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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CZGPH4ctNj3Sy8PnHX5zpVj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura e hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica: estudo de base populacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baldo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Perim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>186</fpage>
      <lpage>191</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica s&#227;o fatores de risco cardiovascular associados com o aumento da adiposidade. Em um estudo anterior, a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE) foi identificada como o melhor &#237;ndice de obesidade associado com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. OBJETIVO: Comparar a capacidade desse &#237;ndice na identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica com outros &#237;ndices de obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal - IMC; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura - CC e raz&#227;o cintura-quadril - RCQ) atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de curvas ROC (receiver operator characteristics). M&#201;TODOS: 1.655 (45,8% homens) participantes do Projeto MONICA-WHO/Vit&#243;ria, com idade m&#233;dia de 45 &#177; 11 anos foram investigados. A preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (crit&#233;rios ATP-III) foi de 32,9%, hipertens&#227;o de 42,4% e obesidade de 19,2%. RESULTADOS: Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a hipertens&#227;o, houve uma superioridade significante da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e CC (p &lt; 0,05), independentemente do sexo, mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &gt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, houve uma superioridade significante da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ em homens (p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e &#224; CC (p = 0,16 e p = 0,9 respectivamente). Entretanto, em mulheres, a RCE foi significativamente superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &lt; 0,001) e IMC (p = 0,025), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CC (p = 0,8). Os pontos de corte s&#227;o 0,52 e 0,53 para hipertens&#227;o e 0,53 e 0,54 para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: A obesidade abdominal identificada pela RCE, ao inv&#233;s da obesidade geral identificada pelo IMC, &#233; o &#237;ndice mais simples e melhor aplic&#225;vel, associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EPIDEMIOLOGIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura e hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica: estudo de base populacional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues; Marcelo Perim Baldo; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="endb">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica s&#227;o fatores de risco cardiovascular associados com o aumento da adiposidade. Em um estudo anterior, a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE) foi identificada como o melhor &#237;ndice de obesidade associado com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar a capacidade desse &#237;ndice na identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica com outros &#237;ndices de obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal - IMC; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura - CC e raz&#227;o cintura-quadril - RCQ) atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de curvas ROC (receiver operator characteristics). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> 1.655 (45,8% homens) participantes do Projeto MONICA-WHO/Vit&#243;ria, com idade m&#233;dia de 45 &#177; 11 anos foram investigados. A preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (crit&#233;rios ATP-III) foi de 32,9%, hipertens&#227;o de 42,4% e obesidade de 19,2%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a hipertens&#227;o, houve uma superioridade significante da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e CC (p &lt; 0,05), independentemente do sexo, mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &gt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, houve uma superioridade significante da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ em homens (p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e &#224; CC (p = 0,16 e p = 0,9 respectivamente). Entretanto, em mulheres, a RCE foi significativamente superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &lt; 0,001) e IMC (p = 0,025), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CC (p = 0,8). Os pontos de corte s&#227;o 0,52 e 0,53 para hipertens&#227;o e 0,53 e 0,54 para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A obesidade abdominal identificada pela RCE, ao inv&#233;s da obesidade geral identificada pelo IMC, &#233; o &#237;ndice mais simples e melhor aplic&#225;vel, associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, fatores de risco, &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores de risco metab&#243;licos, incluindo obesidade visceral, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e dislipidemia, frequentemente s&#227;o encontrados juntos em alguns indiv&#237;duos<sup>1</sup>, uma associa&#231;&#227;o chamada de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM). A press&#227;o arterial elevada &#233; o componente de risco mais comumente associado com a SM, independentemente dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados<sup>2</sup> e &#233; o maior fator contribuinte isolado para o risco cardiovascular em todo o mundo<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, tem sido enfatizada a import&#226;ncia de se entender a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e sua hist&#243;ria natural<sup>4,5</sup>, bem como se o risco cardiovascular &#233; influenciado por caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas que podem ser modificadas por altera&#231;&#245;es nos h&#225;bitos de vida. O aumento da gordura corporal &#233; de particular interesse nesta &#225;rea, j&#225; que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) tem