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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XMXVrMJNGL8J4nxSHnwvSJS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos dos corticoesteroides nas les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia na coxa de ratos em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okada</surname>
            <given-names>Mieko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fenelon</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>207</fpage>
      <lpage>214</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os corticosteroides limitam o crescimento tardio das les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos filhotes, mas seus efeitos em ratos p&#250;beres e adultos s&#227;o desconhecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos dos corticoesteroides na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es por RF no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. M&#201;TODOS: Realizou-se abla&#231;&#227;o no m&#250;sculo da coxa de 30 ratos (1 les&#227;o por animal): infantis (30 dias de idade, peso 73 g, n = 10), p&#250;beres (60 dias de idade, peso 230 g, n = 10) e 10 adultos (90 dias de idade, 310 g, n = 10), subdivididos em controles e tratados, que receberam Hidrocortisona (10 mg/kg IM p&#243;s-RF) e Betametasona (3,5 mg/kg IM, duas vezes por semana, por 29 dias). Os ratos foram sacrificados 60 dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica e planim&#233;trica com software espec&#237;fico (ImageJ&#174;). RESULTADOS: Nos infantis, p&#250;beres e adultos o ganho de peso no seguimento n&#227;o diferiu entre controles e tratados. Nos controles, as les&#245;es dos infantis e p&#250;beres eram maiores (p = 0,01) que as dos adultos. O tratamento reduziu o tamanho da les&#227;o nos infantis (5,58+0,61 mm&#178; vs 4,02+0,23 mm&#178;; p &lt; 0,01) e nos p&#250;beres (5,20+0,47 mm&#178; vs 4,16+0,48 mm&#178;; p &lt; 0,01), mas n&#227;o nos adultos (4,44+0,50 mm&#178; vs 4,79+0,53 mm&#178;, p = NS). Tratados Infantil e P&#250;bere apresentaram menor deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno e menos traves fibr&#243;ticas invadindo o tecido saud&#225;vel a partir da &#225;rea de fibrose central, e compondo les&#227;o de dimens&#245;es notadamente mais reduzidas que seus controles. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos grupos adultos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os corticoesteroides parecem reduzir o crescimento tardio da les&#227;o, al&#233;m de atenuar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica nos ratos infantis e p&#250;beres.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Corticosteroides</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EXPERIMENTAL</p>
    <p>Efeitos dos corticoesteroides nas les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia na coxa de ratos em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mieko Okada; S&#233;rgio de Ara&#250;jo; Marcello Franco; Angelo de Paola; Guilherme Fenelon</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Disciplina de Cardiologia e Departamento de Patologia - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="linkcorresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os corticosteroides limitam o crescimento tardio das les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos filhotes, mas seus efeitos em ratos p&#250;beres e adultos s&#227;o desconhecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos dos corticoesteroides na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es por RF no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Realizou-se abla&#231;&#227;o no m&#250;sculo da coxa de 30 ratos (1 les&#227;o por animal): infantis (30 dias de idade, peso 73 g, n = 10), p&#250;beres (60 dias de idade, peso 230 g, n = 10) e 10 adultos (90 dias de idade, 310 g, n = 10), subdivididos em controles e tratados, que receberam Hidrocortisona (10 mg/kg IM p&#243;s-RF) e Betametasona (3,5 mg/kg IM, duas vezes por semana, por 29 dias). Os ratos foram sacrificados 60 dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica e planim&#233;trica com <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico (ImageJ<sup>&#174;</sup>). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nos infantis, p&#250;beres e adultos o ganho de peso no seguimento n&#227;o diferiu entre controles e tratados. Nos controles, as les&#245;es dos infantis e p&#250;beres eram maiores (p = 0,01) que as dos adultos. O tratamento reduziu o tamanho da les&#227;o nos infantis (5,58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,02+0,23 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,01) e nos p&#250;beres (5,20+0,47 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,16+0,48 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,01), mas n&#227;o nos adultos (4,44+0,50 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,79+0,53 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = NS). Tratados Infantil e P&#250;bere apresentaram menor deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno e menos traves fibr&#243;ticas invadindo o tecido saud&#225;vel a partir da &#225;rea de fibrose central, e compondo les&#227;o de dimens&#245;es notadamente mais reduzidas que seus controles. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos grupos adultos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os corticoesteroides parecem reduzir o crescimento tardio da les&#227;o, al&#233;m de atenuar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica nos ratos infantis e p&#250;beres. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Corticosteroides, ratos, mioc&#225;rdio/les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) &#233; o procedimento de elei&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de pacientes portadores de taquiarritmias, inclusive pedi&#225;tricos<sup>1</sup>, devido a sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a. Entretanto, os efeitos da abla&#231;&#227;o por RF n&#227;o se restringem apenas ao momento da aplica&#231;&#227;o da energia. Efeitos tardios podem se manifestar at&#233; seis meses p&#243;s-procedimento, como, por exemplo, o bloqueio atrioventricular tardio ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular<sup>2</sup>. Os mecanismos desses efeitos tardios ainda permanecem obscuros, mas parecem estar relacionados ao crescimento da les&#227;o durante a sua cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente por progress&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio e/ou inj&#250;ria &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o ou dano ultraestrutural ao tecido circunjacente.</p>
    <p>Saul e cols.<sup>3</sup> demonstraram que les&#245;es por RF no mioc&#225;rdio ovino imaturo apresentam acentuado crescimento tardio e invas&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico normal por tecido fibroel&#225;stico, achados esses que apontam para poss&#237;veis efeitos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, eventualmente levando &#224; morte s&#250;bita. Como o processo inflamat&#243;rio parece participar da extens&#227;o tardia da les&#227;o, temos como hip&#243;tese que os corticoesteroides poderiam atenuar esse processo<sup>4</sup>. Nesse aspecto, demonstramos em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via que os corticoesteroides limitam o crescimento tardio das les&#245;es por RF no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos filhotes<sup>5</sup>. Por&#233;m, essa investiga&#231;&#227;o apresentava algumas limita&#231;&#245;es relevantes: os efeitos do tratamento nas dimens&#245;es da les&#227;o foram aferidos apenas qualitativamente, sem qualquer quantifica&#231;&#227;o; como os animais foram sacrificados no &#250;ltimo dia do tratamento (30 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o), o resultado final da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estabelecido; por fim, n&#227;o foi determinada a faixa et&#225;ria na qual o crescimento tardio deixa de ocorrer, uma vez que a faixa et&#225;ria intermedi&#225;ria (p&#250;beres) n&#227;o foi investigada. O esclarecimento dessas quest&#245;es motivou a realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente trabalho.</p>
    <p>Portanto, avaliamos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o consolidada das les&#245;es por RF sob efeito dos corticoesteroides no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias (infantis, p&#250;beres e adultos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo/Hospital S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Delineamento experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados 30 ratos (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>) EPM-1 Wistar, machos, divididos em seis grupos ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF, a saber:</p>
