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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ny8gjNMbvGRHjNNSBsdrRxx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500217</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em indiv&#237;duos hiper-reativos ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Richter</surname>
            <given-names>Cleusa Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panigas</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Facchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>B&#252;ndchen</surname>
            <given-names>Daiana Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dipp</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Kalyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viecili</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo Naz&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cruz Alta</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Cruz Alta</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>257</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Alguns indiv&#237;duos normotensos sedent&#225;rios t&#234;m aumento exagerado da press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante a atividade f&#237;sica, comportamento esse chamado hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica (HP). OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (PEF) aer&#243;bio sobre a press&#227;o arterial de indiv&#237;duos com hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica. M&#201;TODOS: Dez homens volunt&#225;rios com HP, 45 &#177; 10 anos, chamados grupo experimental (GE), foram submetidos a um PEF em esteira, 3x/semana, durante dois meses, comparados a 14 homens com HP, 48 &#177; 8 anos, chamados grupo controle (GC), que se mantiveram sedent&#225;rios. Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados antes e depois do PEF por teste de esfor&#231;o para fins comparativos. Foram avaliadas as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) e as frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (FC) inicial, de pico e final de teste. RESULTADOS: Houve importante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS inicial (-5 %; p=0,01), da PAD inicial (-4,6 %; p=0,01), da PAS de pico (-12,4 %; p=0,001), da PAD de pico (-14,7%; p=0,03), e da PAS final (-4,6 %; p=0,03) no GE. O GC permaneceu com comportamento hiper-reativo, tendo evolu&#237;do com n&#237;veis mais exagerados quando comparados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-estudo (p &lt; 0,04). Na FC, somente a final apresentou aumento de 11,3 bpm ap&#243;s treinamento (p=0,02). O VO2pico do teste aumentou 4,4 ml.kg-1.min-1 no GE (p=0,01) e manteve-se semelhante no GC. CONCLUS&#195;O: O PEF normalizou o comportamento da hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica em homens sedent&#225;rios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> REABILITA&#199;&#195;O CARDIOVASCULAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em indiv&#237;duos hiper-reativos ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cleusa Maria Richter<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Facchini Panigas<sup>I</sup>; Daiana Cristine B&#252;ndchen<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Kalyse Claudino Belli<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Ricardo Naz&#225;rio Viecili<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Cruz Alta - UNICRUZ, Cruz Alta, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="endb">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Alguns indiv&#237;duos normotensos sedent&#225;rios t&#234;m aumento exagerado da press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante a atividade f&#237;sica, comportamento esse chamado hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica (HP). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Verificar o efeito de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (PEF) aer&#243;bio sobre a press&#227;o arterial de indiv&#237;duos com hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Dez homens volunt&#225;rios com HP, 45 &#177; 10 anos, chamados grupo experimental (GE), foram submetidos a um PEF em esteira, 3x/semana, durante dois meses, comparados a 14 homens com HP, 48 &#177; 8 anos, chamados grupo controle (GC), que se mantiveram sedent&#225;rios. Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados antes e depois do PEF por teste de esfor&#231;o para fins comparativos. Foram avaliadas as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) e as frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (FC) inicial, de pico e final de teste. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve importante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS inicial (-5 %; p=0,01), da PAD inicial (-4,6 %; p=0,01), da PAS de pico (-12,4 %; p=0,001), da PAD de pico (-14,7%; p=0,03), e da PAS final (-4,6 %; p=0,03) no GE. O GC permaneceu com comportamento hiper-reativo, tendo evolu&#237;do com n&#237;veis mais exagerados quando comparados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-estudo (p &lt; 0,04). Na FC, somente a final apresentou aumento de 11,3 bpm ap&#243;s treinamento (p=0,02). O VO<sub>2</sub>pico do teste aumentou 4,4 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> no GE (p=0,01) e manteve-se semelhante no GC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O PEF normalizou o comportamento da hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica em homens sedent&#225;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cio/fisiologia, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, press&#227;o arterial/fisiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros de normalidade do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) durante o exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o flex&#237;veis, pois v&#225;rios fatores podem modificar a resposta individual. Entre esses: a idade, o sexo, o tipo de atividade f&#237;sica, o estado emocional e o m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o empregado<sup>1</sup>. Para o sexo masculino, consideram-se fisiol&#243;gicos os incrementos entre 40 a 90 mmHg na PAS, enquanto, para o sexo feminino, a eleva&#231;&#227;o entre 30 a 60 mmHg. Essa resposta hemodin&#226;mica da PAS ocorre em exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico m&#225;ximo, como caminhar ou correr, realizados principalmente em testes ergom&#233;tricos (TE) com esteira rolante<sup>1</sup>. Por outro lado, a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) pode manter-se inalterada ou apresentar ligeira alta ou queda durante a fase do exerc&#237;cio<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do comportamento press&#243;rico fisiol&#243;gico durante estresse f&#237;sico, observa-se em alguns