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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Cgh68WmD8QxNCtHz3j897Mb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoepfner</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#243;vis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Selma Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>223</fpage>
      <lpage>229</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A import&#226;ncia do manejo adequado e do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA). OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica em adultos atendidos nas unidades b&#225;sicas da sa&#250;de (UBS) do munic&#237;pio de Joinville e dos fatores associados. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados, mediante pesquisa em prontu&#225;rios, em que foram avaliados 415 portadores de HA. Foram avaliados a press&#227;o arterial (PA), os incrementos terap&#234;uticos, os fatores de risco e as comorbidades associadas. RESULTADOS: Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino e de consultas de enfermagem. A idade variou entre 28 e 90 anos (m&#233;dia de 61,5 anos). Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da PA (155,8 &#177; 20,8/95,7 &#177;10,6 mmHg para 140,3 &#177; 22/84,1 &#177; 12,4 mmHg) entre o primeiro e o &#250;ltimo registro e a PA final normal em 36,6% dos pacientes, semelhante para homens e mulheres. Nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, a PA esteve elevada em 1.295 ocasi&#245;es, ocorrendo incremento terap&#234;utico em apenas 156 (12,0%). Foram usados 1,85 f&#225;rmacos por paciente, predominando diur&#233;ticos e IECA. Encontrou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (40%), diabete (41%), LDL elevado (46%) e de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (25,5%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A elevada in&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica, o baixo controle da HA e a elevada presen&#231;a de comorbidades sugerem a necessidade de programas de educa&#231;&#227;o permanente para os profissionais da sa&#250;de e de outras medidas para melhorar o controle da doen&#231;a nas UBS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>In&#233;rcia</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>comorbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>centros de sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Joinville (SC)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>In&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial nas unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cl&#243;vis Hoepfner<sup>I, II</sup>; Selma Cristina Franco<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Municipal S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A import&#226;ncia do manejo adequado e do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial e da in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica em adultos atendidos nas unidades b&#225;sicas da sa&#250;de (UBS) do munic&#237;pio de Joinville e dos fatores associados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados, mediante pesquisa em prontu&#225;rios, em que foram avaliados 415 portadores de HA. Foram avaliados a press&#227;o arterial (PA), os incrementos terap&#234;uticos, os fatores de risco e as comorbidades associadas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino e de consultas de enfermagem. A idade variou entre 28 e 90 anos (m&#233;dia de 61,5 anos). Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da PA (155,8 &#177; 20,8/95,7 &#177;10,6 mmHg para 140,3 &#177; 22/84,1 &#177; 12,4 mmHg) entre o primeiro e o &#250;ltimo registro e a PA final normal em 36,6% dos pacientes, semelhante para homens e mulheres. Nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, a PA esteve elevada em 1.295 ocasi&#245;es, ocorrendo incremento terap&#234;utico em apenas 156 (12,0%). Foram usados 1,85 f&#225;rmacos por paciente, predominando diur&#233;ticos e IECA. Encontrou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (40%), diabete (41%), LDL elevado (46%) e de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (25,5%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A elevada in&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica, o baixo controle da HA e a elevada presen&#231;a de comorbidades sugerem a necessidade de programas de educa&#231;&#227;o permanente para os profissionais da sa&#250;de e de outras medidas para melhorar o controle da doen&#231;a nas UBS.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> In&#233;rcia, hipertens&#227;o/controle, comorbidade, educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, centros de sa&#250;de, Joinville (SC), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; o segundo fator de risco para a morbidade e a mortalidade entre adultos, superado apenas pelo &#225;lcool<sup>1</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o &#233; fator de risco para doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, card&#237;acas, renais, a&#243;rticas e arteriais perif&#233;ricas, por&#233;m o tratamento reduz significativamente o risco das complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>2-6</sup>. Entretanto, a despeito da exist&#234;ncia de tratamentos eficazes e seguros, o controle ainda est&#225; aqu&#233;m do desej&#225;vel<sup>7-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma ferramenta considerada importante para incrementar o controle e reduzir o impacto da doen&#231;a, em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de, s&#227;o as diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>16,17</sup>. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, associada com outras entidades, tem publicado as diretrizes desde 1991, visando a reduzir condutas inadequadas na assist&#234;ncia e constituindo a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, baseada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas.</p>
    <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia em adultos<sup>7,9,12-15</sup>, somada ao fato de ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente sens&#237;vel &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial, torna a HA uma prioridade assistencial no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)<sup>18</sup>. A&#231;&#245;es preventivas como os incentivos para a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas, para melhores h&#225;bitos alimentares e para a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e do tabagismo servem tamb&#233;m para o tratamento<sup>16,17</sup>, Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, disp&#245;e-se de numerosos f&#225;rmacos de efic&#225;cia comprovada em grandes estudos<sup>2-6,19</sup>. O controle da doen&#231;a depende de a&#231;&#245;es adequadas das institui&#231;&#245;es e dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, bem como da ades&#227;o dos pacientes. O SUS oportuniza, de forma ampla e gratuita, acesso aos profissionais de sa&#250;de e aos medicamentos, especialmente nas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de (UBS), tendo alguma dificuldade de oferecer atendimento dos especialistas. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o controle da HA nas UBS da Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de (SMS) de Joinville, Santa Catarina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com an&#225;lise retrospectiva de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, cadastrados na SMS de Joinville. Os pacientes foram selecionados mediante amostragem aleat&#243;ria por conglomerados em dois est&#225;gios, por&#233;m cada UBS constituiu um conglomerado. No primeiro est&#225;gio quatorze UBS (25%) do total de cinquenta e seis foram sorteadas, incluindo unidades de atendimento convencional (cinco) e da estrat&#233;gia de sa&#250;de da fam&#237;lia (nove), que contemplaram as nove regionais de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio. No segundo est&#225;gio, os pacientes de cada UBS foram selecionados por amostragem aleat&#243;ria sistem&#225;tica, com probabilidade proporcional ao n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios vinculados &#224; unidade. Sorteou-se o d&#237;gito final do prontu&#225;rio, de zero a nove, incluindo-se todos com o mesmo d&#237;gito final, na sequ&#234;ncia do cadastramento na unidade. Quando o paciente n&#227;o preenchia os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, era substitu&#237;do pelo seguinte e assim por diante, at&#233; se obter a quantidade determinada para aquela UBS. Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: homens e mulheres, maiores de 18 anos, portadores de HA com acompanhamento m&#237;nimo de doze meses, completados at&#233; 1&#186; de janeiro de 2007, com pelo menos duas consultas no ano de 2007, com m&#233;dico e/ou enfermeiro, que inclu&#237;ssem aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>A amostra foi calculada com base nos 27.000 usu&#225;rios cadastrados no Servi&#231;o de Assist&#234;ncia Farmac&#234;utica da SMS<sup>20</sup> e na preval&#234;ncia esperada de controle da HA em 30% deles, com precis&#227;o desejada de 0,05 e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, obtendo-se o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 319 pacientes.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do prontu&#225;rio incluiu caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, como sexo, idade e UBS de origem e a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e comorbidades como tabagismo, sedentarismo, obesidade, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), insufici&#234;ncia coronariana (ICO), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), doen&#231;a vascular arterial de extremidades e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC). Fatores de risco e comorbidades foram identificados pelos registros realizados no prontu&#225;rio ou pelos laudos dos exames complementares. Por inexistirem no prontu&#225;rio, as caracter&#237;sticas sociais e econ&#244;micas n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das.</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento por hipertens&#227;o foi calculado em meses, contados desde a primeira consulta por HA na UBS at&#233; o m&#234;s de janeiro de 2007, sendo avaliados os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) no in&#237;cio do tratamento (PA inicial), no in&#237;cio e no final de 2007 (PA final 1 e 2). Para efeito deste estudo, consideraram-se a PA normalizada, mediante o registro de PAS inferior a 140 mmHg e PAD inferior a 86 mmHg (130/80 mmHg nos casos de DM e DRC) por ocasi&#227;o da &#250;ltima consulta em 2007, e a HA controlada, quando todas as PA registradas em 2007 foram normais. Para o c&#225;lculo da in&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica, foram utilizados os registros de PA elevada e de mudan&#231;a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica efetuada em 2007.</p>
    <p>No ano de 2007, foram avaliados o n&#250;mero de consultas de enfermagem e de medicina, as aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial, as altera&#231;&#245;es da terap&#234;utica (dose ou associa&#231;&#227;o) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares (glicemia, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol e fra&#231;&#245;es, creatinina, pot&#225;ssio, parcial de urina e eletrocardiograma). Foram quantificados os f&#225;rmacos usados no tratamento, identificados como diur&#233;ticos, beta-bloqueadores (BB), bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e outros, e o n&#250;mero de doses di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados com SPSS 12.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas com frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o t-student e o Kruskal-Wallis, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Utilizou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (IC 95% para as preval&#234;ncias estudadas).</p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Regional de Joinville (UNIVILLE) e autorizado pela Ger&#234;ncia das Unidades de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica da SMS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 754 prontu&#225;rios, sendo exclu&#237;dos 339, dos quais 20% por inexistir HA. Dessa forma a amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 415 indiv&#237;duos, predominando o sexo feminino, com a m&#233;dia de idade de 61,5 &#177; 11,6 anos (28 a 90 anos) para homens e mulheres. O per&#237;odo de tratamento variou entre 12 e 324 meses (m&#233;dia de 75,4 &#177; 49,3 meses). Dos 415 pacientes, 22 (5,3%) foram atendidos somente pela enfermagem, e 19 (4,6%) realizaram apenas consultas m&#233;dicas em 2007. Houve predom&#237;nio das consultas de enfermagem (m&#233;dia de 3,6 &#177; 2,8, de 0 a 18, at&#233; 5 no percentil 75) sobre as consultas m&#233;dicas (2,6 &#177; 1,9, de 0 a 17, at&#233; 3 no percentil 75).</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas 2.082 medidas da PA (at&#233; 6 no percentil 75), encontrando-se 1.295 (62,2%) anormais (0 a 19, m&#233;dia de 3,1&#177;2,9), com apenas 53 pacientes (12,8%, m&#233;dia de 3,6 medidas) sem registro de PA elevada em 2007. Ao se deparar com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados, os m&#233;dicos promoveram incrementos na terap&#234;utica em 156 ocasi&#245;es (12,0%), favorecendo 122 (29,5%) dos hipertensos com mudan&#231;as no n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos ou de doses, sendo 103 pacientes beneficiados com uma altera&#231;&#227;o. O tratamento produziu significativas redu&#231;&#245;es da PAS e da PAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Na &#250;ltima aferi&#231;&#227;o, observou-se PAS e PAD normal em 41,6% e 57,5% dos pacientes, respectivamente, encontrando-se ambas normais em 36,6%.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os exames complementares recomendados para avalia&#231;&#227;o anual foram solicitados para 72% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Nos prontu&#225;rios, n&#227;o foram encontradas anota&#231;&#245;es que indicassem o est&#225;gio da HA e das les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, conforme preconizado pelo protocolo de HA da SMS, para classifica&#231;&#227;o e seguimento dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco associados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter a preval&#234;ncia do sedentarismo nem do hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, devido ao escasso registro nos prontu&#225;rios. Predominaram a obesidade ou o sobrepeso, o diabetes e o LDL-C elevado, todos acima dos 40%, seguidos pela hipertrigliceridemia, o HDL-C baixo e o tabagismo. Entre as complica&#231;&#245;es, predominou a HVE, seguida pela ICO, AVC e DRC, com baixa preval&#234;ncia da IC e da doen&#231;a arterial das extremidades. Apenas para a HVE foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a persist&#234;ncia da PA elevada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09110t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09110t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na