    <p>1) 05 (cinco) ratos infantis com 30&#177;03 dias de idade - Controles (1m-C).</p>
    <p>2) 05 (cinco) ratos infantis com 30&#177;03 dias de idade - Tratados (1m-T).</p>
    <p>3) 05 (cinco) ratos p&#250;beres com 60&#177;03 dias de idade - Controles (2m-C).</p>
    <p>4) 05 (cinco) ratos p&#250;beres com 60&#177;03 dias de idade - Tratados (2m-T).</p>
    <p>5) 05 (cinco) ratos adultos com 90&#177;03 dias de idade - Controles (3m-C).</p>
    <p>6) 05 (cinco) ratos adultos com 90&#177;03 dias de idade - Tratados (3m-T).</p>
    <p>As faixas et&#225;rias dos ratos infantis, p&#250;beres e adultos corresponderiam aproximadamente em humanos, respectivamente, a lactentes e crian&#231;as pequenas, ao in&#237;cio da puberdade, e a adolescentes e adultos jovens.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo da abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica foram utilizados: Acepromazina a 0,2% (0,1 mg/kg IM), e associa&#231;&#227;o dos Cloridratos de Tiletamina e Zolazepam (30 mg/kg IM); com manuten&#231;&#227;o do plano anest&#233;sico cir&#250;rgico atrav&#233;s da inala&#231;&#227;o do Isofluorano, sob ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas tricotomia e antissepsia do membro posterior direito do rato; procedeu-se &#224; incis&#227;o sobre a regi&#227;o do m&#250;sculo da coxa de aproximadamente 1,0 cm. Pele e f&#225;scia foram dissecadas e afastadas, expondo a regi&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos mediais do membro p&#233;lvico (Semitendinoso e Gastrocn&#234;mio)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o convencional (Marinr, Medtronic<sup>&#174;</sup>, 7Fr - ponta de 4mm), conectado ao gerador de RF (Atakr<sup>TM</sup>, Medtronic<sup>&#174;</sup>CardioRhythm) com pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 50 Watts, foi paralelamente posicionado, sob press&#227;o manual constante, sobre o tecido muscular exposto<sup>5</sup>. Aplica&#231;&#245;es unipolares de RF (uma por animal) foram realizadas, sob controle de temperatura (70&#194;&#176;C, 60 segundos), entre o eletrodo distal do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o e placa-eletrodo indiferente sub-posicionada na face medial do membro p&#233;lvico. Durante cada aplica&#231;&#227;o, pot&#234;ncia, imped&#226;ncia, temperatura da ponta do cateter e tempo foram monitorados e suas m&#233;dias anotadas para posterior an&#225;lise. Posteriormente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, a ferida foi suturada.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados pelo mesmo operador, sob condi&#231;&#245;es est&#233;reis, para prevenir infec&#231;&#245;es. Antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;ticos n&#227;o foram utilizados. Em todo o protocolo, a coxa esquerda (a abla&#231;&#227;o foi feita na coxa direita) foi utilizada para a inocula&#231;&#227;o dos anest&#233;sicos e corticoesteroides.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Metade da popula&#231;&#227;o recebeu corticoesteroides consoante a sua respectiva faixa de peso, enquanto a outra metade nada recebeu, servindo de grupo controle. Antes desse procedimento, o peso inicial de cada rato foi anotado para ajuste da dosagem dos corticoesteroides: Hidrocortisona (10 mg/kg IM) inoculada imediatamente ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e, posteriormente, Betametasona (3,5 mg/kg IM) duas vezes por semana - 2&#194;&#170; e 5&#194;&#170; feiras - durante 29 dias p&#243;s-procedimento. Para ajuste das dosagens, os ratos foram pesados semana a semana, imediatamente antes de cada inocula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os animais permaneceram albergados no laborat&#243;rio, sob supervis&#227;o m&#233;dico-veterin&#225;ria, sendo sacrificados 60&#177;05 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, 30 dias ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da terapia, de forma a avaliar o aspecto consolidado da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao final do seguimento, os ratos foram repesados para avalia&#231;&#227;o do ganho ponderal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07710tab01">Tabela 1</xref>) e submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia inalat&#243;ria pelo isofluorano para extra&#231;&#227;o do bloco muscular da coxa. A pe&#231;a foi examinada a olho nu quanto ao seu aspecto macrosc&#243;pico e suas impress&#245;es qualitativas registradas para posterior compara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07710tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A exemplo do nosso estudo anterior<sup>5</sup>, n&#227;o foi realizada a aferi&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es macrosc&#243;picas das les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, sejam dos ratos infantis, dos p&#250;beres ou dos adultos. A principal raz&#227;o para isso &#233; que tais les&#245;es s&#227;o mal delimitadas, principalmente nos dois primeiros grupos, tornando muito imprecisa a sua medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As pe&#231;as retiradas foram conservadas individualmente em formol a 10%. A les&#227;o foi fatiada em diversos cortes histol&#243;gicos de modo que a abrangesse completamente. As l&#226;minas (tr&#234;s l&#226;minas/pe&#231;a) foram coradas por H.E. e tricr&#244;mico de Masson. Durante a an&#225;lise qualitativa, as les&#245;es eram delimitadas na pr&#243;pria l&#226;mina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07710fig01">Figura 1</xref>) pelo m&#233;dico patologista, cego aos grupos do estudo, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise quantitativa.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07710fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise qualitativa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos aspectos histopatol&#243;gicos de cada les&#227;o dedicou-se especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; leitura da prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica e dos infiltrados celulares inflamat&#243;rios. Como previamente demonstrado em ovinos<sup>3</sup> e no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos<sup>5</sup>, as les&#245;es agudas por RF em adultos e filhotes s&#227;o semelhantes. Contudo, enquanto nos adultos as dimens&#245;es das les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas se mant&#234;m compar&#225;veis &#224;s das les&#245;es agudas, nos filhotes elas aumentam acentuadamente. Portanto, no presente estudo, por defini&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>, o crescimento tardio da les&#227;o foi caracterizado pelo aumento na dimens&#227;o das les&#245;es por RF em rela&#231;&#227;o aos adultos, enquanto que a sua extens&#227;o tardia foi definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas extens&#245;es de tecido fibroel&#225;stico que, a partir da &#225;rea fibr&#243;tica central, invadem o tecido muscular saud&#225;vel circunjacente &#224;s les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas por RF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise quantitativa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o planim&#233;trica das les&#245;es, utilizou-se o software ImageJ<sup>&#174;6,7</sup> - amplamente difundido em citometria<sup>8</sup> e outros estudos planim&#233;tricos<sup>9-12</sup> - que calcula automaticamente a &#225;rea da les&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07710fig01">Figura 1</xref>) com boa precis&#227;o e conversor de medidas para qualquer unidade desejada pelo operador. A aferi&#231;&#227;o se faz manualmente atrav&#233;s do mouse do computador que, contornando os bordos da les&#227;o gera automaticamente o resultado da mensura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em cada animal, a l&#226;mina que apresentasse a maior &#225;rea de les&#227;o (largura e comprimento em mm<sup>2</sup>) era utilizada como estimativa do tamanho da les&#227;o. Em fun&#231;&#227;o da complexa geometria das les&#245;es, muito irregulares e espraiadas, principalmente nos infantis, apesar do n&#250;mero relativamente grande de cortes histol&#243;gicos realizados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel quantificar o volume das les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o. Utilizou-se an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos da amostra. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros biof&#237;sicos das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma les&#227;o por RF foi criada na coxa de cada animal. Como exemplificado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07710tab01">Tabela 1</xref>, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros avaliados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenvolvimento e evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o dos animais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, nenhum animal apresentou intercorr&#234;ncias, tampouco infec&#231;&#245;es locais ou sist&#234;micas. Do procedimento &#224; eutan&#225;sia, todos os grupos apresentaram ganho ponderal significativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07710tab01">Tabela 1</xref>), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significantes entre os controles e tratados. Como esperado, o ganho ponderal m&#233;dio dos infantis (controles 407%, tratados 322%) foi superior ao dos p&#250;beres (controles 58%, tratados 77%) e dos adultos (controles 45%, tratados 52%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica das les&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos infantis e p&#250;beres, as les&#245;es eram extensas (aproximadamente 2 cm de largura), de colora&#231;&#227;o p&#225;lida e bordos irregulares, dificultando a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de seus limites e inviabilizando a aferi&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica das suas dimens&#245;es. Nos adultos, por sua vez, as les&#245;es eram mais bem delimitadas, com bordos regulares e caracterizadas por &#225;reas arredondadas de colora&#231;&#227;o p&#225;lida com cerca de 1 cm de largura. Em todos os grupos, as les&#245;es eram rasas, com profundidade em torno de 2 mm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise qualitativa das les&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados qualitativos foram muito consistentes em todos os grupos, como se observa na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07710fig02">Figura 2</xref>. As maiores les&#245;es foram verificadas nos infantis controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>), apresentando grandes &#225;reas de fibrose mal delimitadas com acentuada extens&#227;o tardia, ou seja, invas&#227;o do tecido muscular adjacente por m&#250;ltiplas traves de tecido miofibrobl&#225;stico, por vezes envolvendo fibras musculares s&#227;s. Os p&#250;beres controles mostraram les&#245;es com &#225;reas de fibrose pouco menores que a dos infantis, mas melhor delimitadas. Nesse grupo, tamb&#233;m foi observada extens&#227;o tardia, por&#233;m as traves fibrosas tinham menor n&#250;mero e extens&#227;o quando comparadas aos infantis. Nos adultos controles, as les&#245;es eram menores que as dos outros grupos, bem delimitadas e sem extens&#227;o tardia. As cicatrizes eram bem organizadas, com substitui&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos por tecido fibroso.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07710fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>J&#225; nos infantis e p&#250;beres tratados, as les&#245;es apresentaram dimens&#245;es notadamente reduzidas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. As cicatrizes eram imaturas, com retardo na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o, caracterizada por menor deposi&#231;&#227;o col&#225;gena e presen&#231;a de tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, havia menos traves fibr&#243;ticas invadindo o tecido saud&#225;vel a partir da &#225;rea de fibrose central. Nos adultos tratados, n&#227;o se notaram diferen&#231;as apreci&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise quantitativa das les&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como ilustrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07710tab01">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07710fig04">Figura 4</xref>, nos controles, as les&#245;es dos infantis (5,58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup>) e p&#250;beres (5,20+0,47 mm<sup>2</sup>) apresentaram crescimento tardio, sendo significativamente (p = 0,01) maiores que as dos adultos (4,44+0,50 mm<sup>2</sup>). As les&#245;es dos infantis eram maiores que as dos p&#250;beres, mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&gt;0,10). Digno de nota: o tratamento reduziu a &#225;rea da les&#227;o nos infantis (5,58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,02+0,23 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,001) e nos p&#250;beres (5,20+0,47 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,16+0,48 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,01), mas n&#227;o nos adultos (4,44+0,50 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4,79+0,53 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = NS). A magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de les&#227;o foi semelhante nos infantis (28%) e p&#250;beres (20%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07710fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Achados principais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste modelo de abla&#231;&#227;o por RF no m&#250;sculo da coxa de ratos, pudemos demonstrar, qualitativamente e quantitativamente, que: 1) as les&#245;es nos infantis e p&#250;beres apresentam crescimento e extens&#227;o tardios, de forma mais acentuada nos infantis, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com os adultos; 2) os corticoesteroides parecem atenuar tais fen&#244;menos nessas faixas et&#225;rias. Esses achados corroboram e estendem nossas observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias neste modelo experimental, quando demonstramos que os corticoesteroides reduziam o crescimento tardio da les&#227;o em filhotes<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observamos o efeito final dos corticoesteroides, pois a eutan&#225;sia foi realizada 30 dias ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do tratamento, totalizando seguimento de 60 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. Desse modo, estudamos as les&#245;es j&#225; consolidadas. Em nosso estudo inicial, o sacrif&#237;cio deu-se imediatamente ao final do tratamento (30 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o). Portanto, n&#227;o se sabia se os efeitos dos corticoesteroides se manteriam a longo prazo, o que agora pudemos confirmar.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, em nosso trabalho pioneiro<sup>5</sup>, os efeitos do tratamento nas dimens&#245;es das les&#245;es n&#227;o puderam ser quantificados, baseando-se exclusivamente em crit&#233;rios histol&#243;gicos qualitativos. No presente trabalho, por outro lado, pela primeira vez na literatura, as les&#245;es foram mensuradas atrav&#233;s de <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico<sup>6-12</sup>, confirmando que os corticoesteroides reduzem a &#225;rea de les&#227;o nos filhotes e p&#250;beres. Esses resultados n&#227;o podem ser atribu&#237;dos a varia&#231;&#245;es individuais ou a discrep&#226;ncias no procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros biof&#237;sicos das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF e o ganho de peso dos animais durante o seguimento n&#227;o diferiram entre controles e tratados. Ademais, os achados histol&#243;gicos qualitativos e quantitativos foram muito consistentes em todos os grupos, indicando que a casu&#237;stica era adequada.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel aferir o volume das les&#245;es, pois sua geometria &#233; muito irregular (principalmente em sua periferia), e por isso optamos pela aferi&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea central da les&#227;o em mm<sup>2</sup>. Para tal, dentre os v&#225;rios cortes histol&#243;gicos de uma mesma pe&#231;a, selecionamos o que apresentava maiores dimens&#245;es de largura e comprimento como representante da les&#227;o. Embora n&#227;o possibilite determinar volume total da les&#227;o, o m&#233;todo utilizado se mostrou adequado e reprodut&#237;vel para estimativa do tamanho da les&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos - nosso maior objetivo. Refor&#231;ando a adequa&#231;&#227;o da nossa metodologia, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de les&#227;o secund&#225;ria ao tratamento nos infantis (28%) e nos p&#250;beres (20%), mas n&#227;o nos adultos, nos quais j&#225; se demonstrou que os corticoesteroides n&#227;o reduzem o tamanho das les&#245;es por RF<sup>4</sup>. Por fim, os achados quantitativos foram corroborados pela an&#225;lise qualitativa realizada pelo patologista.</p>
