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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7N9r7zTzhPKzkTbPmk9338d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500216</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000093</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valida&#231;&#227;o do esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide Missouri para medir press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com c&#226;ncer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Karine Azevedo S&#227;o Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cla&#250;dia dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arthur</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Aparecida A. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Eliz&#226;ngela Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fukuda</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baia</surname>
            <given-names>W&#226;nia Regina Mollo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Guarulhos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>244</fpage>
      <lpage>250</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os esfigmoman&#244;metros auscultat&#243;rios de coluna de merc&#250;rio para medida de press&#227;o arterial (PA) v&#234;m sendo banidos dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de em raz&#227;o do risco de polui&#231;&#227;o e acidentes ambientais com o merc&#250;rio. Os aparelhos aneroides poderiam ser uma alternativa. OBJETIVO: Validar o aparelho aneroide Missouri&#174; de medida de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com c&#226;ncer segundo o protocolo da European Society of Hypertension (ESH). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes internados ou em acompanhamento ambulatorial no Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, da FMUSP. Foram realizadas nove medidas sequenciais da press&#227;o arterial por tr&#234;s observadores treinados e cegados, sendo intercaladas as medidas com os aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio e aneroide. As diferen&#231;as entre os valores das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;licas (PAS) e diast&#243;licas (PAD) do aparelho teste com o de merc&#250;rio foram classificadas segundo o protocolo da ESH. RESULTADOS: O equipamento Missouri&#174; passou por todas as tr&#234;s fases exigidas pelo protocolo da ESH para PAS e PAD, sendo aprovado em todas. A m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a entre o teste e merc&#250;rio foi de 0,62 (DP=4,53) e 0,06 (DP=6,57) mmHg para a PAS e PAD, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as nas medidas da PA com sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e circunfer&#234;ncia e comprimento braquial. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados mostraram que o aparelho aneroide Missouri&#174; atende &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de acur&#225;cia da ESH para a medida da PAS e PAD, podendo ser utilizado para substituir o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Esfigmoman&#244;metros</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>neoplasias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> MAPEAMENTO AMBULATORIAL DA PA (MAPA)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valida&#231;&#227;o do esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide Missouri para medir press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com c&#226;ncer</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Karine Azevedo S&#227;o Le&#227;o Ferreira<sup>I, II</sup>; Ana Cla&#250;dia dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Thais Cardoso Arthur<sup>I</sup>; Daniela Aparecida A. dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Daniela Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Eliz&#226;ngela Oliveira Freitas<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Medeiros Fukuda<sup>I</sup>; W&#226;nia Regina Mollo Baia<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Guarulhos (UnG), Guarulhos, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os esfigmoman&#244;metros auscultat&#243;rios de coluna de merc&#250;rio para medida de press&#227;o arterial (PA) v&#234;m sendo banidos dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de em raz&#227;o do risco de polui&#231;&#227;o e acidentes ambientais com o merc&#250;rio. Os aparelhos aneroides poderiam ser uma alternativa. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Validar o aparelho aneroide Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> de medida de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com c&#226;ncer segundo o protocolo da <italic>European Society of Hypertension</italic> (ESH). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 33 pacientes internados ou em acompanhamento ambulatorial no Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, da FMUSP. Foram realizadas nove medidas sequenciais da press&#227;o arterial por tr&#234;s observadores treinados e cegados, sendo intercaladas as medidas com os aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio e aneroide. As diferen&#231;as entre os valores das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;licas (PAS) e diast&#243;licas (PAD) do aparelho teste com o de merc&#250;rio foram classificadas segundo o protocolo da ESH. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O equipamento Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> passou por todas as tr&#234;s fases exigidas pelo protocolo da ESH para PAS e PAD, sendo aprovado em todas. A m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a entre o teste e merc&#250;rio foi de 0,62 (DP=4,53) e 0,06 (DP=6,57) mmHg para a PAS e PAD, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as nas medidas da PA com sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e circunfer&#234;ncia e comprimento braquial. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados mostraram que o aparelho aneroide Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> atende &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de acur&#225;cia da ESH para a medida da PAS e PAD, podendo ser utilizado para substituir o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Esfigmoman&#244;metros, hipertens&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial, pacientes, neoplasias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) continua a ter uma importante indica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Trata-se de uma ferramenta fundamental para a precoce identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e renais<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso de diversos quimioter&#225;picos e agentes biol&#243;gicos, tais como os anticorpos antiangiog&#234;nicos, inibidores de tirosina quinase e outros, &#233; associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares agudos e cr&#244;nicos, como hipotens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, renal e colorretal<sup>2-7</sup>. Esses eventos s&#227;o identificados especialmente pela medida de PA, sendo a verifica&#231;&#227;o precisa primordial para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a da hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; fator diagn&#243;stico de alguns tumores de suprarrenal e progn&#243;stico de mortalidade em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida da PA pode ser realizada por m&#233;todo direto (invasiva) com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um cateter na art&#233;ria acoplado a um transdutor ou por m&#233;todo indireto por meio das t&#233;cnicas auscultat&#243;rias e oscilom&#233;tricas. A concord&#226;ncia e acur&#225;cia dos diferentes aparelhos de medida indireta em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de medida invasiva &#233; vari&#225;vel<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Antes de serem comercializados, os aparelhos de medida de PA deveriam ser testados segundo os protocolos propostos pela <italic>British Hypertension Society</italic> (BHS)<sup>12,13</sup>, pela <italic>Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation</italic> (AAIM)<sup>14</sup>, ou pela <italic>European Society of Hypertension</italic> (ESH)<sup>15</sup>. Esse procedimento &#233; denominado de valida&#231;&#227;o e garante maior confiabilidade ao equipamento. Embora os modelos sejam fabricados em s&#233;rie e testados pelo fabricante, ainda assim recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o da valida&#231;&#227;o<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A acur&#225;cia e a concord&#226;ncia dos diversos aparelhos s&#227;o controversas. Dentre os esfigmoman&#244;metros, o de coluna de merc&#250;rio &#233; considerado o mais preciso, sendo adotado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para medida indireta da PA<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, em raz&#227;o do risco de acidentes ambientais e toxicidade do merc&#250;rio em situa&#231;&#245;es de quebra dos aparelhos, seu uso vem sendo banido nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, tornando-se necess&#225;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de aparelhos confi&#225;veis e validados para substitu&#237;-los nesses locais<sup>16</sup>. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo validar o aparelho aneroide Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> de medida de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com c&#226;ncer, segundo o protocolo da ESH.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi realizada no Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) com pacientes ambulatoriais e internados nas unidades cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Foram avaliados 39 pacientes, resultando no estudo com 33 deles, mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade acima de 30 anos, possibilidade de deambular e aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatias. Dos pacientes avaliados, cinco foram dispensados por apresentarem alguns dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: hiato auscultat&#243;rio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou arritmia; e um paciente concordou em participar da pesquisa, mas foi dispensado por n&#227;o apresentar condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em raz&#227;o de dor intensa.</p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, previamente calibrado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnol&#243;gica (IPT) e certificado pelo INMETRO para compara&#231;&#227;o com o aparelho teste aneroide auscultat&#243;rio da marca Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup>. A press&#227;o arterial de repouso foi medida ap&#243;s a mensura&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia do antebra&#231;o, com o bra&#231;o em extens&#227;o, para a escolha do manguito apropriado segundo recomenda&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>17</sup>. Antes da medida os pacientes permaneceram em repouso por no m&#237;nimo 15 minutos.</p>
    <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o do aparelho foi realizada segundo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da ESH<sup>15</sup>. Foram realizadas 14 mensura&#231;&#245;es sequenciais em cada paciente, no mesmo bra&#231;o, com intervalo de tempo de 3 a 5 minutos entre cada, por tr&#234;s observadores treinados e cegados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores medidos pelos demais.</p>
    <p>Os observadores 1 e 2 realizaram as mensura&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial (PA) com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio, intercaladas com mensura&#231;&#245;es com o aparelho teste, a qual foi realizada pelo observador 3. O tempo de avalia&#231;&#227;o total de cada paciente foi em m&#233;dia 40 minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sequ&#234;ncia das medidas<sup>15</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sequ&#234;ncia das medidas da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada segundo recomendado pela ESH<sup>15</sup> e denominadas BP, abreviatura de <italic>blood pressure</italic>, conforme descrito a seguir:</p>
    <p>BPA (<italic>Blood Pressure</italic> A) = observadores 1 e 2 realizam medidas independentes com o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. O valor m&#233;dio foi utilizado para categorizar os pacientes em tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>BPB (<italic>Blood Pressure</italic> B) = observador 3 mediu a PA com o aparelho teste. Essa medida n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da nas an&#225;lises da validade do equipamento, sendo utilizada para determinar as caracter&#237;sticas da PA do paciente e o funcionamento do equipamento.</p>
    <p>BP1 (<italic>Blood Pressure</italic> 1) = observadores 1 e 2 com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>BP2 = observador 3 com o aparelho teste.</p>
    <p>BP3 = observadores 1 e 2 com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>BP4 = observador 3 com o aparelho teste.</p>
    <p>BP5 = observadores 1 e 2 com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>BP6 = observador 3 com o aparelho teste.</p>
