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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TsNSTGGPMncndM8rwsVykTr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade f&#237;sica, horas de assist&#234;ncia &#224; TV e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Renata D'Andrada Ten&#243;rio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Almeida Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Alagoas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>159</fpage>
      <lpage>165</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Sedentarismo &#233; fator predisponente ao aparecimento/piora de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, particularmente obesidade. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (NAF) e n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de horas de TV (HTV) e a associa&#231;&#227;o e/ou correla&#231;&#227;o destas vari&#225;veis com faixa et&#225;ria, sexo, classe econ&#244;mica, escola p&#250;blica/privada, excesso de peso e obesidade, em crian&#231;as/adolescentes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, base populacional escolar, ensino p&#250;blico e privado, fundamental e m&#233;dio. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na menor preval&#234;ncia esperada de in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis, incluindo sedentarismo. Amostragem por conglomerados. Protocolo: Question&#225;rio estruturado, incluindo "Physical Activity Questionaire for Older Children" (PAQ-C); medidas de peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Qui-quadrado; correla&#231;&#227;o linear. RESULTADOS: Nos 1.253 estudantes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos, sendo 547 do sexo masculino, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo em 93,5%, mais frequente em adolescentes do sexo feminino; n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre NAF e excesso de peso ou gordura corporal; futebol e dan&#231;a foram as atividades mais frequentes em meninos e meninas, respectivamente; 60% dos estudantes n&#227;o t&#234;m aulas de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. M&#233;dia e mediana de HTV foram, respectivamente, 3,6 e 3 horas; houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre maior HTV e obesidade e correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre NAF e idade (negativa) e entre IMC e PCT (positiva). CONCLUS&#195;O: O sedentarismo est&#225; presente em 93,5% das crian&#231;as e adolescentes de Macei&#243;, sendo mais prevalente nos adolescentes e no sexo feminino, n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o ou correla&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel com excesso de peso ou gordura corporal; obesidade associou-se a &gt; 3 HTV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>televis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA PEDI&#193;TRICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica, horas de assist&#234;ncia &#224; TV e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera<sup>I</sup>; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Renata D'Andrada Ten&#243;rio Almeida Silva<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Almeida Viana de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Sedentarismo &#233; fator predisponente ao aparecimento/piora de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, particularmente obesidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estabelecer n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (NAF) e n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de horas de TV (HTV) e a associa&#231;&#227;o e/ou correla&#231;&#227;o destas vari&#225;veis com faixa et&#225;ria, sexo, classe econ&#244;mica, escola p&#250;blica/privada, excesso de peso e obesidade, em crian&#231;as/adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, base populacional escolar, ensino p&#250;blico e privado, fundamental e m&#233;dio. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na menor preval&#234;ncia esperada de in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis, incluindo sedentarismo. Amostragem por conglomerados. Protocolo: Question&#225;rio estruturado, incluindo "<italic>Physical Activity Questionaire for Older Children</italic>" (PAQ-C); medidas de peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Qui-quadrado; correla&#231;&#227;o linear. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nos 1.253 estudantes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos, sendo 547 do sexo masculino, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo em 93,5%, mais frequente em adolescentes do sexo feminino; n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre NAF e excesso de peso ou gordura corporal; futebol e dan&#231;a foram as atividades mais frequentes em meninos e meninas, respectivamente; 60% dos estudantes n&#227;o t&#234;m aulas de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. M&#233;dia e mediana de HTV foram, respectivamente, 3,6 e 3 horas; houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre maior HTV e obesidade e correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre NAF e idade (negativa) e entre IMC e PCT (positiva). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O sedentarismo est&#225; presente em 93,5% das crian&#231;as e adolescentes de Macei&#243;, sendo mais prevalente nos adolescentes e no sexo feminino, n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o ou correla&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel com excesso de peso ou gordura corporal; obesidade associou-se a <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 HTV.