distribui&#231;&#227;o das diversas vari&#225;veis, demogr&#225;ficas, de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos utilizados no tratamento e de comorbidades entre os pacientes com a PA final normalizada ou elevada, foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa apenas para os incrementos terap&#234;uticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres, ambos com 36,6%, nem entre as UBS de ESF e convencionais (38,6% e 34,7%, p 0,461), na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com a PA final normalizada. No tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, foi observada maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos diur&#233;ticos (72,4%) e dos IECA (70,5%), seguindo-se os BB (29,4%), os BCC (14,5%) e 5% com outros f&#225;rmacos. N&#227;o se observou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos (1,7 &#177; 0,8 e 1,8 &#177; 0,8) e de doses (3,3 &#177; 2,1 e 3,8 &#177; 2,3) utilizados no in&#237;cio e no final de 2007. N&#227;o foram efetuadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre monoterapia e terapia combinada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias que comprovam o impacto do tratamento da HA na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade<sup>2-6</sup>, o controle da doen&#231;a &#233; prec&#225;rio na maioria dos locais. Wolf-Maier<sup>10</sup> avaliou grandes estudos nacionais realizados em sete pa&#237;ses, entre 1990 e 2000, comparando preval&#234;ncia, tratamento e controle. Os menores n&#237;veis de tratamento, inferiores a 32%, foram encontrados na Inglaterra, Su&#233;cia, Alemanha, Espanha e It&#225;lia. No Canad&#225; e nos Estados Unidos, estavam em tratamento 36% e 53% dos hipertensos, respectivamente. O controle da doen&#231;a foi inferior a 10% nos pa&#237;ses europeus, em contraste com os 17% no Canad&#225; e os 29% nos Estados Unidos. O estudo HYDRA<sup>11</sup>, realizado na Alemanha, com pacientes acompanhados na Aten&#231;&#227;o Primaria &#224; Sa&#250;de (APS), revelou tratamento e controle da HA em 64% e 19%, respectivamente. Estudo espanhol<sup>8</sup> que envolveu 29.148 pacientes avaliados com registro de mapeamento ambulatorial da PA (MAPA), em APS, mostrou &#237;ndice de controle inferior a 16%.</p>
    <p>Em Cienfuegos, Cuba, um estudo transversal<sup>21</sup> foi realizado em 2001-2002, com uma amostra de 1.475 homens e mulheres, com idade entre 25 e 74 anos. O estudo faz parte do projeto CARMEN, da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Pan-Americana de Sa&#250;de. O pessoal t&#233;cnico foi treinado para o trabalho, as medidas da PA foram realizadas nos consult&#243;rios e foram repetidas com intervalos de um minuto. Um sinal da qualidade do trabalho foi o registro de mais de 75% das medidas da PA com o d&#237;gito final diferente de zero. Em nossa amostra, apenas um m&#233;dico apresentou tais registros da PA. Metade das mulheres e 39,9% do total de hipertensos tinham a press&#227;o controlada. Apenas 21,5% dos hipertensos desconheciam a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a, na maioria homens jovens. O &#237;ndice de controle da HA &#233; not&#225;vel e provavelmente est&#225; relacionado com o acesso universal e a gratuidade dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos brasileiros mostram os &#237;ndices de controle da HA, citando-se Souza<sup>14</sup>, que encontrou, em Campo Grande-MS, tratamento de 57,3% e controle em 39,5%; Pereira<sup>13</sup>, que encontrou, em Tubar&#227;o-SC, 10,1% de controle entre os 46,8% de hipertensos em tratamento; e Gus<sup>15</sup>, no Rio Grande do Sul, que encontrou controle em 10,4%. Mesmo em servi&#231;os especializados, os &#237;ndices de controle est&#227;o aqu&#233;m do desej&#225;vel, como relatam Barbosa<sup>22</sup> e Freitas<sup>23</sup>, que, em centros de cardiologia e de nefrologia, encontraram menos de 25% dos hipertensos controlados. O presente estudo exibe PA final normal em 36,6% e controle em 12,8% dos indiv&#237;duos tratados, sem diferen&#231;as entre as UBS convencionais e da ESF, contrariando a expectativa de melhores resultados na ESF, em decorr&#234;ncia do suposto maior v&#237;nculo dos profissionais com a comunidade.</p>
    <p>O controle insuficiente tem causas variadas, incluindo o desconhecimento da doen&#231;a por parte significativa dos portadores<sup>7,9,12-15,21</sup>, a falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento<sup>24</sup> e o manejo inadequado do tratamento por parte dos profissionais da sa&#250;de<sup>25-27</sup>. Wang e Vasan<sup>27</sup>, em artigo de revis&#227;o, citam como causas relacionadas aos pacientes a obesidade, o sedentarismo e a idade avan&#231;ada. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade, no presente estudo, est&#225; muito elevada, n&#227;o sendo encontrado registro do sedentarismo nos prontu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Ensaios com diversas classes de f&#225;rmacos, assim como estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, mostram que o tratamento adequado da HA promove redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es em poucos anos<sup>5,6</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral &#233; da ordem de 33% a 50% nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e de 35% a 40% em epidemiologia. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; de 4% a 22% nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e de 20% a 25% em epidemiologia<sup>6</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel prevenir um &#243;bito em cada onze hipertensos tratados, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 12 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial e o tratamento simult&#226;neo de outro fator de risco<sup>17</sup>. Na amostra aqui avaliada, encontrou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es (35%), fato que aumenta a import&#226;ncia do tratamento adequado da HA. A elevada preval&#234;ncia do diabetes sugere a exist&#234;ncia de um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, nas UBS, para acompanhamento de pacientes com doen&#231;as mais severas. Todavia, um estudo realizado por Cabral em 2005-2006 em Joinville, em pacientes com AVC, tamb&#233;m registrou uma elevada preval&#234;ncia (26,9%) de DM<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os ensaios com f&#225;rmacos mostram que &#233; poss&#237;vel atingir n&#237;veis normais da PA em elevado n&#250;mero dos participantes<sup>2,3,5,6,19,29</sup>. No estudo ALLHAT<sup>19</sup>, ap&#243;s quatro anos de acompanhamento, a PA estava controlada em 72% dos indiv&#237;duos brancos latinos e em 69% dos negros latinos. No CONVINCE<sup>29</sup>, o controle foi mantido durante os dois anos da pesquisa, em 69% dos participantes. O ensaio HOT<sup>3</sup> mostrou que os n&#237;veis mais baixos de eventos cardiovasculares ocorreram com a PAD inferior a 85 mmHg. Surge, ent&#227;o, o questionamento: porque somente nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos se conseguem elevados n&#237;veis de controle da HA? Diversos estudos sugerem que uma parcela importante da responsabilidade pelo problema est&#225; no comportamento dos m&#233;dicos. Berlowitz e cols.