou mortalidade cardiovascular geral, quando comparada com medicamentos hipoglicemiantes padr&#227;o<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para comparar o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte em pacientes com diabete tipo 2, 39.736 pacientes receberam pioglitazona ou rosiglitazona. A pioglitazona foi associada com um risco significantemente menor de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte do que a rosiglitazona entre os pacientes mais velhos, sem vantagem cl&#237;nica para a rosiglitazona. Em contraste, quando a rosiglitazona era utilizada em indiv&#237;duos com toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da e/ou glicemia de jejum alterada sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou diabete, ela diminuiu levemente a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea<sup>28</sup>. Esses efeitos opostos e controversos da RGZ em vasos lesionados levantam algumas quest&#245;es sobre as a&#231;&#245;es protetoras e n&#227;o-protetoras desses f&#225;rmacos quando utilizados em pacientes diab&#233;ticos ou na tentativa de evitar os efeitos sist&#234;micos de uma angioplastia coron&#225;ria por bal&#227;o<sup>27-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstra que em um modelo animal com coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, a administra&#231;&#227;o de rosiglitazona por seis semanas preveniu a aterog&#234;nese no s&#237;tio da les&#227;o, mas n&#227;o em um vaso distante da les&#227;o por cateter-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Alexandre Alessi pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini </p>
        <p> Av. Igua&#231;u, 1325 / 101B - Rebou&#231;as </p>
        <p> 80250-190 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lizavb@cardiol.br">lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com">lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/05/09; revisado recebido em 22/10/09; aceito em 11/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Rosiglitazone and vascular injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: neointimal formation assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Rosiglitazone has been the focus of extensive discussion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone on iliac arteries, both at the injury site and the contralateral artery, of hypercholesterolemic rabbits undergoing balloon catheter injury. METHODS: White male rabbits were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet by oral gavage for 6 weeks and divided into two groups as follows: rosiglitazone group (14 rabbits treated with rosiglitazone during 6 weeks) and the control group (18 rabbits without rosiglitazone). Animals underwent balloon catheter injury of the right iliac artery on the 14th day. RESULTS: In the contralateral iliac artery, there was no significant difference in the intima/media layer area ratio (IMR) between the control and rosiglitazone groups. Rosiglitazone did not reduce the probability of type I, II, or III lesions (72.73% vs 92.31%; p=0.30) and type IV or V lesions (27.27% vs 7.69%; p=0.30). As for the homolateral iliac artery, the intimal area was significantly lower in the rosiglitazone group, as compared to the control group (p = 0.024). The luminal layer area was higher in the rosiglitazone group vs. the control group (p &lt; 0.0001). There was a significant reduction of 65% in the IMR in the rosiglitazone group vs the control group (p = 0.021). None of the histological criteria for type I-V atherosclerotic lesions (American Heart Association) were found in the homolateral iliac artery. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that rosiglitazone given for 6 weeks prevents atherogenesis at the injury site, but not in a vessel distant from the injury site.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rosiglitazone</kwd>
        <kwd>rabbits</kwd>
        <kwd>hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rosiglitazone and vascular injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: neointimal formation assessment</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Alessi; Ol&#237;mpio Ribeiro Fran&#231;a Neto; Camila Prim; Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da Silva; Lucia de Noronha; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini; Dalton Bertolim Precoma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Rosiglitazone has been the focus of extensive discussion.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone on iliac arteries, both at the injury site and the contralateral artery, of hypercholesterolemic rabbits undergoing balloon catheter injury.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> White male rabbits were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet by oral gavage for 6 weeks and divided into two groups as follows: rosiglitazone group (14 rabbits treated with rosiglitazone during 6 weeks) and the control group (18 rabbits without rosiglitazone). Animals underwent balloon catheter injury of the right iliac artery on the 14<sup>th</sup> day.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the contralateral iliac artery, there was no significant difference in the intima/media layer area ratio (IMR) between the control and rosiglitazone groups. Rosiglitazone did not reduce the probability of type I, II, or III lesions (72.73% <italic>vs</italic> 92.31%; p=0.30) and type IV or V lesions (27.27% <italic>vs</italic> 7.69%; p=0.30). As for the homolateral iliac artery, the intimal area was significantly lower in the rosiglitazone group, as compared to the control group (p = 0.024). The luminal layer area was higher in the rosiglitazone group <italic>vs</italic> the control group (p &lt; 0.0001). There was a significant reduction of 65% in the IMR in the rosiglitazone group vs. the control group (p = 0.021). None of the histological criteria for type I-V atherosclerotic lesions (American Heart Association) were found in the homolateral iliac artery.