    <p>BP7= observadores 1 e 2 com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As medidas foram realizadas em tr&#234;s fases (Fase 1, Fase 2.1 e Fase 2.2). Na primeira fase incluindo 15 pacientes, estando 5 em cada um dos tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>), com um m&#237;nimo de 5 homens e 5 mulheres. Na segunda fase foram inclu&#237;dos 18 pacientes, totalizando 33, sendo distribu&#237;dos igualmente nos tr&#234;s grupos, com um m&#237;nimo de 10 homens e 10 mulheres.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medida da acur&#225;cia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para avaliar a acur&#225;cia do aparelho teste apenas as medidas compreendidas entre BP1 e BP7 foram utilizadas. A m&#233;dia dos valores medidos pelos observadores 1 e 2 foi calculada, correspondendo &#224;s medidas BP1, BP3, BP5 e BP7. Cada uma das medidas com o aparelho teste estava intercalada com duas medidas com o aparelho de merc&#250;rio. Desse modo, conforme recomendado pelo protocolo da BHS, foram calculadas para as PAD e PAS as seguintes diferen&#231;as: BP2-BP1, BP2-BP3, BP4-BP3, BP4-BP5, BP6-BP5 e BP6-BP7. Dessas diferen&#231;as foram selecionadas tr&#234;s da PAD e tr&#234;s da PAS, totalizando 99 medidas. As tr&#234;s foram selecionadas considerando: 1) se os valores dos pares fossem diferentes, seria selecionada a menor diferen&#231;a; e 2) se os valores dos pares fossem iguais, seria selecionada a primeira das duas diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Os valores das 99 diferen&#231;as entre os dois equipamentos foram classificados em tr&#234;s zonas cumulativas: &lt;5 mmHg, &lt;10 mmHg e &lt;15 mmHg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 13.0, sendo realizadas an&#225;lises descritivas e infer&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua ader&#234;ncia &#224; curva de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal com o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Todas as m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial e das diferen&#231;as entre os valores press&#243;ricos medidos com o aparelho teste e o de coluna de merc&#250;rio tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Desse modo, seus valores foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>.</p>
    <p>O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios da PAD e PAS com a m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as entre o aparelho teste e o de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes se p-valor &lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise final foram inclu&#237;dos 33 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino, casados (45,5%), com predom&#237;nio da cor de pele branca (54,5%) e n&#237;vel de escolaridade m&#233;dio (60,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,6 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09010t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas antropom&#233;tricas e sinais vitais, verificou-se que os pacientes em m&#233;dia apresentaram valores da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, temperatura e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dentro dos padr&#245;es de normalidade, conforme apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t3">tabela 3</xref>. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) m&#233;dio foi de 27,41 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sendo compat&#237;vel com sobrepeso. Dos pacientes avaliados, 21,2% foram classificados como normais (IMC <underline>&lt;</underline> 25), 15,2% como sobrepeso (IMC = 26 a 30) e 15,2% como obesos (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 31).</p>
    <p>As medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia e cumprimento do bra&#231;o tamb&#233;m foram realizadas, sendo verificados valores m&#233;dios de 29,18 cm e 33,73 cm, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t3">tab. 3</xref>). A partir desses dados selecionou-se o manguito apropriado para a mensura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Ao ser analisada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial e das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias para PAS e PAD observou correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante apenas entre idade e m&#233;dia da PAS do esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio (r=0,35, p=0,05) e m&#233;dia da PAS do teste e merc&#250;rio (r=-0,38, p=0,033). O aumento na circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o estava correlacionado com aumento significativo na PAS medida pelo aparelho teste (r=0,29, p=0,03) e o de merc&#250;rio (r=0,39, p=0,03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09010t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi identificada associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo e diferen&#231;a observada entre os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos aparelhos teste e de coluna de merc&#250;rio. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o apenas entre os valores da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia do teste e tamb&#233;m do merc&#250;rio. Os homens apresentaram valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica maiores que os das mulheres tanto com o aparelho teste (87,26 &#177; 16,07 <italic>vs</italic> 77,99 &#177; 9,41 mmHg, p=0,047) quanto com o de coluna de merc&#250;rio (86,93 &#177; 14,84 <italic>vs</italic> 78,47 &#177; 8,65 mmHg, p=0,045).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, os pacientes estavam distribu&#237;dos quase igualmente entre os tumores de mama (6,1%), pr&#243;stata (3,0%), cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o (9,1%), colorretal (6,1%), est&#244;mago (9,1%), hematol&#243;gico (3,0%), pulm&#227;o (12,0%), ov&#225;rio (3,0%) e test&#237;culo (3,0%).</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224;s comorbidades, verificou-se que 21,2% (n=7) tinham hipertens&#227;o, 3,0% (n=1) doen&#231;a renal decorrente do c&#226;ncer, 9,1% (n=3) doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, 6,1% (n=2) tinham diabete melito, e 21,2% (n=7) apresentavam alguma outra comorbidade, tais como bronquite asm&#225;tica, coagulopatia, hipotireoidismo, hipercolesterolemia e glaucoma.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos em uso, observou-se que os analg&#233;sicos opioides foram utilizados por 36,4% (n=12); 39,4% (n=13) utilizaram analg&#233;sicos n&#227;o opioides; 33,3% (n=11), anti-inflamat&#243;rios; 15,2% (n=5), antibi&#243;ticos; 9,1% (n=3) quimioterapia; 48,5% (n=16). protetor g&#225;strico; 9,1% (n=3), diur&#233;ticos; 3,0% (n=1), alfabloqueadores; 12,1% (n=4), betabloqueadores; 6,1% (n=2), bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio; 12,1% (n=4), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; 6,1% (n=2), insulina; 27,3% (n=9), anticoagulantes; e 27,3% (n=9) usavam antiem&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valida&#231;&#227;o do aparelho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas 462 medidas de press&#227;o. A partir dessas medidas, foram inclu&#237;das nas an&#225;lises de valida&#231;&#227;o as sete medidas das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas (BP1 a BP7) realizadas nos 33 pacientes. A partir dessas medidas foram obtidas tr&#234;s diferen&#231;as totalizando um conjunto de 99 medidas para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PAS) e para a diast&#243;lica (PAD).</p>