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Sedentarismo, obesidade, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, crian&#231;as, adolescentes, televis&#227;o/utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a aterosclerose, causa mais frequente de morte no Brasil<sup>1</sup>, tem in&#237;cio na inf&#226;ncia<sup>2</sup>, e de que a rapidez da progress&#227;o e a gravidade das les&#245;es que a constituem s&#227;o proporcionais &#224; presen&#231;a e &#224; agrega&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV), j&#225; descritos em adultos<sup>3</sup>, que se encontram presentes desde a inf&#226;ncia<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre esses fatores, a inatividade f&#237;sica ou o sedentarismo surge como predisponente ao aparecimento ou &#224; piora de outros FRCV<sup>3,7,8</sup>, particularmente da obesidade<sup>9</sup> (resultante de um desequil&#237;brio entre a ingest&#227;o e o gasto energ&#233;tico) que, tamb&#233;m em jovens, encontra-se associada a in&#250;meras comorbidades, tais como s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, diabetes melito tipo II, dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>8-15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o comportamento sedent&#225;rio ou ativo apresentado na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia tende a persistir na vida adulta<sup>16,17</sup>, de forma que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o e a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida ativo desde a inf&#226;ncia, encontra-se presente em todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para uma sobrevida longa e saud&#225;vel<sup>18-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na aus&#234;ncia de um padr&#227;o ouro, diferentes instrumentos t&#234;m sido utilizados para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria, os quais podem faz&#234;-lo de um ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico (consumo de oxig&#234;nio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) ou comportamental (question&#225;rios, entrevistas, di&#225;rios)<sup>25</sup>. &#201; tamb&#233;m de import&#226;ncia, a investiga&#231;&#227;o do tempo di&#225;rio utilizado em atividades sedent&#225;rias (televis&#227;o, jogos eletr&#244;nicos, computadores), as quais, por reduzir o tempo gasto em atividades com maior disp&#234;ndio energ&#233;tico, podem contribuir para a eleva&#231;&#227;o do peso e da gordura corporal, da press&#227;o arterial e dos l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudos populacionais, &#233; necess&#225;ria a escolha de instrumentos de precis&#227;o, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e de baixo custo<sup>25</sup>, como ocorre com question&#225;rios validados com outros instrumentos de precis&#227;o<sup>29</sup> e apropriadamente testados<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (NAF) e o n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de horas frente &#224; TV (HTV), bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o e a correla&#231;&#227;o de tais vari&#225;veis com o excesso de peso e a obesidade, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No ano letivo de 2001, foi realizado estudo epidemiol&#243;gico, observacional, transversal, com a finalidade de identificar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular (sobrepeso, obesidade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e sedentarismo), em amostra representativa de crian&#231;as (de 7 a 9 anos) e adolescentes (de 10 a 17 anos), de ambos os g&#234;neros, matriculados nas escolas de ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio das redes p&#250;blica (municipal, estadual e federal) e particular da cidade de Macei&#243;.</p>
    <p>Alguns dos resultados desse estudo, os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o c&#225;lculo e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra para a defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis investigadas e do consentimento para a participa&#231;&#227;o foram previamente publicados<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sobrepeso foi definido como o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) no percentil maior ou igual a 85, identificado em tabela popula&#231;&#227;o-espec&#237;fica, e em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade<sup>33</sup>. O IMC no percentil igual ou acima de 95, da mesma tabela, foi utilizado para definir obesidade<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de obesidade tamb&#233;m foi realizado atrav&#233;s da medida da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT), utilizando os par&#226;metros de <italic>Must, Dallal &amp; Dietz</italic><sup>33</sup>, os quais estabelecem que a PCT no percentil igual ou acima de 85, identificada em tabelas derivadas do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I</italic> (<italic>NHANES I</italic>), identifica indiv&#237;duos obesos e a PCT no percentil igual ou acima de 95 identifica indiv&#237;duos superobesos.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa de sedentarismo foi feita a partir da investiga&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica realizada pelos estudantes, utilizando-se como instrumento o "<italic>Physical Activity Questionaire for Older Children</italic>" (<italic>PAQ-C</italic>), j&#225; validado para a faixa et&#225;ria sob investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>25,29</sup> e adaptado a fim de excluir atividades f&#237;sicas n&#227;o praticadas no Brasil<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>O PAQ-C investiga atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas e intensas nos 7 dias anteriores ao preenchimento do mesmo (incluindo, portanto, o final de semana). Esse question&#225;rio &#233; composto de 9 quest&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica de esportes e jogos, atividades f&#237;sicas na escola e lazer. Cada quest&#227;o tem valor de 1 (n&#227;o praticou atividade) a 5 (praticou todos os dias da semana) e o escore final &#233; a m&#233;dia das quest&#245;es. Ao final, o escore obtido estabelece um intervalo de muito sedent&#225;rio a muito ativo (de 1 a 5): 1 - muito sedent&#225;rio; 2 - sedent&#225;rio; 3 - moderadamente ativo; 4 - ativo; e 5 - muito ativo.</p>