<sup>25</sup>, em estudo realizado entre 1990 e 1995, avaliaram os cuidados dispensados a 800 homens hipertensos, acompanhados na Nova Inglaterra. Descobriram que, aproximadamente, 40% dos pacientes mantiveram PA acima de 160/90 mmHg, apesar da m&#233;dia de seis consultas anuais. Incrementos na terapia aconteceram em menos de 7% das consultas. Concluiu-se que muitos m&#233;dicos s&#227;o complacentes nos cuidados com a hipertens&#227;o. Quando o estudo foi repetido em 1999<sup>26</sup>, 18% dos pacientes mantinham a press&#227;o arterial acima de 160/100 mmHg, e 57%, acima dos 140/90 mmHg. Outro estudo realizado em APS<sup>29</sup>, mediante revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes n&#227;o controlados, mostrou mudan&#231;as na terap&#234;utica em somente 38% das consultas<sup>30</sup>. O presente estudo demonstra que h&#225; baixo controle da doen&#231;a e que os profissionais das UBS deixam passar muitas oportunidades de intensificar o tratamento dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Phillips e cols.<sup>31</sup> apontam o modelo biom&#233;dico, focado no al&#237;vio dos sintomas, como uma das causas de falha no manejo da hipertens&#227;o. Os autores mencionam a chamada "in&#233;rcia cl&#237;nica", isto &#233;, a falha dos profissionais de sa&#250;de em iniciar ou intensificar uma terapia quando indicada. Para eles, a in&#233;rcia clinica &#233; devida a tr&#234;s problemas: hiperestima&#231;&#227;o do cuidado fornecido; uso de raz&#245;es "fracas" para evitar a intensifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e lacunas na educa&#231;&#227;o, no treinamento e na pr&#225;tica organizacional voltada para alcan&#231;ar metas terap&#234;uticas. Hyman e Pavlik<sup>32</sup> enviaram question&#225;rios para 1.200 m&#233;dicos de APS, buscando conhecer as pr&#225;ticas relacionadas ao tratamento da HA. Constataram que 25% a 43% dos m&#233;dicos somente iniciavam ou intensificavam o tratamento da HA quando a PAD superava os 95 mmHg ou a PAS superava os 160 mmHg.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes de HA<sup>16,17</sup> constituem uma das ferramentas utilizadas para superar as lacunas no conhecimento m&#233;dico. Todavia, os m&#233;dicos da APS, generalistas, frequentemente desconhecem as diretrizes, habitualmente direcionadas aos cardiologistas e nefrologistas. Estudo realizado no Brasil<sup>33</sup>, em 2004, constatou que apenas 42,7% dos cl&#237;nicos haviam recebido as IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o. Hyman e Pavlik<sup>32</sup> constataram que 49% dos m&#233;dicos de APS desconheciam as diretrizes americanas. Em Joinville, em estudo recente, foi constatado que 36,8% dos m&#233;dicos da APS desconheciam as diretrizes brasileiras. Outras vezes, os m&#233;dicos conhecem as diretrizes, por&#233;m aderem apenas parcialmente &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es<sup>26,29,32,34</sup>. Entre as justificativas da ader&#234;ncia parcial est&#227;o: maiores prazos para monitorar a PA; satisfa&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis alcan&#231;ados no tratamento, mesmo quando elevados; considera&#231;&#227;o de que as diretrizes s&#227;o restritivas e possuem metas exageradas; supostos efeitos colaterais tardios dos f&#225;rmacos e redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida gerada pelo tratamento. Estudo espanhol<sup>34</sup>, ao analisar a implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes europeias, arrolou dificuldades encontradas para a ampla aceita&#231;&#227;o. Segundo o estudo que analisou as entrevistas de 2.841 m&#233;dicos, os generalistas por vezes desconfiam das inten&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica e dos resultados dos ensaios farmacol&#243;gicos. O conhecimento diferenciado e as pr&#225;ticas arraigadas tamb&#233;m dificultam a implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes. Para os entrevistados, as diretrizes facilitam a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular global e a escolha da melhor terap&#234;utica para cada paciente, mas n&#227;o existe consenso de que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es resultem em melhor controle da HA, ou em menos complica&#231;&#245;es futuras. Em recente an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica<sup>35</sup>, at&#233; especialistas como Zanchetti, Grassi e Mancia, consideraram limitadas as evid&#234;ncias para algumas das recomenda&#231;&#245;es das principais diretrizes.</p>
    <p>Apesar das controv&#233;rsias, observou-se crescimento, na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, do diagn&#243;stico<sup>7,9,36</sup>, do tratamento e do controle<sup>7,9,36,37</sup>. Nos Estados Unidos<sup>7</sup>, entre 1994 e 2004, aumentou o n&#250;mero de hipertensos em tratamento, de 53,1% para 61,4%, e de hipertensos sob controle adequado, de 26,1% para 35,1%. Na Inglaterra<sup>9</sup>, dobraram os &#237;ndices de controle entre 1994 e 2003, e aumentou o n&#250;mero de hipertensos em uso de dois ou mais f&#225;rmacos (56%). O Programa Canadense de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Hipertens&#227;o (CHEP)<sup>36,37</sup> come&#231;ou em 1999. Desde os primeiros anos de implementa&#231;&#227;o, provocou um grande incremento em diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. At&#233; 2003, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o cresceu em 65,1%, e o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em tratamento aumentou em 77%. Ocorreram redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade anual por AVC, IC, e IAM e significativa queda na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por AVC e IC, comparando-se os per&#237;odos antes e depois de 1999. O percentual de hipertensos diagnosticados e n&#227;o tratados diminuiu de 31,47 para 15,34. Cabral e cols.<sup>38</sup>, ao compararem os achados de 1995 com os de 2005/06, constataram redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia (27%) do AVC em Joinville, sugerindo melhora na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Foi observado que algumas a&#231;&#245;es recomendadas pelo protocolo da SMS<sup>20</sup> t&#234;m execu&#231;&#227;o inadequada por parte dos profissionais da sa&#250;de, citando-se a frequente presen&#231;a do d&#237;gito final zero no registro press&#243;rico, o raro registro do sedentarismo e do hist&#243;rico familiar, a insuficiente solicita&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares e a aus&#234;ncia de registro da classifica&#231;&#227;o da HA e das les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Essas &#250;ltimas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para o aprazamento das consultas e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos para os pacientes, e a aus&#234;ncia sugere que, no processo de trabalho da equipe de sa&#250;de, inexistem crit&#233;rios para se priorizar o atendimento dos pacientes mais graves e os que apresentam maior risco potencial para as complica&#231;&#245;es da HA.</p>
