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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">W3dqmvfXGVqRLPqdMrJmH6Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500215</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Daniel Bezerra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Servantes</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Ang&#233;lica de Miranda Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pelcerman</surname>
            <given-names>Am&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salvetti</surname>
            <given-names>Xiomara Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Marco T&#250;lio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Japy Angelini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Norte</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>238</fpage>
      <lpage>243</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresentam progressiva incapacidade e decl&#237;nio na qualidade de vida, ambos relacionados com dispneia e fadiga. Dessa forma, h&#225; interesse crescente em mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV), seja por instrumento gen&#233;rico, tal como o 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), seja por espec&#237;fico, tal como o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ). OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou correlacionar os question&#225;rios de QV, SF-36 e MLHFQ, com a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC, expressa pelo teste cardiopulmonar e o TC6M. M&#201;TODOS: Utilizaram-se os question&#225;rios SF-36 e MLHFQ para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, utilizou-se o teste cardiopulmonar, sendo executado em esteira com protocolo de Weber, bem como a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 46 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IC (22 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 52 anos), classes II e III da New York Heart Association. Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre os dom&#237;nios aspectos f&#237;sico e emocional do SF-36 e o VE/VCO2pico (r=-0,3; p&lt;0,05) e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r=0,4; p&lt;0,05), respectivamente. Observaram-se ainda correla&#231;&#245;es de fraca a moderada do escore total do MLHFQ com o VO2pico (r=-0,5; p&lt;0,05), o limiar anaer&#243;bio (r=-0,4; p&lt;0,05) e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r=-0,5; p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os dados sugerem que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ambos os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, gen&#233;rico (SF-36) e espec&#237;fico (MLHFQ) em pacientes com IC, evidenciaram de fraca a moderada correla&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>dispneia</kwd>
        <kwd>fadiga</kwd>
        <kwd>testes de fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ivan Daniel Bezerra Nogueira<sup>I, II</sup>; Denise Maria Servantes<sup>I</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Ang&#233;lica de Miranda Silva Nogueira<sup>II</sup>; Am&#225;lia Pelcerman<sup>I</sup>; Xiomara Miranda Salvetti<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Salles<sup>I</sup>; Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Marco T&#250;lio de Mello<sup>I</sup>; Orlando Campos Filho<sup>I</sup>; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, RN - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) apresentam progressiva incapacidade e decl&#237;nio na qualidade de vida, ambos relacionados com dispneia e fadiga. Dessa forma, h&#225; interesse crescente em mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV), seja por instrumento gen&#233;rico, tal como o <italic>36-item Short-Form Health Survey</italic> (SF-36), seja por espec&#237;fico, tal como o <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure</italic> (MLHFQ). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo objetivou correlacionar os question&#225;rios de QV, SF-36 e MLHFQ, com a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC, expressa pelo teste cardiopulmonar e o TC6M. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Utilizaram-se os question&#225;rios SF-36 e MLHFQ para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, utilizou-se o teste cardiopulmonar, sendo executado em esteira com protocolo de Weber, bem como a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram selecionados 46 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IC (22 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 52 anos), classes II e III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre os dom&#237;nios aspectos f&#237;sico e emocional do SF-36 e o VE/VCO<sub>2pico</sub> (r=-0,3; p&lt;0,05) e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r=0,4; p&lt;0,05), respectivamente. Observaram-se ainda correla&#231;&#245;es de fraca a moderada do escore total do MLHFQ com o VO<sub>2pico</sub> (r=-0,5; p&lt;0,05), o limiar anaer&#243;bio (r=-0,4; p&lt;0,05) e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r=-0,5; p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os dados sugerem que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ambos os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, gen&#233;rico (SF-36) e espec&#237;fico (MLHFQ) em pacientes com IC, evidenciaram de fraca a moderada correla&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Qualidade de vida, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dispneia, fadiga, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo, apresentando n&#237;veis de incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia crescentes com o avan&#231;ar da idade<sup>1,2</sup>. No Brasil, a IC &#233; a primeira causa entre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de interna&#231;&#227;o pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) em pacientes acima de 65 anos, elevando os custos com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e medicamentos<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com IC sofrem de v&#225;rios sintomas, muitos dos quais s&#227;o n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos e frequentemente resultam em redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e em piora da qualidade de vida (QV), ambos relacionados com dispneia e fadiga durante as atividades di&#225;rias<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Qualidade de vida &#233; uma discrep&#226;ncia entre satisfa&#231;&#227;o ou descontentamento com determinadas &#225;reas da vida, de acordo com a percep&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio indiv&#237;duo, sendo essa percep&#231;&#227;o considerada o melhor indicador de QV. Na linguagem convencional, satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a vida refere-se ao cumprimento de necessidades, expectativas, anseios e desejos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; o esfor&#231;o da comunidade cient&#237;fica em quantificar o impacto da IC na vida dos pacientes. Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de fatores determinantes da capacidade funcional, tais como o consumo de oxig&#234;nio medido no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2pico</sub>), o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio do di&#243;xido de carbono no pico do esfor&#231;o (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2pico</sub>), a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), bem como a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), &#233; relevante a avalia&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos que possam indicar a QV de pacientes com IC e dessa forma corroborarem aos indicadores de capacidade funcional<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV na IC, a literatura apresenta question&#225;rios gen&#233;ricos e espec&#237;ficos, dos quais o <italic>36-item Short-Form Health Survey</italic> (SF-36) e o <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnarie</italic> (MLHFQ) s&#227;o os mais utilizados respectivamente. Entretanto, dentre os question&#225;rios gen&#233;rico e espec&#237;fico supracitados, n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido qual aquele que melhor manifesta a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar os question&#225;rios de QV, gen&#233;rico (SF-36) e espec&#237;fico (MLHFQ), com a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC, expressa pelo teste cardiopulmonar e o TC6M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram recrutados do ambulat&#243;rio especializado em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de um hospital de alta complexidade em cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis os casos que apresentavam estabilidade cl&#237;nica, sintom&#225;ticos (classe funcional II e III de acordo com a NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 40%, sem per&#237;odos de interna&#231;&#227;o por tr&#234;s meses antes da entrada no estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses do in&#237;cio do estudo, angina inst&#225;vel com dor n&#227;o controlada por tratamento medicamentoso ou presen&#231;a de infra ou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em repouso, resposta inapropriada da press&#227;o arterial ou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, arritmias ventriculares induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o no teste ergom&#233;trico pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a valvar obstrutiva, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave ou outra doen&#231;a pulmonar grave, confus&#227;o ou dem&#234;ncia, limita&#231;&#227;o ortop&#233;dica e/ou d&#233;ficit cognitivo que pudessem dificultar a execu&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
    <p>Previamente, os pacientes foram informados quanto &#224; finalidade do estudo e foi solicitada a aquiesc&#234;ncia com a assinatura do termo de consentimento aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero 0897/07.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Din&#226;mica do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo prospectivo e transversal, os pacientes selecionados foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para ingresso no protocolo, incluindo a an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma de repouso, teste ergom&#233;trico e ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram o teste cardiopulmonar (TCP) e o teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), al&#233;m de serem entrevistados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de, por meio dos question&#225;rios SF-36 e MLHFQ. Os testes da caminhada de seis minutos foram realizados no per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de quatro dias ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste cardiopulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado em cortes paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (quatro e duas c&#226;maras), em aparelho <italic>Ultramark 4 CV,</italic> com transdutor de 3 megahertz. Calculou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste cardiopulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os testes cardiopulmonares foram realizados em laborat&#243;rio com temperatura variando de 19&#186; a 24&#186; C e umidade relativa do ar entre 40% e 60%. Foi seguido o protocolo de Weber em esteira rolante com an&#225;lise metab&#243;lica pelo sistema <italic>Medgraphics CPX Ultima System Operating BreezeSuite 6.4.1 Software</italic> (Minneapolis, Minn, USA). O consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) foi medido respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o, sendo considerado VO<sub>2pico</sub> o maior valor de VO<sub>2</sub> obtido no teste. O limiar anaer&#243;bio foi estimado pelas t&#233;cnicas V-Slope<sup>11</sup> e ventilat&#243;ria<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o (VO<sub>2pico</sub>), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio do di&#243;xido de carbono no pico do esfor&#231;o (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2pico</sub>), e limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA).</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es foi obtida em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o deitada e durante o esfor&#231;o, de forma cont&#237;nua (Welch Allyn Cardioperfect - Skaneatles, NY, USA). A press&#227;o arterial foi medida por esfigmoman&#244;metro Tycos<sup>&#174;</sup> e estetosc&#243;pio Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> em repouso, durante esfor&#231;o a cada tr&#234;s minutos e recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em um mesmo dia, foram realizados dois TC6M com intervalo de 1 hora entre eles, o primeiro teste foi apresentado ao paciente objetivando a adapta&#231;&#227;o e o aprendizado da metodologia deste.</p>