    <p>O PAQ-C inclui ainda uma quest&#227;o sobre a m&#233;dia do n&#250;mero de horas di&#225;rias de assist&#234;ncia &#224; TV, duas sobre o n&#237;vel comparado de atividade f&#237;sica com pessoas do mesmo g&#234;nero e idade e uma sobre a exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a que impedisse o entrevistado de haver praticado atividade f&#237;sica na semana avaliada. As respostas &#224;s &#250;ltimas 4 quest&#245;es n&#227;o entram na constru&#231;&#227;o do escore.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o, a amostra foi distribu&#237;da em grupos: Sedent&#225;rios (com escores 1 e 2 no PAQ-C) e Ativos (com escores 3, 4 e 5 no PAQ-C); com HTV maior ou igual &#224; mediana e menor do que a mediana). As vari&#225;veis independentes analisadas foram: faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, classe econ&#244;mica, tipo de escola, IMC e PCT. A an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado ou do teste exato de Fisher, em tabelas de associa&#231;&#227;o, sendo estabelecido o n&#237;vel de 5,0% para a rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o linear foi utilizada no estudo das rela&#231;&#245;es entre idade, percentis de IMC, percentis de PCT com NAF e HTV.</p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Alagoas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (7 al&#233;m do previsto, em fun&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero maior de alunos haverem sido matriculados em algumas escolas), sendo 547 do sexo masculino (43,7%) e 706 do sexo feminino (56,3%). A m&#233;dia de idade (&#177; desvio-padr&#227;o) foi de 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra est&#227;o colocadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_06310t01">Tabela 1</xref>. Os valores de m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_06310t02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_06310t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_06310t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao IMC, foram identificadas 116 crian&#231;as e adolescentes (9,3%) no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 (com sobrepeso) e 56 (4,5%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 (com obesidade). O excesso de peso, medido pelo IMC, encontra-se presente, portanto, em 13,8% da amostra.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; PCT, foram identificadas 110 (8,8%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 (com obesidade) e 75 (6%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 (com superobesidade). H&#225; excesso de gordura corporal, portanto, em 14,8% da amostra.</p>
    <p>A PCT no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 identificou 43 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 (57,0%), 28 no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 (37,0%) e 4 (6,0%) com IMC normal (percentil entre 50 e 85). No percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85, a PCT identificou 11 crian&#231;as e adolescentes (10,0%) com IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95, 47 (43,0%) no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 e 52 (47,0%) com IMC normal, percentil entre 50 e 85. Quando analisadas em conjunto, a PCT e o IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 identificaram excesso de adiposidade central e excesso de peso em 129/228 (57,0%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes; excesso de peso, sem excesso de adiposidade central em 43 (19,0%) e excesso de adiposidade central, sem excesso de peso em 56 (24,0%) sujeitos da investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das respostas ao question&#225;rio sobre atividade f&#237;sica (PAQ) identificou 671 estudantes com escore 1 (muito sedent&#225;rios) e 501 com escore 2 (sedent&#225;rios), resultando 1.172 (93,5%) indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios; 79 estudantes apresentaram escore 3 (moderadamente ativo), 2 escore 4 (ativo) e nenhum apresentou escore 5 (muito ativo).</p>
    <p>As atividades mais frequentemente (em tr&#234;s ou mais dias da semana) realizadas pelos estudantes do sexo masculino foram futebol (40,0%) e andar de bicicleta (37,0%) e para as estudantes foram dan&#231;a (22,0%) e andar de bicicleta (21,0%); 62,0% das estudantes e 57,0% dos estudantes referiram n&#227;o participar de aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; televis&#227;o, 38 (3,0%) estudantes admitiram n&#227;o assisti-la, dos quais 26 n&#227;o t&#234;m TV em casa (de um total de 129, em torno de 10,0% da amostra, que n&#227;o a possuem) e 12 a t&#234;m.</p>