indiv&#237;duos, sem doen&#231;a hipertensiva, uma resposta ainda maior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento esperado da PA. Esse tipo de comportamento press&#243;rico tem sido denominado hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica (HP) em face do exerc&#237;cio<sup>3</sup>. Os mecanismos sugeridos para a resposta press&#243;rica hiper-reativa ao esfor&#231;o n&#227;o est&#227;o ainda bem definidos, no entanto, s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos ao aumento dos est&#237;mulos auton&#244;micos simp&#225;ticos ou a uma resposta exagerada do sistema cardiovascular &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica e &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>3</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foi relatada uma poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora do endot&#233;lio como um mecanismo que poderia contribuir para o aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio e que poderia ser a liga&#231;&#227;o entre o comportamento da HP e a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da hipertens&#227;o<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, dados na literatura demonstraram que os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos do tipo aer&#243;bio causam in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios, entre os quais a redu&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 15 mmHg na PAS, al&#233;m de reduzir a carga medicamentosa prescrita<sup>1,2,5-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa maneira, o prop&#243;sito desse estudo consistiu em analisar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio regular sobre a press&#227;o arterial de indiv&#237;duos normotensos com resposta press&#243;rica exagerada durante estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados, a partir de um banco de dados do Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta - RS, 24 indiv&#237;duos com hiper-reatividade press&#243;rica ao estresse f&#237;sico, do sexo masculino, que foram distribu&#237;dos, de forma randomizada, em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo com dez indiv&#237;duos, 45 &#177; 10 anos, chamado Experimental (GE), foi submetido a um PEF. O segundo grupo, chamado Controle (GC), com 14 indiv&#237;duos, 48 &#177; 8 anos, n&#227;o realizou exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, permanecendo sedent&#225;rio. Todos foram submetidos a novo TE (antes do PEF), com protocolo de Bruce, para fins de confirma&#231;&#227;o da resposta hiper-reativa, o que foi reproduzido em todos. Os sujeitos assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, tendo este estudo sido aprovado pelo CEP-ICCA-UNICRUZ: 0007/2008 Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de HAS, tendo como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o a MAPA (Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial) de 24 horas, tomando como crit&#233;rio aqueles com PAS em vig&#237;lia maior que 135 mmHg e PAD maior que 90 mmHg<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos 24 indiv&#237;duos, levaram-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade e os fatores de risco cardiovascular. Foi considerado tabagista qualquer indiv&#237;duo com o h&#225;bito de fumar diariamente, independentemente do n&#250;mero de cigarros/dia. Considerou-se diab&#233;tico todo o indiv&#237;duo que apresentasse aumentos de glicemia de jejum ou de duas horas p&#243;s-prandial, diagnosticados por exame laboratorial. Foi taxado sedent&#225;rio aquele indiv&#237;duo sem atividade f&#237;sica regular programada com frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de duas vezes por semana. Considerou-se estressado o indiv&#237;duo portador de queixas tipo ang&#250;stia, com sobrecarga emocional ou de trabalho ou sob qualquer tens&#227;o prolongada. Tamb&#233;m foi considerada a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria familiar para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HF-HAS), o que &#233; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O PEF foi do tipo aer&#243;bio, sendo realizada caminhada ou corrida em esteira ergom&#233;trica el&#233;trica, 3x/semana, por 60 dias, com dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade prescritas de acordo com o VO<sub>2</sub>pico de pr&#233;-teste de cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>O VO<sub>2</sub>pico foi obtido de forma indireta pela equa&#231;&#227;o sugerida pela ACSM (2000)<sup>1</sup>, sendo essa calculada por meio do programa de computador ERGO PC, vers&#227;o 2.2, para homens sedent&#225;rios. A partir do resultado de cada indiv&#237;duo, calcularam-se a unidade metab&#243;lica, a fra&#231;&#227;o de treinamento e a intensidade de treino<sup>18</sup>. Ap&#243;s o PEF, todos os indiv&#237;duos de ambos os grupos realizaram TE (depois do PEF), para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o do tratamento empregado, em que foram levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o as seguintes vari&#225;veis:</p>
    <p><italic>&#149; Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas - </italic>A pesagem foi realizada em balan&#231;a Cauduro Ltda, modelo BB, para 150 kg. A altura foi medida com r&#233;gua escalonada em cm. O IMC foi obtido pela f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o (IMC= Peso/Altura<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) foi mensurada com uso de fita m&#233;trica na altura da cicatriz umbilical (cm).</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de TE - </italic>Consideraram-se os valores iniciais (repouso), de pico e finais (recupera&#231;&#227;o at&#233; tr&#234;s minutos) da PAS e PAD, as quais foram obtidas pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico<sup>17</sup>. A FC foi obtida por monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico direto, consideraram-se os valores inicial (repouso), de pico e final (recupera&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Vari&#225;veis ergom&#233;tricas - </italic>O tempo total de teste (TTT) foi obtido por meio de TE progressivo m&#225;ximo, com protocolo de Bruce em esteira rolante IMBRASPORT, modelo C<italic>lassic</italic>, e por programa computadorizado ergo PC, vers&#227;o 2.2, por MICROMED Biotecnologia Ltda. O VO<sub>2</sub>pico foi obtido de forma indireta, corrigida por meio do programa de computador ergo PC, vers&#227;o 2.2, para homens sedent&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos foram reportados a partir das m&#233;dias e dos desvios-padr&#227;o. Para vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, foram utilizados teste <italic>t</italic> independente, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, e teste <italic>t</italic> pareado, para compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupo. Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, foi utilizado o teste de Kruscal-Wallis H. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas significativas com valor de p &lt; 0,05. Utilizou-se o programa <italic>Statistical Pachage for Social Sciense</italic>, vers&#227;o 11,5, <italic>for Windows</italic>, para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref> ilustra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, medidas antes e ap&#243;s o PEF.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em ambos os grupos, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es significativas nas vari&#225;veis peso, altura, IMC, e CA. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08310a04tab03m">Tabela 3</xref> ilustra os resultados da PAS e PAD de repouso (iniciais), de pico e recupera&#231;&#227;o durante os TE antes e depois do PEF no GE e durante a reavalia&#231;&#227;o no GC, com as respectivas varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais e os valores de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08310a04tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de PAS e PAD iniciais no GE sofreram decr&#233;scimos de, em m&#233;dia, 6,2 mmHg (-5%) e 3,8 mmHg (-4,6%), respectivamente, ap&#243;s o PEF. J&#225; no GC, observou-se aumento significativo somente nos valores de PAD iniciais de, em m&#233;dia, 6 mmHg (8,2%; p&lt;0,04). Quando se compararam os dados entre os grupos, foi observado que a PAD antes do PEF no GE tinha, em m&#233;dia, 8,9 mmHg mais altos que o GC. Essa diferen&#231;a foi modificada ap&#243;s o PEF.</p>
    <p>A PAS e PAD de pico no GE apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de 25,8 mmHg (-12,4%; p&lt;0,001) e de 14,2 mmHg (-14,7 %; p&lt;0,02), respectivamente, modificando o comportamento, antes hiper-reativo, para n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos. No GC, houve um aumento n&#227;o significativo na PAS de, em m&#233;dia,7 mmHg (3,2%) e um aumento significativo na PAD de 9 mmHg (8,4%; p&lt;0,03). Ao analisar os dados entre os grupos, notou-se que a PAS de pico foi semelhante antes do PEF para ambos os grupos. Por&#233;m, o GC apresentou um aumento n&#227;o significativo, comportamento esse, mais hiper-reativo no final do estudo, enquanto o GE teve comportamento fisiol&#243;gico depois do PEF. Ao compararmos a PAD de pico antes do PEF, entre os dois grupos, essa foi maior no GC, havendo um incremento press&#243;rico de 9 mmHg (8,4%; p&lt;0,05) ap&#243;s o PEF. J&#225; o GE apresentou valores menores antes do PEF, e houve uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o de 14,2 mmHg (-14,7%; p&lt;0,02) depois do PEF, obtendo, assim, um comportamento dentro dos limites fisiol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>No mesmo racioc&#237;nio, ao analisarmos as press&#245;es finais, houve redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa da PAS e da PAD no GE com o PEF. Curiosamente, apesar dos n&#237;veis mais elevados pr&#233;-estudo do GC, tanto para a PAS quanto para a PAD, houve um significativo aumento das press&#245;es, exacerbando ainda mais o comportamento press&#243;rico hiper-reativo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08310a04fig01m">Figura 1</xref> ilustra melhor o comportamento da PAS e PAD antes e depois do PEF durante TE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08310a04fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A FC inicial, pico e final de TE antes e depois do PEF, bem como as vari&#225;veis ergom&#233;tricas TTT e VO<sub>2</sub>pico, em ambos os grupos, mostraram-se semelhantes e est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08310a04tab04m">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08310a04tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a PA sofre diversas varia&#231;&#245;es tanto no decorrer de um dia quanto de um indiv&#237;duo para outro. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observadas durante o TE. Resposta exagerada da PA ao estresse f&#237;sico, observada em indiv&#237;duos normotensos ao repouso, vem formando um novo grupo de indiv&#237;duos com resposta da PA diferenciada. Esses indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o s&#227;o classificados como hipertensos, mas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentam respostas normais da PA nas mais diversas situa&#231;&#245;es. Sendo assim, foram classificados como hiper-reativos<sup>3</sup>. Ainda se sabe pouco sobre os poss&#237;veis fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento ou desencadeiam esse fen&#244;meno<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo realizado por Rodr&#237;gues e cols.<sup>19</sup>, foi sugerido que os efeitos do cigarro est&#227;o relacionados com a HP. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, apenas 25% do GE e 21% do GC eram tabagistas. Assim, esse fator n&#227;o pode ser um dos respons&#225;veis por esse fen&#244;meno. Por outro lado, n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura que o abandono do uso do cigarro poderia reverter o comportamento press&#243;rico hiper-reativo para n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos nesse tipo de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>J&#225; o sedentarismo foi encontrado em 75% do GE e 86% do GC, estando em acordo com o estudo de Marsaro e cols.<sup>3</sup>, no qual o comportamento hiper-reativo da PA, em face do esfor&#231;o, foi atribu&#237;do ao fato de os indiv&#237;duos analisados terem um baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, a maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta &#233; sedent&#225;ria, e a maioria n&#227;o possuiu comportamento hiper-reativo ao TE, ficando dif&#237;cil atribuir ao sedentarismo tal comportamento.</p>