    <p>Outra contribui&#231;&#227;o in&#233;dita do presente estudo foi demonstrar que as les&#245;es por RF nos p&#250;beres ainda apresentam crescimento e extens&#227;o tardios, embora menos acentuados que nos infantis. J&#225; hav&#237;amos relatado que a evolu&#231;&#227;o dessas les&#245;es nos ratos infantis (correspondentes a lactentes e crian&#231;as pequenas) e adultos (correspondentes a adolescentes e adultos jovens) era semelhante &#224; observada no mioc&#225;rdio ovino<sup>3</sup> e canino<sup>4</sup>. Enquanto nos adultos, histologicamente, a les&#227;o cr&#244;nica se caracteriza por cicatriz bem definida, com bordos delimitados, nos infantis ocorre acentuado crescimento da les&#227;o, com cicatrizes mal delimitadas e extensas, evidenciando invas&#227;o do m&#250;sculo adjacente por m&#250;ltiplas traves de tecido fibrobl&#225;stico. As les&#245;es nos p&#250;beres (correspondentes ao in&#237;cio da puberdade) apresentam caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias entre os infantis e os adultos. Embora as les&#245;es revelem aumento das suas dimens&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o aos adultos (crescimento tardio), a cicatriz se apresenta mais bem delimitada que nos infantis e com menor invas&#227;o do tecido adjacente por traves fibrosas (extens&#227;o tardia).</p>
    <p>O aumento de tamanho das les&#245;es por RF em tecidos musculares imaturos tem sido atribu&#237;do a dois fatores: distens&#227;o passiva secund&#225;ria ao crescimento do m&#250;sculo, como ocorre nas cicatrizes de atriotomia criadas em c&#227;es filhotes<sup>13</sup>, e prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular dos elementos constituintes da les&#227;o, respons&#225;vel pelas traves fibrosas invadindo o tecido circunjacente. Isso porque, nessa fase, em contraste com o m&#250;sculo adulto, as c&#233;lulas musculares e intersticiais se dividem ativamente<sup>14,15</sup>. Nossos achados sugerem que, nos p&#250;beres, o crescimento passivo predomina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, enquanto nos infantis os dois componentes imperam.</p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, o ganho ponderal dos filhotes foi de 350% e o dos p&#250;beres 70%, valores esperados para essas faixas et&#225;rias. A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica qualitativa foi consistente ao observar que as les&#245;es dos infantis eram maiores que as dos p&#250;beres. Entretanto, embora a &#225;rea de les&#227;o dos infantis (5,58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup>) tenha sido maior que a dos p&#250;beres (5,20+0,47mm<sup>2</sup>), essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &gt; 0,10). Isso pode estar relacionado ao tamanho da amostra ou &#224; metodologia de medi&#231;&#227;o empregada, que, por aferir apenas a &#225;rea central da les&#227;o, tende a subestimar les&#245;es extensas e de geometria irregular, como s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas dos ratos infantis.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o &#233; capaz de identificar as vias pelas quais os corticoesteroides reduzem o crescimento tardio das les&#245;es por RF na coxa de ratos infantis e p&#250;beres. Essas a&#231;&#245;es podem estar correlacionadas aos complexos efeitos dessas drogas no processo cicatricial<sup>16-18</sup>, como diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do n&#250;mero dos fibroblastosinibindo, dessa forma, a s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno com consequente retardo da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. &#201; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel que, al&#233;m da inibi&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos e fibroblastos, os corticoesteroides exer&#231;am essas a&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e fatores de crescimento celular<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos achados sugerem que os corticoesteroides reduzem o crescimento tardio da les&#227;o por RF n&#227;o s&#243; nos ratos infantis como nos p&#250;beres. Se confirmados por estudos posteriores, nossos resultados indicam a possibilidade de limitar a extens&#227;o tardia das les&#245;es por RF atrav&#233;s de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas, o que poderia ser clinicamente &#250;til especialmente na abla&#231;&#227;o de lactentes e crian&#231;as pequenas, faixa et&#225;ria na qual o crescimento da les&#227;o tem sido associado a efeitos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos<sup>19</sup>. O fato de as les&#245;es nos p&#250;beres serem menores, mais homog&#234;neas e com menor intensidade de traves fibrosas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos infantis, sugere uma menor propens&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de substrato arritmog&#234;nico nessa faixa et&#225;ria. Entretanto, novas investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias a fim de determinar o significado funcional dessas les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico normal de roedores. Portanto, os resultados n&#227;o se prestam &#224; infer&#234;ncia direta ao cora&#231;&#227;o humano ou a pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com arritmias<sup>5</sup>. A formula&#231;&#227;o e a dosagem dos corticoesteroides foram arbitr&#225;rias, n&#227;o sendo determinada a dose mais eficaz<sup>20,21</sup>. As les&#245;es agudas n&#227;o foram estudadas. Entretanto, nosso estudo pr&#233;vio<sup>5</sup> j&#225; havia demonstrado que as les&#245;es agudas em filhotes e adultos s&#227;o semelhantes. As faixas et&#225;rias dos roedores podem n&#227;o corresponder com exatid&#227;o &#224;s dos humanos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste modelo, as les&#245;es por RF na coxa de ratos infantis e p&#250;beres, apresentam crescimento e extens&#227;o tardios, mais acentuadamente nos infantis - o que n&#227;o ocorre nos adultos. Os corticoesteroides parecem reduzir esses fen&#244;menos nos infantis e p&#250;beres. Esses achados podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es para a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Sr. Wladmir Martins, pela orienta&#231;&#227;o da computa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Mieko Okada pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Tanel RE, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Epsteins MR, Bergau DM, Saul JP. Five-year experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation: implications for management of arrhythmias in pediatric and young adult patients. J Pediatr. 1997; 131 (6): 878-87. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Fenelon G, Brugada P. Delayed effects of radiofrenquency energy: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996; 19 (4 Pt 1): 484-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Saul J, Hulse J, Walsh E. Late enlargement of radiofrequency lesions in infant lambs: implications for ablation procedures in small children. Circulation. 1994; 90 (1): 492-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Fenelon G, Franco M, Mora O, Katchburian E, de Paola AA. Combined therapy with steroids and antioxidants prevents ultrastructural damage surrounding chronic radiofrequency lesions. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004; 27 (1): 65-72. </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="linkcorresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Guilherme Fenelon </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - 10&#194;&#186; andar - Fundos </p>