    <p>Na Fase 1 foram avaliados 15 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 58,80 anos (DP=10,34, m&#237;n.=41 e m&#225;x.= 76), sendo 60% (n=9) homens e 40% (n=6) mulheres. Nessa amostra foi inclu&#237;do um total de 45 medidas de PAS e PAD. O n&#250;mero de medidas da PAS e PAD que estavam nas zonas &lt;5, &lt;10 e &lt;15 mmHg foi superior aos valores m&#237;nimos exigidos pela ESH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09010t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises da Fase 2 foram inclu&#237;dos 33 pacientes e verificou-se que as m&#233;dias das diferen&#231;as entre o aparelho teste e o de merc&#250;rio foram de 0,62 (DP=4,53) e 0,06 (DP=6,57) mmHg para a PAS e PAD, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t5">tab. 5</xref>). O valores m&#233;dios das 99 medidas da PAS e PAD foram 134,64 (DP=20,27) e 82,20 (DP=13,49) mmHg, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t6">tab. 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09010t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de medidas realizadas com o aparelho teste que diferiram do de merc&#250;rio por 5, 10 e 15 mmHg ou menos &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t5">tabela 5</xref>. A maioria das diferen&#231;as foi inferior a 5 mmHg (n=84 e 91 para PAS e PAD, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Conforme estabelecido pelo protocolo da ESH, na Fase 2.2, dos 33 pacientes, pelo menos 22 deles deveriam ter ao menos duas das tr&#234;s diferen&#231;as inferiores a 5 mmHg. No presente estudo, da amostra total, 30 preencheram esses crit&#233;rios na PAS e 32 na PAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t5">tab. 5</xref>). O segundo crit&#233;rio exigido era que no m&#225;ximo tr&#234;s pacientes poderiam ter todas as tr&#234;s diferen&#231;as maiores que 5 mmHg. Neste estudo apenas um paciente na PAS e dois na PAD obtiveram essas medidas. Dois pacientes na PAS e um na PAD tiveram apenas uma das diferen&#231;as menores que 5 mmHg (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabelas).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09010f1">figura 1</xref> apresenta a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as diferen&#231;as dos valores da medida com o aparelho de merc&#250;rio e o teste com os valores m&#233;dios das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica medidos com ambos aparelhos. A observa&#231;&#227;o da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09010f1">figura 1</xref> permitiu constatar que os pontos estavam concentrados entre o intervalo de diferen&#231;a de +5 a -5 mmHg, indicados no eixo y, demonstrando a acur&#225;cia do aparelho teste. A diferen&#231;a entre as medidas de PA do aparelho merc&#250;rio e teste estava dentro dos limites esperados, bem como os valores m&#233;dios das medidas da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09010f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ao ser analisada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dias das medidas de press&#227;o com o aparelho teste Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> e com o de coluna de merc&#250;rio observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o forte para a PAS (r=0,972, p=0,00) e moderada para a PAD (r=0,887, p=0,000).</p>
    <p>Os resultados acima descritos e apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09010t5">tabela 5</xref> est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com as exig&#234;ncias da <italic>ESH</italic>, indicando que o aparelho aneroide da Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> preenche os crit&#233;rios internacionais de valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados levantados atestam a validade do aparelho aneroide Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> para medir press&#227;o arterial em pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, uma vez que foi aprovado em todos os crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o exigidos pelo protocolo de valida&#231;&#227;o da ESH.</p>
    <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o foi realizada segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para validar aparelhos autom&#225;ticos. Essa conduta foi adotada por ser esse crit&#233;rio confi&#225;vel e n&#227;o terem sido identificados crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos para valida&#231;&#227;o de aparelhos aneroides. Alguns outros equipamentos aneroides, tais como o Heine Gamma G7 e XXL-LF<sup>18</sup>, o Welch Allyn Tycos 767<sup>19</sup> e o Maxi Stabil 3<sup>20</sup> tamb&#233;m foram validados conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos protocolos para equipamentos digitais.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, os aparelhos aneroides t&#234;m sua precis&#227;o avaliada apenas pelo Inmetro, n&#227;o sendo exigida a valida&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos. A an&#225;lise do Inmetro inclui a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes aspectos: comprova&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o do ponto zero, comprova&#231;&#227;o de hermeticidade, determina&#231;&#227;o do erro m&#225;ximo de medi&#231;&#227;o, determina&#231;&#227;o da histerese e an&#225;lise de escapamento de ar. Al&#233;m desses testes s&#227;o realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es de fadiga e durabilidade<sup>21</sup>. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o contempla a valida&#231;&#227;o desses equipamentos em seres humanos e a mensura&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de medida n&#227;o invasiva que &#233; o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. Desse modo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel assegurar a sua precis&#227;o para identificar valores de press&#227;o muito baixos ou elevados, sendo necess&#225;ria a valida&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos aneroides em indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Os equipamentos s&#227;o geralmente validados com popula&#231;&#227;o geral, n&#227;o podendo os resultados ser extrapolados para grupos especiais. Desse modo, no presente estudo optou-se por validar o equipamento Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> especificamente para pacientes adultos com c&#226;ncer, que &#233; a popula&#231;&#227;o atendida no Instituto do C&#226;ncer.</p>