sido, em parte, atribu&#237;da &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em sua maioria com sobrepeso/obesidade<sup>6</sup>, atualmente atingindo cerca de 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta americana<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em um estudo de base populacional com 641 indiv&#237;duos do projeto MONICA-WHO/Vit&#243;ria, a obesidade abdominal - identificada pela raz&#227;o cintura/estatura (RCE = 0,56, independentemente do sexo) e n&#227;o o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), foi o melhor &#237;ndice de obesidade associado com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda definida atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia, um importante preditor de morte card&#237;aca<sup>8</sup>. Dessa forma, nosso objetivo foi testar, em um grande estudo de base populacional, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RCE (um m&#233;todo de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o, que pode ser realizado atrav&#233;s de programas de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de) e a hipertens&#227;o, e a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a defini&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice RCE foi comparada &#224; outros &#237;ndices cl&#225;ssicos de obesidade, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de curvas ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um estudo transversal de base populacional foi realizado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana na cidade de Vit&#243;ria, Brasil, para determinar a preval&#234;ncia e a gravidade dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (1999 a 2001). Os dados foram coletados de acordo com as diretrizes do Projeto MONICA-WHO<sup>9</sup>. Um grupo de 1.662 indiv&#237;duos (25 a 64 anos) foi selecionado dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o eleg&#237;vel e atendida no Hospital Universit&#225;rio, a fim de ser submetida a exames cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. O desenho e a amostragem desse estudo foram descritos em outro estudo<sup>10</sup>. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e todos os participantes deram seu consentimento informado por escrito. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida em jejum, durante o per&#237;odo da manh&#227; (7:00 h &#224;s 9:00 h), com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, usando um esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, no bra&#231;o esquerdo, ap&#243;s um repouso de 5 a 10 minutos. A primeira e a quinta fases dos sons de Korotkoff foram utilizadas para indicar a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente. Os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram calculados a partir de duas mensura&#231;&#245;es feitas por dois examinadores independentes treinados, com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 10 minutos entre as duas leituras. Para a an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica, amostras de sangue foram colhidas logo ap&#243;s a medida da press&#227;o arterial, para medir os n&#237;veis de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e HDL-colesterol, atrav&#233;s de kits anal&#237;ticos comerciais validados. </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos foram obtidos por t&#233;cnicos treinados, utilizando m&#233;todos padr&#227;o. O peso corporal foi medido em uma balan&#231;a calibrada, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg. A altura foi medida com um estadi&#244;metro de parede, com precis&#227;o de 0,5 cm. O IMC foi calculado como peso corporal (kg) dividido pela altura ao quadrado (m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca, com o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233; e no ponto m&#225;ximo da expira&#231;&#227;o normal. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi medida com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm em volta das coxas, na altura do troc&#226;nter maior, com o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233;. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram considerados hipertensos na presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg ou diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg ou quando faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, incluindo diur&#233;ticos. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios ATP III<sup>11</sup>, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi definida quando tr&#234;s dos seguintes crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estavam presentes: CC &gt; 102 cm em homens e &gt; 88 cm em mulheres; diabete melito tipo II ou glicose em jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl; HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl em mulheres; triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg. A presen&#231;a de diabetes foi definida quando um hist&#243;rico positivo estava presente ou quando a glicemia em jejum era <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 13.0. Os dados foram descritos como m&#233;dias + desvios-padr&#227;o e medianas para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As propor&#231;&#245;es foram usadas para expressar vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas. O melhor ajuste para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi avaliada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o-pareado e o teste de Qui-quadrado foram utilizados para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas, respectivamente. As an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson) foram realizadas para estimar associa&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. Triglicer&#237;deos foram analisados ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tima. A capacidade das medidas antropom&#233;tricas de identificar hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, bem como sensibilidades e especificidades dos &#237;ndices foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de curvas ROC<sup>12</sup>. As diferen&#231;as das &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC (AUC) foram comparadas usando um m&#233;todo previamente descrito<sup>13</sup>. Os pontos de corte selecionados foram definidos pelos pontos representando as maiores sensibilidade e especificidade concomitantes<sup>14</sup>. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida como p &lt; 0,05 para propor&#231;&#245;es e m&#233;dias, salvo indica&#231;&#227;o em contr&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sete indiv&#237;duos foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise devido &#224; falta de dados para o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Deste modo, dados de 1.655 indiv&#237;duos (759 homens e 896 mulheres) foram relatados. A preval&#234;ncia da SM foi de 32,9% (251 homens e 294 mulheres) e 42,4% dos indiv&#237;duos tinha hipertens&#227;o (47,5% em homens). &#201; interessante mencionar que cerca de 71% dos indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentaram n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg. Por outro lado, dentre os indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, 50% n&#227;o preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de SM. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas gerais da amostra de acordo com o sexo s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. Todas as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o mais elevadas em homens, exceto idade, RCE, glicemia de jejum, e preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito e SM, que n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as. IMC, HDL-colesterol, preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e uso de anti-hipertensivos foram mais baixos em homens do que em mulheres. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510a01tab02m">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Todas as correla&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o significantes com p&lt;0,01, independentemente do sexo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop06510a01tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas ROC do IMC (0,665), CC (0,668), RCQ (0,686) e RCE (0,700) para homens (parte superior) e IMC (0,726), CC (0,749), RCQ (0,738) e RCE (0,762) para mulheres (parte inferior), em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a hipertens&#227;o. Houve uma significante superioridade da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e CC (p &lt; 0,05), independentemente do sexo, mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &gt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figura 2</xref> mostra as curvas ROC do IMC (0,759), CC (0,775), RCQ (0,730) e RCE (0.774) para homens (parte superior) e IMC (0,813), CC (0,835), RCQ (0,779) e RCE (0,836) para mulheres (parte inferior). Houve uma superioridade significante da RCE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ em homens (p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC e &#224; CC (p = 0,16 e p = 0,9 respectivamente). Em mulheres, a RCE foi significantemente superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCQ (p &lt; 0,001) e IMC (p = 0,025), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CC (p = 0,8).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores das AUC e pontos de corte dos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de acordo com a maior sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar a hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510a01tab03m">Tabela 3</xref>. Havia basicamente o mesmo ponto de corte para IMC (cerca de 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), uma diferen&#231;a de 0,01 na RCE (0,52 e 0,53), uma diferen&#231;a de 0,09 na RCQ (0,92 e 0,83) e uma diferen&#231;a de 5 cm na CC (88,75 e 83,75) para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. &#201; digno de nota o fato que a RCE mostrou a maior combina&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade e especificidade, com valores &gt; 65% e &gt;70% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop06510a01tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510a01tab04m">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os valores de AUC e pontos de corte dos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos &#243;timos de acordo com a maior sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar a SM. Havia uma diferen&#231;a de 0,8 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>nos pontos de corte do IMC (26,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 26,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), uma diferen&#231;a de 0,01 na RCE (0,53 e 0,54), uma diferen&#231;a de 0,08 na RCQ (0,92 e 0,84) e uma diferen&#231;a de 5 cm na CC (90,25 e 80,25) para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Novamente, a RCE mostrou a maior combina&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade e especificidade, com valores de aproximadamente 69% e 75% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. &#201; interessante notar que a RCE foi o &#250;nico &#237;ndice antropom&#233;trico exclusivamente capaz de identificar hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica de forma eficiente, independentemente do sexo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop06510a01tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo mostra que a RCE e a RCQ tem capacidades preditoras compar&#225;veis para identificar indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, independentemente do sexo. Entretanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, em homens a RCE teve um desempenho t&#227;o bom quanto a CC e o IMC, sendo significantemente melhor do que a RCQ. De forma inversa, em mulheres, a RCE mostrou uma capacidade significantemente melhor do que os outros &#237;ndices, com exce&#231;&#227;o da CC. Dessa forma, no geral, nosso principal achado &#233; que a RCE &#233;, de forma isolada, o melhor &#237;ndice antropom&#233;trico para identificar hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, independentemente do sexo. Os pontos de corte s&#227;o 0,52 e 0,53 para hipertens&#227;o e 0,53 e 0,54 para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O debate sobre qual a melhor forma de definir obesidade &#233; dificultado por observa&#231;&#245;es sugerindo que o IMC, a CC ou a RCQ podem ter um desempenho melhor ao predizer risco cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, dependendo do sexo, idade e etnicidade<sup>15</sup>. Dessa forma, principalmente em pa&#237;ses emergentes, todos os esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para desenvolver crit&#233;rios custo-efetivos, de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o para identificar condi&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas reconhecidas como fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. O IMC tem sido utilizado como &#237;ndice de obesidade na maioria dos estudos at&#233; hoje. Entretanto, sua capacidade de predizer ou estar associado com hipertens&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda tem sido questionada<sup>16,17</sup>. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as medidas antropom&#233;tricas da obesidade abdominal est&#227;o fortemente e positivamente associadas com mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas, independentemente do IMC<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>As medidas da CC podem corresponder a diferentes propor&#231;&#245;es de adiposidade visceral, que dependem da estrutura corporal do indiv&#237;duo. Algumas normaliza&#231;&#245;es tem sido investigadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de melhor indicar maior risco cardiovascular, tais como corre&#231;&#245;es para altura (ou seus exponenciais)<sup>19,20</sup> ou para circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados de estudos brasileiros apontam a adiposidade visceral, em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao IMC, como fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o, que foi melhor identificado atrav&#233;s de medidas da CC<sup>22</sup> ou RCQ<sup>23</sup>. Entretanto, a medida da RCQ requer a mensura&#231;&#227;o das circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e do quadril e sua raz&#227;o reflete um conceito abstrato, tornando-se mais dif&#237;cil para a popula&#231;&#227;o entend&#234;-la e interpret&#225;-la. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com incrementos de gordura na &#225;rea do quadril ou em ambas as circunfer&#234;ncias poderiam ter, como resultado, uma RCQ baixa ou normal. De fato, em nossa amostra, 27% dos homens obesos e 43% das mulheres obesas (de acordo com o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) tinham valores de RCQ normais. Esse achado provavelmente explica a correla&#231;&#227;o mais baixa entre a RCQ e o IMC (<italic>r </italic>= 0,59 e <italic>r </italic>= 0,45, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente), comparados &#224; RCE e IMC (<italic>r </italic>= 0,90 e <italic>r </italic>= 0,89 para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. M&#250;ltiplos mecanismos biol&#243;gicos tem sido implicados na media&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos na sa&#250;de do excesso de adiposidade; entretanto, os caminhos exatos s&#227;o desconhecidos. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos mecanismos envolvendo secre&#231;&#227;o de adipocinas e outras subst&#226;ncias vasoativas, a gordura visceral parece ser mais sens&#237;vel &#224; lip&#243;lise, comparada &#224; gordura subcut&#226;nea, o que pode contribuir para o seu papel na manifesta&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>De forma similar, nossos dados favorecem a adiposidade abdominal como um fator de risco cardiovascular mandat&#243;rio. Dessa forma, nosso estudo sugere que a CC corrigida pela altura pode ser mais apropriada e pr&#225;tica, em contraste com conceitos abstratos (IMC e RCE) ou pontos de corte fixos e g&#234;nero-espec&#237;ficos atualmente utilizados. Al&#233;m disso, pedir aos indiv&#237;duos que multipliquem sua estatura (em cm) por um valor pr&#233;-determinado (de acordo com o fator de risco a ser identificado, isto &#233;, por volta de 0,52 para hipertens&#227;o, 0,54 para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e 0,56 por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, independentemente do sexo) e recomendar que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura fique abaixo da medida m&#225;xima resultante seria um objetivo importante em educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as em nosso pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo &#233; seu desenho transversal, o que n&#227;o nos permite tirar conclus&#245;es em termos de causalidade. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, em geral, nosso principal achado &#233; que a RCE &#233; o &#237;ndice de obesidade mais simples e melhor aplicado para identificar hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo recebeu apoio financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq, 304248/2005-3) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES, 35884886/2006).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPES.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="endb" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maru&#237;pe </p>
        <p> 29042-755 - Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sergio.lamego@terra.com.br">sergio.lamego@terra.