        <p> 04039-032 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="guifenelon@cardiol.br">guifenelon@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br">guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 15/11/09; revisado recebido em 13/01/10; aceito em 22/02/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Tanel RE, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Epsteins MR, Bergau DM, Saul JP. Five-year experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation: implications for management of arrhythmias in pediatric and young adult patients. J Pediatr. 1997; 131 (6): 878-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Five-year experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation: implications for management of arrhythmias in pediatric and young adult patients</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>878</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tanel</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Triedman</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epsteins</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergau</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saul</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Fenelon G, Brugada P. Delayed effects of radiofrenquency energy: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996; 19 (4 Pt 1): 484-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Delayed effects of radiofrenquency energy: Mechanisms and clinical implications</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>484</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4 Pt 1</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fenelon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of the corticosteroids in the lesions by radiofrequency on rats' thigh in different age groups</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The corticosteroids limit the late growth of the lesions by radiofrequency (RF) on the rats' infants' thighs, but the effects on the pubescent and adult rats are unknown. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of the corticosteroids in the healing of the lesions by RF on the rats' thighs muscles in different age groups. METHODS: Ablation was performed on the thigh muscle of 30 rats (1 lesion per animal): infants (30 days old, weight 73 g, n = 10), pubescents (60 days old, weight 230 g, n = 10) and 10 adults (90 days old, 310 g, n = 10), subdivided in control and treated groups, that received Hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg IM post-RF) and Betametasone (3.5 mg/kg IM, twice a week, for 29 days). The rats were sacrificed 60 days after the ablation for hystopathological and planimetric analysis with specified software (ImageJ&#174;). RESULTS: In the infant, pubescent and adult groups, the weight gain in the follow up did not differ between the control and the treated ones. In the control group, the lesions of the infants and pubescents were superior (p = 0.01) to the adults'. The treatment reduced the size of the lesion in the infants (5.58+0.61 mm&#178; vs 4.02+0.23 mm&#178;; p &lt; 0.01) and pubescents (5.20+0.47 mm&#178; vs 4.16+0.48 mm&#178;; p &lt; 0.01), but not in the adults (4.44+0.50 mm&#178; vs 4.79+0.53 mm&#178;, p = NS). Infant and pubescent treated groups presented lower collagen deposition and less fibrotic bands invading the healthy tissue from the central fibrosis area, and forming lesions with remarkably more reduced dimensions than their controls. There were no differences in the adult groups. CONCLUSION: The corticosteroids seem to reduce the late growth of lesion, in addition to attenuate the fibrotic proliferation in the infant and pubescent rats.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Corticosteroids</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Effects of the corticosteroids in the lesions by radiofrequency on rats' thigh in different age groups</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mieko Okada; S&#233;rgio de Ara&#250;jo; Marcello Franco; Angelo de Paola; Guilherme Fenelon</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Disciplina de Cardiologia e Departamento de Patologia - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="linkcorresp-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The corticosteroids limit the late growth of the lesions by radiofrequency (RF) on the rats' infants' thighs, but the effects on the pubescent and adult rats are unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Evaluate the effects of the corticosteroids in the healing of the lesions by RF on the rats' thighs muscles in different age groups.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ablation was performed on the thigh muscle of 30 rats (1 lesion per animal): infants (30 days old, weight 73 g, n = 10), pubescents (60 days old, weight 230 g, n = 10) and 10 adults (90 days old, 310 g, n = 10), subdivided in control and treated groups, that received Hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg IM post-RF) and Betametasone (3.5 mg/kg IM, twice a week, for 29 days). The rats were sacrificed 60 days after the ablation for hystopathological and planimetric analysis with specified software (ImageJ<sup>TM</sup>).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the infant, pubescent and adult groups, the weight gain in the follow up did not differ between the control and the treated ones. In the control group, the lesions of the infants and pubescents were superior (p = 0.01) to the adults'. The treatment reduced the size of the lesion in the infants (5.58+0.61 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.02+0.23 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01) and pubescents (5.20+0.47 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.16+0.48 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01), but not in the adults (4.44+0.50 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.79+0.53 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = NS). Infant and pubescent treated groups presented lower collagen deposition and less fibrotic bands invading the healthy tissue from the central fibrosis area, and forming lesions with remarkably more reduced dimensions than their controls. There were no differences in the adult groups.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The corticosteroids seem to reduce the late growth of lesion, in addition to attenuate the fibrotic proliferation in the infant and pubescent rats. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Corticosteroids; rats; myocardium/injuries.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, the catheter ablation with radiofrequency (RF) energy is the chosen procedure for the treatment of patients with tachyarrhythmias, including pediatric ones<sup>1</sup>, due to its efficacy and safety. However, the RF ablation effects are not restricted only to the energy application moment. Late effects can also appear up to six months after the procedure, such as, for example, the late atrioventricular block after tachycardia ablation by atrioventricular nodal reentry<sup>2</sup>. The mechanisms of these late effects still remain obscure, but seem to be related to the lesion growth during its healing, probably by inflammatory process progression and/or damage to microcirculation or ultra structural damage to the surrounding tissue.</p>
      <p>Saul et al<sup>3</sup> demonstrated that the lesions by RF in the ovine myocardium present remarked late growth and invasion of the normal myocardic tissue by fibroelastic tissue; these findings indicate possible pro-arrhythmic effects in pediatric populations who underwent RF ablation, eventually leading to sudden death. As the inflammatory process seems to participate in the late extension of the lesion, we have as hypothesis that the corticosteroids could attenuate this process<sup>4</sup>. In this aspect, we demonstrated in a previous publication that the corticosteroids limit the late growth of the lesions by RF on the rats' infants' thigh muscle<sup>5</sup>. However, this investigation presented some relevant limitations: the effects of the treatment in the lesion dimensions were considered only qualitatively, without any quantification; as the animals were sacrificed on the last treatment day (30 days after the ablation), the final result of healing was not established; finally, it was not determined the group age in which the late growth stop occurring, as the intermediary age group (pubescents) was not investigated. The explanation of these issues motivated the present paper.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we evaluated qualitative and quantitative aspects of the consolidate healing of the lesions by RF under effect of corticosteroids on the rats' thigh muscle in different age groups (infants, pubescents and adults).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research of the <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo/Hospital S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Experimental Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty rats were used (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>) EPM-1 Wistar, males, divided into six groups after the ablation with RF, namely:</p>
      <p>1) 05 (five) infant rats 30&#177;03 days old - Controls (1m-C).</p>
