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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zcYdhvzfFjbrSCHwRZQFbLF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito da dieta e do ciclismo indoor sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e n&#237;vel s&#233;rico lip&#237;dico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Sales do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Danielli Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos de S&#225; Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Est&#233;lio Henrique Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Castelo Branco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Capacita&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>178</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O ciclismo indoor &#233; um exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico no qual se utiliza grandes grupamentos musculares dos membros inferiores, carente de impacto osteoarticular e de elevado gasto cal&#243;rico, o que o torna interessante para se gerar uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. OBJETIVO: Analisar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico de mulheres com sobrepeso ap&#243;s doze semanas de dieta hipocal&#243;rica e treinamento de ciclismo indoor. M&#201;TODOS: Foram randomizadas 40 mulheres (23,90 &#177; 3,10 anos), subdivididas em quatro grupos: controle (C), ciclismo indoor (CI), ciclismo indoor associado a dieta hipocal&#243;rica (CD) e dieta hipocal&#243;rica (D). As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: estatura e massa corporal, IMC, percentual de gordura, massa magra, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol e lipoproteinas (HDL,LDL,VLDL). O treinamento de ciclismo indoor consistiu em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais de 45 minutos cada e a uma restri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica de aproximadamente 1.200 kcal. O estudo teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas. Utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva (m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o) e inferencial (test t de Student). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CI, CD e D reduziram significativamente as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas ap&#243;s as 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o (massa corporal, percentual de gordura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal), al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;dios. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HDL colesterol, houve aumento significativo para os grupos CI e CD. CONCLUS&#195;O: De acordo com os resultados, o ciclismo indoor e a dieta hipocal&#243;rica contribu&#237;ram no combate ao sobrepeso bem como no controle do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos lip&#237;deos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>ciclismo</kwd>
        <kwd>lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> DISLIPIDEMIAS</p>
    <p>Efeito da dieta e do ciclismo <italic><bold>indoor</bold></italic> sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e n&#237;vel s&#233;rico lip&#237;dico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Val&#233;ria Sales do Valle<sup>I</sup>; Danielli Braga de Mello<sup>II</sup>; Marcos de S&#225; Rego Fortes<sup>III</sup>; Est&#233;lio Henrique Martin Dantas<sup>IV</sup>; Marco Antonio de Mattos<sup>V</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Bioci&#234;ncias da Motricidade Humana da Universidade Castelo Branco (LABIMH/RJ) </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito (EsEFEx) </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Capacita&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>CNPq </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia-INC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="linkcorresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> &#233; um exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico no qual se utiliza grandes grupamentos musculares dos membros inferiores, carente de impacto osteoarticular e de elevado gasto cal&#243;rico, o que o torna interessante para se gerar uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico de mulheres com sobrepeso ap&#243;s doze semanas de dieta hipocal&#243;rica e treinamento de ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic>. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram randomizadas 40 mulheres (23,90 &#177; 3,10 anos), subdivididas em quatro grupos: controle (C), ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> (CI), ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> associado a dieta hipocal&#243;rica (CD) e dieta hipocal&#243;rica (D). As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: estatura e massa corporal, IMC, percentual de gordura, massa magra, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol e lipoproteinas (HDL,LDL,VLDL). O treinamento de ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> consistiu em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais de 45 minutos cada e a uma restri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica de aproximadamente 1.200 kcal. O estudo teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas. Utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva (m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o) e inferencial (test <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os grupos CI, CD e D reduziram significativamente as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas ap&#243;s as 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o (massa corporal, percentual de gordura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal), al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e triglicer&#237;dios. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HDL colesterol, houve aumento significativo para os grupos CI e CD. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> De acordo com os resultados, o ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> e a dieta hipocal&#243;rica contribu&#237;ram no combate ao sobrepeso bem como no controle do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos lip&#237;deos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sobrepeso, ciclismo, lip&#237;deos, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dislipidemia e a obesidade representam um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e devem ser tratados atrav&#233;s de programas de preven&#231;&#227;o e educa&#231;&#227;o. A terap&#234;utica consiste em mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, com h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis, manuten&#231;&#227;o ou aquisi&#231;&#227;o de massa corporal adequada, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares e, dependendo da resposta, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de hipolipemiantes<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos tem recebido grande notoriedade no campo da sa&#250;de, n&#227;o apenas por sua a&#231;&#227;o isolada na preven&#231;&#227;o e no controle das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>3,4</sup>, mas tamb&#233;m por induzir a altera&#231;&#245;es positivas nos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos plasm&#225;ticos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode promover efeitos cr&#244;nicos, tais como: diminui&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos (TG), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), colesterol total (CT), resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, massa corporal (MC), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G) com concomitante aumento nos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL), massa magra (MM) e taxa metab&#243;lica basal<sup>6,7</sup>. E o exerc&#237;cio que mais atua no metabolismo de lipoprote&#237;nas &#233; o aer&#243;bico<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic><sup>9</sup> &#233; um exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico no qual se utiliza grandes grupamentos musculares dos membros inferiores, carente de impacto osteoarticular e de elevado gasto cal&#243;rico, o que o torna interessante para se gerar uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. &#201; aplic&#225;vel a todas as faixas et&#225;rias e a diferentes n&#237;veis de condicionamento. </p>
    <p>Em um per&#237;odo de clara consolida&#231;&#227;o no setor do <italic>fitness</italic>, o ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> demonstra estar a cada dia mais vivo<sup>10,11</sup>, sendo uma estrat&#233;gia atraente para se obter aumento na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e a poss&#237;vel minimiza&#231;&#227;o no risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares .</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e o perfil s&#233;rico lip&#237;dico de mulheres adultas com sobrepeso submetidas a 12 semanas de dieta hipocal&#243;rica, associada ou n&#227;o ao treinamento de ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo amostral, definiu-se pela randomiza&#231;&#227;o (atrav&#233;s da gera&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios por computador) de 40 mulheres saud&#225;veis, de acordo com o <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> (ACSM)<sup>12</sup>, volunt&#225;rias e iniciantes em um programa de ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic>. Estas foram divididas em quatro grupos: grupo ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> (CI), grupos ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> associado &#224; dieta hipocal&#243;rica (CD), grupo dieta (D) e grupo controle (C). Cada grupo foi constitu&#237;do por 10 mulheres.</p>
    <p>Todas as volunt&#225;rias foram informadas oralmente e por escrito sobre os procedimentos do presente estudo, e concordaram em assinar o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informado. O presente trabalho atendeu &#224;s normas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa em seres humanos<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi dividida em 4 etapas:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>1&#194;&#170; Etapa: avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi mensurada atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos antropom&#233;tricos e conforme o protocolo citado por Lohman e cols.<sup>14</sup>. Foram medidas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: massa corporal (MC), estatura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G) e massa magra (MM).</p>
    <p>As medidas de massa corporal (kg) e estatura (m) foram realizadas atrav&#233;s de uma balan&#231;a (Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil) com precis&#227;o de 100 g e escala de 0 a 150 kg, a qual possu&#237;a um estadi&#244;metro acoplado.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), obtido atrav&#233;s da divis&#227;o dessas duas medidas (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), foi utilizado para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da obesidade segundo os limites de corte recomendados por Ardern e cols.<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O percentual de gordura foi verificado segundo o protocolo de sete dobras de Pollock e Wilmore<sup>16</sup>, atrav&#233;s de um plic&#244;metro (Lange<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>2&#194;&#170; Etapa: avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada pelo laborat&#243;rio S&#233;rgio Franco Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, e mensuradas atrav&#233;s da coleta sangu&#237;nea as seguintes vari&#225;veis: triglicer&#237;deos (TG), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e colesterol total (CT). Para as dosagens da HDL, CT e TG, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico. O VLDL e LDL foram calculados pela equa&#231;&#227;o de FRIEDEWALD, sendo todos os valores expressos em mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos dos quatro grupos C, CI, GD e D realizaram os procedimentos da 1&#194;&#170; e 2&#194;&#170; etapas, que ocorreram na mesma semana. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>3&#194;&#170; Etapa: interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Ciclismo indoor -</italic> Foi realizado pelos grupos CI e CD atrav&#233;s de um modelo de treinamento intervalado com curtos per&#237;odos de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa que permitissem uma recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio realizado. As aulas foram executadas em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais, constando-se cada uma de aproximadamente 45 minutos, em um per&#237;odo de 12 semanas. Os grupos CI e CD realizaram as aulas em hor&#225;rios diferentes, por&#233;m seguindo o mesmo protocolo.</p>