    <p>&#201; prov&#225;vel que uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o busque ou n&#227;o tenha acesso aos servi&#231;os prestados pelas UBS, impossibilitando o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Outra parcela j&#225; diagnosticada pode estar exclu&#237;da do sistema. O elevado percentual de comorbidades sugere diagn&#243;stico tardio e tratamento insuficiente da HA. Entre os hipertensos atendidos, muitos deixaram de ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo devido ao seguimento inadequado. No grupo estudado, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o importante dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos m&#233;dios. Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes permanece sem controle da doen&#231;a, existindo evid&#234;ncias de importante in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica. Os prontu&#225;rios disp&#245;em de impressos apropriados para um registro bem estruturado, todavia eles n&#227;o s&#227;o utilizados pelos profissionais, fato que limita a qualidade dos registros e do nosso estudo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que mais hipertensos tenham recebido tratamento medicamentoso ou n&#227;o medicamentoso adicional, sem o devido registro. Tamb&#233;m a falta de ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento pode ter sido constatada, n&#227;o registrada, sendo mantida a terap&#234;utica pr&#233;via. Da mesma forma que a in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica pode estar superestimada, as comorbidades podem estar subestimadas. Em consequ&#234;ncia dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, a amostra n&#227;o representa a totalidade dos hipertensos em acompanhamento nas UBS.</p>
    <p>A revis&#227;o da literatura mundial<sup>36,37,39,40</sup> sugere que programas de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada que utilizam m&#250;ltiplas ferramentas de ensino e treinamento, adaptadas &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es locais, e que interv&#234;m sobre estudantes, residentes, m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais da sa&#250;de t&#234;m possibilidade de sucesso. O acesso facilitado aos m&#233;dicos especialistas, o atendimento multiprofissional e as interven&#231;&#245;es de ordem administrativa tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes para melhorar o controle da doen&#231;a<sup>16,21,36,37,39,40</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cl&#243;vis Hoepfner pela Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Clovis Hoepfner </p>
        <p> Rua Orestes Guimar&#227;es, 422/901 - Centro </p>
        <p> 89204-060 - Joinville, SC - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hoepfner@cardiol.br">hoepfner@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clinica@espacovitagt.com.br">clinica@espacovitagt.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/10/09; revisado recebido em 01/04/10; aceito em 13/04/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Therapeutic inertia and control of high blood pressure in primary health care units</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The importance of adequate management and control of high blood pressure (HBP). OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension control and therapeutic inertia among adults treated at primary health care units (PHCU) in the city of Joinville, as well as the associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, which included cluster sampling and analysis of medical records, with the evaluation of 415 patients with high blood pressure. We evaluated the blood pressure (BP), increments of therapy, risk factors and comorbidities. RESULTS: There was prevalence of females and nursing appointments. The age ranged between 28 and 90 years (mean of 61.5 years). There was a reduction in the mean BP (155.8 &#177; 20.8/95.7 &#177; 10.6 mmHg to 140.3 &#177; 22/84.1 &#177; 12.4 mmHg) between the first and last record and the final normal BP in 36.6% of patients, with similar results for men and women. Over the past 12 months, the BP was high on 1,295 occasions, and there was a therapeutic increment on only 156 occasions (12.0%). 1.85 drugs were used per patient, mainly diuretics and ACE inhibitors. There was high prevalence of obesity (40%), diabetes (41%), high LDL (46%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (25.5%). CONCLUSION: The high therapeutic inertia, low control of high blood pressure and the large number of comorbidities suggest the need for continuing education programs for health professionals and other measures to improve the disease control in primary health care units.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Inertia</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>health education</kwd>
        <kwd>health centers</kwd>
        <kwd>Joinville (SC)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Therapeutic inertia and control of high blood pressure in primary health care units</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cl&#243;vis Hoepfner<sup>I, II</sup>; Selma Cristina Franco<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Municipal S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de, Joinville, Santa Catarina - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The importance of adequate management and control of high blood pressure (HBP).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of hypertension control and therapeutic inertia among adults treated at primary health care units (PHCU) in the city of Joinville, as well as the associated factors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study, which included cluster sampling and analysis of medical records, with the evaluation of 415 patients with high blood pressure. We evaluated the blood pressure (BP), increments of therapy, risk factors and comorbidities.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was prevalence of females and nursing appointments. The age ranged between 28 and 90 years (mean of 61.5 years). There was a reduction in the mean BP (155.8 &#177; 20.8/95.7 &#177; 10.6 mmHg to 140.3 &#177; 22/84.1 &#177; 12.4 mmHg) between the first and last record and the final normal BP in 36.6% of patients, with similar results for men and women. Over the past 12 months, the BP was high on 1,295 occasions, and there was a therapeutic increment on only 156 occasions (12.0%). 1.85 drugs were used per patient, mainly diuretics and ACE inhibitors. There was high prevalence of obesity (40%), diabetes (41%), high LDL (46%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (25.5%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high therapeutic inertia, low control of high blood pressure and the large number of comorbidities suggest the need for continuing education programs for health professionals and other measures to improve the disease control in primary health care units.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Inertia; hypertension/control; comorbidity; health education; health centers; Joinville (SC); Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In developing countries, high blood pressure (HBP) is the second risk factor for morbidity and mortality among adults, second only to alcohol<sup>1</sup>. High blood pressure is a risk factor for cerebrovascular, cardiac, renal, aortic and peripheral arterial diseases, but the treatment significantly reduces the risk of complications<sup>2-6</sup> However, despite the existence of effective and safe treatments, the control is still below desired levels<sup>7-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The guidelines on hypertension are an important tool to increase control and reduce the impact of the disease, in all health care levels<sup>16,17</sup>. The Brazilian Society of Cardiology, together with other organizations, has published guidelines since 1991, with the purpose of preventing improper conduct in health care services and providing the best option for diagnosis and treatment, based on scientific evidence.</p>