      <p>2) 05 (five) infant rats 30&#177;03 days old - Treated (1m-T).</p>
      <p>3) 05 (five) pubescent rats 60&#177;03 days old - Controls (2m-C).</p>
      <p>4) 05 (five) pubescent rats 60&#177;03 days old - Treated (2m-T).</p>
      <p>5) 05 (five) adult rats 90&#177;03 days old - Controls (3m-C).</p>
      <p>6) 05 (five) adult rats 90&#177;03 days old - Treated (3m-T).</p>
      <p>The group of infant, pubescent and adult rats would correspond approximately in humans, respectively, to infants and toddlers, to the beginning of puberty and to adolescents and young adults.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ablation protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the anesthetic induction, it was used: Acepromazine at 0.2% (0,1 mg/kg IM), and association of tiletamine hydrochlorides and Zolazepam (30 mg/kg IM); with maintenance of the surgical anesthetic plan through the inhalation of isoflurane, under spontaneous ventilation.</p>
      <p>Trichotomy and anti-sepsia of the rat's right posterior limb were performed, the incision was performed on the thigh muscle region of approximately 1.0 cm. Skin and fascia were dissected and removed, exposing the region of the medial muscles of the pelvic member (Semitendinosus and Gastrocnemius)<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>A conventional ablation catheter (Marinr, Medtronic<sup>TM</sup>, 7Fr - tip of 4 mm), connected to the RF generator (Atakr<sup>TM</sup>, Medtronic<sup>TM</sup>CardioRhythm) with maximum power of 50 Watts, was positioned in parallel, under constant manual pressure, over the exposed muscular tissue<sup>5</sup>. Unipolar application of RF (one per animal) was performed, under temperature control (70&#194;&#176; C, 60 seconds), between the ablation catheter distal electrode and the indifferent plate-electrode, underpositioned on the medial face of the pelvic member. During each application, power, impedance, temperature of the catheter tip and time were monitored and their means recorded for posterior analysis. After the ablation, the wound was sutured.</p>
      <p>The procedures were performed by the same operator, under sterile conditions, to prevent infections. Prophylactic antibiotics were not used. All over the protocol, the left thigh (the ablation was performed on the right thigh) was used for the innoculation of the anesthetics and corticosteroids.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Post-ablation protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Half of the population received corticosteroids according to the respective weight range, while the other half received nothing, serving as control group. Before this procedure, the initial weight of each rat was recorded for dosage adjust of the corticosterods; hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg IM) innoculated immediately after the ablation and, later, Betametasone (3.5 mg/kg IM) twice a week - Mondays and Thursdays - for 29 days after the procedure. For adjusting the dosages, the rats were weighed weekly, immediately before each innoculation.</p>
      <p>The animals were kept in the lab, under medical-veterinary supervision, being sacrificed 60&#177;05 days after the ablation, that is, 30 days after the end of the therapy, in order to evaluate the consolidated aspect of the lesion healing. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Macroscopic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the end of the follow-up, the rats were weighed again to evaluate the ponderal gain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07710tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) and submitted to inhalatory euthanasia by isoflurane for extracting the thigh muscular block. The piece was examined with the naked eye regarding its macroscopic aspect and their qualitative impressions recorded for later comparison.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07710tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As in our previous study<sup>5</sup>, the measurement of the macroscopic dimensions of the chronic lesions was not performed for the infant, pubescent or adult rats. The main reason for this is that such lesions are badly delimited, mainly in the two first groups, making the measurement very imprecise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The removed pieces were individually preserved in formol at 10%. The lesion was sliced in several histological cuts to encompass it totally. The slides (three slides/piece) were stained by H.E. and Masson's trichrome. During the qualitative analysis, the lesions were delimited on the slide itself (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07710fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) by the pathologist. Blinded for the study groups, for performing the quantitative analysis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07710fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Qualitative analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to the histopathological aspects of each lesion, special attention was taken to the reading of the fibrotic proliferation and of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate. As previously demonstrated in ovines<sup>3</sup> and in the rats' thigh muscle<sup>5</sup>, the acute lesions by RF in adults and infants are similar. However, while in the adults the chronic lesion dimensions are comparable to the acute lesions, in the infants, they remarkably increase. Therefore, in the present study, by definition<sup>5</sup>, the later growth of the lesion was characterized by the increase in the lesion by RF dimension in relation to the adults, while its late extension was defined as the occurrence of multiple fibroblast tissue extensions that, from the central fibrotic area, invade the healthy muscle tissue surrounding the chronic lesions by RF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the planimetric evaluation of the lesions, ImageJ<sup>TM6,7</sup> software was used - broadly disseminated in cytometry<sup>8</sup> and other planimetric studies<sup>9-12</sup> - which automatically calculates the lesion area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07710fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) with good precision and measurement converter to any desired unit by the operator. The measurement is manual, using the computer mouse that, contouring the edges of the lesion, generates automatically the measurement result.</p>
      <p>In each animal, the slide presenting the biggest lesion area (width and length in mm<sup>2</sup>) was used as size estimate of the lesion. Due to the complex geometry of the lesions, very irregular and spread, mainly in infants, despite the relatively large number of histological cuts performed, it was not possible to quantify the volume of the lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Variance analysis (ANOVA) was used for comparing the sample groups. The p &lt; 0.05 values were considered as significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biophysical parameters of the RF applications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A lesion by RF was created in the thigh of each animal. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07710tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, there was no difference between the groups in relation to the evaluated parameters.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animal development and evolution after the ablation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the follow-up, no animal presented another occurrence, or local or systemic infections. From the procedure to the euthanasia, all the groups presented significant ponderal gain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07710tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), with no significant differences between the control and treated groups. As expected, the mean ponderal gain of the infants (control 407% and treated 322%) was superior to the pubescent's (control 58%, treated 77%) and aduts' (control 45%, treated 52%). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lesions macroscopic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the infants and pubescents, the lesions were extensive (approximately 2 cm wide), pale colored and with irregular edges, making difficult the visualization of their limits and making unfeasible the macroscopic evaluation of their dimensions. In adults, in turn, the lesions were much more delimited, with regular edges and characterized by rounded, pale colored areas, around 1 cm wide. In all the groups, the lesions were shallow, around 2 mm deep.