    <p>A intensidade foi controlada atrav&#233;s da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm musical para determina&#231;&#227;o da cad&#234;ncia e percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (sobrecarga).</p>
    <p>O monitoramento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizado com ajuda de quatro colaboradores, atrav&#233;s de um frequenc&#237;metro da marca Polar<sup>&#174; </sup>(Finl&#226;ndia), modelo F1. </p>
    <p>O treinamento foi realizado na zona alvo 55 &#177; 5% a 85 &#177; 5% FC<sub>Max,</sub> sendo utilizada a equa&#231;&#227;o de Inbar<sup>17</sup>:</p>
    <p>FC<sub>Max</sub> = 205,8 - 0,685 x idade</p>
    <p>Para o controle da cad&#234;ncia foi utilizado o BPM musical (n&#194;&#186; de batidas por minuto de m&#250;sica), pois al&#233;m de desempenhar um papel importante na motiva&#231;&#227;o e incentivo, constitui tamb&#233;m um recurso did&#225;tico para determinar o ritmo de execu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas selecionadas, j&#225; que existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta do bpm e rpm<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O controle da sobrecarga foi realizado atrav&#233;s da Escala de Esfor&#231;o Percebido de Borg, por meio de uma tabela fixada pr&#243;ximo as bicicletas atrav&#233;s de n&#250;meros que representassem o grau de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Dieta hipocal&#243;rica -</italic> Os grupos CD e D foram orientados pela mesma nutricionista atrav&#233;s de um recordat&#243;rio alimentar. Durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, os indiv&#237;duos participaram de reuni&#245;es quinzenais. Em todos os atendimentos, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, foram verificadas quais das metas estabelecidas foram efetivamente alcan&#231;adas. A seguir, as participantes tinham a oportunidade de expressar as dificuldades sentidas para seguir as orienta&#231;&#245;es da(s) consulta(s) anterior(es), sendo, ent&#227;o, orientadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s poss&#237;veis formas para contornar tais dificuldades.</p>
    <p>O consumo energ&#233;tico foi de aproximadamente 1.200 kcal/dia, divididas em aproximadamente oito refei&#231;&#245;es (com intervalo de no m&#237;nimo duas horas e no m&#225;ximo quatro horas). Os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a n&#227;o substituir as refei&#231;&#245;es principais por lanches, respeitar sempre os hor&#225;rios e quantidades e ingerir no m&#237;nimo dois litros de &#225;gua por dia. O per&#237;odo compreendido para essa restri&#231;&#227;o foi de 12 semanas.</p>
    <p>Cada indiv&#237;duo recebeu, al&#233;m do plano alimentar com uma lista de substitui&#231;&#227;o para eventual troca (sempre respeitando as quantidades), observa&#231;&#245;es e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a rotina alimentar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>4&#194;&#170; Etapa: reavalia&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao final de 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, os grupos experimentais realizaram os mesmo procedimentos e protocolos descritos na 1&#194;&#170; e 2&#194;&#170; etapas.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise dos resultados utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva<sup>18</sup>, atrav&#233;s de medidas de localiza&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia) e de dispers&#227;o (desvio padr&#227;o). A homogeneidade das amostras foi verificada atrav&#233;s da Curtose, e a normalidade atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Foram utilizadas t&#233;cnicas de estat&#237;stica inferencial para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> e o Anova (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia) na an&#225;lise inter e intragrupos. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o Post Hoc de Tuckey para identifica&#231;&#227;o e determina&#231;&#227;o do grupo que apresentar resultado significativo. Foi utilizado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia das 40 mulheres foi de 23,90 &#177; 3,10 anos, e entre os grupos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a. Todos os grupos apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homog&#234;nea para todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Observou-se um percentual de gordura (%G) elevado para a idade m&#233;dia dos grupos e um IMC entre 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 30,0 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>que permitiu classific&#225;-los como sobrepeso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07910tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07910tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07910tab02">Tabela 2</xref> verificou-se distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homog&#234;nea das vari&#225;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico dos quatro grupos, assim como a verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade. Os grupos apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homog&#234;nea para todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Ao compararmos os resultados m&#233;dios, obtidos com os valores de refer&#234;ncia dos lip&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos que s&#227;o recomendados pela III diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>1</sup>, os quatro grupos mantiveram-se dentro dos limites desej&#225;veis.