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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SnFMmNmn5Lssc8qHbVmGsjj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo dos fosfatos de alta energia em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leme</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Betim Paes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weiss</surname>
            <given-names>Robert G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>264</fpage>
      <lpage>273</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Anormalidades do metabolismo mioc&#225;rdico t&#234;m sido observadas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias. A espectroscopia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (ERM) com f&#243;sforo 31 &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva que permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas mioc&#225;rdicas. OBJETIVO: Determinar o metabolismo de repouso dos fosfatos de alta energia em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) pela ERM com f&#243;sforo 31. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 39 pacientes com DC, sendo 23 com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (Grupo FP) e 16 com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (Grupo DV), avaliados pela ecodopplercardiografia. A ERM da regi&#227;o anterosseptal foi realizada nos 39 pacientes e em 8 indiv&#237;duos normais (Grupo C), por meio de um aparelho Phillips de 1,5 Tesla, obtendo-se a rela&#231;&#227;o fosfocreatina/trifosfato de adenosina beta (PCr/&#946;-ATP) mioc&#225;rdicos. RESULTADOS: Os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de PCr/&#946;-ATP estavam reduzidos no Grupo DV em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo FP, e estes apresentaram n&#237;veis reduzidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo C (Grupo DV: 0,89 &#177; 0,31 vs Grupo FP: 1,47 &#177; 0,34 vs Grupo C: 1,88 &#177; 0,08, p &lt; 0,001). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a PCr/&#946;-ATP nos 39 pacientes estudados (r = 0,64, p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes em classe funcional I (n = 22) apresentaram PCr/&#946;-ATP de 1,45 &#177; 0,35, e aqueles em classes funcionais II e III (n = 17), PCr/&#946;-ATP de 0,94 &#177; 0,36 (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A ERM permitiu detectar de forma n&#227;o invasiva altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo energ&#233;tico em pacientes com DC, mesmo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica; tais altera&#231;&#245;es estavam relacionadas com a gravidade do comprometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Metabolismo energ&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> TOMOGRAFIA/RESSON&#194;NCIA </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo dos fosfatos de alta energia em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Maria Betim Paes Leme<sup>I</sup>; Vera Maria Cury Salemi<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga<sup>I</sup>; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni<sup>I</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>I</sup>; Robert G. Weiss<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Kalil-Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD - USA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Anormalidades do metabolismo mioc&#225;rdico t&#234;m sido observadas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de diferentes etiologias. A espectroscopia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (ERM) com f&#243;sforo 31 &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva que permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas mioc&#225;rdicas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar o metabolismo de repouso dos fosfatos de alta energia em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) pela ERM com f&#243;sforo 31. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 39 pacientes com DC, sendo 23 com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (Grupo FP) e 16 com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (Grupo DV), avaliados pela ecodopplercardiografia. A ERM da regi&#227;o anterosseptal foi realizada nos 39 pacientes e em 8 indiv&#237;duos normais (Grupo C), por meio de um aparelho Phillips de 1,5 Tesla, obtendo-se a rela&#231;&#227;o fosfocreatina/trifosfato de adenosina beta (PCr/&#946;-ATP) mioc&#225;rdicos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de PCr/&#946;-ATP estavam reduzidos no Grupo DV em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo FP, e estes apresentaram n&#237;veis reduzidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo C (Grupo DV: 0,89 &#177; 0,31 <italic>vs</italic> Grupo FP: 1,47 &#177; 0,34 <italic>vs</italic> Grupo C: 1,88 &#177; 0,08, p &lt; 0,001). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a PCr/&#946;-ATP nos 39 pacientes estudados (r = 0,64, p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes em classe funcional I (n = 22) apresentaram PCr/&#946;-ATP de 1,45 &#177; 0,35, e aqueles em classes funcionais II e III (n = 17), PCr/&#946;-ATP de 0,94 &#177; 0,36 (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ERM permitiu detectar de forma n&#227;o invasiva altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo energ&#233;tico em pacientes com DC, mesmo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica; tais altera&#231;&#245;es estavam relacionadas com a gravidade do comprometimento card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Metabolismo energ&#233;tico; doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; uma das formas mais comuns de cardiopatia na Am&#233;rica Latina, com estimativa de oito a dez milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos acometidos pela doen&#231;a<sup>1</sup>. Cerca de 70% a 80% dos indiv&#237;duos permanecem na forma indeterminada por toda a vida, enquanto 20% a 30% deles progridem, ap&#243;s d&#233;cadas, para cardiopatia. Esta &#233; caracterizada por arritmias, fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos e cardiomiopatia dilatada com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, mesmo os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida, e os mecanismos propostos s&#227;o<sup>3-6</sup>: agress&#227;o direta ao mioc&#225;rdio pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic>; hip&#243;tese neurog&#234;nica, baseada na intensa depopula&#231;&#227;o neuronal evidente nos diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a; mecanismo autoimune, relacionado com o encontro de anticorpos dirigidos contra ant&#237;genos do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> presentes nos focos de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria do mioc&#225;rdio; agress&#227;o &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, com consequente desenvolvimento de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>5-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro mecanismo que vem sendo apontado como fator que contribui para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global em v&#225;rias cardiopatias &#233; o comprometimento da integridade do sistema energ&#233;tico celular<sup>11</sup>. O funcionamento adequado do referido sistema depende da presen&#231;a, em quantidades adequadas, de substratos e enzimas envolvidos nas vias de s&#237;ntese e da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do trifosfato de adenosina (ATP), que &#233; a mol&#233;cula respons&#225;vel pelo fornecimento