    <p>As medidas da PA verificadas com aparelhos aneroides e tamb&#233;m com os oscilom&#233;tricos digitais est&#227;o sujeitas a erros que podem resultar em diferen&#231;as maiores que 5 e at&#233; mesmo 10 mmHg, quando comparados &#224;s medidas aferidas com o aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio. Esses erros podem ser decorrentes da descalibra&#231;&#227;o do equipamento, que pode se dar em decorr&#234;ncia de quedas e mesmo por tempo de uso; por interfer&#234;ncia de fatores ambientais, tais como ru&#237;dos externos; interfer&#234;ncia de fatores relacionados ao observador, ao paciente, a t&#233;cnica propriamente dita; e podem ser decorrentes de sele&#231;&#227;o inadequada da largura do manguito<sup>1,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os esfigmoman&#244;metros aneroides m&#243;veis podem ser mais facilmente danificados por estarem mais sujeitos a quedas. Desse modo, os de parede deveriam ser preferidos aos m&#243;veis. Os aparelhos com mais de seis anos de fabrica&#231;&#227;o e uso tendem a ter menor acur&#225;cia<sup>23</sup>. Dessa forma, a realiza&#231;&#227;o regular de testes din&#226;micos de calibra&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o, bem como a medida em local com ru&#237;do baixo, o uso do tamanho adequado do manguito, considerando o tamanho da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, e o treinamento dos profissionais s&#227;o fundamentais para assegurar a acur&#225;cia da medida<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo todas as medidas preventivas foram adotadas visando reduzir a chance de erros.</p>
    <p>Diferentes t&#233;cnicas de medida da press&#227;o est&#227;o sujeitas a maior ou menor interfer&#234;ncia. Desse modo, a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada da t&#233;cnica e do equipamento &#233; fundamental. Os esfigmoman&#244;metros aneroides, quando adequadamente calibrados, apresentam acur&#225;cia aceit&#225;vel, podendo ser uma alternativa confi&#225;vel aos de coluna de merc&#250;rio<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os aparelhos de merc&#250;rio, em raz&#227;o dos riscos de polui&#231;&#227;o ambiental, dever&#227;o ser extintos e substitu&#237;dos por equipamentos auscultat&#243;rios aneroides ou oscilom&#233;tricos. Assim, &#233; fundamental que esses aparelhos sejam testados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao de coluna de merc&#250;rio para que sejam alternativas confi&#225;veis<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O equipamento auscultat&#243;rio aneroide Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup> foi avaliado no presente estudo e demonstrou ser uma alternativa ao esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, sendo acurado e v&#225;lido para a medida n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Karine Azevedo S&#227;o Le&#227;o Ferreira </p>
        <p> Rua An&#237;bal Borbola, 105, Parque dos Pr&#237;ncipes </p>
        <p> 05396-265 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="karine.leao.ferreira@gmail.com">karine.leao.ferreira@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="karine.leao@icesp.org.br">karine.leao@icesp.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/06/09; revisado recebido em 28/12/09; aceito em 18/03/10.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Validation of Missouri aneroid sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure in patients with cancer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Auscultatory mercury sphygmomanometers to measure blood pressure (BP) have been banned from health services because of risk of pollution and environmental accidents with mercury. Aneroid appliances could be an alternative. OBJECTIVE: To validate the MissouriTM aneroid device for blood pressure measurement in cancer patients according to the protocol of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). METHODS: 33 patients hospitalized or under outpatient care at the Cancer Institute of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, FMUSP, were evaluated. Three trained and blinded observers performed nine sequential blood pressure measurements interspersed with the mercury sphygmomanometers. The differences between the values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the test device with the mercury sphygmomanometer were classified according to the ESH protocol. RESULTS: The MissouriTM equipment underwent all three phases required by the ESH Protocol for SBP and DBP, and it was approved in all of the phases. The average difference between the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer was 0.62 (SD = 4.53) and 0.06 (SD = 6.57) mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. No association was found between the differences in BP measurements with sex, age, body mass index and arm circumference and length. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the aneroid MissouriTM device meets ESH accuracy recommendations for the measurement of SBP and DBP, and it can be used to replace the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sphygmomanometers</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>patients</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Validation of Missouri aneroid sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure in patients with cancer</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Karine Azevedo S&#227;o Le&#227;o Ferreira<sup>I, II</sup>; Ana Cla&#250;dia dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Thais Cardoso Arthur<sup>I</sup>; Daniela Aparecida A. dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Daniela Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Eliz&#226;ngela Oliveira Freitas<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Medeiros Fukuda<sup>I</sup>; W&#226;nia Regina Mollo Baia<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Guarulhos (UnG), Guarulhos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Auscultatory mercury sphygmomanometers to measure blood pressure (BP) have been banned from health services because of risk of pollution and environmental accidents with mercury. Aneroid appliances could be an alternative.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To validate the Missouri<sup>TM</sup> aneroid device for blood pressure measurement in cancer patients according to the protocol of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 33 patients hospitalized or under outpatient care at the Cancer Institute of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, FMUSP, were evaluated. Three trained and blinded observers performed nine sequential blood pressure measurements interspersed with the mercury sphygmomanometers. The differences between the values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the test device with the mercury sphygmomanometer were classified according to the ESH protocol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The Missouri<sup>TM</sup> equipment underwent all three phases required by the ESH Protocol for SBP and DBP, and it was approved in all of the phases. The average difference between the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer was 0.62 (SD = 4.53) and 0.06 (SD = 6.57) mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. No association was found between the differences in BP measurements with sex, age, body mass index and arm circumference and length.