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07910tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07910tab03">Tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o expostos os resultados das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas dos quatro grupos antes e depois de 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o. Os grupos CI, CD e D apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na MC, IMC e %G. Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na MM somente no grupo D. Na an&#225;lise intergrupos foi observada diferen&#231;a na %G entre os grupos C e CD.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07910tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados das m&#233;dias do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos lip&#237;deos dos quatro grupos antes e depois de 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que os grupos CI, CD e D apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es positivas no TG, LDL e VLDL. Quanto ao CT, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es somente nos grupos CD e D. Ao analisarmos o HDL, os grupos CI e CD demonstraram aumentos significativos. Os grupos CI, CD e D obtiveram classifica&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima para as vari&#225;veis TG, CT, HDL e VLDL. A LDL, mesmo tendo reduzido significativamente, manteve-se na categoria desej&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07910tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07910tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise intergrupos foram observadas diferen&#231;as positivas na HDL entre os grupos C e CD (p = 0,02), CI e D (p = 0,05) e CD e D (p = 0,016); e VLDL entre os grupos C e CI (p = 0,03) e C e CD (p = 0,00).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao analisarmos os resultados apresentados pelos grupos CI, CD e D, ap&#243;s 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, podemos observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis MC, %G e IMC. Evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas sugerem que a combina&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas associada aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; o comportamento mais efetivo para a perda de peso<sup>19,20</sup> .</p>
    <p>Os grupos CI e CD n&#227;o apresentaram modifica&#231;&#245;es na MM, algo que n&#227;o ocorreu com o grupo D, no qual foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 2 kg. Diversos estudos afirmam que a dieta, isoladamente, pode acarretar uma redu&#231;&#227;o na MM e que a inclus&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos promove a preserva&#231;&#227;o da mesma<sup>21-23</sup>. Com base nesses achados, pode-se dizer que o ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> contribuiu para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da MM.</p>
    <p>A partir das altera&#231;&#245;es positivas nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas apresentadas pelos grupos CI e CD, pode-se dizer que a redu&#231;&#227;o na MC apresentada por ambos est&#225; relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no percentual de gordura, j&#225; que a MM se manteve.</p>
    <p>Monteiro e cols.<sup>24</sup> observaram o efeito de um programa misto de interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal de mulheres obesas. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos; um realizou somente a dieta e o outro a dieta associada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. As redu&#231;&#245;es da MC foram maiores para o grupo que realizou exerc&#237;cios associados &#224; dieta (-2,3 kg para grupo dieta e -5,3 kg para o grupo exerc&#237;cio e dieta). Tais achados, juntamente com os encontrados na atual pesquisa, v&#234;m ratificar a import&#226;ncia de se combinar modifica&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos a fim de se obter uma redu&#231;&#227;o na massa corporal<sup>19,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a obesidade est&#225; relacionada aos dist&#250;rbios no metabolismo lip&#237;dico<sup>26</sup>. Uma pesquisa realizada por Coelho e cols.<sup>27</sup> em 153 estudantes de medicina (18 a 31 anos) apontou n&#237;veis elevados de CT e TG somente em indiv&#237;duos obesos.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos que relacionam altos n&#237;veis de gordura corporal &#224;s dislipidemias n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente entendidos. Entretanto, sugere-se que o aumento exacerbado na taxa de lip&#243;lise resulte em elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados, contribuindo para o aumento da s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de VLDL, al&#233;m de inibir a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose estimulada pela insulina, de maneira dose dependente, resultando em resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#224; insulina<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora os indiv&#237;duos da atual pesquisa fossem sobrepesados e apresentassem perfil lip&#237;dico desej&#225;vel, pode-se observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e consequentemente no perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico.</p>
    <p>Os grupos CI e CD, os quais realizaram o treinamento de ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic>, demonstraram um aumento na vari&#225;vel HDL. Uma metan&#225;lise<sup>29</sup> de 51 estudos, dos quais 28 randomizados controlados, com mais de 12 semanas de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, de moderada a alta intensidade, alguns com interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica associada, demonstrou grande variabilidade de respostas do perfil lip&#237;dico, no qual o aumento nos n&#237;veis de HDL foi o achado mais marcante (47% dos estudos), com menos frequ&#234;ncia, a redu&#231;&#227;o do TG, CT e do LDL.</p>
    <p>O estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio &#233; um comportamento claramente identificado com perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel<sup>30,31</sup>. Kelley e cols.<sup>32</sup> recomendam exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos a fim de melhorar o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos lip&#237;deos. O esclarecimento para tais mudan&#231;as provavelmente reside na promo&#231;&#227;o de melhor funcionamento dos processos enzim&#225;ticos envolvidos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico. O aumento da atividade enzim&#225;tica da l&#237;pase lipoproteica &#233; o achado mais bem embasado por evid&#234;ncias, podendo ocorrer a partir de &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, bem como ao longo do treinamento.</p>