imediato de energia ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. Uma das principais enzimas envolvidas nesse processo &#233; a creatina quinase (CK), respons&#225;vel pela transfer&#234;ncia de 40% a 70% dos fosfatos de alta energia entre a creatina e a mol&#233;cula de ATP<sup>11,12</sup>. Modelos animais e estudos em humanos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es nesse sistema bioenerg&#233;tico, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da velocidade de a&#231;&#227;o da enzima CK e modifica&#231;&#245;es na distribui&#231;&#227;o de suas isoenzimas, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o no conte&#250;do total de ATP e de fosfocreatina (PCr)<sup>13</sup>. Dessa forma, a espectroscopia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (ERM) do f&#243;sforo 31 permite avaliar os fosfatos de alta energia do mioc&#225;rdio, possibilitando, desse modo, identificar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em pacientes com diferentes graus de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o metabolismo de repouso dos fosfatos de alta energia em pacientes portadores de DC pela ERM com f&#243;sforo 31, buscando uma melhor compreens&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia do metabolismo energ&#233;tico mioc&#225;rdico na fisiopatologia da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 39 pacientes (20 homens, de 27 a 79 anos, 52 &#177; 12 anos) portadores da DC em acompanhamento ambulatorial e 8 volunt&#225;rios (5 homens, 29 &#177; 4 anos, Grupo C). Todos os pacientes com DC estudados foram avaliados por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico completo, exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma de repouso, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecodopplercardiograma. Os pacientes portadores da forma indeterminada tamb&#233;m realizaram estudos contrastados de es&#244;fago.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DC foi determinado pela presen&#231;a de epidemiologia positiva e confirmado por, pelo menos, dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos (fixa&#231;&#227;o de complemento ou Machado-Guerreiro e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram considerados portadores da forma indeterminada da DC quando eram assintom&#225;ticos no que diz respeito aos aparelhos cardiovascular e digestivo e quando apresentavam eletrocardiograma, estudo radiol&#243;gico de t&#243;rax e estudo contrastado de es&#244;fago normais.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram considerados portadores da forma cr&#244;nica quando apresentavam pelo menos um dos seguintes sintomas e/ou sinais: palpita&#231;&#227;o, ortopneia, dispneia de esfor&#231;o, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, desconforto tor&#225;cico, tosse, fraqueza, tontura, s&#237;ncope, ritmos de galope, sopros card&#237;acos, hepatomegalia, edema de membros inferiores ou estase jugular; na vig&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas habitualmente encontradas na DC (bloqueio divisional anterossuperior, bloqueio completo de ramo direito do feixe de His, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau, altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda); na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas (estudo radiol&#243;gico de t&#243;rax) e/ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas; na aus&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as que pudessem ter influ&#234;ncia sobre os achados deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Os 39 pacientes estudados foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos para a an&#225;lise do metabolismo energ&#233;tico de repouso pela ERM do f&#243;sforo 31. Os grupos s&#227;o apresentados a seguir:</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic> - Grupo DV: constitu&#237;do por 16 pacientes (11 homens, de 27 a 72 anos, 49 &#177; 12 anos). Clinicamente, 12 pacientes (75%) se encontravam em classe funcional (CF) II da NYHA; 3 (18,75%) em CF III da NYHA e apenas 1 em CF I da NYHA. A altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica predominante nesse grupo foi o bloqueio divisional anterossuperior, presente em 11 pacientes (69%), seguido pelo bloqueio completo de ramo direito do feixe de His em 9 (56%). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 39 &#177; 6%, e todos os pacientes desse grupo apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50%.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e eletrocardiograma alterado</italic> - Grupo ECGalt: constitu&#237;do por 15 pacientes (6 homens, de 44 a 79 anos, 58 &#177; 10 anos). Clinicamente, 13 pacientes (86%) se encontravam em CF I da NYHA e apenas 2 (14%) em classe funcional II da NYHA. A altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica predominante nesse grupo foi o bloqueio completo de ramo direito do feixe de His em 9 pacientes (60%), acompanhado ou n&#227;o pelo bloqueio divisional anterossuperior presente em 5 (40%). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi de 67 &#177; 8%, apresentando todos os pacientes do grupo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 56%.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e eletrocardiograma normal: forma indeterminada</italic> - Grupo Ind: constitu&#237;do por 8 pacientes (3 homens, de 31 a 62 anos, 45 &#177; 11 anos). Clinicamente, todos eram assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiol&#243;gico. Todos os pacientes estudados apresentavam eletrocardiograma de repouso normal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 68 &#177; 5%. O estudo contrastado de es&#244;fago afastou megaes&#244;fago em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Grupo controle -</italic> Constitu&#237;do por 8 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis (5 homens, de 22 a 34 anos, 29 &#177; 4 anos) sem antecedentes de cardiopatia. Todos os volunt&#225;rios apresentavam eletrocardiograma de repouso normal e provas funcionais para isquemia negativas.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: classe funcional IV da NYHA, diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial grave, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica ao ecodopplercardiograma, insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, hist&#243;ria pregressa de alcoolismo, outras cardiopatias preexistentes, gestantes e portadores de marca-passo definitivo.