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results revealed that the aneroid Missouri<sup>TM</sup> device meets ESH accuracy recommendations for the measurement of SBP and DBP, and it can be used to replace the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Sphygmomanometers; hypertension; blood pressure; neoplasms; patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The blood pressure measurement (BP) is still important in clinical practice. It is a fundamental tool for early identification of cardiovascular and renal disease<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of several chemotherapeutic and biological agents such as antiangiogenic antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and others, is associated with chronic and acute adverse cardiovascular events such as hypotension and hypertension in patients with breast, renal and colorectal cancer<sup>2-7</sup>. These events are especially identified by measurement of BP. It is critical for early diagnosis and treatment.</p>
      <p>The presence of hypertension is also a diagnostic factor of some adrenal tumors, and a prognostic factor of mortality in women with breast cancer<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>BP can be measured by a direct method (invasive) and by inserting a catheter into the artery connected to a transducer or by an indirect method using auscultatory and oscillometric techniques. The consistency and accuracy of various indirect measurement devices against invasive measurement may vary<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Before being marketed, BP measurement devices should be tested according to the protocols proposed by the British Hypertension Society (BHS)<sup>12,13</sup>, or by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAIM)<sup>14</sup> or by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH)<sup>15</sup>. This procedure is called validation, and ensures greater reliability to the equipment. Although the models are manufactured in series and tested by the manufacturer, yet it is recommended that the validation is also performed<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The accuracy and consistency of the various devices are controversial. Among sphygmomanometers, the mercury sphygmomanometer is considered the most accurate one and it is adopted as the gold standard for an indirect BP measurement<sup>1</sup>. However, due to the risk of environmental accidents and mercury toxicity in case of equipment breakdown, its use has been banned in health services, making it necessary to identify reliable and validated instruments to replace them in these applications<sup>16</sup>. Hence, the purpose of this study is to validate the Missouri<sup>TM</sup> aneroid device for measuring blood pressure in patients with cancer, according to the ESH protocol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The research was conducted at the Cancer Institute of the State of S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP) with outpatients and inpatients in clinical and surgical units, after approval by the of Research Ethics Committee. We evaluated 39 patients, resulting in the study with 33 patients, who signed an informed consent, respecting the following inclusion criteria: patients older than 30, who could walk and had no heart diseases. Among the patients assessed, five patients were excluded for presenting some of the exclusion criteria: auscultatory gap, atrial fibrillation or arrhythmia; and one patient agreed to participate in the study but was excluded for not being clinically able due to intense pain.</p>
      <p>We used a mercury sphygmomanometer as the gold standard, previously calibrated by the Institute for Technological Research (IPT) and certified by INMETRO for comparison with the Missouri<sup>TM</sup> aneroid auscultatory device. The resting blood pressure was measured after measuring the arm circumference with the arm extended to choose the appropriate cuff as recommended by the American Heart Association<sup>17</sup>. Before the measurement, patients remained at rest for at least 15 minutes.</p>
      <p>The device was validated as recommended by the ESH<sup>15</sup>. Each patient underwent 14 sequential measurements in the same arm, with a time interval of 3 to 5 minutes between each, by three trained observers blinded as to the values measured by the others.</p>
      <p>Observers 1 and 2 performed blood pressure (BP) measurements with the mercury sphygmomanometer interspersed with measurements with the test device, which was performed by observer 3. The total evaluation time for each patient averaged 40 minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sequence of measurements<sup>15</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sequence of blood pressure measurements was as recommended by the ESH<sup>15</sup> and called BP, which stands for blood pressure, as described below:</p>
      <p>BPA (Blood Pressure A) = observers 1 and 2 perform independent measurements with the mercury sphygmomanometer. The average value was used to categorize the patients into three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>BPB (Blood Pressure B) = 3 observers measured the BP with the test device. Such measurement was not included in equipment validity analyses used to determine patient's BP characteristics and the equipment operation.</p>
      <p>BP1 (Blood Pressure 1) = observers 1 and 2 with the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>BP2 = observer 3 with the test device.</p>
      <p>BP3 = observers 1 and 2 with the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>BP4 = observer 3 with the test device.</p>
      <p>BP5 = observers 1 and 2 with the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>BP6 = observer 3 with the test device.</p>