    <p>Os testes foram realizados num percurso de 30 metros, por um &#250;nico examinador, acompanhado por um dos m&#233;dicos do servi&#231;o, segundo o protocolo proposto pela <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic> (ATS)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram orientados a caminhar de acordo com sua toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio no per&#237;odo de seis minutos. Frases de incentivo foram proferidas durante a caminhada. Antes do in&#237;cio de cada teste, foram obtidas a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca medida por frequenc&#237;metro da marca POLAR - modelo FS1 e a press&#227;o arterial medida por esfigmoman&#244;metro da marca Tycos<sup>&#174;</sup> e estetosc&#243;pio da marca Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup>, bem como a percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o por meio da Escala de Borg (6-20). Ao final de cada teste, registraram-se novamente os mesmos par&#226;metros. O resultado final do TC6M foi a medida da dist&#226;ncia total percorrida em metros durante seis minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizaram-se os question&#225;rios gen&#233;rico e espec&#237;fico de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, o SF-36 e o MLHFQ, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O SF-36 foi validado para o portugu&#234;s por Ciconelli e cols.<sup>14</sup>. Esse question&#225;rio &#233; uma ferramenta que pode ser aplicada em pessoas a partir de 12 anos de idade e que objetiva pesquisar o estado de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica individualmente e na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio &#233; composto por 36 quest&#245;es que abordam oito dom&#237;nios (ou dimens&#245;es) em dois grandes componentes: o componente f&#237;sico que envolve a capacidade funcional (CF), a dor, o estado geral de sa&#250;de (EGS) e o aspecto f&#237;sico (AF); e o componente mental que contempla a sa&#250;de mental (SM), o aspecto emocional (AE), o aspecto social (AS) e a vitalidade (V). A finalidade das quest&#245;es foi transformar medidas subjetivas em dados objetivos, que permitissem an&#225;lises de forma espec&#237;fica, global e reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Cada dom&#237;nio apresenta um escore final de zero a 100, no qual zero corresponde ao pior estado geral de sa&#250;de e 100, ao melhor estado de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio MLHFQ foi validado para o portugu&#234;s por Carrara<sup>15</sup> e &#233; constitu&#237;do por 21 quest&#245;es objetivas, as quais avaliam as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sica, socioecon&#244;mica e as limita&#231;&#245;es emocionais. Oito quest&#245;es apresentam uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o com os sintomas de dispneia e fadiga e s&#227;o referidas como medidas de dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica. Cinco outras quest&#245;es est&#227;o fortemente relacionadas a quest&#245;es emocionais e s&#227;o referidas como medidas de dimens&#227;o emocional, e as demais quest&#245;es correspondem &#224; dimens&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica. Para cada quest&#227;o, o paciente seleciona um n&#250;mero de 0 a 5. Zero indica que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o exerce limita&#231;&#227;o e 5 indica limita&#231;&#227;o muito grande. O escore final do MLHFQ varia de 0 a 105. Ao contr&#225;rio do SF-36, escore elevado do MLHFQ indica pior QV.</p>
    <p>Esse instrumento de QV vem fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas em pesquisas, permitindo que a resposta a v&#225;rias terap&#234;uticas seja quantificada.</p>
    <p>Ambos os instrumentos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, SF-36 e o MLHFQ, foram elaborados para serem instrumentos autoadministr&#225;veis, podendo, entretanto, ser aplicados nos formatos de entrevistas. Esse recurso foi aplicado neste estudo, visto que a entrevista detectou variabilidade de escolaridade entre nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A an&#225;lise descritiva foi apresentada em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP).</p>
    <p>O teste de normalidade para as vari&#225;veis estudadas indicou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, o que permitiu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de teste param&#233;trico para os dados.</p>
    <p>A validade do MLHFQ, bem como dos dom&#237;nios presentes no SF-36 em associa&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2pico</sub>, V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2pico,</sub> LA e dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, classificando a correla&#231;&#227;o em perfeita (r=1), forte (r&gt;0,75), moderada (r&gt;0,5), fraca (r&lt;0,5) e inexistente (r=0). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para o teste foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da amostra encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. Dos 46 pacientes estudados, 22 (47,8%) eram do sexo masculino e 24 (52,2%) eram do sexo feminino. A idade m&#233;dia da amostra estudada foi de 52 anos (DP 9,0), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 30,74% (DP 5,6).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes da nossa amostra foram capazes de completar o TC6M sem parar ou interromper o exame. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi constatada a presen&#231;a de arritmias que, porventura, pudessem impedir a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo apresentaram, no entanto, uma capacidade f&#237;sica deteriorada (VO<sub>2pico</sub> menor que 20 ml/kg/min) e um escore do MLHFQ elevado. Nessa amostra estudada, 38 pacientes (82,6%) apresentavam classe funcional II, segundo a NYHA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao correlacionar os valores obtidos nos dom&#237;nios do question&#225;rio SF-36 e as vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o fraca em todos os dom&#237;nios daquele question&#225;rio, tal como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09210t3">tabela 3</xref>. A correla&#231;&#227;o foi significativa em apenas dois dos oito aspectos avaliados pelo question&#225;rio SF-36 entre duas das vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares, quanto ao aspecto f&#237;sico e VE/ VCO<sub>2pico</sub>, bem como no aspecto emocional e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09210t3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09210t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es de fraca a moderada do escore total do MLHFQ com o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, o LA e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A QV vem assumindo import&#226;ncia, sob v&#225;rios aspectos nos &#250;ltimos anos como uma ferramenta que demonstra a efic&#225;cia de v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas na IC<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos que envolvem avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV emprega question&#225;rios gen&#233;ricos para tal, podendo limitar assim a sensibilidade do estudo. Dessa forma, empregamos, al&#233;m do question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico, SF-36, o question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico, MLHFQ, dentre os quais o question&#225;rio mais utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto da IC frente &#224; QV<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a QV medida pelo SF-36 encontrou-se alterada em quase todos os dom&#237;nios (AF, AE, CF, Dor, EGS, V), mas especialmente mostrou comprometimento maior no aspecto f&#237;sico, o qual avalia como a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica interfere nas atividades do trabalho, mostrando dessa forma que a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional imposta pela doen&#231;a est&#225; associada &#224; piora da QV<sup>20</sup>. Nossos achados s&#227;o semelhantes aqueles evidenciados no estudo de Sneed e cols.<sup>21</sup>, que revelaram escores baixos para todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36, especialmente quanto ao aspecto f&#237;sico de pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>Evidenciamos um escore total elevado para o MLHFQ (41,86), o que implica piora da QV da nossa amostra. Estudos recentes conclu&#237;ram que a varia&#231;&#227;o do escore total do MLHFQ entre 27,7 a 42,7 apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o com a classe funcional II e III proposta pela NYHA, respectivamente<sup>22</sup>. Esse fato corrobora com nossos dados, no qual a classe funcional (NYHA) variou entre II a III.</p>
    <p>No entanto, ao se analisar ambos os question&#225;rios, gen&#233;rico (SF-36) e espec&#237;fico (MLHFQ), em raz&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar, bem como da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, observamos que o MLHFQ apresentou valores de associa&#231;&#227;o relativamente maiores com aquelas vari&#225;veis, evidenciando correla&#231;&#227;o de fraca a moderada com VO<sub>2pico</sub> (r=-0,5), LA (r=-0,4) e dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r=-0,5). Demais estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o da QV avaliada pelo MLHFQ com as vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar, bem como com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M<sup>1,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O MLHFQ foi desenvolvido especificamente para IC, o que o torna mais pr&#243;ximo &#224; realidade desse tipo de paciente, avaliando sua condi&#231;&#227;o de enfermidade. Por sua vez, o question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36 foi desenvolvido para avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de em pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica<sup>14</sup>, o que pode ter determinado os valores encontrados em nosso estudo. No entanto, neste estudo ambos os question&#225;rios apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es baixas quando associados &#224;s vari&#225;veis estudadas, o que pode ser justificado pelo tamanho amostral.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares avaliadas no estudo, os nossos dados sugerem uma limita&#231;&#227;o funcional quando se avalia os valores m&#233;dios do VO<sub>2pico</sub> (17,27 ml/kg/min) e do V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2pico</sub> (33,39). O VO<sub>2pico</sub>, al&#233;m de ser um indicador da capacidade funcional, &#233; um &#237;ndice considerado importante na indica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco por ser um forte preditor de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada. Um VO<sub>2</sub> menor que 14 ml/kg/min caracteriza uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o funcional, e quando associado a outros indicadores de gravidade da IC pode auxiliar na indica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco<sup>24</sup>. Outros estudos apontam n&#227;o apenas o VO<sub>2</sub>, mas o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> como sendo fortes preditores independentes do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC<sup>10</sup>. Este &#250;ltimo apresenta um valor superior a 34 para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de mortalidade para IC<sup>25</sup>, com risco crescente &#224; medida que se aumenta o valor do V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das vari&#225;veis inerentes ao teste cardiopulmonar, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M vem apresentando interesse crescente da comunidade cient&#237;fica, no que diz respeito a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional<sup>27</sup> e na obten&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica<sup>28</sup>, muito em virtude da sua f&#225;cil metodologia, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2pico</sub> obtido no teste cardiopulmonar<sup>29</sup>. Em nossa amostra, a m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia caminhada mais elevada do que a relatada na literatura pode ser atribu&#237;da ao fato da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ter apresentado menor gravidade (82,6% em CF II - NYHA) e do exame ter sido realizado sob incentivo verbal (teste estimulado). Por&#233;m, recentemente Rubim e cols.