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes participantes foram esclarecidos quanto ao estudo e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento P&#243;s-Informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eletrocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma obedeceu a crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de normalidade, e, para as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas, foram considerados os seguintes par&#226;metros<sup>17</sup>: bloqueio de ramo direito do feixe de His (BCRD), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo do feixe de His (BCRE), bloqueio divisional anterossuperior de ramo esquerdo do feixe de His (BDAS), bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau (BAV 1&#186;), altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ARV), sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE) e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico por meio das t&#233;cnicas modo M, bidimensional e Doppler. As medidas de dimens&#245;es internas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram obtidas por meio do modo M, ao final da s&#237;stole e ao final da di&#225;stole, com aux&#237;lio de registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo, e realizadas conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>18</sup>. Tais medidas permitiram os c&#225;lculos dos volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais, bem como os c&#225;lculos da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de espectroscopia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do f&#243;sforo 31</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ERM do f&#243;sforo 31 atrav&#233;s de um aparelho Gyroscan ACS (Phillips Medical Systems) com campo magn&#233;tico efetivo de 1,5 Tesla. Os pacientes foram colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e monitorizados por eletrodos colocados na regi&#227;o precordial para deflagra&#231;&#227;o e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens e da espectroscopia<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma bobina de 10 cm de di&#226;metro (P-100) sintonizada na frequ&#234;ncia de resson&#226;ncia do f&#243;sforo 31 (63,3-83 MHz), para recep&#231;&#227;o e transmiss&#227;o, foi localizada sobre o <italic>&#237;ctus</italic> card&#237;aco. A bobina foi mantida em posi&#231;&#227;o durante todo o exame atrav&#233;s de uma faixa de velcro colocada ao redor da regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica do paciente. O paciente foi posicionado dentro do magneto supercondutor de forma a que o centro da bobina correspondesse ao isocentro longitudinal do magneto.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, nove cortes transversais (espessura de 10 mm) foram obtidos nos per&#237;odos de dois a tr&#234;s minutos, com imagens pesadas em T1, <italic>spin-echo</italic>, acopladas ao eletrocardiograma com o objetivo de permitir a localiza&#231;&#227;o precisa do centro da bobina de superf&#237;cie em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do paciente. Com a bobina localizada sobre a parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, definiu-se um volume de aproximadamente 35 cm<sup>3</sup>, o qual era posicionado paralelamente &#224; bobina de superf&#237;cie. O volume selecionado cont&#233;m, predominantemente, m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco da regi&#227;o anteroapical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os cortes contaminados por m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico da parede tor&#225;cica e/ou por por&#231;&#245;es do diafragma e do f&#237;gado foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de localiza&#231;&#227;o utilizada foi a <italic>image-selected in vivo spectroscopy </italic>(ISIS), caracterizada por alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial<sup>19</sup> e originalmente descrita em 1985<sup>20</sup>. Trata-se de uma t&#233;cnica que permite a escolha de uma regi&#227;o de interesse retil&#237;nea sob a forma de um paralelep&#237;pedo que &#233; selecionada a partir das imagens de resson&#226;ncia geradas pelo sinal do pr&#243;ton. &#201; realizada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s pulsos adiab&#225;ticos na presen&#231;a do mesmo gradiente do campo magn&#233;tico utilizado para a obten&#231;&#227;o da imagem. Cada pulso de invers&#227;o inverte o plano selecionado de magnetiza&#231;&#227;o com a regi&#227;o de interesse definida pela intersec&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s planos ortogonais. Uma sequ&#234;ncia de oito diferentes aquisi&#231;&#245;es com diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de pulsos de invers&#227;o &#233; somada para obter o espectro final. Assim, sinais de dentro da regi&#227;o de interesse s&#227;o somados, ao passo que sinais vindos de fora do volume de interesse, mas ainda dentro da regi&#227;o captada pela bobina de superf&#237;cie, s&#227;o somados com sinais opostos e, portanto, cancelados.</p>
    <p>O tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do espectro foi de aproximadamente 16 minutos (384 medidas). O tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o utilizado foi de 2.500 ms e o <italic>trigger delay</italic> de 200 ms. O tempo total de dura&#231;&#227;o do exame foi de cerca de 60 a 70 minutos, durante os quais os pacientes foram mantidos na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o dentro do aparelho. Ap&#243;s o processamento do espectro (transforma&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica de Fourier) e a impress&#227;o em papel, a &#225;rea sob cada esp&#237;cula foi calculada por meio de digita&#231;&#227;o manual auxiliada por computador e obteve-se a rela&#231;&#227;o PCr/&#946;-ATP. O fosfato inorg&#226;nico n&#227;o foi medido devido &#224; sua baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o e sobreposi&#231;&#227;o com a esp&#237;cula do 2,3-difosfoglicerato.</p>
    <p>Corre&#231;&#245;es para a satura&#231;&#227;o parcial dos n&#250;cleos foram realizadas pela seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>SF = [1 - exp(-TR/T1)].sina/[1-exp(-TR/T10.cosa]</p>
    <p>onde SF = o fator de satura&#231;&#227;o, TR = o tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, T1 = o tempo de relaxamento e a = o &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o (90&#186;).</p>
    <p>Os valores de T1 da fosfocreatina e do b-ATP mioc&#225;rdico s&#227;o estimados em 4,18 e 1,7 segundos, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Os valores normais da rela&#231;&#227;o PCR/&#946;-ATP foram obtidos em 8 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, em repouso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas de modo descritivo. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas (idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, rela&#231;&#227;o PCr/&#946;-ATP), a an&#225;lise foi feita por meio da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e de desvio padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas (sexo, classe funcional), calcularam-se as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise da hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias entre os dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre propor&#231;&#245;es, usou-se o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias m&#233;dias, utilizaram-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia e um fator com compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, realizadas por meio do teste de Bonferroni. Ao rejeitar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade, usou-se o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, com compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas realizadas pelo teste de Dunn.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para o estudo da correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e PCr/&#946;-ATP). </p>