      <p>BP7 = observers 1 and 2 with the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Measurements were performed in three phases (Phase 1, Phase 2.1 and Phase 2.2). The first phase included 15 patients, 5 of whom were in each of the three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>), with a minimum of 5 men and 5 women. The second phase included 18 patients, totaling 33, who were equally distributed among the three groups, with a minimum of 10 men and 10 women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Measurement of accuracy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To evaluate the accuracy of the test device, only those measures between BP1 and BP7 were used. The average values measured by observers 1 and 2 were calculated, corresponding to measures BP1, BP3, BP5 and BP7. Each measurement with the test device was interspersed with two measurements with the mercury sphygmomanometer. Thus, as recommended by the BHS protocol, the following differences were calculated for the DAP and PAS: BP2-BP1, BP2-BP3, BP4-BP3, BP4-BP5, BP6-BP5 and BP6-BP7. Out of these differences, three relating to DBP and three relating to SBP were selected, totaling 99 measurements. All of the three were selected considering: 1) if the values of the pairs were different, the smallest difference would be selected; and 2) if the values of the pairs were identical, the first of the two differences would be selected.</p>
      <p>The values of the 99 differences between the two devices were classified into three cumulative zones: &lt;5 mmHg, &lt;10 mmHg and &lt;15 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were stored and analyzed using the program SPSS version 13.0, conducting descriptive analyses and inferences.</p>
      <p>The continuous variables were assessed for their adherence to the normal distribution curve with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All mean blood pressures and the differences between the pressure values measured with the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer had a normal distribution. Thus, their values were compared using Student's <italic>t</italic> test.</p>
      <p>Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the correlation between the mean values of DBP and SBP with the average differences between the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>Differences were considered statistically significant if p value was &lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The final analysis included 33 patients, mostly female, married (45.5%), with predominance of white skin (54.5%) and average education level (60.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). The mean age was 57.6 years old (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).As for anthropometric measurements and vital signs, it was found that patients had breathing frequence, temperature and heart frequence values within normal limits, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. Average BMI (Body Mass Index) was 27.41 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and is compatible with overweight. From the patients assessed, 21.2% were classified as normal (BMI <underline>&lt;</underline> 25), 15.2% as overweight (BMI = 26-30) and 15.2% were obese (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 31).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09010t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Measurements of arm circumference and length were also performed. Average values of 29.18 cm and 33.73 cm were also found, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t3-body2">Table 3</xref>). From these data, we selected the appropriate cuff for the measurement.</p>
      <p>By analysing the correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and average arterial pressure and the average differences for SBP and DBP, we found a statistically significant correlation only between age and average SBP of the mercury sphygmomanometer (r=0.35, p=0.05) and average SBP of the test device and mercury sphygmomanometer (r=- 0.38, p=0.033). Increased arm circumference were correlated with a significant increase in SBP measured by the test device (r=0.29, p=0.03) and the mercury sphygmomanometer (r=0.39, p=0.03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09010t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No association was found between sex and the difference found between the systolic and diastolic pressure values of the test device and mercury sphygmomanometer. An association was found only between the average diastolic pressure values of the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer. Men had mean diastolic blood pressures greater than those of women both with the test device (87.26 &#177; 16.07 <italic>vs</italic> 77.99 &#177; 9.41 mmHg, p=0.047) and with the mercury sphymomanometer (86.93 &#177; 14.84 <italic>vs</italic> 78.47 &#177; 8.65 mmHg, p=0.045).</p>
      <p>Concerning the clinical characteristics, patients were almost equally distributed among breast (6.1%), prostate (3.0%), head and neck (9.1%), colorectal (6.1%), stomach (9.1%), hematologic (3.0%), lung (12.0%), ovary (3.0%) and testis (3.0%) tumors.</p>
      <p>As for comorbidities, it was found that 21.2% (n = 7) had hypertension, 3.0% (n = 1) had renal disease due to cancer, 9.1% (n = 3), circulatory diseases, 6.1% (n = 2) had diabetes mellitus, and 21.2% (n = 7) had some other comorbidity, such as bronchial asthma, coagulopathy, hypothyroidism, hypercholesterolemia, and glaucoma.</p>
      <p>As for drugs used, it was found that opioid analgesic drugs were used by 36.4% (n=12); 39.4% (n=13) used non-opioid analgesic drugs; 33.3% (n=11), anti-inflammatory drugs; 15.2% (n=5), antibiotics; 9.1% (n=3) chemotherapy; 48.5% (n=16). gastroprotective drugs; 9.1% (n=3), diuretics; 3.0% (n=1), alpha blockers; 12.1% (n=4), beta blockers; 6.1% (n=2), calcium channel blockers; 12.1% (n=4), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; 6.1% (n=2), insulin; 27.3% (n=9), anticoagulants; and 27.3% (n=9) used antiemetics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Validation of the device</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed 462 pressure measurements. From these measurements, seven measurements of systolic and diastolic pressure (BP1 to BP7) performed in 33 patients we included in the validation analysis. From these measurements, we obtained three differences totaling a set of 99 measurements for systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure.</p>
      <p>In phase 1, we evaluated 15 patients with averaging 58,80 years old (SD=10,34, min.=41 and max.= 76), of which 60% (n=9) were men and 40% (n=6) were women. This sample included 45 measures of SBP and DBP. The number of SBP and DBP measurements in zones &lt;5, &lt;10 and &lt;15 mmHg was above the minimum values required by the ESH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09010t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The analyses of Phase 2 included 33 patients and found that the mean differences between the test device and the mercury sphygmomanometer were 0.62 (SD = 4.53) and 0.06 (SD = 6.57) mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t5-body2">Table 5</xref>). The average values of the 99 measurements of SBP and DBP were 134.64 (SD = 20.27) and 82.20 (SD = 13.49) mmHg, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t6-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09010t6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The number of measurements taken with the test device that differed from the mercury sphygmomanometer for 5, 10 and 15 mmHg or smaller is apresented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t5-body2">Table 5</xref>. Most of the differences were smaller than 5 mmHg (n = 84 and 91 for SBP and DBP, respectively).</p>