<sup>30</sup> encontraram resultados semelhantes ao nosso, quando atribu&#237;ram um valor de corte de 520 metros, como aquele com maior probabilidade de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados sugerem que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de ambos os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, gen&#233;rico (SF-36) e espec&#237;fico (MLHFQ), em pacientes com IC, evidenciou de fraca a moderada correla&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar e dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ivan Daniel Bezerra Nogueirapela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ivan Daniel Bezerra Nogueira </p>
        <p> Rua Ataulfo Alves, 1904/1101 - Candel&#225;ria </p>
        <p> 59064-570 - Natal, RN - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="idpa01@hotmail.com">idpa01@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="idpa02@ufrnet.br">idpa02@ufrnet.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/10/09; revisado recebido em 02/02/10; aceito em 12/02/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Zugck</surname>
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              <surname>Kruger</surname>
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              <surname>Durr</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Gerber</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Haunstetter</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Hornig</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>30. Rubim VSM,    Drumond Neto C, Romeo JLM, Montera MW. Valor progn&#243;stico do teste de    caminhada de seis minutos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol.    2006; 86 (2): 120-5.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico do teste de caminhada de seis minutos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <surname>Rubim</surname>
              <given-names>VSM</given-names>
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              <surname>Drumond Neto</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between quality of life and functional capacity in cardiac failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients with cardiac failure (CF) present progressive incapacity and decreased quality of life, both related to dyspnea and fatigue. Thus, there is the increasing interest in measring the quality of life (QL), by generic instrument, such as the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), by specific instrument, such as Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ). OBJECTIVE: This study has the objective to correlate the QL surveys, SF-36 and MLHFQ, with the functional capacity of patients with CF, expressed by the cardiopulmonary test and the TC6M. METHODS: Using the SF-36 and MLHFQ surveys for QL evaluation, for the evaluation of the functional capacity, it was used the cardiopulmonary test, being executed using a tredmill with Weber protocol, as well sa the distance covered in the walk test of six minutes (TC6M). RESULTS: Forty-six patients were selected with CF diagnosis (22 men, average age of 52 years old), classes II and III of New York Heart Association. It was observed that the mild correlation between the physical and emotional domains of SF-36 and VE/VCO2.peak (r=-0.3; p&lt;0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=0.4; p&lt;0.05), respectively. It was also observed the mild to moderate correlations of MLHFQ total score with VO2.peak (r=-0.5; p&lt;0.05), the aerobic threshold (r=-0.4; p&lt;0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=-0.5; p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the application of both evaluation instruments of QL, generic (SF-36) and specific (MLHFQ) in patients with CF, showed mild and moderate correlation with the variable of the cardiopulmonary test with the variables of the cardiopulmonary test and the distance covered in TC6M.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>dyspnea</kwd>
        <kwd>fatigue</kwd>
        <kwd>respiratory function tests</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Correlation between quality of life and functional capacity in cardiac failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ivan Daniel Bezerra Nogueira<sup>I, II</sup>; Denise Maria Servantes<sup>I</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Ang&#233;lica de Miranda Silva Nogueira<sup>II</sup>; Am&#225;lia Pelcerman<sup>I</sup>; Xiomara Miranda Salvetti<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Salles<sup>I</sup>; Dirceu Rodrigues Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Marco T&#250;lio de Mello<sup>I</sup>; Orlando Campos Filho<sup>I</sup>; Japy Angelini Oliveira Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, RN - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Patients with cardiac failure (CF) present progressive incapacity and decreased quality of life, both related to dyspnea and fatigue. Thus, there is the increasing interest in measuring the quality of life (QL), by generic instrument, such as the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), by specific instrument, such as Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study has the objective to correlate the QL surveys, SF-36 and MLHFQ, with the functional capacity of patients with CF, expressed by the cardiopulmonary test and the TC6M.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Using the SF-36 and MLHFQ surveys for QL evaluation, for the evaluation of the functional capacity, it was used the cardiopulmonary test, being executed using a tredmill with Weber protocol, as well sa the distance covered in the walk test of six minutes (TC6M).