    <p>Dos indiv&#237;duos analisados, 37% do GE e 70% do GC foram classificados como estressados. No mesmo estudo realizado por Marsaro e cols.<sup>3</sup>, foi observada a influ&#234;ncia desse fator sobre o comportamento da HP por meio de testes de estresse laboratoriais, tais como <italic>cold pressor test</italic>, teste de <italic>Stroop</italic>, c&#225;lculos matem&#225;ticos, exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos e din&#226;micos e MAPA por 24 horas para indiv&#237;duos hiper-reativos. Os resultados demonstraram resposta hemodin&#226;mica elevada diante desses e de outros est&#237;mulos estressantes durante o dia e maior variabilidade da PA na MAPA. No entanto, a influ&#234;ncia desse fator sobre o comportamento da HP no presente estudo ficou prejudicada, uma vez que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o foram monitorados por MAPA em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes e n&#227;o foram objetos desta investiga&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de HF-HAS foi observada em um estudo com crian&#231;as, em que foi investigada a associa&#231;&#227;o desse fator sobre n&#237;veis mais altos de PA, demonstrando-se fortes ind&#237;cios de que crian&#231;as com HF-HAS apresentam n&#237;veis mais altos de PA em face do estresse, em compara&#231;&#227;o a crian&#231;as cujos pais tinham PA normal<sup>20</sup>. O mesmo foi observado em indiv&#237;duos adultos normotensos ao repouso e com HF-HAS. Dessa maneira, demonstraram uma maior HP em face do estresse f&#237;sico e mental do que indiv&#237;duos sem HF-HAS<sup>3</sup>. Assim, de acordo com os dados mencionados, a presen&#231;a de HF-HAS &#233; um forte preditor de n&#237;veis mais altos de PA e reatividade diante de estresses. Apenas 25% do GE e 43% GC do presente estudo apresentaram HF-HAS. Entretanto, apesar dessa diferen&#231;a, dado ao pequeno n&#250;mero da amostra, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer uma an&#225;lise mais aprofundada a respeito desses achados.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao fator idade, foi demonstrado que uma resposta hipertensiva exagerada ao exerc&#237;cio, em indiv&#237;duos de meia idade, aumentou em quatro vezes o risco de hipertens&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. Em outro estudo com indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, o risco elevou-se apenas em 1,51 vezes em indiv&#237;duos brancos e 1,61 em negros<sup>21</sup>. No entanto, este presente estudo n&#227;o teve seguimento e n&#227;o objetivou analisar se os indiv&#237;duos HP poderiam desenvolver hipertens&#227;o ao longo de um tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O IMC de ambos os grupos encontrou-se na faixa de classifica&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso (25 a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), e a CA de ambos os grupos apresentaram medidas superiores a 94 cm, alcan&#231;ando, em m&#233;dia, valores pr&#243;ximos de maior risco para doen&#231;as coronarianas, uma vez que a medida isolada da CA tem mostrado ser suficiente para estabelecer risco cardiovascular<sup>22</sup>. Como foi observado, ap&#243;s o PEF, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es significativas nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas deste estudo, apesar de importante redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no GE.</p>
    <p>Em estudos do nosso servi&#231;o, realizado com hipertensos submetidos a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, foi poss&#237;vel observar redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de at&#233; 15 mmHg para a PAS e 10 mmHg para a PAD<sup>13</sup>, sem haver, no entanto, mudan&#231;as nas medidas antropom&#233;tricas ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<sup>23</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foi poss&#237;vel notar que a maior parte da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, em torno de 90%, ocorreu em um tempo menor que duas semanas<sup>13</sup>, tempo insuficiente para redu&#231;&#227;o do peso ou CA. Assim, ilustrou-se que a perda de peso pode contribuir muito pouco para a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, pelo menos em um curto espa&#231;o de tempo, no que se refere ao emprego de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico como medida n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se haver, possivelmente, outros mecanismos na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, independentemente do peso corporal e da CA<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, Lima e cols.<sup>22</sup> realizaram um estudo com indiv&#237;duos HP, avaliados por MAPA antes e ap&#243;s um PEF de quatro meses, e demonstraram haver redu&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da FC. No entanto, esse estudo n&#227;o avaliou o comportamento press&#243;rico durante o estresse f&#237;sico. De fato, por um lado, esses efeitos podem ser resultados dos mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos ou por efeitos indiretos de mecanismos metab&#243;licos e neurais que ocorrem somente em condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse<sup>22</sup>. Por outro lado, os dados encontrados no presente estudo demonstraram que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o muito importante dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos no GE, o que n&#227;o foi observado no GC, que apresentou aumento da HP. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica em consequ&#234;ncia ao estresse f&#237;sico<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, neste estudo, foram analisados os valores press&#243;ricos durante o exerc&#237;cio em esteira, demonstrando, assim, a perda da hiper-reatividade, fato que at&#233; ent&#227;o n&#227;o foi demonstrado na literatura. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode reduzir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos de repouso em torno de 15 mmHg na PAS e 7 mmHg na PAD em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, al&#233;m de proporcionar redu&#231;&#245;es nas doses de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos<sup>1,2,9-16</sup>. Esse efeito hipotensor do exerc&#237;cio poderia ser, em grande parte, explicado pelas altera&#231;&#245;es e modifica&#231;&#245;es no endot&#233;lio, por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; resultados espec&#237;ficos na literatura<sup>24</sup>. No entanto, existem relatos de que, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o exerc&#237;cio aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico derivado do endot&#233;lio com consequente efeito vasodilatador prolongado na microcircula&#231;&#227;o arterial<sup>25</sup>. Por outro lado, ainda persistem d&#250;vidas quanto aos mecanismos envolvidos na diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA em hipertensos ap&#243;s um PEF, por&#233;m h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de aceitar que o aumento frequente da for&#231;a exercida pelo sangue na parede vascular leva a um aumento continuado na libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e, a partir disso, &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o prolongada. Essa melhora da resposta vasodilatadora endot&#233;lio-dependente sugere que o treinamento f&#237;sico interfere na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e, consequentemente, no n&#237;vel da PA de pacientes hipertensos<sup>26</sup>, o que poderia, de certa forma, justificar o comportamento press&#243;rico observado neste presente estudo. Entretanto, resultados mais conclusivos sobre esses mecanismos ainda precisam ser mais bem demonstrados<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, vem se investigando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora do endot&#233;lio e as respostas exageradas da PA durante o exerc&#237;cio. Em um estudo realizado por Stewart e cols.