    <p>Os outros 103 que n&#227;o possuem TV informaram que assistem de 1-10 horas di&#225;rias, com m&#233;dia de 3,6 &#177; 2,0 horas. No grupo de 1.112 estudantes que possui TV em casa, o n&#250;mero de horas di&#225;rias de assist&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m variou de 1-10 horas, m&#233;dia de 3,7 &#177; 2,2 horas. Considerando os que assistem TV, independente de t&#234;-la em casa ou n&#227;o, a mediana de horas di&#225;rias de assist&#234;ncia &#233; 3 horas; 407 (32,0%) a assistem 1-2 horas e 808 (65,0%) a assistem 3 ou mais horas.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o do NAF, da mediana de HTV, do excesso de peso (segundo o IMC) e da obesidade (segundo a PCT) da amostra em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis do estudo se encontra na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. H&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre sedentarismo, adolesc&#234;ncia e sexo feminino e entre assist&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s ou mais HTV e obesidade. O excesso de peso e a obesidade foram significantemente mais frequentes em indiv&#237;duos das classes econ&#244;micas mais elevadas, que estudam em escolas privadas; al&#233;m disso, a obesidade associou-se de forma significantiva ao sexo masculino e ao excesso de peso.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre a idade e o NAF (r = -0,27; p &lt; 0,05); n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o NAF e HTV, percentis de IMC e percentis de PCT. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre HTV e idade, percentis de IMC e percentis de PCT. Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o forte entre IMC e PCT (r = 71; p &lt; 0,01). A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o se encontra na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_06310t04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_06310t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o crescente da preval&#234;ncia da obesidade e da inatividade f&#237;sica e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis di&#225;rios de atividade f&#237;sica, em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es ao redor do mundo, justificam a import&#226;ncia de estudos que analisem a distribui&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis e a forma como se associam, indicando a necessidade e possibilitando a ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica popula&#231;&#245;es-espec&#237;ficas para o controle das mesmas<sup>9,18,19</sup>, com vistas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, de base populacional escolar, observa-se que 93,5% dos jovens avaliados n&#227;o praticam atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a intensa ao longo da semana e que esse comportamento sedent&#225;rio, como j&#225; demonstrado em outros estudos<sup>27,30,34</sup>, &#233; mais frequente em adolescentes do que em crian&#231;as e no sexo feminino. Utilizando o mesmo instrumento de investiga&#231;&#227;o, Silva e Malina<sup>30</sup> identificaram 89,5% de sedent&#225;rios em amostra de 325 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, em Niter&#243;i, RJ, tamb&#233;m com predomin&#226;ncia no sexo feminino. Outros estudos realizados no Brasil demonstraram uma preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo entre 10-94,0% em jovens de diversas faixas et&#225;rias e utilizando diferentes instrumentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>18,30,34</sup>, o que impossibilita a compara&#231;&#227;o de resultados, mas apontam para a urgente necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para a redu&#231;&#227;o do seu impacto como fator de risco para a aterosclerose<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo com um menor poder aquisitivo (classe econ&#244;mica C, D ou E; estudantes de escola p&#250;blica) como observado em outros estudos<sup>28,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, no presente trabalho n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o significante do comportamento sedent&#225;rio com o sobrepeso identificado pelo IMC, nem com a prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps nos percent&#237;s igual ou acima de 85 e igual ou acima de 95, quando analisados isoladamente ou em conjunto, como observado em outros estudos<sup>6,9,10,15,21,26,28</sup>. Considerando que as causas de obesidade s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas e complexas, envolvendo componentes gen&#233;ticos e ambientais, provavelmente nos indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e/ou de gordura corporal da presente amostra, outros fatores, al&#233;m da inatividade f&#237;sica, devem desempenhar um papel de maior relev&#226;ncia no aparecimento desta caracter&#237;stica<sup>9,10,11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a baixa preval&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis na presente amostra tamb&#233;m pode explicar o resultado observado.</p>
    <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, a elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de jovens (62,0% das estudantes e 57,0% dos estudantes) que n&#227;o t&#234;m aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica na escola, considerando que a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases<sup>35</sup> estabelece a sua obrigatoriedade nos ensinos fundamental e m&#233;dio (Educa&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica), segmentos nos quais foram selecionados os sujeitos da nossa amostra.</p>
    <p>Trudeau e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em estudo longitudinal que acompanhou adolescentes de 10-12 anos at&#233; a idade de 35 anos, observou um impacto positivo da pr&#225;tica regular, organizada e precoce de atividade f&#237;sica na escola, na persist&#234;ncia desta caracter&#237;stica na vida adulta. Evid&#234;ncias dessa natureza t&#234;m atribu&#237;do &#224; escola um papel de extrema import&#226;ncia no combate ao sedentarismo na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>14-18</sup>, considerando que tanto a atividade como a inatividade f&#237;sica na inf&#226;ncia, e especialmente na adolesc&#234;ncia, tendem a persistir na vida adulta<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O comportamento sedent&#225;rio possui in&#250;meros componentes, dentre os quais o tempo dedicado a assistir TV contribui em 81,0%<sup>27</sup> para o mesmo, sendo digno de nota que este h&#225;bito n&#227;o requer gasto energ&#233;tico acima da taxa metab&#243;lica basal e reduz o tempo di&#225;rio a ser investido em atividades com maior disp&#234;ndio energ&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a propaganda veiculada pela televis&#227;o propicia a eleva&#231;&#227;o do consumo de alimentos de alto conte&#250;do energ&#233;tico, frequentemente apresentados em comerciais e programas exibidos em hor&#225;rios de maior assist&#234;ncia<sup>16,26-28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dietz e cols.<sup>26</sup>, estudando 6.965 jovens de 6 a 11 anos e 6.671 de 12 a 17 anos, demonstraram que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade aumenta em 2,0% para cada hora adicional de TV.</p>