    <p>Durstine e Moore<sup>33</sup> apontam que o total de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos parece ser mais importante que a intensidade para se induzir os efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre as lipoprote&#237;nas, particularmente TG e HDL. No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio atingir um gasto energ&#233;tico semanal de aproximadamente 1.200 a 2.200 calorias. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a dieta hipocal&#243;rica &#233; considerada imprescind&#237;vel no tratamento das dislipidemias<sup>34</sup>. Os grupos CI, D e CD apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es no TG, LDL e VLDL. Por&#233;m somente os grupos D e CD diminu&#237;ram o CT. Com isso, pode-se observar que a dieta foi importante para se obter tal redu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Stefanick e cols.<sup>35</sup> verificaram redu&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL e CT somente no grupo que realizou a combina&#231;&#227;o de dieta e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Nieman e cols.<sup>36</sup>, em um estudo semelhante, observaram redu&#231;&#227;o do CT e TG nos grupos submetidos &#224; dieta e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL somente no grupo que realizou a combina&#231;&#227;o de dieta e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, o ciclismo <italic>indoor</italic> e a dieta demonstraram ser excelentes estrat&#233;gias para se combater o sobrepeso, bem como melhorar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos lip&#237;deos. Com isso, observa-se a import&#226;ncia de se adotar um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, atrav&#233;s de uma interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e inclus&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. E quanto maior a diversidade de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos comprovadamente ben&#233;ficos para o adequado controle lip&#237;dico e redu&#231;&#227;o da MC, cada indiv&#237;duo ter&#225; a oportunidade de escolher sua modalidade preferida e com isso a possibilidade de maior ades&#227;o aos programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sugere-se que futuros estudos investiguem outras popula&#231;&#245;es, como por exemplo, g&#234;nero masculino e obesos. Recomenda-se ainda o aumento da amostra, com o objetivo de dar maior consist&#234;ncia para a aplica&#231;&#227;o generalizada dos resultados com esta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica; e a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril, j&#225; que est&#227;o ligadas diretamente com o risco de dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Val&#233;ria Sales do Valle pela Universidade Castelo Branco.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="linkcorresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Val&#233;ria Valle </p>
        <p> Rua Miecio Pereira da Silva, 80 - Campo Grande </p>
        <p> 23088-320 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="valeriasvalle@yahoo.com.br">valeriasvalle@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/04/09; revisado recebido em 28/10/09; aceito em 10/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Askell</surname>
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              <surname>Wood</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>36. Nieman DC, Brock DW, Butterworth D, Utter AU, Nieman CC. Reducing diet and/or exercise training decreases the lipid and lipoprotein risk factors of moderately obese women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002; 21 (4): 344-50.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>J Am Coll Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>344</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of diet and indoor cycling on body composition and serum lipid</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Indoor cycling is an aerobic exercise that employs large muscle groups of the lower limbs, lacking osteoarticular impact and high energy expenditure, which makes it interesting to generate a non-pharmacological strategy. OBJECTIVE: To assess body composition and lipid profile in overweight women after twelve weeks of low-calorie diet and indoor cycling training. METHODS: We randomly assigned 40 women (23.90 &#177; 3.10 years), divided into four groups: control (C), indoor cycling (CI), indoor cycling combined with low-calorie diet (CD) and low-calorie diet (D). The variables were: height and body mass, BMI, fat percentage, lean body mass, triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL). The indoor cycling training consisted of three weekly sessions of 45 minutes each and an energy restriction of about 1,200 kcal. The study lasted 12 weeks. We used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Student's t test). The level of significance was p &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The groups CI, CD and D significantly reduced the mean anthropometric variables after 12 weeks of intervention (body mass, fat percentage and body mass index), and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL cholesterol increased significantly for groups CI and CD. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the indoor cycling and the low-calorie diet helped fight overweight and control serum lipids.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>bicycling</kwd>