      <p>High blood pressure is a priority of care in SUS (National Unified Health System) due to its high prevalence in adults, in addition the fact that it is a condition that is high blood pressure is a priority of care in SUS (National Unified Health System) due to its high prevalence in adults<sup>7,9,12-15</sup>, in addition the fact that it is a condition that is highly sensitive to ambulatory care<sup>18</sup>. Preventive measures such as the incentives to do physical exercises, to improve eating habits and to reduce weight and smoking are also used for treatment <sup>16,17</sup>. With respect to drug therapy, there are many drugs available whose efficiency has been confirmed in large studies<sup>2-6,19</sup>. The control of the disease depends on ensuring that proper actions are taken by institutions and by health professionals, and on ensuring that patients will follow the recommendations. SUS offers wide and free access to health care professionals and medicines, especially in primary health care units (PHCU), but SUS has some difficulty in offering expert care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the control of high blood pressure in PHCU's of SMS (Municipal Health Office) of Joinville City, Santa Catarina State.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study that includes a retrospective analysis of charts of patients with high blood pressure, registered with Joinville's SMS. Patients were selected by random cluster sampling in two stages, but each PHCU formed one cluster. In the first stage, fourteen PHCUs (25%) out of fifty-six were selected, including conventional care units (five) and family health strategy units (nine), covering the nine regional health sections of the municipality. In the second stage, patients from each PHCU were selected by systematic random sampling, with probability proportional to the number of users that belong to the unit. We randomly selected the final digit of the patients' chart, from zero to nine, including all with the same final digit, in the sequence of registration at the unit. When the patient did not meet the inclusion criteria, he was replaced with the following patient and so on, until the amount specified for that PHCU was obtained. The inclusion criteria were: men and women, over the age of 18, suffering from high blood pressure who had been monitored for at least the past twelve months (ending by January 1, 2007), who had paid at least two visits to a doctor and/or nurse in 2007, in which there were blood pressure measurements.</p>
      <p>The calculation of the sample was based on 27,000 users registered at the SMS's Department of Pharmaceutical Care<sup>20</sup>, as well as on the expected prevalence of hypertension control in 30% of such users, with desired precision of 0.05 and a confidence level of 95%, which resulted in the minimum number of 319 patients.</p>
      <p>The analysis of medical records included the patients' demographic characteristics, such as gender, age and PHCU of origin, and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities such as smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, family history of cardiovascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), peripheral artery disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Risk factors and comorbidities were identified by checking the patients' medical records or by looking at reports of supplemental tests. The social and economic characteristics were not included, because they had not been included in the patient's chart/records.</p>
      <p>The hypertension monitoring was calculated in months, counting from the first appointment for high blood pressure at the PHCU until the month of January 2007, and we evaluated the values of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the beginning of the treatment (initial BP), at the beginning and at the end of 2007 (final BP 1 and 2). For this study, BP was considered to be normal, when the SBP recorded was &lt;140 mmHg and when the DBP recorded was below 86 mmHg (130/80 mmHg in cases of DM and CKD) in the last appointment in 2007. The high blood pressure was considered to be controlled when all BP measurements made in 2007 revealed that the BP levels were normal. To calculate the therapeutic inertia, we used the records of high BP and change in drug therapy made in 2007.</p>
      <p>In 2007, we evaluated the number of visits to nurses and to doctors, blood pressure measurements, changes in therapy (dose or combination) and supplemental testing (blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and fractions, creatinine, potassium, partial urine and electrocardiogram). We quantified the drugs used in the treatment, which were identified as diuretics, beta-blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and others. Then, we quantified the number of daily doses.</p>
      <p>The data were analyzed by using SPSS 12.0. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, mean and standard deviation. To analyze the differences between the groups, we used the chi-square test, for categorical variables, and the Student's t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. We used the significance level of 5% (95% CI for the prevalence studied).</p>
      <p>The research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Regional University of Joinville (UNIVILLE) and it was approved by the Management of the Primary Health Care Units of SMS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seven hundred and fifty-four (754) patient records were analyzed. 339 of them were excluded, 20% of which were excluded due to the absence of high blood pressure. Thus, the sample consisted of 415 individuals, predominantly female, mean age 61.5 &#177; 11.6 years (28 to 90 years) for men and women. The treatment period ranged between 12 and 324 months (mean of 75.4 &#177; 49.3 months). Out of the 415 patients, 22 (5.3%) paid visits only to nurses, and 19 (4.6%) paid visits only to doctors in 2007. Visits to a nurse (mean of 3.6 &#177; 2.8, from 0 to 18, up to 5 in the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile) prevailed over visits to physicians (2.6 &#177; 1.9, from 0 to 17, until 3 in the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile).</p>
      <p>2082 measurements of BP were made (up to six in the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile) and, in 1295 (62.2%) measurements, the BP level was abnormal (0 to 19, mean of 3.1 &#177; 2.9), with only 53 patients (12.8%, mean of 3.6 measurements) with no record of high BP in 2007. When the doctors found high levels of blood pressure, they made changes to the therapy in 156 cases (12.0%), favoring 122 (29.5%) of the hypertensive patients, by altering the number of drugs or doses, with 103 patients having benefited from one change. The treatment caused significant reductions in SBP and DBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). In the last measurement, the SBP and DBP were normal in 41.6% and 57.5% of patients, respectively, with both SBP and DBP at normal levels in 36.6% of patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Supplemental tests recommended for annual evaluation were requested for 72% of patients.</p>
      <p>In the patients' medical records, there were no notes indicating the stage of the hypertension and target organ damage, as recommended by the hypertension protocol of SMS, for classification and monitoring of patients.</p>