    <p>Os testes foram realizados pelo SAS, vers&#227;o 6.11. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise do metabolismo card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No Grupo C, a PCr/&#946;-ATP foi de 1,88 &#177; 0,08; no Grupo DV, de 0,89 &#177; 0,31; no Grupo ECGalt, de 1,52 &#177; 0,30; e no Grupo Ind, de 1,40 &#177; 0,37; todos menores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo C (p &lt; 0,001). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_fig01m">figura 1</xref>, observam-se exemplos de espectros do f&#243;sforo 31.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09510_port_fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Estudamos, comparativamente, o metabolismo energ&#233;tico de repouso dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (Grupo DV) e daqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada (Grupo FP), unindo, para tanto, os pacientes dos grupos ECGalt e Ind em apenas um grupo.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>An&#225;lise cl&#237;nica -</italic> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa, entre os dois grupos analisados, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade ou &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos masculino e feminino. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, e o Grupo DV apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo FP (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>An&#225;lise comparativa da PCr/</italic>b<italic>-ATP entre os grupos e com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o:</italic> os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de PCr/&#946;-ATP estavam reduzidos no Grupo DV (0,89 &#177; 0,31), quando comparados com o Grupo FP (1,47 &#177; 0,34, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_graf01m">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>), e eles apresentavam n&#237;veis reduzidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo C (1,88 &#177; 0,08) (p &lt; 0,001). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a PCr/&#946;-ATP nos 39 pacientes estudados (r = 0,64, p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_graf02m">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09510_port_graf01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09510_port_graf02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>An&#225;lise comparativa entre classe funcional da NYHA e PCr/</italic>b<italic>-ATP -</italic> Os pacientes em classe funcional I (22 pacientes) apresentaram PCr/&#946;-ATP de 1,45 &#177; 0,35, e aqueles em classes funcionais II e III (17 pacientes), PCr/&#946;-ATP de 0,94 &#177; 0,36 (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_graf03m">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>). Neste estudo, houve boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre a classe funcional da NYHA e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma (15 dos 16 pacientes estudados com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular encontravam-se em CF II ou III da NYHA; 21 dos 23 pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada encontravam-se em CF I da NYHA).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09510_port_graf03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ERM permite a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da composi&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica e do estado metab&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o requer exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante ou o uso de contraste intravenoso<sup>14,15,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o inicial <italic>in vivo</italic> da ERM ocorreu em 1976<sup>20</sup>, e a primeira aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ocorreu em 1985<sup>21</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, tornou-se uma ferramenta importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva das vias metab&#243;licas m&#250;ltiplas no cora&#231;&#227;o. As mol&#233;culas mais importantes s&#227;o o ATP e a PCr. Enquanto o primeiro &#233; o substrato para todas as rea&#231;&#245;es que consomem energia do mioc&#225;rdio, a &#250;ltima age como um reservat&#243;rio de energia e pode servir como mol&#233;cula transportadora de energia. O equil&#237;brio da CK favorece grandemente a s&#237;ntese de ATP sobre a PCr. Portanto, quando a demanda de ATP excede a s&#237;ntese de ATP, os n&#237;veis de PCr caem primeiro, o que leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o PCr/ATP. Os n&#237;veis de ATP caem apenas quando os n&#237;veis de PCr est&#227;o muito reduzidos<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O espectro do f&#243;sforo 31 no cora&#231;&#227;o humano &#233; mostrado como amplitudes ou picos na ERM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_fig01m">fig. 1</xref>), e o pico de PCr, por conven&#231;&#227;o, &#233; considerado pico de refer&#234;ncia de 0,0 ppm. Os valores s&#227;o negativos &#224; direita e representam picos de ATP (g, &#945;, &#946;), e s&#227;o positivos do lado esquerdo, como fosfomono&#233;ster, fosfato inorg&#226;nico e fosfodiester<sup>19-23</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_port_fig01m">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, foi utilizado o pico do &#946;-ATP que &#233; considerado o mais &#250;til dos tr&#234;s por n&#227;o ser contaminado por outros sinais<sup>19</sup>. Dessa forma, avalia-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PCr e o ATP, e n&#227;o a concentra&#231;&#227;o absoluta de cada componente. Assim, o valor do primeiro &#233; de aproximadamente 10 mmol/kg de peso seco, enquanto, no segundo, &#233; de 5 a 6 mmol/kg de peso seco.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica usada em nosso estudo possibilita a an&#225;lise da reserva do metabolismo energ&#233;tico mioc&#225;rdico, permitindo, assim, estudar a patog&#234;nese de v&#225;rias cardiopatias<sup>24</sup>. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, observam-se redu&#231;&#227;o dessa rela&#231;&#227;o e revers&#227;o ap&#243;s o uso de betabloqueador<sup>25,26</sup>. Em nosso estudo, observou-se que o metabolismo energ&#233;tico de repouso dos fosfatos de alta energia encontra-se alterado nos pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, como demonstrado pelos n&#237;veis reduzidos de PCr/&#946;-ATP, e tal redu&#231;&#227;o &#233; proporcional ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e &#224; CF da NYHA. Dados semelhantes de rela&#231;&#227;o entre a CF pela NYHA e a PCr/&#946;-ATP foram previamente documentados em 19 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia dilatada, mostrando rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o metabolismo energ&#233;tico mioc&#225;rdico<sup>25</sup>. Os valores de PCr/&#946;-ATP do Grupo C, encontrados em nosso estudo, foram semelhantes aos da literatura, os quais oscilam em torno de 1,6 a 2,0<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o metabolismo energ&#233;tico mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada &#233; controversa<sup>25,26,29,30</sup>. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, houve clara correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os n&#237;veis de PCr/&#946;-ATP na doen&#231;a de Chagas, demonstrando um maior comprometimento da reserva energ&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica de repouso nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes portadores da DC sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular mostraram, diferentemente dos trabalhos realizados em pacientes com cardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica leve<sup>25,30,31</sup>, altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo energ&#233;tico de repouso. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es foram de menor intensidade que aquelas apresentadas pelos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas ainda com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado &#233; a presen&#231;a de comprometimento degenerativo mioc&#225;rdico j&#225; nos est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>6,32</sup>, demonstrado pelas altera&#231;&#245;es presentes nos n&#250;cleos dos mi&#243;citos, no sistema de t&#250;bulos T e nas mitoc&#244;ndrias, bem como pelas altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es das enzimas miosina ATPase, monoamina oxidase e succinato desidrogenase, envolvidas no processo de manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase energ&#233;tica celular<sup>32</sup>. O processo inflamat&#243;rio na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; tamb&#233;m mais intenso e persistente que na cardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, sendo respons&#225;vel pelo maior grau de fibrose e de comprometimento microcirculat&#243;rio detectado pelos estudos comparativos, realizados com bi&#243;psia nessas duas patologias<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>O comprometimento da integridade do sistema energ&#233;tico celular do mioc&#225;rdio vem sendo apontado como fator que contribui para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global em v&#225;rias cardiopatias<sup>23</sup>. Um dos primeiros estudos cl&#237;nicos com ERM do f&#243;sforo 31 mostrou pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo energ&#233;tico card&#237;aco de pacientes com cardiopatia dilatada<sup>31</sup>. Posteriormente, demonstrou-se, em 20 pacientes com cardiopatia dilatada (9 de origem isqu&#234;mica e 11 de origem idiop&#225;tica), uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de PCr/&#946;-ATP em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis do grupo controle (PCr/&#946;-ATP de 1,46 &#177; 0,07 na cardiopatia dilatada <italic>vs</italic> PCr/&#946;-ATP de 1,80 &#177; 0,06 no grupo controle, p &lt; 0,001)<sup>30</sup>. Observou-se, ainda, uma tend&#234;ncia para a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis mais reduzidos de PCr/&#946;-ATP nos pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mais acentuada, evidenciando, assim, rela&#231;&#227;o entre o comprometimento do sistema energ&#233;tico mioc&#225;rdico e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Outro estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou n&#237;veis reduzidos de PCr/&#946;-ATP nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de graus avan&#231;ados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia dilatada, n&#227;o se constatando diferen&#231;a nos indiv&#237;duos com graus mais leves da doen&#231;a<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo comprova a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo card&#237;aco de repouso dos pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, relacionadas com a gravidade do comprometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas futuras</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sistemas de ERM com 7T permitir&#227;o a melhora da rela&#231;&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do, com aumento da resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e/ou temporal, possibilitando, assim, avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas das concentra&#231;&#245;es dos metab&#243;litos em todo o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera Maria Cury Salemi </p>
        <p> Avenida Jandira, 185/41 B - Indian&#243;polis </p>
        <p> 04080-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="verasalemi@cardiol.br">verasalemi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="verasalemi@uol.com.br">verasalemi@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 08/07/09; revisado recebido em 18/11/09; aceito em 28/12/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the metabolism of high energy phosphates in patients with Chagas' disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in myocardial metabolism have been observed in patients with heart failure of different etiologies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with phosphorus-31 is a noninvasive technique that allows detection of myocardial metabolic changes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the resting metabolism of high-energy phosphates in patients with Chagas' disease (CD) by MRS with phosphorus-31. METHODS: We studied 39 patients with CD, 23 with preserved ventricular function (PF Group) and 16 with ventricular dysfunction (VD Group), assessed by Doppler echocardiography. MRS of the anterosseptal region was performed in 39 patients and 8 normal subjects (C Group) through a Phillips 1.5 Tesla device, obtaining the phosphocreatine/beta-adenosine triphosphate myocardial ratio (PCr/&#946;-ATP). RESULTS: The levels of cardiac PCr/&#946;-ATP were reduced in VD Group in relation to PF Group, and the latter presented reduced levels compared to C Group (VD Group: 0.89 &#177; 0.31 vs PF Group: 1.47 &#177; 0.34 vs C Group: 1.88 &#177; 0.08, p &lt; 0.001). A correlation was found between left ventricular ejection fraction and PCr/&#946;-ATP in 39 patients (r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.001). Patients under functional class I (n = 22) presented PCr/&#946;-ATP of 1.45 &#177; 0.35, and those in functional classes II and III (n = 17), PCr/&#946;-ATP of 0.94 &#177; 0.36 (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The 31-phosphorus MRS was able to detect non-invasively changes in the rest energy metabolism of patients with Chagas' disease, with and without systolic dysfunction. These changes were related to the severity of heart impairment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Energy metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>chagas cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Evaluation of the metabolism of high energy phosphates in patients with chagas' disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Maria Betim Paes Leme<sup>I</sup>; Vera Maria Cury Salemi<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga<sup>I</sup>; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni<sup>I</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>I</sup>; Robert G. Weiss<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Kalil-Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD - USA</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Abnormalities in myocardial metabolism have been observed in patients with heart failure of different etiologies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with phosphorus-31 is a noninvasive technique that allows detection of myocardial metabolic changes.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the resting metabolism of high-energy phosphates in patients with Chagas' disease (CD) by MRS with phosphorus-31.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 39 patients with CD, 23 with preserved ventricular function (PF Group) and 16 with ventricular dysfunction (VD Group), assessed by Doppler echocardiography. MRS of the anterosseptal region was performed in 39 patients and 8 normal subjects (C Group) through a Phillips 1.5 Tesla device, obtaining the phosphocreatine/beta-adenosine triphosphate myocardial ratio (PCr/&#946;-ATP).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The levels of cardiac PCr/&#946;-ATP were reduced in VD Group in relation to PF Group, and the latter presented reduced levels compared to C Group (VD Group: 0.89 &#177; 0.31 <italic>vs</italic> PF Group: 1.47 &#177; 0.34 <italic>vs</italic> C Group: 1.88 &#177; 0.08, p &lt; 0.001). A correlation was found between left ventricular ejection fraction and PCr/&#946;-ATP in 39 patients (r = 0.64, p &lt;0.001). Patients under functional class I (n = 22) presented PCr/&#946;-ATP of 1.45 &#177; 0.35, and those in functional classes II and III (n = 17), PCr/&#946;-ATP of 0.94 &#177; 0.36 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The 31-phosphorus MRS was able to detect non-invasively changes in the rest energy metabolism of patients with Chagas' disease, with and without systolic dysfunction. These changes were related to the severity of heart impairment. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Energy metabolism; Chagas' disease; chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chagas' disease (CD) is one of the most common forms of heart disease in Latin America, with roughly eight to ten million individuals affected by the disease<sup>1</sup>. About 70% to 80% of individuals remain in the indeterminate form throughout their lives, while 20% to 30% of them progress, after decades, to heart disease. This is characterized by arrhythmias, thromboembolic events and dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure<sup>1</sup>. However, even asymptomatic patients and those with preserved systolic function have reduced exercising capacity<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of Chagas' heart disease is not established, and the proposed mechanisms are<sup>3-6</sup>: direct aggression to the myocardium by <italic>T. cruzi;</italic> neurogenic hypothesis based on intense neuronal depopulation found in the different stages of the disease; autoimmune mechanism related to the finding of antibodies directed against antigens of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> present in <italic>foci</italic> of myocardial inflammation; damaged coronary microcirculation with consequent development of myocardial ischemia<sup>5-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another mechanism that has been pointed out in contributing to the deterioration of global myocardial function in various heart diseases is the impairment of the integrity of the cell energy system<sup>11</sup>. The proper operation of this system depends on the presence in adequate amounts of substrates and enzymes involved in synthesis and the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the molecule responsible for the immediate supply of energy to the heart muscle. One of the key enzymes involved in this process is the creatine kinase (CK), responsible for the transfer of 40% to 70% of high-energy phosphates from creatine and ATP molecule<sup>11,12</sup>. Animal models and studies in humans with heart failure have shown changes in this bioenergetic system, with significant reduction in the speed of action of CK and changes in the distribution of its isoenzymes, in addition to reduction in the total content of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr)<sup>13</sup>. Thus, phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables the evaluation of high-energy phosphates found in the myocardium, allowing the identification of metabolic changes in patients with different degrees of myocardial impairment<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to determine the resting high-energy phosphates' metabolism in patients with CD using phosphorus-31 MRS seeking a better understanding of the influence of myocardial energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We prospectively studied 39 CD patients (20 men, 27 to 79 years old, 52 &#177; 12 years) in outpatient clinic monitoring and 8 volunteers (5 men, 29 &#177; 4 years, C Group). All CD patients studied were evaluated by clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, resting electrocardiogram, chest radiography and echocardiography. Patients with the indeterminate form of the disease also performed esophageal contrast studies.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of CD was determined by the presence of positive epidemiology and confirmed by at least two positive serological tests for antibodies (complement fixation or Machado-Guerreiro and indirect immunofluorescence)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients were considered to have the indeterminate form of CD when they were asymptomatic with respect to cardiovascular and digestive systems and when they presented normal electrocardiogram, chest radiography and esophageal contrast study.</p>
      <p>Patients were considered to have chronic CD when they had at least one of the following symptoms or signs: palpitations, orthopnea, exertional dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, chest discomfort, cough, weakness, dizziness, syncope, galloping rhythms, heart murmurs, hepatomegaly, lower limb edema or jugular stasis; electrocardiographic alterations usually found in CD (anterosuperior divisional block, right bundle branch block, first degree atrioventricular block, alterations in ventricular repolarization, ventricular premature beats, left bundle branch, left ventricular hypertrophy); radiological alterations (chest radiography) and/or echocardiography; absence of other diseases that could influence our findings.</p>
      <p>The 39 patients were divided into three groups for analysis of resting energy metabolism by MRS of phosphorus-31. The groups are presented below:</p>
      <p>&#149;<italic> Chagas' heart disease with left ventricular dysfunction</italic> - VD Group: consisting of 16 patients (11 men, 27 to 72 years old, 49 &#177; 12 years old). Clinically speaking, 12 patients (75%) were under functional class (FC) II of NYHA; 3 (18.75%) in functional class III of NYHA and only 1 under functional class I of NYHA. The electrocardiographic alterations prevailing in this group were the anterosuperior block, present in 11 patients (69%), followed by right bundle branch block in 9 (56%). Mean ejection fraction was 39 &#177; 6%, and all patients in this group had an ejection fraction below 50%.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Chagas' heart disease with preserved ventricular function and EKG alterations</italic> - EKGalt Group: consisting of 15 patients (6 men, 44 to 79 years old, 58 &#177; 10 years old). Clinically speaking, 13 patients (86%) were in functional class I of NYHA and only 2 (14%) in functional class II of NYHA. Electrocardiographic alterations prevailing in this group were the right bundle branch block in 9 patients (60%), accompanied or not by anterosuperior divisional block present in 5 (40%). Mean ejection fraction was 67 &#177; 8%, with all patients in the group presenting an ejection fraction equal to or greater than 56%.</p>
      <p>&#149;<italic> Chagas' heart disease with preserved ventricular function and normal electrocardiogram: indeterminate</italic> - Ind Group: consisting of 8 patients (3 men, 31 to 62 years old, 45 &#177; 11 years old). All patients were clinically asymptomatic. All patients had normal resting electrocardiograms. The mean ejection fraction was 68 &#177; 5%. Esophageal contrast study discarded megaesophagus in all patients.</p>
      <p>&#149;<italic> Control group -</italic> consisting of 8 healthy volunteers (5 men, 22 to 34 years old, 29 &#177; 4 years old) without history of heart disease. All volunteers had normal resting electrocardiogram and functional tests for ischemia.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: functional class IV of NYHA, diabetes mellitus, severe hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy on Doppler echocardiography, coronary heart disease, history of alcoholism, other pre-existing heart diseases, pregnancy and patients with permanent pacemaker.</p>