        <kwd>lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>body composition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="linkinicio-body2"/>Effect of diet and indoor cycling on body composition and serum lipid</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Val&#233;ria Sales do Valle<sup>I</sup>; Danielli Braga de Mello<sup>II</sup>; Marcos de S&#225; Rego Fortes<sup>III</sup>; Est&#233;lio Henrique Martin Dantas<sup>IV</sup>; Marco Antonio de Mattos<sup>V</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Bioci&#234;ncias da Motricidade Humana da Universidade Castelo Branco (LABIMH/RJ)</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito (EsEFEx)</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Capacita&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica do Ex&#233;rcito</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>CNPq</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia-INC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Indoor cycling is an aerobic exercise that employs large muscle groups of the lower limbs, lacking osteoarticular impact and high energy expenditure, which makes it interesting to generate a non-pharmacological strategy.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess body composition and lipid profile in overweight women after twelve weeks of low-calorie diet and indoor cycling training.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We randomly assigned 40 women (23.90 &#177; 3.10 years), divided into four groups: control (C), indoor cycling (CI), indoor cycling combined with low-calorie diet (CD) and low-calorie diet (D). The variables were: height and body mass, BMI, fat percentage, lean body mass, triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL). The indoor cycling training consisted of three weekly sessions of 45 minutes each and an energy restriction of about 1,200 kcal. The study lasted 12 weeks. We used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Student's t test). The level of significance was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The groups CI, CD and D significantly reduced the mean anthropometric variables after 12 weeks of intervention (body mass, fat percentage and body mass index), and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL cholesterol increased significantly for groups CI and CD.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> According to the results, the indoor cycling and the low-calorie diet helped fight overweight and control serum lipids. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Overweight; bicycling; lipids; body composition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia and obesity represent a serious public health problem and should be addressed through prevention programs and education. Treatment includes changes in lifestyle with healthy eating habits, maintenance or acquisition of adequate body mass, regular exercising and, depending on the response, the use of hypolipemiant agents<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regular exercising has received great reputation in the field of health, not just for its action alone in the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases<sup>3,4</sup> but also because it induces positive changes to the levels of plasma lipids<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that regular exercising may promote chronic effects such as decrease in serum triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), insulin resistance, body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), as well as increased levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), lean body mass (LBM) and basal metabolic rate<sup>6,7</sup>. The one that most works on the metabolism of lipoproteins is the aerobic exercise<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Indoor cycling<sup>9</sup> is an aerobic exercise that employs large muscle groups of the lower limbs, lacking osteoarticular impact and high energy expenditure, which makes it interesting to generate a non-pharmacological strategy. It applies to all ages and different fitness levels. </p>
      <p>In a period of clear consolidation in the fitness industry, indoor cycling is proven to get increasingly alive<sup>10,11</sup>. Hence, it is an attractive strategy to achieve an increased cardiorespiratory fitness, reduced body fat and a potential minimization of the risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study is to assess body composition and serum lipid profile of overweight women undergoing 12 weeks of low-calorie diet with or without indoor cycling training.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After completion of sample size calculation, we randomized (by generating random computer numbers) 40 healthy women, according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)<sup>12</sup>, who volunteered to start an indoor cycling program. These were divided into four groups: indoor cycling group (IC), indoor cycling associated with low-calorie diet (CD), diet group (D), and control group (C). Each group consisted of 10 women. </p>
      <p>All volunteers were informed orally and in writing on the procedures of this study, and agreed to sign a post-informed consent. This study complied with the standards for research involving human beings<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data collection was divided into 4 stages:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Step 1: assessment of body composition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was measured through anthropometric methods and according to the protocol cited by Lohman et al<sup>14</sup>. The following variables were measured: body mass (BM), height, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%) and lean body mass (LBM).</p>
      <p>Body mass (kg) and height (m) were taken with a scale (Filizola<sup>TM</sup>, Brazil) with 100 g precision and scale of 0 to 150 kg, which a stadiometer attached.</p>
      <p>The body mass index (BMI) calculated by dividing these two measures (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was used to classify obesity according to the cutoffs recommended by Ardern et al<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The fat percentage was recorded according to Jackson and Pollock's seven skinfolds protocol<sup>16</sup>, using a skinfold caliper (Lange<sup>TM</sup>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Step 2: diagnostic evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was performed by the laboratory S&#233;rgio Franco Medicina Diagn&#243;stica and the following variables were measured through blood collection: triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol (TC). For the measurements of HDL, CT and TG, we used the enzymatic colorimetric method. VLDL and LDL were calculated by the Friedewald equation, and all values are expressed in mg/dl. </p>