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These findings demonstrate that rosiglitazone given for 6 weeks prevents atherogenesis at the injury site, but not in a vessel distant from the injury site. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Rosiglitazone; rabbits; hypercholesterolemia; atherosclerosis/prevention &amp; control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&#947; (PPAR&#947;), mainly rosiglitazone (RGZ), has been the focus of extensive discussion in recent publications<sup>1-6</sup>. There are apparent increases in the risk of myocardial infarctions and cardiovascular-related deaths associated with RGZ of which mechanisms are uncertain<sup>1,3,5</sup>. Therefore, a more thorough understanding of all mechanisms implicated in the metabolism of RGZ is essential. Local and systemic changes in the vascular bed after catheter balloon injury have been widely described in the literature<sup>7,8</sup>. There have been reports that vascular injury can cause changes in healthy tissues at locations distant from the injury site. We conducted experiments to analyze the effects of RGZ on local neointimal formation and the contralateral uninjured iliac artery in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-two white adult male rabbits (New Zealand), weighing 2.474 &#177; 0.348 kg, were studied. Animals were handled in compliance with the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals. Protocol approval was obtained from the Pontificia Universidade Catolica Animal Research Committee. During the first 14 days, the animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (1% cholesterol-Sigma Aldrich&#8482;). Subsequently, they were fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet until sacrifice (42 days). The animals were divided into two groups as follows: control group (CG), consisting of 18 rabbits that did not receive RGZ, and rosiglitazone group (RG), consisting of 14 rabbits treated with RGZ throughout the entire experiment (42 days). Rosiglitazone was administered by oral gavage (3mg/kg body weight/day).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vascular injury</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rabbits underwent balloon catheter (20 x 3 mm/5 atm/ 5 min) injury of the right iliac artery on the fourteenth day of the experiment. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (Vetanarcol&#8482;-K&#246;nig - 3.5 mg/kg) and intramuscular xylazine (Coopazine&#8482;-Coopers - 5 mg/kg). After the procedure, the animals received intramuscular analgesics for 3 days (25 mg/day of flunixin - Banamine&#8482; - Schering-Plough) and intramuscular antibiotics for 4 days (100 mg/day of oxitetracyclin - TormicinaP&#8482; - Toruga). The rabbits were sacrificed by a lethal dose of barbiturate on day 42, and their aorta and iliac arteries were retrieved for immunohistochemical and histological analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative histopathology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Histological analysis was performed by an experienced pathologist (LN) unaware of the RGZ treatment. The analyses were performed microscopically in conjunction with Image Pro-plus&#8482; 4.5 Software (Media Cybernetics Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA). Histomorphometric parameters were obtained by the calculation of the intima/media layer area ratio (the area of the intimal layer divided by the area of the medial layer) according to the method described by Phillips, et al<sup>9</sup>. The quantification of total collagen was performed by the Sirius red polarization method<sup>10</sup>. Atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed and classified according to Stary, et al<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Immunohistochemistry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tissue preparation and immunohistological techniques were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions included in the kits (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Sections were stained for macrophage cells using primary monoclonal antibody, RAM-11(Dako&#8482;, Carpinteria, CA), and for alpha-actin smooth muscle cells with primary polyclonal antibody HHF-35 (Dako&#8482;, Carpinteria, CA). For the qualitative immunohistochemical comparisons of macrophage and smooth muscle cell presence in the intimal area, sections were computed and scored in percentages of animals with cells in both iliac arteries. For the quantitative immunohistochemical comparisons of macrophage or smooth muscle cell content in the intimal area, sections were computed and scored in percentages of cells in the intima.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood chemistry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were obtained on the first day of the experiment, immediately before balloon catheter injury, and also immediately before sacrifice by cardiac puncture. Clinical laboratory assessment included fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGC). Measurements were obtained using an automated system (Abbott Architect ci8200; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size calculation was based on the study of Wang Zhao-hui et al<sup>14</sup>. The main variable of interest was considered to be the ratio between the intimal layer and the medial layer. To detect a minimum difference of 0.15 between the averages of groups, with a significance level of 5% and power of the test by 80%, the minimum number of animals in each group was defined as 12. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD and medians. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used for testing sample normality. For quantitative parameters, the Student <italic>t</italic>-test and Mann-Whitney nonparametric test were used for the comparison between CG and RG. Fisher's exact test was used for qualitative or categorical variables. Statistical significance was indicated by a value of <italic>p </italic>&lt; 0.05. Analyses were performed using Statistica/W version 5.1 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A - Metabolic and lipid profiles</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Animal weights did not differ between groups (data not shown). Baseline glucose, total cholesterol (TC), HDL- cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGC) levels were relatively equal in all groups before initiation of the diet. On day 14, two weeks after administering the cholesterol-rich diet, fasting glucose levels were higher in CG. At the time of sacrifice, glucose levels did not differ between the two groups. Graded elevations in TC and TGC levels were observed from the initial phase through the vascular lesion until sacrifice, with no significant differences between groups. A graded elevation in HDL-C was observed in both groups. Higher levels of HDL-C were observed in RG vs. CG at the time of vascular injury, as well as the time of sacrifice (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>B - Histomorphometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Homolateral iliac artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intimal area was significantly lower in RG <italic>vs</italic> CG (<italic>p</italic> = 0.024), while luminal layer area was higher in RG <italic>vs</italic> CG (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001). There was a significant reduction of 65% in intima/media layer area ratio (IMR) in RG <italic>vs</italic> CG (<italic>p</italic> = 0.021). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09410_ing_tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09410_ing_fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>). According to the histological analysis proposed by Stary et al, none of the criteria for type I-V lesions were found in RG. There was no collagen deposit in the intimal or medial layers in RG.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop09410_ing_tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09410_ing_fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Contralateral iliac artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no significant difference in the intima/media layer area ratio between CG and RG. According to the histological classification proposed by Stary et al, rosiglitazone did not reduce the probability of type I, II, or III lesions (72.73% <italic>vs</italic> 92.31%; <italic>p</italic>=0.30) and type IV or V lesions (27.27% <italic>vs</italic> 7.69%; <italic>p</italic>=0.30) when compared to CG. Moreover, there were no differences in the extent of collagen deposition (types I and III) between CG and RG (data not shown).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>C - Immunohistochemistry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Homolateral iliac artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rosiglitazone group did not present any intimal cell markers when compared to CG (see below).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Contralateral iliac artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of animals with macrophages in the intimal layer between CG and RG (33.4% <italic>vs</italic> 71.5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.07). The percentage of animals with smooth muscle cells in the intimal layer was higher in RG when compared to CG (22.3% <italic>vs</italic> 71.5%; <italic>p </italic>= 0.011; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone, a PPAR&#947; ligand, on atherogenesis in an animal model, we used rabbits with six-fold increased cholesterol levels at the time of vascular injury and fourteen-fold increased levels at the time of euthanasia. The animal model used here was based on previous studies in which rabbits rapidly develop hypercholesterolemia after excessive cholesterol feeding<sup>15,16,22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are some advantages in using rabbits as animal models, mainly the low cost of the experiment. The metabolic effects of a high cholesterol diet on rabbits have been extensively explained in our previous study<sup>24</sup>. Briefly, in this model, a graded and significant elevation in glucose levels also occurs, and we believe that it could be secondary to the development of some degree of insulin resistance, although this was not evaluated in the present study.</p>
      <p>We also observed a significant elevation in the levels of triglycerides and HDL-C, but these effects on triglycerides have been somewhat variable in the literature<sup>14,25,26</sup>. The rabbits underwent balloon catheter injury and the subsequent effects of RGZ were investigated locally and on a vessel distant from the injury site. On the homolateral iliac artery, the RG group did not exhibit any atherosclerotic lesions or show any collagen deposition or macrophage and smooth muscle cell markers in their intimal layer. The most significant findings were identified in the upper luminal area and the lower intimal area in vessels of RGZ-treated rabbits. Additionally, the immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a reduced macrophage and smooth muscle cell recruitment into the vascular arterial wall when RGZ was used. Surprisingly, RGZ did not exert any effect on the contralateral iliac artery. Regarding the contralateral iliac artery, our data showed that RGZ had no significant effect on the percentage of animals with intimal macrophages, initial and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and intima/media layer ratio. In addition, we found a significant increase in animals exhibiting smooth muscle cells in the intimal layer of unballooned iliac arteries. While other studies have shown evidence of the antiatherogenic effects of PPAR&#947; ligand in different animal models and in diabetic patients<sup>16-21</sup>, the present study reports a lack of antiatherogenic effects of a PPAR&#947; agonist on a vessel distant from the injury site. We cannot rule out the possibility that our histological analysis reflected a short period of exposure to RGZ. Moreover, we did not evaluate artery vasodilation, peroxynitrite (ONOO<sup>-</sup>) formation, endothelial nitric oxide (NO), or the expression of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein VASP (P-VASP), which should be assessed in future studies and could certainly explain some of our findings.</p>