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Forty-six patients were selected with CF diagnosis (22 men, average age of 52 years old), classes II and III of New York Heart Association. It was observed that the mild correlation between the physical and emotional domains of SF-36 and VE/VCO<sub>2.peak</sub> (r=-0.3; p&lt;0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=0.4; p&lt;0.05), respectively. It was also observed the mild to moderate correlations of MLHFQ total score with VO<sub>2.peak</sub> (r=-0.5; p&lt;0.05), the aerobic threshold (r=-0.4; p&lt;0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=-0.5; p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The data suggest that the application of both evaluation instruments of QL, generic (SF-36) and specific (MLHFQ) in patients with CF, showed mild and moderate correlation with the variable of the cardiopulmonary test with the variables of the cardiopulmonary test and the distance covered in TC6M.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Quality of life; heart failure; dyspnea; fatigue; respiratory function tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiac failure (CF) is one of the main morbimortality causes all over the world, presenting increased incidence levels and prevalence with aging<sup>1,2</sup>. In Brazil, CF is the first cause among the hospitalization cardiovasculary diseases by Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS, Single Health System) in patients over 65 years old, increasing the costs with hospitalization and medications<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patients with CF experience several symptoms, many of which are non-specific and frequently result in reduction of the functional capacity and in worsening of the quality of life (QL), both related to dyspnea and fatigue during the daily activities<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Quality of life is a discrepancy between satisfaction or dissatisfaction with certain areas of life, as per the perception of the individual himself, being this perception considered the best indicator of QL. In conventional language, satisfaction with life refers to meeting the needs, expectations, aspirations and desires<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is an effort of the scientific community in quantifying the impact of the CF in the life of the patients. Despite the existence of determining factors of functional capacity, such as oxygen consumption in the exercise peak (VO<sub>2.peak</sub>), the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide in the effort peak (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2.peak</sub>), the distance covered in the walk test of six minutes (TC6M), as well as the functional classification of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), the evaluation of the instruments that may indicate the QL of patients with CF is relevant and this way corroborates to the indicators of functional capacity<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the evaluation of QL in CF, the literature presents generic and specific surveys, of which the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) are the most used ones, respectively. However, in the generic and specific questionnaires mentioned above, it is not well established which one best presents the functional capacity of the patients with CF.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to correlate the QL questionnaires, the generic one (SF-36) and the specific one (MLHFQ), with the functional capacity of the patients with CF, expressed by the cardiopulmonary test and TC6M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients with cardiac failure diagnosis were recruited in the outpatient clinic specialized in cardiac failure of a high complexity in cardiology hospital.</p>
      <p>The cases that presented clinical stability, symptoms (functional class II and III as per the NYHA), ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 40%, without hospitalization periods for three months before being admitted in the study were considered as eligible. Patients with acute myocardium infarctation at least three months before the beginning of the study, non controled unstable angina with pain for medication treatment or presence of infra or supra unlevelling of the ST segment in rest, inadequate response of the blood pressure or heart rate during the stress test, ventricular arrhythmias induced by the effort in the previous ergometric test, obstructive valvar disease, congenital cardiopathy, several pulmonary hypertension, or other severe pulmonary disease, confusion or dementia, orthopedic limitation and/or cognitive deficit that could difficult the execution of the tests were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>Previously, the patients were informed on the purpose of the study and they agree by signing an informed consent approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution under the number 0897/07;</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study dynamic</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this prospective and transversal study, the selected patients were submitted to a clinical evaluation for admission in the protocol, including the electrocardiogram analysis in rest, ergometric test and echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>All the patients performed the cardiopulmonary test (TCP) and the walk test of six minutes (TC6M), in addition to be interviewed for evaluating the quality of life related to the health, by means of questionnaires SF-36 and MLHFQ. The walk tests of six minutes were performed in the maximum period of four days after the cardiopulmonary test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram was performed in parasternal cuts (longitudinal and transversal) and apical (four and two chambers), in an apparatus Ultramark 4 CV, with transducer of 3 megahertz. The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was calculated by the Simpson method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiopulmonary test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary tests were performed in lab with temperature varying from 19&#186; to 24&#186; C and air relative humidity between 40% and 60%. It was followed the Weber protocol in rolling treadmill with metabolic analysis by the system Medgraphics CPX Ultima System Operating BreezeSuite 6.4.1 Software (Minneapolis, Minn, USA). The oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) was measured breath by breath, being considered VO<sub>2.peak</sub> the highest value of VO<sub>2</sub> obtained in the test. The anaerobic threshold was estimated by the V-Slope<sup>11</sup> and ventilatory<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following variables were analyzed: oxygen consumption in the effort peak (VO<sub>2.peak</sub>), ventilatory equivalent of the carbon dioxide in the effort peak (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2.peak</sub>), and anareobic threshold (AT).</p>