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lesions qualitative analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The qualitative findings were very consistent in all groups, as observed on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07710fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The biggest lesions were seen in the infant controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>), presenting large badly delimited fibrosis areas, with remarkable late extension, that is, invasion of the adjacent muscular tissue by multiple bands of myofibroblastic tissue, sometimes involving healthy muscle fibers. The pubescent controls showed lesions with a little smaller fibrosis areas than the infants', but better delimited. In this group, it was also observed a late extension, though the fibrosis bands presented a smaller number and extension when compared to the infants'. In the adults control, the lesions were smaller than in the other groups, well delimited and without late extension. The scars were well organized, with replacement of the myocytes by fibrous tissue.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07710fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the treated infants and pubescents, the lesions presented notably reduced dimensions in relation to the controls. The scars were immature, with delayed healing, characterized by smaller collagen deposition and presence of granulation tissue. In addition, there were less fibrotic bands invading the healthy tissue from the central fibrosis area. On adults treated, noticeable differences were not seen in relation to the controls.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lesions quantitative analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07710tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07710fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>, in the control group, the infants' (5.58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup>) and pubescents' (5.20+0.47 mm<sup>2</sup>) lesions presented late growth, being significantly (p = 0.01) higher than the adults' (4.44+0.50 mm<sup>2</sup>). The infants' lesions were bigger than the pubescents', but this difference was not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.10). Remarkable: the treatment reduced the lesion area in the infants (5.58+0.61 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.02+0.23 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.001) and in the pubescents (5.20+0.47 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.16+0.48 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01), but not in the adults (4.44+0.50 mm<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 4.79+0.53 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = NS). The magnitude of the lesion area reduction was similar in the infants' (28%) and pubescents' (20%) groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07710fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0207-00079-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Major findings</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this ablation model by RF on the rats' thigh muscle, we can demonstrate, qualitatively and quantitatively, that: 1) the lesions in the infants and pubscents presented late growth and extension, more remarkably in the infants, which did not occur in the adults's group; 2) it seems that the corticosteroids attenuate such phenomena in these age groups. These findings corroborate and expand our previous observations in this experimental model, when we demonstrate that the corticosteroids reduced the late lesion growth in infants<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we observed the final the corticosteroid effects, because the euthanasia was performed 30 days after the end of the treatment, totalling a 60-day follow-up after the ablation. Thus, we studied already consolidated lesions. In our initial study, the sacrifice was immediately after the end of the treatment (30 days after the ablation). Therefore, it was not known if the corticosteroids effect would be kept in the long term, which now we can confirm.</p>
      <p>Additionally, in our pioneer paper<sup>5</sup>, the treatment effects on the lesions dimensions could not be quantified, based exclusively on qualitative histological criteria. In the present paper, on the other hand, for the first time in the literature, the lesions were measured through specific software<sup>6-12</sup>, confirming that the corticosteroids reduce the lesion area in the infants and pubescents. These results can not be attributed to individual variations or to discrepancies in the ablation procedure. The biophysical parameters of the RF applications and the weight gain of the animals during the follow-up did not differ between the control and treated groups. Additionally, the qualitative and quantitative histological findings were very consistent in all the groups, indicating that the casuistry was adequate.</p>
      <p>It is important to emphasize that it was not possible to measure the volume of the lesions, as their geometry is very irregular (mainly in its surroundings), and therefore we opted by the measurement of the lesion central area in mm<sup>2</sup>. Thus, among the several histological cuts of a same piece, we selected the one that presented bigger dimensions in width and length as representative of the lesion. Although it does not make possible to determine the total volume of the lesion, the method used was adequate and reproductible for estimating the lesion size and comparison among the groups - our major objective. Reinforcing the adequacy of our methodology, it was observed a reduction in the lesion area secondary to the treatment for the infants (28%) and pubescents (20%), but not for the adults, for which it was already demonstrated that the corticosteroids do not reduce the lesion by RF size<sup>4</sup>. Finally, the quantitative findings were corroborated by the qualitative analysis performed by the pathologist.</p>
      <p>Another new contribution of the present study was to demonstrate that the lesions by RF on the pubescents still presented late growth and extension, although less remarkable than in the infants. We have already reported that the evolution of these lesions in infant rats (corresponding to infants and toddlers) and adults (corresponding to adolescents and young adults) was similar to the one observed in the ovine<sup>3</sup> and canine<sup>4</sup> myocardium. While in adults, histologically, the chronic lesion is characterized by a well-defined scar, with delimited edges, in the infants there is a remarkable lesion growth, with badly delimited and extensive scars, with evidence of invasion of the adjacent muscle by multiple fibroblastic tissue bands. The lesions in the pubescents (corresponding to the beginning of puberty) presented intermediary characteristics, between the infants' and adults' characteristics. Although the lesions revealed increase of their dimensions in relation to the adults (late growth), the scar is presented better delimited than the infants' and with smaller invasion of the adjacent tissue by fibrous bands (late extension).</p>
      <p>The increased lesion by RF size in immature muscular tissues has been attributed to two factors: passive distention secondary to the muscle growth, as happens to the atriotomy scars created in dog infants<sup>13</sup>, and cellular proliferation of the constituent elements of the lesion, responsible for the fibrosis bands invading the surrounding tissue. This happens, in this phase, because, in contrast with the adult muscle, the muscle and interstitial cells divide actively<sup>14,15</sup>. Our findings suggest that, in the pubescents, the passive growth predominates in relation to the cellular proliferation, while in the infants the two components prevail.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up, the ponderal gain of the infants was of 350% and of the pubescents 70%, expected values for these age groups. The qualitative histological analysis was consistent when observing that the infants' lesions were bigger than those of the pubescents. However, although the lnfants' lesion area (5.58+0,61 mm<sup>2</sup>) has been bigger than the one of the pubescents (5.20+0.47 mm<sup>2</sup>), this difference was not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.10). This can be related to the sample size or the measuring methodology used, which measures only the central area of the lesion and tends to subestimate extensive lesions with irregular geometry, as the infant rats' characteristics are.</p>