      <p>Recently, the RECORD study demonstrated that the addition of rosiglitazone to glucose-lowering therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes increases the risk of heart failure, but not the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, when compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs<sup>27</sup>. To compare the risk of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and death in patients with type 2 diabetes, 39,736 patients received pioglitazone or rosiglitazone. Pioglitazone was associated with a significantly lower risk of heart failure and death, when compared to rosiglitazone, in older patients with no clinical advantage for rosiglitazone. In contrast, when rosiglitazone was administered to individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose without cardiovascular disease or diabetes, it modestly reduced carotid intima-media thickness<sup>28</sup>. These controversial and opposing effects of rosiglitazone in injured vessels raise some questions about the protective and non-protective effects of these drugs when administered to diabetic patients or when attempting to avoid the systemic effects of a balloon coronary angioplasty<sup>27-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The current study demonstrates that in the animal model with hypercholesterolemic rabbits, rosiglitazone given for 6 weeks prevents atherogenesis at the injury site, but not at a vessel distant from the catheter balloon injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Alexandre Alessi, from <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>16. Seki N, Bujo H, Jiang M, Shibasaki M, Takahashi K, Hashimoto N, et al. A potent activator of PPAR&#945; and &#947; reduces the vascular cell recruitment and inhibits the intimal thickning in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 178 (1): 1-7.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Marx N, Schonbeck U, Lazar MA, Libby P, Plutzky J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit gene expression and migration in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1998; 83 (11): 1097-103. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Sugawa A, Kazuhisa T, Uruno A, Ikeda Y, Arima S, Masataka K, et al. Transcriptional suppression of type I angiotensin II receptor gene expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&#947; in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology. 2001; 142 (7): 3125-34. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Calkin AC, Forbes JM, Smith CM, Lassila M, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, et al. Rosiglitasone attenuates atherosclerosis in a model of insulin insufficiency independent of its metabolic effects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25 (9): 1903-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Liu HR, Tao L, Gao E, Lopez BL, Christopher TA, Willette RN, et al. Anti-apoptotic effects of rosiglitazone in hypercholesterolemic rabbits subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 62 (1): 135-44. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Fran&#231;a Neto OR, Pr&#233;coma DB, Alessi A, Prim C, Silva RFKC, Noronha L, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone on contralateral iliac artery after vascular injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Thromb J. 2008; 6: 4. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Levi Z, Shaish A, Yacov N, Levkovitz H, Trestman S, Gerber Y, et al. Rosiglitazone (PPAR&#947;-agonist) attenuates atherogenesis with no effect on hyperglycaemia in a combined diabetes-atherosclerosis mouse model. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003; 5 (1): 45-50. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Tao L, Liu HR, Gao E, Teng ZP, Lopez BL, Christopher TA, et al. Antioxidative, antinitrative, and vasculoprotective effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 2003; 108 (22): 2805-11. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, et al. RECOD Study Team. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomized open-label trial. Lancet. 2009; 373 (9681): 2125-35. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Lonn EM, Gerstein HC, Sheridan P, Smith S, Diaz R, Mohan V, et al. DREAM (Diabetes reduction assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone medication) and STARR Investigatiors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53 (22): 2028-35. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Blaschke F, Spanheimer R, Khan M, Law RE. Vascular effects of TZDs: new implications. Vasc Pharmacol. 2006; 45 (1): 3-18. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Heckencamp J, Gawenda M, Brunkwall J. Vascular restenosis: basic science and clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 43 (3): 349-57. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">31. Schomig A, Kastrati A, Wessely R. Prevention of restenosis by systemic drug therapy: back to the future. Circulation. 2005; 112 (18): 2759-61. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">32. Schwartz RS, Henry TD. Pathophysiology of coronary artery restenosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2002; 3 (Suppl. 5): 54-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">33. Takagi T, Akasaka T, Yamamuro A, Honda Y, Hozumi T, Marioka S, et al. Troglitazone reduces neointimal tissue proliferation after coronary stent implantantion in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36 (5): 1529-35. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">34. Barbier O, Torra IP, Duguay Y, Blanquart C, Fruchart JC, Glineur C, et al. Pleiotropic actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22 (5): 717-26. </p>