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sergiolamegor@gmail.com">sergiolamegor@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 02/07/09; revisado recebido em 09/10/09; aceito em 24/11/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association of waist-stature ratio with hypertension and metabolic syndrome: population-based study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hypertension and metabolic syndrome are cardiovascular risk factors associated with increased adiposity. In a previous study, waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) was identified as the best obesity index associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE: In this study we compared the ability of this index to identify hypertension and metabolic syndrome with other obesity indexes (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; and waist-to-hip ratio - WHR) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. METHODS: 1,655 (45.8% men) participants of the MONICA-WHO/Vitoria Project, mean age 45 &#177; 11 y were investigated. Metabolic syndrome prevalence (ATP-III criteria) was 32.9%, hypertension was 42.4% and obesity was 19.2%. RESULTS: Regarding the ability to identify hypertension, there was a significant WSR superiority in relation to BMI and WC (p &lt; 0.05) regardless of gender, but WHR (p &gt; 0.05). In relation to the ability to identify metabolic syndrome, there was a significant WSR superiority in relation to WHR in men (p &lt; 0.001), but BMI and WC (p = 0.16 and p = 0.9), respectively. However, in women WSR was significantly superior in relation to WHR (p &lt; 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.025), but WC (p = 0.8). The optimal WSR cutoffs are 0.52 and 0.53 for hypertension and 0.53 and 0.54 for metabolic syndrome, for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity, identified by WSR as a surrogate, and not overall obesity (BMI as surrogate), is the simplest and best applicable obesity index associated to hypertension and metabolic syndrome in our population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologic studies</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Association of waist-stature ratio with hypertension and metabolic syndrome: population-based study</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>S&#233;rgio Lam&#234;go Rodrigues; Marcelo Perim Baldo; Jos&#233; Geraldo Mill </bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Hypertension and metabolic syndrome are cardiovascular risk factors associated with increased adiposity. In a previous study, waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) was identified as the best obesity index associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> In this study we compared the ability of this index to identify hypertension and metabolic syndrome with other obesity indexes (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; and waist-to-hip ratio - WHR) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 1,655 (45.8% men) participants of the MONICA-WHO/Vitoria Project, mean age 45 &#177; 11 y were investigated. Metabolic syndrome prevalence (ATP-III criteria) was 32.9%, hypertension was 42.4% and obesity was 19.2%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Regarding the ability to identify hypertension, there was a significant WSR superiority in relation to BMI and WC (p &lt; 0.05) regardless of gender, but WHR (p &gt; 0.05). In relation to the ability to identify metabolic syndrome, there was a significant WSR superiority in relation to WHR in men (p &lt; 0.001), but BMI and WC (p = 0.16 and p = 0.9), respectively. However, in women WSR was significantly superior in relation to WHR (p &lt; 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.025), but WC (p = 0.8). The optimal WSR cutoffs are 0.52 and 0.53 for hypertension and 0.53 and 0.54 for metabolic syndrome, for men and women, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Abdominal obesity, identified by WSR as a surrogate, and not overall obesity (BMI as surrogate), is the simplest and best applicable obesity index associated to hypertension and metabolic syndrome in our population. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; metabolic syndrome; epidemiologic studies; risk factors; body mass index.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Metabolic risk factors, including visceral obesity, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia, often cluster in some individuals<sup>1</sup>, a construct called metabolic syndrome. Elevated blood pressure is the risk component most commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, regardless of the diagnostic criteria used<sup>2</sup> and the greatest single contributor to cardiovascular risk worldwide<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recent emphasis has been placed on the importance of understanding the progression of cardiovascular disease and its natural history<sup>4,5</sup>, as well as whether cardiovascular risk is influenced by physical characteristics that can be modified by lifestyle behaviors. Increased body fatness is of particular interest in this area, as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease has been partly attributable to a largely overweight/obese population<sup>6</sup>, now affecting nearly 70% of United States adult population<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>In a population-based study involving 641 subjects of the MONICA-WHO/Vit&#243;ria Project, abdominal obesity - identified by waist-to-stature ratio (WSR = 0.56, regardless of gender) as surrogate and not body mass index (BMI), was the best obesity index associated with left ventricular hypertrophy determined by echocardiography, an important predictor of cardiac death<sup>8</sup>. Therefore, our aim was to test, in a large population-based study, the association between WSR (a method of easy interpretation that could be used in health promotion programs) with arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome. In addition, the performance of the WSR index was compared to other classical obesity indexes, by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional, population-based study to determine the prevalence and severity of cardiovascular risk factors was carried out in an urban population in the city of Vit&#243;ria, state of Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil (1999 to 2001). Data were collected according to the general guidelines of the MONICA-WHO Project<sup>9</sup>. A total of 1,662 individuals (25 to 64 years) were selected among the eligible population and attended at the University Hospital to be submitted to clinical and laboratory examinations. The design and sampling of this survey were described elsewhere<sup>10</sup>. The project was approved by the institutional ethic committee and all participants gave their informed written consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured in fasting individuals during the morning period (7 to 9 am) in the sitting position using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on the left arm after a 5 to 10 minute rest period. The first and fifth phases of Korotkoff sounds were used to indicate systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. The mean values of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were calculated from two measurements carried out by two independent trained examiners, with a minimal interval of 10 min between the two readings. For biochemical analysis, blood samples were collected soon after blood pressure measurements to determine glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol lipoprotein, by using validated commercial analytical kits. </p>