      <p>All participating patients were informed about the study and signed an Informed Consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the electrocardiogram followed the traditional criteria of normality, and for the alterations found, we considered the following parameters<sup>17</sup>: right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block, anterosuperior divisional block, first degree atrioventricular block, alteration of ventricular repolarization, left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular extrasystoles.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography using the M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler techniques. Measurements of left ventricular internal dimensions were obtained through the M-mode, at the end of systole and at the end of diastole, with the aid of simultaneous electrocardiographic recording, performed as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>18</sup>. Such measures have enabled the calculation of diastolic and systolic volumes, and the calculation of fractional shortening and ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol of magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphorus 31</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients underwent MRS of phosphorus-31 through a Gyroscan ACS device (Phillips Medical Systems) with effective magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla. The patients were placed in the supine position and monitored by electrodes placed in the precordial region for the generation and acquisition of images and spectroscopy<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>A 10 cm diameter coil (P-100) tuned to phosphorus-31 resonance frequency (63.3-83 MHz), for reception and transmission, was located on the heart ictus. The coil was kept in place throughout the exam via a Velcro band placed around the patient's thoracic region. The patient was placed inside the superconducting magnet so that the center of the coil corresponded to the longitudinal axis of the magnet isocenter.</p>
      <p>Initially, nine cross-sections (thickness 10 mm) were obtained in periods of two to three minutes with T1-weighted images, spin-echo, EKG-gated in order to allow the precise placement of the surface coil in relation to the patient's left ventricular anterior wall. With the coil located on the left ventricular anterior wall, we set up a volume of approximately 35 cm<sup>3</sup>, which was placed parallel to the surface coil. The volume selected contains, predominantly, cardiac muscle of the left ventricular anterior apical region. Cuts contaminated by skeletal muscle of the chest wall and/or portions of the diaphragm and liver were excluded.</p>
      <p>The localization technique used was the image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS), characterized by high spatial resolution<sup>19</sup> and originally described in 1985<sup>20</sup>. This is a technique that allows the choice of a rectilinear region of the heart muscle in the shape of a parallelepiped, which is selected from the resonance images generated by the proton signal. It is performed by applying three adiabatic pulses in the presence of the same magnetic field gradient used to obtain the image. Each pulse inversion reverses the magnetization area selected with the region defined by the intersection of three orthogonal planes. A sequence of eight different acquisitions with different combinations of pulse inversion is added to obtain the final spectrum. Thus, signals within the region concerned are added, while signals from outside the region concerned, but still within the region captured by the surface coil, are added with opposite signs and therefore cancelled.</p>
      <p>The spectrum acquisition time was approximately 16 minutes (384 measures). The repetition time used was 2 .500 ms and the trigger delay 200 ms. The test total duration time was about 60 to 70 minutes, during which the patients were kept in the same position. After the spectrum processing (Fourier transform mathematics) and paper printing, the area under each spike was calculated by means of manual, computer-aided typing, which delivered the ratio PCr/&#946;-ATP. Inorganic phosphate was not measured due to its low concentration and overlapping with the 2.3-diphosphoglycerate spike.</p>
      <p>Corrections for the partial saturation of the nucleus were made by the following formula:</p>
      <p>SF = [1 - exp(-TR/T1)].sina/[1-exp(-TR/T10.cosa]</p>
      <p>where SF = saturation factor, TR = repetition time, T1 = time of relaxation and a = angle of inclination (90&#186;).</p>
      <p>Phosphocreatine T1 and myocardial &#946;-ATP values are estimated at 4.18 and 1.7 seconds, respectively.</p>
      <p>Normal values for the PCR/&#946;-ATP ratio were obtained in 8 healthy volunteers at rest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. For quantitative variables (age, ejection fraction, heart rate, PCr/&#946;-ATP), the analysis was done by observing the minimum and maximum values, and calculating the average and standard deviation. For qualitative variables (sex, functional class) absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.</p>
      <p>For the analysis of the hypothesis of equal averages between the two groups, Student's t test was used. To compare proportions, we used the chi-square or Fisher's exact test.</p>
      <p>To compare several averages, we used the analysis of variance and a factor with multiple comparisons, performed using the Bonferroni test. By rejecting the assumption of normality, we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with multiple comparisons performed by Dunn test.</p>
      <p>We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to study the correlation between two quantitative variables (ejection fraction, and PCr/&#946;-ATP). </p>
      <p>The tests were performed by SAS, version 6.11. The level of significance applied to the tests was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of cardiac metabolism</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In C Group, the PCr/&#946;-ATP ratio was 1.88 &#177; 0.08; in VD Group, 0.89 &#177; 0.31; in EKGalt Group, 1.52 &#177; 0.30, and in Ind Group, 1.40 &#177; 0.37, all of which were found to be smaller comparing to C Group (p &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows examples of phosphorus-31 spectra.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09510_ing_fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We performed a comparative study of the resting energy metabolism in patients with ventricular dysfunction (VD Group) and those with preserved ventricular function (PF Group), by joining the patients from EKGalt groups and Ind Group.</p>