      <p>As required by the ESH protocol in Phase 2.2, out of the 33 patients, at least 22 of them should have at least two of the three differences smaller than 5 mmHg. In this study, from the total sample, 30 met these criteria in SBP and 32 in DBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t5-body2">Table 5</xref>).The second criterion required was that no more than three patients could have all three differences greater than 5 mmHg. In this study, only one patient in SBP and two in DBP obtained these measurements. Two patients in the SBP and DBP had one of the differences &lt;5 mmHg (data not shown in tables).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09010f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the correlation between the differences of values measured with the mercury device and the test device with the average values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured with both devices. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09010f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows that the points were concentrated between the difference interval of +5 to -5 mmHg, indicated on axis y, demonstrating the accuracy of the test device. The difference between the BP measurements of the mercury and test device were within the expected range, as well as the average values of systolic and diastolic pressure measurements.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09010f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0244-00093-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>By analysing the correlation between the average values of pressure measurements with the test device Missouri<sup>TM</sup> and the mercury sphygmomanometer, we found a strong correlation for SBP (r=0.972, p=0.00) and a moderate correlation for DBP (r=0.887, p=0.000).</p>
      <p>The results described above and shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09010t5-body2">Table 5</xref> are consistent with the requirements of ESH, indicating that the Missouri<sup>TM</sup> aneroid device fulfills the international validation criteria.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results found attest to the validity of the Missouri<sup>TM</sup> aneroid device for measuring blood pressure in patients with cancer, since it was approved in all evaluation criteria required by the ESH validation protocol.</p>
      <p>The validation was performed according to the recommendations to validate automated instruments. This approach was adopted because it is a reliable criterion and no specific criteria were identified for validation of aneroid equipment. Some other aneroid equipment, such as the G7 Heine Gamma and XXL-LF<sup>18</sup>, Welch Allyn Tycos 767<sup>19</sup> and Maxi Stabil 3<sup>20</sup> were also validated as recommended by the protocols for digital equipment.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the accuracy of aneroid devices are assessed only by Inmetro, which does require validation in individuals. Inmetro's analysis includes the assessment of the following: proof of zero point indication, leak proof, determination of maximum error of measurement, determination of hysteresis and air leakage analysis. Besides these tests, fatigue and durability assessments are also performed<sup>21</sup>. Such assessment neither covers the validation of such equipment in humans nor the measurement of the accuracy compared to the gold standard for noninvasive measurements, which is the mercury sphygmomanometer. Hence, it is not possible to ensure its accuracy for identifying too low or too high pressure values, requiring the validation of aneroid equipment in individuals.</p>
      <p>The equipment is usually validated with the general population, the results of which cannot be extrapolated to special groups. Therefore, in the present study we chose to validate the Missouri&#156;<sup>TM</sup> equipment specifically for adult patients with cancer, which is the population assisted at the Cancer Institute.</p>
      <p>The BP measurements made with aneroid devices and with digital oscillometric devices are subject to errors that may result in differences greater that 5 and even 10 mmHg when compared to measurements with the mercury sphygmomanometer. These errors may be due to decalibrated equipment, which may occur due to falls even time of use, interference of environmental factors, such as outside noise, interference of factors related to the observer, the patient, the technique itself, and could be due to inappropriate selection of cuff width<sup>1,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Portable aneroid sphygmomanometers may be more easily damaged for being more prone to falls. Hence, wall sphygmomanometers would be preferable to the portable ones. Devices with more than six years of manufacturing and use tend to provide lower accuracy<sup>23</sup>. Thus, regular dynamic testing of calibration and validation as well as measurements performed at sites with low noise, using the appropriate cuff size, considering the arm circumference, and training of professionals are essential to ensure an accurate measurement<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, all preventive measures were adopted to reduce the chance of errors.</p>
      <p>Various techniques of pressure measurement are subject to greater or smaller interference. Hence, the appropriate selection of technique and equipment is essential. Aneroid sphygmomanometers, when properly calibrated, provide an acceptable accuracy and can be a reliable alternative to the mercury sphygmomanometers<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mercury sphygmomanometers, due to risks of environmental pollution, should be banned and replaced with aneroid or oscillometric auscultatory devices. Therefore, it is essential that these devices be tested against mercury sphygmomanometers in order to prove these are reliable alternatives<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Missouri<sup>TM</sup> auscultatory aneroid device was evaluated in this study and proved to be an alternative to the mercury sphygmomanometer, as it is accurate and valid for noninvasive measurements of blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