      <p>The electrocardiographic monitoring of twelve derivations was obtained in rest, laid down and during stress, continuously (Welch Allyn Cardioperfect - Skaneatles, NY, USA). The blood pressure was measured by sfigmomanometer Tycos<sup>TM</sup> and stetoscope Littmann<sup>TM</sup> in rest, during stress every three minutes and recovery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Walk test of six minutes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>On the same day, two TC6M were performed with 1-hour interval between them; the first test was presented to the patient aiming at adapting and learning its methodology.</p>
      <p>The tests were performed in a 30 meter way, by a single examiner, together with one of the service physician, as per the protocol proposed by the American Thoracic Society (ATS)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patients were oriented to walk as per their tolerance to the exercise in the period of six minutes. Encouragement phrases were said during the walk. Before the beginning of each test, the respiratory frequency, the cardiac rate measured by frequency meter POLAR - model FS1 and the blood pressure measured by sfigmomanometer Tyco<sup>TM</sup> and stetoscope Littmann<sup>TM</sup> were obtained, as well as the effort perception by means of the Borg scale (6-20). At the end of each test, the same parameters were recorded again. The final result of the TC6M was the measurement of the total distance covered in meters during six minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quality of life evaluation instrument</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Generic and specific questionnaires for QL evaluation, SF-36 and MLHFQ, respectively were used.</p>
      <p>SF-36 was validated for Portuguese by Ciconelli et al<sup>14</sup>. This questionnaire is a tool that can be applied on persons who are 12 years old on and that aims at surveying the physical and mental health status in the clinical practice individually and in the population in general.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire is consisted of 35 questions that encompass eight domains (or dimensions) in two large components: the physical component that involves the functional capacity (CF), the pain, the general health status (GHS) and the physical aspect (FA); and the mental component that contemplates the mental health (MH), the emotional aspect (EA), the social aspects (SA) and the vitality (V). The purpose of the questions was to transform subjective measures in objective data, which allow analyses in specific, global and reproductible ways.</p>
      <p>Each domain presents a final score from zero to 100, where zero corresponds to the worst health general status and 100, the best health status.</p>
      <p>The MLHFQ questionnaire was validated for Portuguese by Carrara<sup>15</sup> and is consisted of 21 objective questions, which evaluate the physical, socio economical and emotional limitations conditions. Eight questions present a strong relation with the dyspnea and fatigue symptoms and are mentioned as physical dimension measures. Five other questions are strongly related to the emotional dimension and the other questions correspond to the socio economical dimension. For each question, the patient selects a number from 0 to 5. Zero indicates that the cardiac failure does not exercise a limitation and 5 indicates a very high limitation. The final score of MLHFQ varies from 0 to 105. Differently from SF-36, the high score of MLHFQ indicates worse QL.</p>
      <p>This QL instrument has been providing valuable information in surveys, allowing that the response to several therapies are quantified.</p>
      <p>Both instruments for QL evaluation, SF-36 and MLHFQ, were elaborated to be self-administered instruments, being possible, however, to be applied as interviews. This resource was applied in this study, as the interview detected variability of education level among our patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The descriptive analysis was presented as average and standard deviation (SD).</p>
      <p>The normality test for the studied variables indicated normal distribution of data by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which allowed the use of the parametric test for the data.</p>
      <p>The MLHFQ validity, as well as the domains present in the SF-36 in association with VO<sub>2.peak</sub>, V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2.peak,</sub> AT and distance covered in the TC6M were evaluated by means of the Pearson's correlation coefficient, classifying the correlation as perfect (r=1), strong (r&gt;0.75), moderate (r&gt;0.5), mild (r&lt;0.5) and inexistent (r=0). The significance level for the test was of 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the sample are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">table 1</xref>. From the 46 studied patients, 22 (47.8%) were males and 24 (52.2%) were female. The average age of the studied sample was 52 years old (SD 9.0), with ejection fraction of the left ventricle of 30.74% (SD 5.6).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All the patients of our sample were able to conclude the TC6M without stopping the test. It was not seen yet, the presence of arrhythmias that, maybe prevent the performance of the tests.</p>