      <p>With respect to associated risk factors, it was not possible to determine the prevalence of the sedentary lifestyle or family history of cardiovascular disease, due to the scarceness of information in the medical records. There was prevalence of obesity or overweight, diabetes and high LDL-C, all above 40%, followed by the hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and smoking. Among the complications, there was prevalence of LVH, followed by CAD (coronary artery disease), stroke and CKD, with a low prevalence of CI and peripheral arterial disease. A positive association with continuation of high BP was noted only for LVH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09110t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09110t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the distribution of the several variables, such as demography, clinical monitoring, number of drugs used in the treatment and comorbidities among patients whose final BP was normal or high, there was a significant difference only for therapeutic increments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0223-00095-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There were no significant differences between men and women, both with 36.6%, or between family health strategy PHCUs and conventional PHCUs (38.6% and 34.7%, p = 0.461), in the distribution of patients with normalized final BP. In the drug treatment, there was greater use of diuretics (72.4%) and ACEI (70.5%), followed by BB (29.4%), CCB (14.5%) and 5% with other drugs. There was no significant variation between the number of drugs (1.7&#177;0.8 and 1.8&#177;0.8) and doses (3.3&#177;2.1 and 3.8&#177;2.3) used in the beginning and at the end of 2007. No comparisons were drawn between monotherapy and combination therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite evidence that confirms the impact of the hypertension treatment in reducing morbidity and mortality<sup>2-6</sup>, the disease control is poor in most places. Wolf-Maier<sup>10</sup> evaluated large national studies conducted in seven countries, between 1990 and 2000, comparing the prevalence, treatment and control. The lowest levels of treatment, below 32%, were found in England, Sweden, Germany, Spain and Italy. In Canada and the United States, 36% and 53% of the hypertensive patients, respectively, were under treatment. The control of the disease was below 10% in European countries, in contrast to 17% in Canada and 29% in the United States. The HYDRA study<sup>11</sup>, which was conducted in Germany with patients monitored in Primary Health Care (PHC), revealed treatment and control of hypertension in 64% and 19%, respectively. A Spanish study<sup>8</sup> involving 29,148 patients evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), in PHC, the control rate was below 16%.</p>
      <p>In Cienfuegos, Cuba, a cross-sectional study<sup>21</sup> was conducted in 2001-2002 with a sample of 1,475 men and women, aged between 25 and 74. The study is part of the CARMEN project, from the Pan American Health Organization. The technical staff was trained for the job. The BP measurements were made in clinics and were repeated at intervals of one minute. A sign of the work quality was the fact that more than 75% of the BP measurements had a final digit other than zero. In our sample, only one physician showed such records of the BP. The blood pressure was controlled in half of the women and 39.9% of hypertensive patients. Only 21.5% of hypertensive patients were unaware of the presence of the disease, mostly young men. The hypertension control rate is remarkable and it is probably related to the accessibility and gratuitousness of health services.</p>
      <p>Some Brazilian studies have shown rates of hypertension control. Among such studies, it is possible to mention Souza<sup>14</sup>, who found, in the city of Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, the treatment of 57.3% and control in 39.5%; Pereira<sup>13</sup>, who found, in the city of Tubar&#227;o, State of Santa Catarina, 10.1% of control among 46.8% of hypertensive patients undergoing treatment; and Gus<sup>15</sup>, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, who found control in 10.4%. Even in specialized services, the control rates are below desired levels, as reported by Barbosa<sup>22</sup> and Freitas<sup>23</sup>, who found, in centers of cardiology and nephrology, less than 25% of hypertensive patients being controlled. This study shows normal final BP in 36.6% and control in 12.8% of treated individuals, without any differences between conventional PHCUs and family health strategy (FHS) PHCUs, contrary to expectations of better results in FHS PHCUs, due to the supposedly closer relationship of the professionals with the community.</p>
      <p>There are different causes for insufficient control, including the fact that a significant share of people that have the disease are unaware of such disease<sup>7,9,13-15,21</sup>, as well as the lack of adherence to treatment<sup>24</sup> and the improper management of the treatment by health professionals<sup>25-27</sup>. Wang and Vasan<sup>27</sup>, in a review article, mention obesity, sedentary lifestyle and old age as causes related to the patients. The prevalence of obesity in this study is very high, but no record of sedentary lifestyle was found in the patients' medical records.</p>
      <p>Tests with several classes of drugs, as well as epidemiological studies, show that the proper treatment of hypertension allows reducing the complications in a few years<sup>5,6</sup>. The reduction in cases of stroke is around 33% to 50% in the clinical trials and 35% to 40% in the epidemiological studies. The reduction in the rates of coronary disease is between 4% and 22% in the clinical trials and between 20% and 25% in the epidemiological studies<sup>6</sup>. It is possible to prevent one death in every eleven hypertensive patients treated, with reduction of 12 mmHg in blood pressure and simultaneous treatment of another risk factor<sup>17</sup>. In the sample analyzed here, we found a high prevalence of complications (35%), which is a fact that increases the importance of a proper hypertension treatment. The high prevalence of diabetes suggests the existence of a selection bias, in PHCUs, towards monitoring patients with more severe diseases. However, a study conducted by Cabral in 2005-2006 in Joinville, with patients that had suffered a stroke, also revealed a high prevalence (26.9%) of DM<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>The tests with drugs show that it is possible to reach normal levels of BP in a large number of participants<sup>2,3,5,6,19,29</sup>. In the ALLHAT study<sup>19</sup>, after four years of monitoring, BP was controlled in 72% of white Latin Americans and in 69% of Afro-Latin Americans. In CONVINCE<sup>29</sup>, the control was kept throughout the two years of the research, in 69% of the participants. The HOT trial<sup>3</sup> showed that the lowest levels of cardiovascular events occurred with DBP below 85 mmHg. This raises the question: why are high levels of hypertension control achieved only in clinical trials? Several studies suggest that a significant portion of the responsibility for the problem lies with the behavior of physicians. Berlowitz et al<sup>25</sup>, in a study conducted between 1990 and 1995, evaluated the care provided to 800 hypertensive men, who were monitored in New England. They found that approximately 40% of the patients maintained the BP above 160/90 mmHg, despite an average of six appointments/visits per year. Increments in therapy occurred in less than 7% of the visits. It was concluded that many physicians have a complacent attitude towards hypertension care. When the study was repeated in 1999<sup>26</sup>, 18% of patients maintained the blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg, and 57% above 140/90 mmHg. Another study carried out in primary health care<sup>29</sup>, by reviewing the medical records of patients that were not controlled, showed changes in therapy in only 38% of the visits<sup>30</sup>. The present study demonstrates that there is little control of the disease and that professionals working in PHCUs miss many opportunities to intensify the treatment of patients.</p>