      <p>35. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Hux JE, Mandani MM. Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2942.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini </p>
          <p> Av. Igua&#231;u, 1325 / 101B - Rebou&#231;as </p>
          <p> 80250-190 - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="lizavb@cardiol.br">lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com">lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 17, 2009; revised mansucript received October 22, 2009; accepted December 11, 2009.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Rosiglitazona y lesi&#243;n vascular en conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: El uso de rosiglitazona ha estado siendo el objeto de extensas discusiones. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos de la rosiglitazona en las arterias il&#237;acas, en el local de la injuria y en la arteria contralateral, de conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos sometidos a la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n. M&#201;TODOS: Conejos blancos machos recibieron una dieta hipercolesterol&#233;mica a trav&#233;s de gavage oral por 6 semanas y se los dividieron en 2 grupos: grupo rosiglitazona (GR - 14 conejos tratados con rosiglitazona por 6 semanas) y grupo control (GC - 18 conejos sin rosiglitazona). Los animales se sometieron a lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n en la arteria il&#237;aca derecha en el 14&#186; d&#237;a. RESULTADOS: En la arteria il&#237;aca contralateral, no hubo diferencia significativa en la raz&#243;n entre las &#225;reas &#237;ntima y media (RIM) entre los grupos GR y GC. La rosiglitazona no redujo la probabilidad de lesiones tipo I, II &#243; III (72,73% vs 92,31%; p=0,30) y lesiones tipo IV &#243; V (27,27% vs 7,69%; p=0,30). En la arteria il&#237;aca homolateral, el &#225;rea intima era significantemente menor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p = 0,024). El &#225;rea luminal era mayor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p &lt; 0,0001). Hubo una reducci&#243;n significante del 65% en la IMR en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p = 0,021). Ning&#250;n de los criterios histol&#243;gicos para lesiones ateroscler&#243;ticas tipos I a V (American Heart Association) se encontraron en la arteria il&#237;aca homolateral. CONCLUSI&#211;N: Estos hallazgos demuestran que la administraci&#243;n de rosiglitazona por 6 semanas impide la aterog&#233;nesis en el local de la lesi&#243;n, pero no en un vaso distante del sitio de la lesi&#243;n.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Rosiglitazona</kwd>
        <kwd>conejos</kwd>
        <kwd>hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rosiglitazona y lesi&#243;n vascular en conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos: evaluaci&#243;n de la formaci&#243;n neointimal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Alessi; Ol&#237;mpio Ribeiro Fran&#231;a Neto; Camila Prim; Ruy Fernando Kuenzer Caetano da Silva; Lucia de Noronha; Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman; Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini; Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body3">Correspondencia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> El uso de rosiglitazona ha estado siendo el objeto de extensas discusiones.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Evaluar los efectos de la rosiglitazona en las arterias il&#237;acas, en el local de la injuria y en la arteria contralateral, de conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos sometidos a la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Conejos blancos machos recibieron una dieta hipercolesterol&#233;mica a trav&#233;s de gavage oral por 6 semanas y se los dividieron en 2 grupos: grupo rosiglitazona (GR - 14 conejos tratados con rosiglitazona por 6 semanas) y grupo control (GC - 18 conejos sin rosiglitazona). Los animales se sometieron a lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n en la arteria il&#237;aca derecha en el 14&#186; d&#237;a.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> En la arteria il&#237;aca contralateral, no hubo diferencia significativa en la raz&#243;n entre las &#225;reas &#237;ntima y media (RIM) entre los grupos GR y GC. La rosiglitazona no redujo la probabilidad de lesiones tipo I, II &#243; III (72,73% <italic>vs</italic> 92,31%; p=0,30) y lesiones tipo IV &#243; V (27,27% <italic>vs</italic> 7,69%; p=0,30). En la arteria il&#237;aca homolateral, el &#225;rea intima era significantemente menor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p = 0,024). El &#225;rea luminal era mayor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p &lt; 0,0001). Hubo una reducci&#243;n significante del 65% en la IMR en el GR cuando comparado al GC (p = 0,021). Ning&#250;n de los criterios histol&#243;gicos para lesiones ateroscler&#243;ticas tipos I a V (American Heart Association) se encontraron en la arteria il&#237;aca homolateral.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> Estos hallazgos demuestran que la administraci&#243;n de rosiglitazona por 6 semanas impide la aterog&#233;nesis en el local de la lesi&#243;n, pero no en un vaso distante del sitio de la lesi&#243;n.