      <p>&#149;<italic> Clinical analysis -</italic> There was no significant difference between the two groups analyzed in relation to age or gender. There was a significant difference between the two groups only in relation to ejection fraction, VD Group presented a decrease value compared to PF Group (p &lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>&#149;<italic> Comparative analysis of PCr/</italic>b<italic>-ATP ratios and ejection fraction -</italic> Cardiac PCr/&#946;-ATP ratio levels were reduced in VD Group (0.89 &#177; 0.31) compared with the PF Group (1.47 &#177; 0.34, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_graf01m-body2">Graphic 1</xref>), and both had reduced levels compared to C Group (1.88 &#177; 0.08) (p &lt;0.001). There was a positive correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction PCr/&#946;-ATP ratios in a all 39 patients investigated (r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_graf02m-body2">Graphic 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09510_ing_graf01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09510_ing_graf02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Comparative analysis of NYHA functional class and PCr/</italic>b<italic>-ATP -</italic> patients in functional class I (22 patients) had PCr/&#946;-ATP of 1.45 &#177; 0.35, and those in class II and III (17 patients), PCr/&#946;-ATP of 0.94 &#177; 0.36 (p &lt;0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_graf03m-body2">Graphic 3</xref>).In this study, there was a good correlation between NYHA functional class and ejection fraction on echocardiography (15 out of the 16 patients studied with ventricular dysfunction were in class II or III of NYHA, 21 out of the 23 patients with preserved ventricular function were in NYHA class I).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09510_ing_graf03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0264-00099-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MRS allows the noninvasive characterization of the biochemical composition and metabolic state of the myocardium. It does not require exposure to ionizing radiation or intravenous contrast<sup>14,15,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The initial in vivo application of MRS was in 1976<sup>20</sup>, and the first clinical application occurred in 1985<sup>21</sup>. Since then, it has become an important tool for noninvasive evaluation of multiple metabolic ways in the heart. The most important molecules are ATP and PCr. While the former is the substrate for all reactions that consume energy from the myocardium, the latter acts as a reservoir of energy and can serve as an energy-carrying molecule. The CK equilibrium greatly favors the synthesis of ATP on PCr. Therefore, when the demand for ATP exceeds the synthesis of ATP, PCr levels fall first, which leads to a reduction in the PCr/ATP ratio. ATP levels fall only when PCr levels are very low<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The phosphorus-31 spectrum in the human heart is shown as amplitudes or peaks in MRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>), and the PCr peak, by convention, is considered the reference peak at 0.0 ppm. The values are negative on the right and represent ATP peaks (g, &#945;, &#946;), and are positive on the left, and represent phosphomonoester, inorganic phosphate and phosphodiester<sup>19-23</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09510_ing_fig01m-body2">fig 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>In our study, we used the &#946;-ATP peak, which is considered the most useful of the three because it is not contaminated by other signals<sup>19</sup>. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between PCr and ATP, rather than the absolute concentration of each component. Thus, the value of the first is approximately 10 mmol/kg dry weight, while the second is 5 to 6 mmol/kg dry weight.</p>
      <p>The technique used in our study enables the analysis of the myocardial energy metabolism, as was previously done in the study of the pathogenesis of other heart diseases<sup>24</sup>. For instance, in patients with heart failure, there is a reduction of the PCr/ATP ratio and after the use of beta blockers there is a reversal of this ratio<sup>25,26</sup>. In our study, we observed that the resting energy metabolism of high-energy phosphates is altered in patients with Chagas' disease, as demonstrated by the reduced levels of PCr/&#946;-ATP, and this reduction is proportional to the degree of ventricular dysfunction and NYHA functional classes. Similar data for the relationship between the NYHA class and PCr/&#946;-ATP have previously been documented in 19 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, showing a relation between the severity of heart failure and myocardial energy metabolism<sup>25</sup>. The PCr/&#946;-ATP values of Group C, found in our study, were similar to those found in literature, which range from 1.6 to 2.0<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In literature, the relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial energy metabolism in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is controversial<sup>25,26,29,30</sup>. However, our study found a clear positive correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction and PCr/&#946;-ATP levels in Chagas' disease, demonstrating a greater impairment of myocardial energy reserves at rest in these patients.</p>
      <p>In our study, patients with CD without ventricular dysfunction showed, unlike the work done in patients with mild idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>25,30,31</sup>, alterations in energy metabolism at rest. Such alterations were less severe than those presented by patients with myocardial dysfunction, but still statistically significant. A possible explanation for this finding is the presence of myocardial degenerative impairment in the early stages of Chagas' disease<sup>6,32</sup> demonstrated by the alterations found within the myocyte nucleus, in the T-tubule system and in mitochondrias, as well as by the alterations in the functions of ATPase myosin, monoamine oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes, involved in the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis<sup>32</sup>. The inflammatory process in Chagas cardiomyopathy is also more intense and persistent than in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, accounting for the highest degree of fibrosis and microcirculatory impairment detected by comparative studies performed by biopsy in these two pathologies<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The impairment of the integrity of the myocardial cellular energy has been considered as a contributing factor to the deterioration of global myocardial function in various heart diseases<sup>23</sup>. One of the first clinical studies with phosphorus-31 MRS revealed small alterations in the cardiac energy metabolism of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>31</sup>. Later, it was demonstrated in 20 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (9 of ischemic origin and 11 of idiopathic origin), a significant reduction in PCr/&#946;-ATP levels in relation to the control group (PCr/&#946;-ATP of 1.46 &#177; 0.07 vs dilated cardiomyopathy vs. PCr/&#946;-ATP of 1.80 &#177; 0.06 in the control group, p &lt; 0.001)<sup>30</sup>. We also found a tendency for the presence of lower levels of PCr/&#946;-ATP in patients with more severe myocardial dysfunction, which is an evidence of the relation between the impairment of the myocardial energy system and cardiac function. Another study also found reduced levels of PCr/&#946;-ATP in individuals with advanced degrees of heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy, and no difference was found in individuals with milder degrees of the disease<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study confirms the presence of alterations in the cardiac energy metabolism at rest in patients with Chagas' disease that are related directly to the severity of cardiac involvement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Future prospects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MRS systems with 7T will enable an improved signal to noise ratio, with increased spatial and/or time resolution, making it possible to evaluate dynamic alterations in metabolite concentrations across the heart.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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