      <p>Phillips e al<sup>31</sup> point to the biomedical model, which focuses on the relief of symptoms, as a cause of failure in the management of hypertension. The authors mention the so-called "therapeutic inertia," i.e., the failure of health professionals to initiate or intensify a therapy when this is indicated. For them, the therapeutic inertia results from three problems: overestimation of care provided; use of "weak" reasons to avoid the intensification of treatment and gaps in education, in training and in the organizational practice intended to achieve therapeutic goals. Hyman and Pavlik<sup>32</sup> sent questionnaires to 1,200 PHC doctors, with the purpose of getting to know the practices related to the treatment of hypertension. They found that between 25% and 43% of physicians only initiated or intensified the treatment of hypertension when the DBP exceeded 95 mmHg or the SBP exceeded 160 mm Hg.</p>
      <p>The guidelines on hypertension<sup>16,17</sup> are one of the tools used to bridge gaps in medical knowledge. However, PHC doctors and general practitioners are often unaware of the guidelines, which are usually directed at cardiologists and nephrologists. A study conducted in Brazil<sup>33</sup>, in 2004, revealed that only 42.7% of physicians had received the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension. Hyman and Pavlik<sup>32</sup> noted that 49% of PHC physicians did not know the American guidelines. In Joinville, in a recent study, it was found that 36.8% of PHC doctors did not know the Brazilian guidelines. At other times, doctors know the guidelines, but they adhere only partially to the recommendations<sup>26,29,32,34</sup>. Some of the justifications for the partial adherence are: more time to monitor the BP; satisfaction with the levels achieved in the treatment, even when such levels are high; consideration that the guidelines are restrictive and have exaggerated goals; alleged late side effects of drugs and reduced quality of life due to the treatment. A Spanish study<sup>34</sup>, which analyzed the implementation of the European guidelines, described the difficulties found for wide acceptance. According to the study that analyzed interviews with 2,841 physicians, general practitioners are sometimes suspicious of the intentions of the pharmaceutical industry and the results of pharmacological tests. The differentiated knowledge and deep-rooted practices also hinder the implementation of the guidelines. For the respondents, the guidelines facilitate the stratification of the global cardiovascular risk and the selection of the best therapy for each patient, but there is no consensus that the recommendations will result in better control of hypertension, or in fewer future complications. In a recent critical review<sup>35</sup>, even specialists, such as Zanchetti, Grassi and Mancia, considered that the evidence for some of the recommendations of the main guidelines was limited.</p>
      <p>Despite the controversy, there has been an increase, in the last decade, in the diagnosis<sup>7,9,36</sup>, treatment and control<sup>7,9,36,37</sup>. In the United States<sup>7</sup>, between 1994 and 2004, there was an increase in the number of hypertensive individuals under treatment, from 53.1% to 61.4%, and hypertensive patients under adequate control, from 26.1% to 35.1%. In England<sup>9</sup>, the control rates doubled between 1994 and 2003, and there was an increase in the number of hypertensive patients taking two or more drugs (56%). The Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP)<sup>36,37</sup> began in 1999. Since the first years of its implementation, it caused a large increase in diagnoses and treatment. By 2003, the number of individuals diagnosed with hypertension grew by 65.1%, and the number of individuals being treated increased by 77%. There was a reduction in the annual number of deaths caused by stroke, HF, and AMI and a significant decrease in hospitalization for stroke and HF, comparing the periods before and after 1999. The percentage of hypertensive individuals diagnosed and untreated decreased from 31.47 to 15.34. Cabral et al<sup>38</sup> compared the 1995 findings with those of 2005/06 and they noticed a reduction in the incidence (27%) of stroke in Joinville, which suggested an improvement in primary prevention.</p>
      <p>It was noted that some actions recommended by the protocol of SMS<sup>20</sup> are inadequately implemented by health professionals. Some of the problems mentioned included the frequent presence of the final zero digit in the pressure measurement record, the rare record of sedentary lifestyle and family history, insufficient requests for supplemental tests and no record of classification of hypertension and target organ damages. The last ones are necessary for scheduling appointments and for stratification of risks to patients. The absence suggests that, in the working process of the healthcare team, there are no criteria to prioritize the care of patients whose condition is most serious and those that are more likely to suffer from hypertension complications.</p>
      <p>Probably, there is a significant portion of the population that does not seek or does not have access to services provided by PHCUs, which prevents the diagnosis of hypertension. Another portion already diagnosed may have been excluded from the system. The high percentage of comorbidities suggests a late diagnosis and inadequate treatment of hypertension. Among hypertensive patients, many were not included in the study because of inadequate monitoring. In the group studied, there was a significant reduction in mean pressure levels. However, most patients continue to have no control of the disease, and there is evidence of significant therapeutic inertia. The patients' medical records have forms that are appropriate for recording the patients' information in a well structured way. However, they are not used by the professionals. This is a fact that limits the quality of the records and of our study. There may be more hypertensive patients that have received an additional drug or non-drug treatment, without the proper registration. The lack of adherence to treatment may have been discovered, but maybe it was not recorded, and the previous therapy may have been maintained. Just as the therapeutic inertia may be overestimated, the comorbidities may be underestimated. As a result of the inclusion criteria, the sample does not represent the totality of hypertensive individuals being monitored in PHCUs.</p>
      <p>A review of the world literature<sup>36,37,39,40</sup> suggests that continuing education programs that use multiple teaching tools and training, tailored to local conditions and which involve students, residents, physicians and other health professionals are likely to be successful. Easy access to medical specialists, multidisciplinary care and administrative interventions are also important to improve the control of the disease<sup>16,21,36,37,39,40</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cl&#243;vis Hoepfner, from <italic>Universidade da Regi&#227;o de Joinville</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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