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold> Rosiglitazona, conejos, hipercolesterolemia, aterosclerosis/prevenci&#243;n &amp; control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los receptores activados por proliferadores de peroxisoma gama (PPAR&#947;), principalmente la rosiglitazona (RGZ), ha estado siendo objeto de extensas discusiones en publicaciones recientes<sup>1-6</sup>. Hay aparentes aumentos en el riesgo de infarto del miocardio y muerte relacionada a eventos cardiovasculares asociados con el uso de RGZ cuyos mecanismos son inciertos<sup>1,3,5</sup>. De esta forma, un mejor entendimiento de todos los mecanismos implicados en el metabolismo de la RGZ es esencial. Alteraciones sist&#233;micas y locales del lecho vascular tras lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n viene siendo ampliamente descriptas en la literatura<sup>7,8</sup>. Hay relatos de que la lesi&#243;n vascular puede producir alteraciones en tejidos sanos en locales distantes del sitio de la lesi&#243;n. El presente estudio se condujo para analizar los efectos de la RGZ en la formaci&#243;n neointimal local y en la arteria il&#237;aca contralateral no lesionada en conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animales</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se utilizaron en este experimento treinta y dos conejos blancos machos (Nueva Zelandia), pesando 2,474 &#177; 0,348 kg. Los animales fueron manejados en concordancia con la Gu&#237;a de Principios en el Cuidado y Uso de Animales. La aprobaci&#243;n del protocolo se obtuvo del Comit&#233; de Investigaci&#243;n Animal de la Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica (PUC). Durante los primeros 14 d&#237;as, los animales recibieron una dieta hipercolesterol&#233;mica (1% colesterol-Sigma-Aldrich<sup>&#174;</sup>). Subsecuentemente, ellos recibieron una dieta con un 0,5% de colesterol hasta el sacrificio de los animales (42 d&#237;as). Los animales se dividieron en 2 grupos: grupo control (GC), que consist&#237;a en 18 conejos sin RGZ y el grupo rosiglitazona (GR), que consist&#237;a en 14 conejos tratados con RGZ durante todo el experimento (42 d&#237;as). La RGZ fue administrada por gavage oral (3 mg/kg de peso corporal/d&#237;a).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lesi&#243;n vascular</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los conejos fueron sometidos a la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n (20 x 3 mm/5 atm/5 min.) en la arteria il&#237;aca derecha en el 14&#186; d&#237;a del experimento. La anestesia se indujo con la cetamina (Vetanarcol<sup>&#174;</sup>-K&#246;nig - 3.5 mg/kg) y xilazina intramuscular (Coopazine<sup>&#174;</sup>-Coopers - 5 mg/kg). Tras el procedimiento, los animales recibieron analg&#233;sicos intramusculares por 3 d&#237;as (25 mg/d&#237;a de flunixin - Banamine<sup>&#174;</sup>-Schering-Plough) y antibi&#243;ticos intramusculares por 4 d&#237;as (100 mg/d&#237;a de oxitetraciclina - TormicinaP<sup>&#174;</sup> - Toruga). Los conejos fueron sacrificados a trav&#233;s de una dosis letal de barbit&#250;ricos en el d&#237;a 42 y la aorta y la arteria il&#237;aca de cada animal fueron removidas para an&#225;lisis inmunohistoqu&#237;mica e histol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histopatolog&#237;a cuantitativa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El an&#225;lisis histol&#243;gico se llev&#243; a cabo por un pat&#243;logo experimentado (LN), "ciego" para el tratamiento con RGZ. Los an&#225;lisis se llevaron a cabo microsc&#243;picamente en conjunto con el software Image Pro-plus<sup>&#174;</sup> 4.5 (Media Cybernetics Inc., Silver Spring, MD, EUA). Los par&#225;metros histomorfom&#233;tricos se obtuvieron por el c&#225;lculo de la raz&#243;n entre las &#225;reas intima y media (el &#225;rea de la capa intima dividida por el &#225;rea de la capa media) - IMR - de acuerdo con el m&#233;todo descripto por Phillips et al<sup>9</sup>. La cuantificaci&#243;n del col&#225;geno total se hizo a trav&#233;s del m&#233;todo de polarizaci&#243;n por Sirius red<sup>10</sup>. Las lesiones ateroscler&#243;ticas se analizaron y clasificaron de acuerdo con Stary et al<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inmunohistoqu&#237;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El preparo de tejidos y t&#233;cnicas inmunohistol&#243;gicas se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante incluidas en los kits (Dako Corporation, Carpinter&#237;a, CA, EUA). Se ti&#241;eron los cortes para macr&#243;fagos con la utilizaci&#243;n de anticuerpo monoclonal primario RAM-11(Dako<sup>&#174;</sup>, Carpinter&#237;a, CA, EUA), y para actina alfa de m&#250;sculo liso con el anticuerpo policlonal primario HHF-35 (Dako<sup>&#174;</sup>, Carpinter&#237;a, CA, EUA). Para las comparaciones inmunohistoqu&#237;micas cualitativas de macr&#243;fagos y la presencia de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas en el &#225;rea intima, los cortes fueron computados y registrados como porcentajes de animales con c&#233;lulas en ambas arterias il&#237;acas. Para las comparaciones inmunohistoqu&#237;micas cualitativas de macr&#243;fagos y la presencia de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas en el &#225;rea intima, los cortes fueron computados y registrados como porcentajes de animales con c&#233;lulas en ambas arterias il&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>An&#225;lisis qu&#237;mico de la sangre</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron en el primer d&#237;a del experimento, inmediatamente antes de la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n y tambi&#233;n inmediatamente antes del sacrificio a trav&#233;s de punci&#243;n card&#237;aca. La evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica-laboratorial