      <p>The patients included in this study presented, however, deteriorated physical capacity (VO<sub>2.peak</sub> lower than 20 ml/kg/min) and a high MLHFQ score. In this studied sample, 38 patients (82.6%) presented functional class II, as per NYHA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tab. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When correlating the values obtained in the domains of questionnaire SF-36 and the cardiopulmonary variables, it was observed a mild correlation in all the domains of that questionnaire, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09210t3-body2">table 3</xref>. The correlation was significant only in two of the eight aspects evaluated by the questionnaire SF-36 between the two cardiopulmonary variable, while in the physical aspect, and V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2.peak</sub>, as well as the emotional aspect and the distance covered in the TC6M, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09210t3-body2">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09210t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Mild to moderate correlations of the total score of MLHFQ with VO<sub>2.peak</sub>, AT and the distance covered in the TC6M were observed, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0238-00096-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The QL has been considered, under several aspects in the last years as a tool that demonstrates the efficacy of several therapeutical interventions in IC<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The majority of the studies that involves the QL evaluation employes generic questionnaires for such, being able to limit, this way, the sensitivity of the study. Thus, we used, in addition to the generic questionnaire, SF-36, the specific questionnaire, MLHFQ, which is the most used questionnaire for the evaluation of the impact of CF on the QL<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, the QL measured by SF-36 was altered in almost all the domains (FA, EA, CF, Pain, GHS, V), but specifically showed the higher commitment in the physical aspect, which evaluates how the physical health interferes in the work activities, showing, this way, that the functional limitation imposed by the disease is associated to the worsening of QL<sup>20</sup>. Our findings are similar to those showed in Sneed et al<sup>21</sup> study, which revealed low scores for all the domains of SF-36, especially regarding the physical aspect of the patients with CF.</p>
      <p>We evidenced a high total score for MLHFQ (41.86), which implicates in worsening of QL of our sample. Recent studies concluded that the variation of the total score of MLHFQ between 27.7 and 42.7 presents association with the functional class II and III proposed by NYHA, respectively<sup>22</sup>. This fact corroborates our data, in which the functional class (NYHA) varied between II and III.</p>
      <p>However, when analyzing both generic (SF-36) and specific (MLHFQ) questionnaires, due to the variable of the cardiopulmonary test, as well as the distance covered in TC6M, we observed that the MLHFQ presented associated values relatively higher with those variables, presenting a mild to moderate correlation with VO<sub>2.peak</sub> (r=-0.5), AT (r=-0.4) and distance covered in the TC6M (r=-0.5). The other studies also demonstrated associatlon of QL evaluated by MLHFQ with the variables of the cardiovasculary test, as well as the distance covered in TC6M<sup>1,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The MLHFQ was specifically developed for CF, which makes it closer to the reality of this kind of patient, evaluating his/her disease condition. In turn, the generic questionnaire SF-36 was developed to evaluate the health condition in patients with chronic disease<sup>14</sup>, which could determine the values found in our study. However, in this study, both questionnaires presented low correlations associated to the studied variables, which can be justified by the sample size.</p>
      <p>Regarding the cardiopulmonary variables evaluated in the study, our data suggest a functional limitation when it is evaluated the average values of VO<sub>2.peak</sub> (17,27 ml/kg/min) and V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2.peak</sub> (33.39). VO<sub>2.peak</sub>, in addition to be an indicator of functional capacity, it is an index considered as important in the indication of cardiac transplant because it is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced CF. A VO<sub>2</sub> lower than 14 ml/kg/min characterizes an important functional limitation, and when associated to other indicators of CF severity, can help in the indication of the cardiac transplant<sup>24</sup>. Other studies indicate not only VO<sub>2</sub>, but also V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> as being strong independent predictors of the prognosis of patients with IC<sup>10</sup>. The latter presents a value superior to 34 for the stratification of the mortality risk for IC<sup>25</sup>, with increasing risk as the V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>26</sup> value increases.</p>
      <p>In addition to the variables inherent to the cardiopulmonary test, the distance covered in TC6M has been presenting increased interest of the scientific community, concerning the evaluation of the functional capacity<sup>27</sup> and the obtaining of prognostic stratification<sup>28</sup>, most due to its easy methodology, as well as the association to VO<sub>2.peak</sub> obtained in the cardiopulmonary test<sup>29</sup>. In our sample, the measurement of the walk distance higher than the one related in the literature can be attributed to the fact that the studied population has presented lower severity (82.6% in CF II - NYHA) and that the test was performed under verbal encouragement (stimulated test). However, recently, Rubim et al<sup>30</sup> found results similar to ours, while attributing a cutoff value of 520 meters, as those with higher probability of death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data suggest that the application of both QL evaluation instruments, generic (SF-36) and specific (MLHFQ), in patients with CF, provided the evidences of a correlation mild to moderate with the variables of the cardiopulmonary test and distance covered at TC6M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ivan Daniel Bezerra Nogueira, from <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-UNIFESP</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