      <p>Anthropometric parameters were obtained by trained technicians, using standard methods. Body weight was measured on a calibrated scale, to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer, to the nearest 0.5 cm. BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by the squared height (m<sup>2</sup>). Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the mean point between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest with the subject standing and at the maximum point of normal expiration. Hip circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm around the thighs, at the height of the greater trochanter, in the standing position. </p>
      <p>Subjects were considered hypertensive in the presence of systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg or those using anti-hypertensive drugs, including diuretics. According to ATP III criteria<sup>11</sup>, metabolic syndrome was defined when any three of five following diagnostic criteria were present: WC &gt; 102 cm in men and &gt; 88 cm in women; type II diabetes mellitus or fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl; HDL-cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl in men and &lt; 50 mg/dl in women; triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg. Diabetes was defined when a positive history was present or fasting blood glucose was <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 statistical package. Data are described as means &#177; standard deviations and medians for continuous variables. Proportions are used to express dichotomous variables. The goodness-of-fit for normal distribution was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test and Chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Correlation analyses (Pearson) were performed to estimate associations between anthropometric indexes and clinical variables. Triglycerides were analyzed after log transformation. The ability of anthropometric measures to identify hypertension and metabolic syndrome, as well as sensitivities and specificities of the indexes were analyzed by ROC curves<sup>12</sup>. Differences of the areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were compared using a previously described method<sup>13</sup>. Optimal cutoffs were defined by the points representing the highest concomitant sensitivity and specificity<sup>14</sup>. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05 for proportions and means, unless stated otherwise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seven individuals were excluded from the analysis due to the lack of data to diagnose metabolic syndrome. Therefore, data are reported on 1,655 subjects (759 men and 896 women). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 32.9% (251 men and 294 women) and 42.4% of the subjects had hypertension (47.5% in men). It is worth mentioning that around 71% of subjects with metabolic syndrome had associated blood pressure levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg. Conversely, among subjects with hypertension, 50% did not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>The general clinical characteristics of the sample according to gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. All variables were higher in men, except age, WSR, fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome prevalence, which did not show any differences. BMI, HDL-cholesterol, obesity prevalence and use of antihypertensive drugs were lower in men compared to women. <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510en_a01tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref> depicts the correlation coefficients between the anthropometric indexes and the studied variables. All correlations are significant with p &lt; 0.01, regardless of gender. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop06510en_a01tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows ROC curves of BMI (0.665), WC (0.668), WHR (0.686) and WSR (0.700) for men (top) and BMI (0.726), WC (0.749), WHR (0.738) and WSR (0.762) for women (bottom), regarding the ability to identify hypertension. There was a significant WSR superiority in relation to BMI and WC (p &lt; 0.05) regardless of gender, but WHR (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In relation to the ability to identify metabolic syndrome, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows ROC curves of BMI (0.759), WC (0.775), WHR (0.730) and WSR (0.774) for men (top) and BMI (0.813), WC (0.835), WHR (0.779) and WSR (0.836) for women (bottom). There was a significant WSR superiority in relation to WHR in men (p &lt; 0.001), but BMI and WC (p = 0.16 and p = 0.9), respectively. In women WSR was significantly superior in relation to WHR (p &lt; 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.025), but WC (p = 0.8).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>AUC values and optimal anthropometric indexes partition points according to the highest sensibility and specificity to identify hypertension are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510en_a01tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>. There was roughly the same BMI cutoff (around 26 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), a 0.01 difference in WSR (0.52 and 0.53), a 0.09 difference in WHR (0.92 and 0.83) and a 5 cm difference in WC (88.75 and 83.75) for men and women, respectively. It is noteworthy that WSR showed the highest combined sensitivity and specificity, with values &gt; 65% and &gt; 70% for men and women, respectively. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop06510en_a01tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06510en_a01tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref> shows AUC values and optimal anthropometric indexes partition points according to the highest sensibility and specificity to identify metabolic syndrome. There was a 0.8 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>difference in the BMI cutoffs (26.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 26.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), a 0.01 difference in WSR (0.53 and 0.54), a 0.08 difference in WHR (0.92 and 0.84) and a 5 cm difference in WC (90.25 and 80.25) for men and women, respectively. Again, WSR showed the highest combined sensitivity and specificity, with values around 69% and 75% for men and women, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop06510en_a01tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0186-00073-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that WSR was the only anthropometric index exclusively capable of efficiently identifying both hypertension and metabolic syndrome, regardless of gender.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study shows that WSR and WHR have comparable prediction ability to identify hypertensive subjects, regardless of gender. However, regarding the ability to identity metabolic syndrome, in men WSR performed as good as WC and BMI, and significantly better than WHR. Conversely, in women, WSR showed a significantly better ability than the other indexes, but WC. Therefore, in general, our main finding is that WSR is the best isolated anthropometric index to identify hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the general population, regardless of gender. The optimal cutoff points are 0.52 and 0.53 for hypertension and 0.53 and 0.54 for metabolic syndrome, for men and women, respectively. </p>
      <p>The debate over how to best define obesity is complicated by observations suggesting that BMI, WC, or WHR may each perform better in predicting cardiovascular risk in specific populations, depending on gender, age, and ethnicity<sup>15</sup>. Therefore, mainly in developing countries, every effort should be made to develop cost-efficient, easily interpreted and applicable criteria to identify subclinical conditions recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. </p>
      <p>BMI has been used as obesity index in most studies to date. However, its ability to predict or to be associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy has been questioned<sup>16,17</sup>. Conversely, anthropometric measures of abdominal obesity have been shown to be strongly and positively associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, regardless of BMI<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Measures of WC may correspond to different proportions of visceral adiposity, which are frame-size dependent. Some normalizations have been investigated regarding the power to best indicate higher cardiovascular risk, such as correction for height (or its exponentials)<sup>19,20</sup> or for hip circumference<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data from Brazilians studies point toward visceral adiposity, as opposed to BMI, as a risk factor for hypertension, which was better identified by measurements of WC<sup>22</sup> or WHR<sup>23</sup>. However, WHR requires measurements of both waist and hip circumferences and its ratio reflects an abstract concept, which is more difficult for the population to understand and interpret it. Moreover, subjects with fat increments in the hip area or in both circumferences could have as a result, low or normal WHR. Indeed, in our sample 27% of obese men and 43% of obese women (according to BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) had normal WHR values. This finding probably explains the lower correlation between WHR and BMI (<italic>r </italic>= 0.59 and <italic>r </italic>= 0.45, for men and women, respectively), compared to WSR and BMI (<italic>r </italic>= 0.90 and <italic>r </italic>= 0.89 for males and females, respectively. Multiple biological mechanisms have been implicated in the mediation of the adverse health effects of excess adiposity; however, the exact pathways are still unknown. In addition to mechanisms involving secretion of adipokines and other vasoactive substances, visceral fat seem to be more sensitive to lipolysis, compared with subcutaneous fat, thereby preferentially increasing circulating free fatty acid levels, which may contribute to its role in risk factor manifestation<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Accordingly, our data favors abdominal adiposity as an imperative cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, our study suggests that WC, after being corrected for height, may be more appropriate and practical, in contrast with abstract concepts (BMI and WHR) or fixed and gender-specific WC partition points currently being used. Moreover, asking subjects to multiply their stature (in cm) by a predetermined value (according to the risk factor to be identified, that is, around 0.52 for hypertension, 0.54 for metabolic and 0.56 for left ventricular hypertrophy, regardless of gender) and the recommendation to keep the waist girth below the resultant maximal measurement, could achieve an important goal in health education and disease prevention in our community. </p>
      <p>A limitation of our study is its cross-sectional design, which does not allow us to draw conclusions in terms of causality.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in general, our main finding is that WSR is the simplest and best applicable obesity index to identify hypertension and metabolic syndrome in our population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was supported by grants from <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq, 304248/2005-3) and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Esp&#237;rito Santo</italic> (FAPES, 35884886/2006).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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