    <p>Em estudo longitudinal que acompanhou 1.000 jovens de 5 a 15 anos at&#233; a idade de 26 anos, Hancox e cols.<sup>28</sup> demonstraram que quanto maior o n&#250;mero de horas frente &#224; TV, maior o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, o n&#237;vel de colesterol, a preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo e a pior aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia. Demonstraram ainda que essas vari&#225;veis permaneceram na vida adulta.</p>
    <p>Myers e cols.<sup>27</sup>, estudando jovens de 9 a 15 anos, identificaram maior prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps nos mais sedent&#225;rios do sexo masculino e HDL-colesterol mais baixo em meninas mais sedent&#225;rias; em ambos os sexos, a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi mais elevada nos mais sedent&#225;rios. Achados como esses fundamentam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de que crian&#231;as e adolescentes utilizem, no m&#225;ximo, duas horas di&#225;rias frente &#224; TV<sup>18-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observa-se que a m&#233;dia di&#225;ria de horas frente &#224; TV foi de 3,6 horas, sendo 3,7 nas meninas e 3,5 nos meninos; a mediana para o grupo e em ambos os sexos foi de 3 horas. No estudo de Silva e Malina<sup>30</sup>, a m&#233;dia foi de 4,4 e 4,9 horas para os sexos masculino e feminino, respectivamente; a amostra ter sido constitu&#237;da apenas de adolescentes explica estes valores mais elevados, quando comparada ao nosso estudo, que incluiu crian&#231;as e pr&#233;-adolescentes, naturalmente mais ativos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre assistir 3 ou mais horas de TV e faixa et&#225;ria, sexo, classe econ&#244;mica e tipo de escola, demonstrando que esse &#233; um comportamento frequente e ub&#237;quo nos jovens de Macei&#243;. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o significante apenas em indiv&#237;duos que apresentam excesso de gordura corporal (PCT nos percentis acima ou igual a 85 e 95), como demonstrado anteriormente por Myers e cols.<sup>27</sup>. O impacto de outros fatores no desenvolvimento da obesidade, bem como a baixa preval&#234;ncia das anormalidades relacionadas ao excesso de peso e de gordura corporal na presente amostra, como j&#225; mencionado anteriormente, justificam a aus&#234;ncia dessas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A conclus&#227;o da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; observa&#231;&#227;o de que a maioria (93,5%) dos jovens da cidade de Macei&#243; n&#227;o pratica atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a intensa, utiliza mais do que o tempo di&#225;rio recomendado para atividades sedent&#225;rias (65,0%) e n&#227;o pratica atividade f&#237;sica na escola (60,0%), havendo raz&#245;es para acreditar-se que, apesar destes comportamentos n&#227;o parecerem estar envolvidos na g&#234;nese da obesidade por eles apresentada, poder&#227;o contribuir na vida adulta para o aparecimento da obesidade e de outros FRCV<sup>16,17,28</sup>, que por sua vez contribuir&#227;o para piorar o atual perfil de morbimortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A poss&#237;vel utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados ora apresentados na constru&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para elevar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e reduzir o tempo em atividades sedent&#225;rias de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com vistas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, justifica, por si s&#243;, trabalhos como este.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEAL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Ivan Romero Rivera </p>
        <p> Rua Eng. M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404 - Ponta Verde </p>
        <p> 57035-000 - Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="irivera@cardiol.br">irivera@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="irrivera@uol.com.br">irrivera@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/04/09; revisado recebido em 30/10/09; aceito em 28/12/09.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Physical inactivity, TV-watching hours and body composition in children and adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is a predisposing factor to the onset/worsening of other cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity. OBJECTIVE: To determine physical activity level (PAL) and daily number of hours of TV (HTV) and the association and/or correlation of these variables with age, gender, economic class, public/private school, overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross sectional study, school-based population, public and private education, primary and secondary education. The sample was calculated based on the minimum expected prevalence of several variables, including physical inactivity. Cluster sampling. Protocol: structured questionnaire, including Physical Activity for Older Children Questionnaire (PAQ-C) measurements of weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold (TSF). Statistical analysis: Chi-square, linear correlation. RESULTS: Among the 1,253 students, averaging 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years old, of which 549 were male, there was a prevalence of inactivity in 93.5%, more commonly found in female adolescents and there was no association between PAL and excess weight or body fat, soccer and dance were the most frequent activities in boys and girls, respectively; 60% of students did not have physical education classes. Average and median HTV were respectively 3.6 and 3 hours; there was a significant association between HTV and obesity and significant correlation between PAL and age (negative) and between BMI and TSF (positive). CONCLUSION: Physical inactivity is present in 93.5% of children and adolescents from Macei&#243;. It is more commonly found among teenagers and females, with no association or correlation of this variable with excess weight or body fat; obesity was associated with &gt; 3 HTV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sedentary lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>body composition</kwd>
        <kwd>children</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescents</kwd>
        <kwd>television</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Physical inactivity, TV-watching hours and body composition in children and adolescents</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera<sup>I</sup>; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Renata D'Andrada Ten&#243;rio Almeida Silva<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Almeida Viana de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Physical inactivity is a predisposing factor to the onset/worsening of other cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine physical activity level (PAL) and daily number of hours of TV (HTV) and the association and/or correlation of these variables with age, gender, economic class, public/private school, overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross sectional study, school-based population, public and private education, primary and secondary education. The sample was calculated based on the minimum expected prevalence of several variables, including physical inactivity. Cluster sampling. Protocol: structured questionnaire, including Physical Activity for Older Children Questionnaire (PAQ-C) measurements of weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold (TSF). Statistical analysis: Chi-square, linear correlation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Among the 1,253 students, averaging 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years old, of which 549 were male, there was a prevalence of inactivity in 93.5%, more commonly found in female adolescents and there was no association between PAL and excess weight or body fat, soccer and dance were the most frequent activities in boys and girls, respectively; 60% of students did not have physical education classes. Average and median HTV were respectively 3.6 and 3 hours; there was a significant association between HTV and obesity and significant correlation between PAL and age (negative) and between BMI and TSF (positive).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Physical inactivity is present in 93.5% of children and adolescents from Macei&#243;. It is more commonly found among teenagers and females, with no association or correlation of this variable with excess weight or body fat; obesity was associated with <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 HTV.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Sedentary lifestyle; obesity; body composition; children; adolescents; television/utilization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is evidence that atherosclerosis, the most frequent cause of death in Brazil<sup>1</sup>, starts in childhood<sup>2</sup>, and that the speed of progression and the severity of injuries that constitute it are proportional to the presence and aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), as reported in adults<sup>3</sup>, which have been present since childhood<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among these factors, physical inactivity or a sedentary lifestyle appears as predisposing to the onset or worsening of other CVRF<sup>3,7,8</sup>, particularly obesity<sup>9</sup> (due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure), which, even in young people, is associated with a number of comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type II, dyslipidemia and hypertension<sup>8-15</sup>. Moreover, there is evidence that active or sedentary behaviors in childhood and adolescence tends to persist into adulthood<sup>16,17</sup>. Hence, the acquisition and maintenance of an active lifestyle since childhood are present in all recommendations for a long and healthy survival<sup>18-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the absence of a gold standard, different instruments have been used to measure daily physical activity, which can do it in a physiological (oxygen consumption, heart rate) or behavioral point of view (questionnaires, interviews, diaries)<sup>25</sup>. It is also important to investigate the daily time used in sedentary activities (television, electronic games, computers), which, by reducing the time spent in activities with greater energy expenditure, may contribute to increased weight and body fat, blood pressure and serum lipids<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In population studies, it is necessary to choose user-friendly and low-cost precision instruments<sup>25</sup>, as with validated questionnaires with other precision instruments<sup>29</sup> and properly tested<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aims to establish the physical activity level (PAL) and daily number of hours watching TV (HTV) and the association and correlation of these variables with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the school year of 2001, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological, observational study to identify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (overweight, obesity, smoking, hypertension and sedentary lifestyle), in a representative sample of children (aged 7 to 9 years) and adolescents (10 to 17 years) from both genders, enrolled in public (municipal, state and federal) and private elementary and high schools from the city of Macei&#243;.</p>