      <p>Our study was not able to identify the pathways through which the corticosteroids reduce the late growth of the lesions by RF on infant and pubescents rats' thighs. These actions can be correlated to the complex effects of these drugs in the healing process<sup>16-18</sup>, such as progressive decrease of the fibroblast number, thus, the collagen synthesis with consequent delay in healing. And it is also possible that, in addition to the leukocytes and fibroblasts inhibition, the corticosteroids exercise these actions through the cytokines reduction and cellular growth factors<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our findings suggest that the corticosteroids reduce the late growth of the lesion by RF not only in infant rats but also in the pubescent rats. If confirmed by posterior studies, our results indicate the possibility of limitating the late extension of the lesions by RF through pharmacological interventions, what could be clinically useful specially in the infants and toddler children's ablation, age group in which the lesion growth has been associated to pro-arrhythmic effects<sup>19</sup>. The fact that the lesions in the pubescents is smaller, more homogeneous and with lower intensity of fibrous bands in comparison to the infants', suggest a lower propension to the formation of arrhythmogenic substract in this age group. However, new investigations are necessary in order to determine the functional meaning of these lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was performed on the normal skeletal muscle of rodends. Therefore, the results are not for direct inference to the human heart of pediatric patients with arrhythmias<sup>5</sup>. The formulation and the corticosteroids dosage were arbitrary, not being determined the most effective dose<sup>20,21</sup>. The acute lesions were not studied. However, our previous study<sup>5</sup> had already demonstrated that the acute lesions in infants and adults are similar. The age group of the rodends may not correspond exactly to the one of the humans.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this model, the lesions by RF on the infant and pubescent rat's thigh present late growth and extension, more remarkably in the infants - which does not occur in adults. The corticosteroids seem to reduce these phenomena in infants and pubescent subjects. These findings can have implications to the ablation by RF in pediatric populations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mr. Wladmir Martins, for the orientation on graphic computing in this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mieko Okada, from <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Tanel RE, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Epsteins MR, Bergau DM, Saul JP. Five-year experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation: implications for management of arrhythmias in pediatric and young adult patients. J Pediatr. 1997; 131 (6): 878-87. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Fenelon G, Brugada P. Delayed effects of radiofrenquency energy: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996; 19 (4 Pt 1): 484-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Saul J, Hulse J, Walsh E. Late enlargement of radiofrequency lesions in infant lambs: implications for ablation procedures in small children. Circulation. 1994; 90 (1): 492-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Fenelon G, Franco M, Mora O, Katchburian E, de Paola AA. Combined therapy with steroids and antioxidants prevents ultrastructural damage surrounding chronic radiofrequency lesions. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004; 27 (1): 65-72. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Fenelon G, Fernandes R, Franco M, de Paola A. Steroids prevent late extension of radiofrequency lesions in the thigh muscle of infant rats: implications for pediatric ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2003; 9 (1): 7-13. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Wayne R. Research Services Branch. National Institute of Mental Health. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [Access in 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/docs/intro.html">http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/docs/intro.html</ext-link> </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Papadopulos F, Spinelli M, Valente S, Foroni L, Orrico C, Pasquinelli G, et al. Common tasks in microscopic and ultrastructural image analysis using image. J Ultrastruct Pathol. 2007; 31 (6): 401-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Roszik J, Lisboa D , Sz&#246;llosi J, Vereb G. Evaluation of intensity-based ratiometric FRET in image cytometry-approaches and a software solution. Cytometry. 2009; 75 (9): 586-94. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Hinton Jr RB, Alfieri CM, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Yutzey KE, et al. Mouse heart valve structure and function: echocardiographic and morphometric analyses from the fetus through the aged adult. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008; 294 (6): 480-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Porzio S, Masseroli M, Messori A, Forloni G, Olivetti G, Latini R, et al. A simple, automatic method for morphometric analysis of the left ventricle in rats with myocardial infarction. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1995; 33 (4): 221-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Risebro CA, Searles RG, Melville AAD, Ehler E, Jina N, Riley PR, et al. Prox1 maintains muscle structure and growth in the developing heart. Development. 2009; 136 (3): 495-505. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Souza HC, Martin-Pinge MC, Neto OB, Teixeira VPA, Blanco JHD, da Silva VJD. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade increases hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in rats submitted to aerobic training. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (2): 99-104. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Denfield SW, Kearney DL, Michael L, de Groot AG, Garson A. Developmental differences in canine cardiac surgical scars. Am Heart J. 1993;126 (2): 382-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Rakusan K. Cardiac growth, maturation and aging. In: Zak R. (editor). Growth of the heart in health and disease. New York: Raven Press; 1984. p. 131-64. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Banerjee I, Fuseler JW, Price RL, Borg TK, Baudino TA. Determination of cell types and numbers during cardiac development in the neonatal and adult rat and mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007; 293 (3): H1883-H1891. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Giovannini UM. Treatment of scars by steroid injections. Wound Repair Regen. 2002; 10 (2): 116-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Young M. Adrenal steroids and cardiac fibrosis. Steroids. 1995; 60: 133-6.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Mitsuya N, Kishi R, Suzuki N, Tamura M, Imai Y, Koike J, et al. Efficacy of steroid therapy for pacing failure in a patient with chronic myocarditis. Intern Med. 2004; 43 (3): 213-7.19.  Birnbaum S E. Mechanisms of atrial reentry tachycardia after surgery for congenital heart disease. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2002; 14: 205-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Ried LD. Reducing medication errors, comparative effectiveness, and glucocorticosteroid dosing. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2009; 49 (4): 576. </p>
      <p>21. Schroeder VA, Pearl JM, Schwartz SM, Shanley TP, Manning PB, Nelson DP. Combined steroid treatment for congenital heart surgery improves oxygen delivery and reduces postbypass inflammatory mediator expression. Circulation. 2003; 107 (22): 2823-8.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="linkcorresp-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Guilherme Fenelon</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - 10&#186; andar - Fundos</p>
          <p> 04039-032 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="guifenelon@cardiol.br">guifenelon@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br">guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 15, 2009; revised manuscript received January 13, 2010; accepted February 22, 2010.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