      <p>Individuals from all of the four groups (C, CI, GD &amp; D) carried out the procedures for the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> stages, which occurred in the same week. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Step 3: Intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Indoor cycling - </italic>It was performed by the groups CI and CD through an interval training model with short periods of active recovery that would allow recovering the exercise performed. The classes were three times a week. Each session consisted of about 45 minutes in a transitional period of 12 weeks. Groups CI and CD took the classes at different times, but following the same protocol.</p>
      <p>The intensity was controlled by heart rate, musical bpm to determining the rhythm and perceived exertion (overload).</p>
      <p>Heart rate monitoring was done with the help of four employees through a Polar<sup>TM</sup> frequency meter (Finland), model F1. </p>
      <p>The training was conducted at the target zone 55 &#177; 5% to 85 &#177; 5% HR<sub>Max</sub>, using the Inbar<sup>17 </sup>equation:</p>
      <p>HR<sub>Max</sub> = 205.8-0.685 x age</p>
      <p>To control the rhythm, we used the musical BPM music (number of beats per minute of music). Music plays an important role in encouraging the participants, but it is also a teaching tool to determine the rhythm of the techniques selected, since there is a direct correlation of bpm and rpm<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Overload control was performed using Borg's Perceived Exertion Scale through a table attached close to the bikes. The exertion degree was represented by numbers.</p>
      <p><italic>Low-calorie diet - </italic>The CD and D groups were assisted by the same dietitian using a food recall. During the study period, the individuals participated in biweekly meetings. In all cases, besides the nutritional assessment, the targets effectively achieved were recorded. Then, the participants had the opportunity to express the difficulties they felt in following the instructions given in the previous medical appointment. They were directed on the possible ways to overcome such difficulties. </p>
      <p>Energy consumption was approximately 1,200 kcal/day. These were divided into about eight meals (with an interval of at least two hours and a maximum of four hours). The individuals were instructed not to replace the main meals for snacks, always respect the times and quantities and have at least two liters of water per day. The period for this restriction was 12 weeks.</p>
      <p>Each individual received, in addition to the diet prescription with a list of possible replacement items (always respecting the quantities), notes and information on the eating routine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Step 4: reassessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After 12 weeks of intervention, the experimental groups performed the same procedures and protocols described in steps 1 and 2.</p>
      <p>For data analysis we used descriptive statistics<sup>18</sup> through measures of location (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation). The homogeneity of the samples was measured through kurtosis, and normality through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Inferential statistics techniques were used to compare the means through Student's t test and Anova (analysis of variance) in inter and intra-group analysis. Subsequently, we applied Tukey's Post Hoc Analysis to identify and determine the group with significant result. We used a significance level of 95% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The average age of the 40 women was 23.90 &#177; 3.10, and there was no difference between the groups. All groups presented a normal and homogeneous distribution for all variables analyzed. We found a high body fat percentage (BF%) for the average age of the groups and a BMI between 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> which enabled us to classify them as overweight (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07910tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07910tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07910tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> revealed normal and homogeneous distribution of lipid profile variables over the four groups, as well as determination of normality. The groups above presented normal and homogeneous distribution for all variables analyzed. Comparing the average results produced with the reference values of plasma lipids recommended by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Guidelines for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis of the Department of Atherosclerosis of Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>1</sup>, the four groups were found to be within desirable limits.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07910tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07910tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the mean anthropometric variables of the four groups before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Groups CI, CD and D presented a significant reduction in BM, BMI and body fat percentage. There was a significant reduction in LBM only in group D. The inter-group analysis found no difference in BF% between groups C and CD.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07910tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The study found that the mean serum lipid of groups CI, CD and D before and after 12 weeks of intervention revealed positive changes in TG, LDL and VLDL. As to the TC, reductions were observed only in groups CD and D. By analyzing the HDL, groups CI and CD presented significant increases. Groups CI, CD and D achieved an optimal classification for the variables TG, TC, HDL and VLDL. Even though LDL was significantly reduced, it remained in the desirable category (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07910tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07910tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0173-00080-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The intergroup analysis revealed positive differences in HDL between groups C and CD (p = 0.02), CI and D (p = 0.05) and CD and D (p = 0.016); and VLDL between groups C and CI (p = 0.03) and C and CD (p = 0.00).