<sup>4</sup>, foi sugerido que pode haver disfun&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora do endot&#233;lio, havendo mecanismos que contribuam para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da hiper-reatividade durante o exerc&#237;cio, podendo ser um dos fatores para o desencadeamento desse fen&#244;meno em nossos pacientes. No entanto, como n&#227;o foi alvo de investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o h&#225; como comprovar tal fato.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, apesar doe VO<sub>2</sub>pico ter sido obtido de forma indireta, para a prescri&#231;&#227;o do volume e da intensidade do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio individualizado da amostra, o PEF demonstrou efeito positivo, pois houve aumento da capacidade funcional do mioc&#225;rdio, atingindo valores mais pr&#243;ximos dos ideais para as atividades desenvolvidas, evidenciando o efeito positivo do programa na condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica geral dos indiv&#237;duos do GE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pequena aceita&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios submetidos ao programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, fazendo com que a amostra que recebeu o tratamento fosse pequena, apesar de os resultados encontrados demonstrarem um efeito positivo e ben&#233;fico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos normotensos com hiper-reatividade em face do estresse f&#237;sico, submetidos a um PEF regular adequado, tiveram a possibilidade de reduzir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos exagerados a valores fisiol&#243;gicos. Dessa forma, sugere-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novas pesquisas para a confirma&#231;&#227;o do efeito produzido pelo PEF em amostras maiores e metodologia mais apurada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo faz parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cleusa Maria Richter pela Universidade de Passo Fundo-RS e Universidade de Cruz Alta-RS.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="endb" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Ricardo Naz&#225;rio Viecili </p>
        <p> Rua Domingos Ver&#237;ssimo, 636 - Cruz Alta </p>
        <p> 98005-700 - Cruz Alta, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="vieciliprn@cardiol.br">vieciliprn@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vieciliprn@uol.com.br">vieciliprn@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/01/09; revisado recebido em 08/09/09; aceito em 07/10/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood pressure reduction in hyper-reactive individuals after aerobic exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Some normotensive sedentary individuals have an exaggerated increase in blood pressure (BP) during physical activity, which is a behavior that is called blood pressure hyper-reactivity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise program (AEP) on blood pressure in individuals with blood pressure hyper-reactivity (BPH). METHODS: Ten male volunteers with BPH, aged 45 &#177; 10 years, referred to as the experimental group (EG), took part in an AEP on a treadmill, 3 times a week for two months. They were compared to 14 men with BPH, aged 48 &#177; 8 years, referred to as the control group (CG), who remained sedentary. The subjects were evaluated before and after the AEP by stress test for comparison purposes. We evaluated the initial, peak and test-end heart rates (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). RESULTS: There a significant decrease in the initial SBP (-5%; p=0.01), initial DBP (-4.6%; p=0.01), peak SBP (-12.4%; p=0.001), peak DBP (-14.7%; p=0.03), final SBP (-4.6%, p=0.03) in the EG. The CG continued with its hyper-reactive behavior, which evolved to more exaggerated levels when the results before and after the study were compared (p&lt;0.04). In the HR, there was an increase only in the final HR, of 11.3 bpm, after training (p=0.02). The test-peak VO2 increased by 4.4 ml.kg-1 .min-1 in the EG (p=0.01) and remained similar in the CG. CONCLUSION: The AEP normalized the behavior of the blood pressure hyper-reactivity in sedentary men. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>physical exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Blood pressure reduction in hyper-reactive individuals after aerobic exercise</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cleusa Maria Richter<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Facchini Panigas<sup>I</sup>; Daiana Cristine B&#252;ndchen<sup>I</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Kalyse Claudino Belli<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Ricardo Naz&#225;rio Viecili<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia de Cruz Alta </p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Cruz Alta - UNICRUZ, Cruz Alta, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Some normotensive sedentary individuals have an exaggerated increase in blood pressure (BP) during physical activity, which is a behavior that is called blood pressure hyper-reactivity.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise program (AEP) on blood pressure in individuals with blood pressure hyper-reactivity (BPH).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ten male volunteers with BPH, aged 45 &#177; 10 years, referred to as the experimental group (EG), took part in an AEP on a treadmill, 3 times a week for two months. They were compared to 14 men with BPH, aged 48 &#177; 8 years, referred to as the control group (CG), who remained sedentary. The subjects were evaluated before and after the AEP by stress test for comparison purposes. We evaluated the initial, peak and test-end heart rates (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There a significant decrease in the initial SBP (-5%; p=0.01), initial DBP (-4.6%; p=0.01), peak SBP (-12.4%; p=0.001), peak DBP (-14.7%; p=0.03), final SBP (-4.6%, p=0.03) in the EG. The CG continued with its hyper-reactive behavior, which evolved to more exaggerated levels when the results before and after the study were compared (p&lt;0.04). In the HR, there was an increase only in the final HR, of 11.3 bpm, after training (p=0.02). The test-peak VO<sub>2</sub> increased by 4.4 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> .min<sup>-1</sup> in the EG (p=0.01) and remained similar in the CG.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The AEP normalized the behavior of the blood pressure hyper-reactivity in sedentary men. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Exercise/physiology; physical exertion; risk factors; blood pressure/physiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The parameters of the normal behavior of systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise are flexible, because several factors can modify the individual response. These factors include: age, sex, type of physical activity, emotional state and measurement method employed<sup>1</sup>. For males, the increments between 40 and 90 mmHg in SBP are considered physiological, whereas for females, the increase between 30 and 60 mmHg is considered to be physiological. This hemodynamic response of SBP occurs during maximum dynamic exercise, such as walking or running, carried out mainly in exercise treadmill tests (ETT)<sup>1</sup>. On the other hand, the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) may remain unchanged, or be slightly higher or drop during the exercise phase<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the physiological pressure behavior during physical stress, it was possible to notice, in some individuals without hypertension, an even greater response in relation to the expected increase in BP. This type of blood pressure behavior has been termed blood pressure hyper-reactivity (BPH) in response to exercise<sup>3</sup>. The mechanisms suggested for the hyper-reactive blood pressure response to exercise are not yet well defined. However, they are attributed to an increase in sympathetic autonomic stimuli or to an exaggerated response of the cardiovascular system to adrenergic stimulation and to maintenance of the diastolic function<sup>3</sup>. There was also indication of a possible reduction in the endothelial vasodilator function as a mechanism that could contribute to the onset of high blood pressure during exercise, and which could be the link between the behavior of BPH and the worst clinical course of high blood pressure<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, data in the literature have demonstrated that aerobic exercise brings numerous benefits, including a reduction of 3 to 15 mmHg in SBP, in addition to a reduction in the amount of medication prescribed<sup>1,2,5-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise on blood pressure of normotensive individuals with exaggerated blood pressure response during physical stress.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We selected, from a database of the Cardiology Institute of Cruz Alta, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 24 men with blood pressure hyper-reactivity to physical stress. They were distributed randomly into two groups. The first group with ten individuals, aged 45 &#177; 10 years, called the Experimental Group (EG), took part in an AEP. The second group, called the Control Group (CG), with 14 individuals, aged 48 &#177; 8 years, did not do physical exercises and remained sedentary. All patients underwent a new stress test (before the AEP) with Bruce protocol for confirmation of hyper-reactive response. This procedure was reproduced in all of them. The individuals signed an informed consent and this study was approved by CEP-ICCA-UNICRUZ: 0007/2008. The study excluded individuals diagnosed with systemic high blood pressure, with the 24-hour ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring) being used as the evaluation method, and adopting, as the criterion, the monitored SBP greater than 135 mmHg and DBP greater than 90 mmHg<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the characterization of the 24 individuals, age and cardiovascular risk factors were taken into account. We considered that the individuals were smokers when they smoked on a daily basis, regardless of the number of cigarettes per day. We considered that the individuals were diabetics when their blood glucose levels increased on an empty stomach or two hours after eating a meal, as diagnosed by laboratory examination. We considered that an individual was sedentary when such individual did not do any scheduled regular exercise at least twice a week. Individuals were considered to be stressed when they complained of anxiety, with emotional or work overload or any prolonged tension. We also considered any family history of high blood pressure (FH-systemic blood pressure), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The AEP comprised walking or jogging on an electric treadmill three times a week for 60 days, with duration and intensity being prescribed according to the pre-test peak VO<sub>2</sub> of each individual.</p>
      <p>The peak VO<sub>2</sub> was obtained indirectly by the equation suggested by the ACSM (2000)<sup>1</sup>, which was calculated by using the computer program ERGO PC, version 2.2, for sedentary men. The result of each individual was used to calculate the metabolic unit, training fraction and training intensity<sup>18</sup>. After the AEP, all individuals from both groups underwent a stress test (after the AEP), for comparing the treatment used, where we took into account the following variables:</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Anthropometric variables -</italic> Weighing was done by using a Cauduro Ltda scale, model BB, for 150 kg. The height was measured with a centimeter ruler. The BMI was calculated by using the standard formula (BMI = weight/height<sup>2</sup>). The abdominal circumference (AC) was measured with the use of a metric tape at the height of the umbilical scar (cm).</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Hemodynamic variables of the stress test - </italic>we considered the initial (at rest), peak and final values (recovery of up to three minutes) of SBP and DBP, which were obtained by the classic method<sup>17</sup>. The heart rate was calculated by direct electrocardiographic monitoring - we considered the initial (at rest), peak and final values (recovery).</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Exercise test variables </italic>- The total test time (TTT) was obtained by a maximal graded exercise test with Bruce protocol on an IMBRASPORT treadmill, model Classic, and by a computer program called ERGO PC, version 2.2., by MICROMED Biotecnologia Ltda. The Peak VO<sub>2</sub> was obtained indirectly and it was corrected by computer program ERGO PC, version 2.2, for sedentary men.</p>