incluy&#243; glucemia de ayuno, colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidad colesterol (HDL-C) y triglic&#233;ridos (TGC). Las mediciones se obtuvieron a trav&#233;s de un sistema automatizado (Abbott Architect ci8200; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, EUA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El c&#225;lculo del tama&#241;o de la muestra se bas&#243; en el estudio de Zhao-hui et al<sup>14</sup>. La principal variable de inter&#233;s se consider&#243; como siendo la raz&#243;n entre las &#225;reas &#237;ntima y media. Para detectar una diferencia m&#237;nima de 0,15 entre los promedios de los grupos, con un nivel de significancia del 5% y poder de prueba del 80%, el n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de animales fue definido como 12. Las variables categ&#243;ricas se expresaron como porcentajes y las variables continuas como promedios &#177; DE y medianas. La prueba de Shapiro-Wilks se utiliz&#243; para probar la normalidad de la muestra. Para par&#225;metros cuantitativos, la prueba <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> y la prueba no-param&#233;trica de Mann-Whitney fueron usados para la comparaci&#243;n entre el GC y el GR. La prueba exacta de Fisher se utiliz&#243; para variables cualitativas o categ&#243;ricas. La significancia estad&#237;stica se indic&#243; por un valor de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. Los an&#225;lisis se realizaron con el <italic>software</italic> Statistica/Windows versi&#243;n 5.1 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, EUA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A - Perfile metab&#243;lico y lip&#237;dico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El peso de los animales no difiri&#243; entre los grupos (datos no mostrados). Niveles basales de glucemia, colesterol total (CT), HDL-C y triglic&#233;ridos (TGC) eran relativamente similares en los dos grupos antes del inicio de la dieta. El 14&#186; d&#237;a, dos semanas tras la dieta rica en colesterol haber sido iniciada, los niveles de glucemia de ayuno eran mayores en el GC. El d&#237;a del sacrificio, los niveles de glucosa no se distinguieron entre los dos grupos. Aumentos graduales en los niveles de CT y TGC se observaron a partir de la fase inicial, durante la lesi&#243;n vascular hasta el sacrificio, sin diferencia significativa entre los grupos. Un aumento gradual en los niveles de HDL-C se observ&#243; en ambos grupos. Niveles m&#225;s elevados de HDL-C se observaron en el GR que en el GC a la &#233;poca de la lesi&#243;n vascular, as&#237; como a la &#233;poca del sacrificio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>B - Histomorfometr&#237;a</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arteria il&#237;aca homolateral</p>
      <p>El &#225;rea intima era significantemente menor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,024), mientras que el &#225;rea luminal era mayor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,0001). Hubo una reducci&#243;n significante del 65% en la raz&#243;n intima-media (IMR) en el GR cuando comparado con el GC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,021). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="es_02t02-body3">Tabla 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figura 1</xref>). De acuerdo con el an&#225;lisis histol&#243;gico propuesta por Stary et al, ninguno de los criterios para lesiones tipo I-V fueron encontrados en el GR. No hubo dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno en las capas &#237;ntima y media en el GR.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_02t02-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Arteria il&#237;aca contralateral</p>
      <p>No hubo diferencia significativa en la raz&#243;n &#237;ntima-media entre el GC y el GR. De acuerdo con la clasificaci&#243;n histol&#243;gica propuesta por Stary et al, la rosiglitazona no reduzco la probabilidad de lesiones tipo I, II &#243; III (72,73% <italic>vs</italic> 92,31%; <italic>p</italic>=0,30) y lesiones tipo IV &#243; V (27,27% <italic>vs</italic> 7,69%; <italic>p</italic>=0,30) en el GR cuando comparado al GC. Adem&#225;s de ello, no hubo diferencias en la extensi&#243;n de la deposici&#243;n de col&#225;geno (tipos I e III) entre el GC y el GR (datos no mostrados).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>C - Inmunohistoqu&#237;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arteria il&#237;aca homolateral</p>
      <p>El GR no present&#243; marcadores de c&#233;lulas &#237;ntimas cuando comparado al GC (vea abajo).</p>
      <p>Arteria il&#237;aca contralateral</p>
      <p>No hubo diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en el porcentaje de animales con macr&#243;fagos en la capa &#237;ntima entre el GC y el GR (33,4% <italic>vs</italic> 71,5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,07). El porcentaje de animales con las c&#233;lulas musculares lisas en la capa &#237;ntima fue mayor en el GR cuando comparado al GC (22,3% <italic>vs</italic> 71,5%; <italic>p</italic> = 0,011; <xref ref-type="table" rid="f3-body3">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="f3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-03-0283-00101-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Para investigar los efectos de la rosiglitazona, un ligando de PPAR&#947;, en la aterog&#233;nesis en un modelo animal, estudiamos conejos con un aumento de 6 veces en los niveles de colesterol a la &#233;poca de lesi&#243;n vascular y 14 veces a la &#233;poca de la eutanasia. El modelo animal utilizado aqu&#237; se bas&#243; en estudios anteriores en el que conejos r&#225;pidamente desarrollaron hipercolesterolemia tras alimentarse con una dieta rica en colesterol<sup>15,16,22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hay algunas ventajas en utilizar conejos en un modelo animal, principalmente el bajo costo del experimento. Los efectos metab&#243;licos de una dieta con alto tenor de colesterol en los conejos se explicaron extensivamente en nuestro estudio anterior<sup>24</sup>. En resumen, en este experimento, una elevaci&#243;n gradual y significante de los niveles de glucosa tambi&#233;n se produce, y nos parece que esto puede ser secundario al desarrollo de alg&#250;n grado de resistencia a la insulina, aunque este hecho no haya sido evaluado en el presente estudio.</p>