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>By analyzing the results presented by the groups CI, CD and D, after 12 weeks of intervention, we find reduced average values for the variables BM, BF% and BMI. Scientific evidence suggests that the combination of dietary changes associated with exercising is the most effective behavior for weight loss<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Groups CI and CD had no changes in LBM, which is something that did not occur with group D, which had a reduction of about 2 kg. Several studies claim that the diet alone can lead to a reduction in BM and that the inclusion of an exercise program can maintain such reduction<sup>21-23</sup>. Based on these findings, we can say that indoor cycling has contributed to the maintenance of LBM.</p>
      <p>Based on the positive changes on the anthropometric variables presented by the groups CI and CD, we can say that the reduction in BM by both is related to the reduction in the body fat percentage, considering that the LBM was maintained.</p>
      <p>Monteiro et al<sup>24</sup> observed the effect of a mixed nutritional intervention program and exercising on body composition of obese women. The sample was divided into two groups. One made only the diet and the other made the diet associated with exercise. BM reduction was higher for the group that exercised while on a diet (-2.3 kg for the diet group and -5.3 kg for the exercise + diet group). These findings, together with those found in this research confirm the importance of combining dietary modifications and exercising in order to achieve a body mass reduction<sup>19,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that obesity is related to impairments in lipid metabolism<sup>26</sup>. A research work by Coelho et al<sup>27</sup> in 153 medicine students (18 to 31 years old) revealed high levels of CT and TG only in obese individuals. </p>
      <p>The mechanisms linking high levels of body fat with dyslipidemia are not fully understood. However, it is suggested that the exacerbated increase in the lipolysis rate results in high concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, contributing to increased hepatic synthesis of VLDL. Besides, it inhibits glucose uptake stimulated by insulin, in a dose-dependent way, resulting in insulin resistance<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the individuals of this study were overweight and had a desirable lipid profile, we can observe a reduction in the anthropometric variables and consequently in the serum lipid profile.</p>
      <p>Groups CI and CD, which conducted indoor cycling training, presented a increase in the variable HDL. A meta-analysis<sup>29</sup> of 51 studies, including 28 randomized controlled trials with more than 12 weeks of training with aerobic exercising, from moderate to high intensity, some of which were combined with dietary intervention, showed great variability of lipid profile responses, in which the increase in HDL was the most striking finding (47% of studies) and, less frequently, the reduction of TG, CT and LDL.</p>
      <p>The sedentary lifestyle is a behavior clearly identified with an unfavorable lipid profile<sup>30,31</sup>. Kelley et al<sup>32</sup> recommend aerobic exercising to improve the level of serum lipids. The clarification for these changes probably lies in promoting better enzymatic processes involved in lipid metabolism. Increased enzymatic activity of lipoprotein lipase is a major finding supported by evidence, which may occur from one session of exercise and over training.</p>
      <p>Durstine and Moore<sup>33</sup> reported that total exercising seems to be more important than intensity to induce beneficial effects on lipoproteins, especially TG and HDL. However, it is necessary to achieve a weekly energy expenditure of about 1,200 to 2,200 calories. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, a low-calorie diet is critical in the treatment of dyslipidemia<sup>34</sup>. Groups CI, D and CD presented reduced TG, LDL and VLDL levels. However, only the groups D and CD decreased CT. Thus, we can observe that diet was important to achieve such reduction.</p>
      <p>Stefanick et al<sup>35</sup> found reduced concentrations of LDL and CT in the group that combined diet and exercising. In a similar study, Nieman et al<sup>36</sup> observed a reduction of CT and TG in the groups on diet and reduced levels of LDL in the group that combined diet and exercising.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In view of the above, indoor cycling and diet proved to be excellent strategies to fight overweight and improve serum lipids. Thus, the study reports the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle through dietary intervention and inclusion of exercising habits. The greater the diversity of beneficial exercises for proper lipid control and BM reduction, each individual will have more opportunities of choosing their preferred exercise and engaging in exercising programs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Recommendations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is suggested that future studies investigate other populations, such as male overweight individuals, for example. It is also recommended to increase the sample in order to provide greater consistency to the widespread application of the results in this specific population; and perform the following measurements: waist circumference and waist-hip ratio, since these are directly linked with risk of dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Val&#233;ria Sales do Valle, from <italic>Universidade Castelo Branco</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