      <p>The results reported were based on means and standard deviations. For parametric variables, an independent <italic>t</italic> test was used, for comparing one group to the other, a paired <italic>t</italic> test for comparisons within the groups. For analyzing the nonparametric variables, the Kruscal-Wallis H test was carried out. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The differences between the groups were considered significant, at p &lt; 0.05. For the statistical analysis, we used the program called Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 11.5, for Windows.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> illustrates the distribution of individuals in the anthropometric variables, measured before and after the AEP.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In both groups, there was no significant change in height, weight, BMI and WC variables. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08310a04tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref> illustrates the rest (initial), peak and recovery results of SBP and DBP during the exercise test, before and after the AEP in the EG and during the re-evaluation in the CG, with the respective percentage variations and the statistical significance values.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08310a04tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>After the AEP, there was a decrease in initial SBP and DBP values in the EG, of 6.2 mmHg (-5%) and 3.8 mmHg (-4.6%), on average, respectively. As for the CG, we observed a significant increase only in the initial values of DBP, of 6 mmHg (8.2%, p &lt;0.04), on average. When we compared data between the groups, it was possible to notice that, before the AEP, the SBP in the EG was 8.9 mmHg higher than in the CG, on average. This difference changed after the AEP.</p>
      <p>In the EG, there was a reduction of 25.8 mmHg (-12.4%, p&lt;0.001) in peak SBP values and 14.2 mmHg (-14.7%, p &lt;0.02) in DBP values, on average, thereby changing the previously hyper-reactive behavior to physiological levels. In the CG, there was an insignificant increase in SBP of 7 mmHg (3.2%), on average, and a significant increase in DBP of 9 mmHg (8.4%; p&lt;0.03). When we compared data of the groups, it was possible to note that the peak systemic blood pressure was similar before the AEP for both groups. However, there was no significant increase in the CG, whose behavior was more hyper-reactive at the end of the study, whereas the EG's behavior was physiological after the AEP. When we compared the peak DBP before the AEP, between the two groups, it was higher in the CG, with an increase in pressure of 9 mmHg (8.4%, p&lt;0.05) after the AEP. The EG's values were already lower before the AEP, and there was a significant reduction of 14.2 mmHg (-14.7%, p&lt;0.02) after the AEP. So, the resulting behavior was within physiological limits.</p>
      <p>On the same line of thought, when we analyzed the final pressures, there was no significant reduction in SBP or DBP in the experimental group with the AEP. Interestingly, despite the CG's higher levels before the study, both for SBP and DBP, there was a significant increase in pressure, thereby exacerbating even more the blood pressure hyper-reactive behavior. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08310a04fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the behavior of SBP and DBP before and after the AEP during the exercise test.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08310a04fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The initial, peak and final HR of the exercise test, before and after the AEP, as well as the other exercise variables - TTT and peak VO<sub>2</sub> - in both groups, were similar and are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08310a04tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08310a04tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0251-00085-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>BP is known to vary a lot, both in the course of a day and from one individual to another. And these variations are also noticed during the exercise test. The exaggerated BP response to physical stress, as observed in normotensive individuals at rest, has been forming a new group of individuals with different BP response. These individuals are not classified as hypertensive, but the response of their BP in different situations is not normal, either. So, they were classified as hyper-reactive<sup>3</sup>. Little is known about the possible factors that influence the development of or trigger this phenomenon<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted by Rodr&#237;gues et al<sup>19</sup>, it was suggested that the effects of smoking are related to blood pressure hyper-reactivity. However, in our study, only 25% of the EG and 21% of the CG were smokers. Thus, this cannot be one of the factors that are responsible for this phenomenon. On the other hand, there is no mention in the literature that giving up smoking could cause the blood pressure hyper-reactive behavior to revert to physiological levels in such individuals.</p>
      <p>The sedentary lifestyle was found in 75% of the EG and 86% of the CG, in harmony with the study of Marsaro et al<sup>3</sup>, in which the hyper-reactive behavior of BP, during exercise, was attributed to the fact that the subjects examined led a lifestyle that included little physical activity. However, most of the adult population is sedentary, but the behavior of the majority of such people is not hyper-reactive to exercise test. So, it is difficult to attribute this behavior to a sedentary lifestyle.</p>
      <p>Among the individuals studied, 37% of the EG and 70% of CG were classified as stressed. In the same study conducted by Marsaro et al<sup>3</sup>, the influence of this factor on blood pressure hyper-reactivity was noted in stress tests carried out in laboratories, such as the cold pressor test, Stroop test, mathematical calculations, dynamic and isometric exercises and 24-hour ABPM for hyper-reactive individuals. The results demonstrated a high hemodynamic response to these and other stressful stimuli during the day and greater variability of BP in ABPM. However, the influence of this factor on the blood pressure hyper-reactivity behavior in this study was impaired, since individuals were not monitored by ABPM in different stressful situations and they were not objects of this investigation. </p>
      <p>The family history of systemic high blood pressure was observed in a study with children, in which we investigated the association of this factor with higher levels of BP, thereby demonstrating that children with family history of systemic high blood pressure have higher levels of BP during stress, compared to children whose parents had normal BP<sup>20</sup>. The same was observed in normotensive adults at rest and with family history of systemic high blood pressure. Thus, their blood pressure hyper-reactivity was higher due to physical and mental stress than among individuals without family history of systemic high blood pressure<sup>3</sup>. Thus, according to the data mentioned, the family history of systemic high blood pressure is a strong predictor of higher levels of BP and reactivity in the event of stress. Only 25% of the EG and 43% of the CG in this study had a family history of systemic high blood pressure. However, despite this difference, due to the small sample size, it was not possible to conduct a more in-depth analysis of such findings.</p>