      <p>Observamos tambi&#233;n una elevaci&#243;n significante en los niveles de triglic&#233;ridos y HDL-C, sin embargo estos efectos en los TGC se vienen variando de cierta forma en la literatura<sup>14,25,26</sup>. Los conejos fueron sometidos a la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n y los efectos subsiguientes de la RGZ fueron investigados localmente y en un vaso distante del sitio de la lesi&#243;n. En la arteria il&#237;aca homolateral, el GR no exhibi&#243; ninguna lesi&#243;n ateroscler&#243;tica y tambi&#233;n no mostr&#243; ninguna deposici&#243;n de col&#225;geno o macr&#243;fago y marcadores de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas en la capa &#237;ntima. Los hallazgos m&#225;s importantes se identificaron en la mayor &#225;rea luminal y menor &#225;rea intima en los vasos de los conejos tratados con RGZ. Adem&#225;s de esto, el an&#225;lisis inmunohistoqu&#237;mica demostr&#243; una reducci&#243;n en el reclutamiento de macr&#243;fagos y c&#233;lulas musculares lisas para la pared arterial vascular cuando la RGZ se utiliz&#243;. Sorprendentemente, la RGZ no ejerci&#243; cualquier efecto en la arteria il&#237;aca contralateral. Con relaci&#243;n a la arteria il&#237;aca contralateral, nuestros datos mostraron que la RGZ no tuvo efecto significante en el porcentaje de animales con macr&#243;fagos intimales, lesiones ateroscler&#243;ticas iniciales y avanzadas, y raz&#243;n entre las &#225;reas &#237;ntima y media. Adem&#225;s de esto, encontramos un aumento significante en los animales que presentaban c&#233;lulas musculares lisas en la capa &#237;ntima de las arterias il&#237;acas no sometidas a la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter bal&#243;n. Mientras que en otros estudios no hay evidencia de los efectos antiaterog&#233;nicos del ligando de PPAR&#947; en diferentes modelos animales y en pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>16-21</sup>, el presente estudio relata la falta de efecto antiaterog&#233;nico de un agonista de PPAR&#947; en un vaso distante del sitio de la lesi&#243;n. No podemos excluir la posibilidad de que nuestro an&#225;lisis histol&#243;gico haya reflejado un peque&#241;o per&#237;odo de exposici&#243;n a la RGZ. Adem&#225;s de esto, no evaluamos la vasodilataci&#243;n arterial, formaci&#243;n de peroxinitrito (ONOO<sup>-</sup>), oxido n&#237;trico (NO) endotelial, o la expresi&#243;n de la fosfoprote&#237;na estimulada por vasodilatador (VASP), que se deber&#237;an analizar en estudios futuros y podr&#237;an ciertamente explicar algunos de nuestros hallazgos.</p>
      <p>Recientemente, el estudio RECORD demostr&#243; que la adici&#243;n de rosiglitazona a la terapia hipoglucemiante en individuos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 aumenta el riesgo de insuficiencia card&#237;aca, pero no el riesgo de morbilidad o mortalidad cardiovascular general, cuando comparada con medicamentos hipoglucemiantes est&#225;ndar<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Para comparar el riesgo de infarto agudo de miocardio, insuficiencia cardiaca y muerte en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, 39.736 pacientes recibieron pioglitazona o rosiglitazona. La pioglitazona se asoci&#243; con un riesgo significantemente menor de insuficiencia cardiaca y muerte que la rosiglitazona entre los pacientes m&#225;s viejos, sin ventaja cl&#237;nica para la rosiglitazona. En contraste, cuando la rosiglitazona se utilizaba en individuos con tolerancia a la glucosa disminuida y/o glucemia de ayuno alterada sin enfermedad cardiovascular o diabetes, ella disminuy&#243; ligeramente el espesor &#237;ntimo-medio carot&#237;deo<sup>28</sup>. Estos efectos opuestos y controvertidos de la RGZ en vasos lesionados levantan algunas cuestiones sobre las acciones protectoras y no-protectoras de estos f&#225;rmacos cuando utilizados en pacientes diab&#233;ticos o en la tentativa de que se evite los efectos sist&#233;micos de una angioplastia coronaria por bal&#243;n<sup>27-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusiones</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio demuestra que en un modelo animal con conejos hipercolesterol&#233;micos, la administraci&#243;n de rosiglitazona por seis semanas previno la aterog&#233;nesis en el sitio de la lesi&#243;n, sin embargo no en un vaso distante de la lesi&#243;n por cat&#233;ter-bal&#243;n.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de tesis de Doctorado de Alexandre Alessi por la <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>35. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Hux JE, Mandani MM. Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2942.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body3" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondencia:</p>
          <p> Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini</p>
          <p> Av. Igua&#231;u, 1325 / 101B - Rebou&#231;as</p>
          <p> 80250-190 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="lizavb@cardiol.br">lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com">lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Art&#237;culo recibido el 17/05/09; revisado recibido el 22/10/09; aceptado el 11/12/09.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