      <p>As for the age factor, it was demonstrated that an exaggerated hypertensive response to exercise, in middle-aged individuals, multiplied the risk of high blood pressure by four<sup>2</sup>. In another study with younger individuals, the risk increased 1.51 times in white individuals and 1.61 in black individuals<sup>21</sup>. However, this study was interrupted and there was no intention of analyzing whether individuals with blood pressure hyper-reactivity could develop high blood pressure over a period of observation.</p>
      <p>The BMI of both groups fell within in the overweight classification range (25-30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and in both groups, the abdominal circumference was larger than 94 cm, reaching values that were, on average, close to the highest risk of coronary disease, since the isolated measurement of AC has proved to be sufficient to establish cardiovascular risk<sup>22</sup>. As noted, after the AEP, there were no significant changes in the anthropometric variables of this study, despite a significant reduction in the EG's blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>In studies of our service, conducted with hypertensive individuals that did exercises, we observed a significant reduction of up to 15 mmHg in the SBP and 10 mmHg in the DBP<sup>13</sup>, but there were no changes in anthropometric measurements after three months of exercise<sup>23</sup>. It was also noted that most of the BP reduction, around 90%, occurred within a period that was shorter than two weeks<sup>13</sup>, an amount of time that is insufficient to reduce weight or abdominal circumference. Thus, it was demonstrated that weight loss may contribute little to BP reduction, at least in a short period of time, with respect to the use of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological measure. In addition, it was demonstrated that there could be other mechanisms in the BP reduction, regardless of body weight and abdominal circumference<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to the hemodynamic variables, Lima et al<sup>22</sup> conducted a study with subjects with blood pressure hyper-reactivity, evaluated by ABPM before and after a four-month-long AEP. They demonstrated that there were no significant reductions in blood pressure levels and there were significant reductions in HR. However, this study did not evaluate the pressure behavior during physical stress. In fact, on the one hand, these effects may be the result of hemodynamic mechanisms or indirect effects of metabolic and neural mechanisms that occur only under stress conditions<sup>22</sup>. Moreover, the data found in this study demonstrated that there was a considerable reduction in blood pressure in the EG, which was not seen in the CG, which showed an increase in blood pressure hyper-reactivity. This reduction can be attributed to the physiological vasodilatation as a result of physical stress<sup>14</sup>. Moreover, this study analyzed blood pressure values during treadmill exercise, thereby demonstrating the loss of hyper-reactivity, a fact that had not been demonstrated in the literature. </p>
      <p>It is known that regular physical exercise can cause a reduction in resting blood pressure levels (around 15 mmHg in SBP and 7 mmHg in DBP) in hypertensive individuals, besides allowing the reduction in doses of antihypertensive drugs<sup>1,2,9-16</sup>.This hypotensive effect of exercise could be largely explained by changes and modifications in the endothelium, however, the literature does not mention any specific results<sup>24</sup>. However, there are reports that, in healthy subjects, exercise increases the production of endothelium-derived nitric oxide with consequent prolonged vasodilator effect on blood microcirculation<sup>25</sup>. On the other hand, there are still doubts as to the mechanisms involved in the BP reduction in hypertensive patients after an AEP. However, there is a tendency to accept that the frequent increase in the force exerted by blood on the vascular wall leads to a continued increase in the release of nitric oxide, and then, to prolonged vasodilatation. This improvement in the endothelium-dependent vasodilator response suggests that exercise training interferes with endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, with the level of BP in hypertensive patients<sup>26</sup>,which could somehow justify the blood pressure behavior observed in this study. However, more conclusive results about these mechanisms still need to be further demonstrated<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, there have been investigations of the relationship between the vasodilatation function of the endothelium and the exaggerated responses of BP during exercise. In a study conducted by Stewart et al<sup>4</sup>, it was suggested that there may be a dysfunction of the endothelial vasodilator function, and there are mechanisms that contribute to the manifestation of hyper-reactivity during exercise, which may be one of the factors that help trigger this phenomenon in our patients. However, as such fact has not been investigated, it is not possible to prove it.</p>
      <p>Finally, even though the peak VO<sub>2</sub> was obtained indirectly, to prescribe the volume and intensity of the individualized aerobic exercise training of the sample, the AEP's effect proved to be positive, because there was an increase in the functional capacity of the myocardium, with final values that were closer to the ideal ones for the activities carried out. This demonstrated the positive effect of the program on the general physical condition of individuals that were part of the EG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was little acceptance of volunteers that participated in the aerobic exercise program. That is why the sample that received treatment was small, although the results found demonstrated a positive and beneficial effect.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Normotensive subjects with hyper-reactivity resulting from physical stress, who took part in a proper regular aerobic exercise program, were able to reduce extremely high blood pressure levels to physiological values. Thus, we suggest conducting further research to confirm the effect produced by the AEP on larger samples and with a more accurate methodology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cleusa Maria Richter, from <italic>Universidade de Passo Fundo-RS</italic> and <italic>Universidade de Cruz Alta-RS</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