      <p>Some of the results of this study, the criteria used for the calculation and selection of the sample to define the variables investigated and the informed consent for participation have been previously published<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) in the percentile greater than or equal to 85, identified in a population-specific table, according to age<sup>33</sup>. BMI in the percentile equal to or above 95, from the same table, was used to define obesity<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of obesity was also performed by measuring the triceps skinfold (TSF) using the parameters of Must, Dallal &amp; Dietz<sup>33</sup>, which establish that TSF in the percentile equal to or greater than 85, identified in tables deriving from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I), identifies obese individuals and TSF in the percentile equal to or above 95 identifies super obese individuals.</p>
      <p>The physical inactivity research was done by investigating physical activities performed by students, using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), which had been validated for the age group under investigation<sup>25,29</sup> and adjusted to exclude non-physical activities practiced in Brazil<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The PAQ-C investigates moderate and intense physical activities 7 days before filling it up (therefore including the weekend). This questionnaire consists of 9 questions about sports and games, physical activities in school and leisure. Each is worth 1 (did not practice any activity) to 5 (practiced activities on all week days) and the final score is the average of the questions. In the end, the score provides a range from very sedentary to very active (from 1 to 5): 1 - very sedentary, 2 - sedentary, 3 - moderately active; 4 - active; and 5 - very active.</p>
      <p>The PAQ-C also includes one question on the average number of hours watching TV, two on the compared level of physical activity with individuals of same gender and age on the existence of a disease that prevented the respondent from having practiced physical activities in the week assessed. The answers to the last 4 questions are not used to build up the score.</p>
      <p>For association analyses, the sample was divided into groups: Sedentary Individuals (with scores between 1 and 2 in the PAQ-C) and Active Individuals (with scores 3, 4 and 5 in the PAQ-C); with HTV greater than or equal to the median and smaller than the median). The independent variables analyzed were: age, gender, economic class, school type, BMI and TSF. The analysis was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test on association tables, establishing a level of 5.0% to reject the null hypothesis.</p>
      <p>The linear correlation was used in the study of the relationships between age, BMI percentiles, TSF percentiles with PAL and HTV.</p>
      <p>The research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Alagoas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated 1,253 students (7 beyond the expected, due to a greater number of students enrolled in some schools), including 547 males (43.7%) and 706 females (56.3%). The mean age (&#177; standard deviation) was 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years. The general characteristics of the sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06310t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The average values, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum for continuous variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06310t02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06310t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06310t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>For BMI, we identified 116 children and adolescents (9.3%) in the percentile <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 (overweight) and 56 (4.5%) children and adolescents in the percentile <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 (obese). Excess weight, as measured by BMI, is present, therefore, in 13.8% of the sample.</p>
      <p>For the TSF, we identified 110 (8.8%) children and adolescents in the percentile <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 (obese) and 75 (6%) children and adolescents in the percentile <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 (super obese). Therefore, there is excess of body fat in 14.8% of the sample.</p>
      <p>PCT in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 percentile identified 43 children and adolescents with BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 percentile (57.0%), 28 in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 percentile (37.0%) and 4 (6.0%) with normal BMI (percentile between 50 and 85). In <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 percentile, the TSF identified 11 children and adolescents (10.0%) with BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 percentile, 47 (43.0%) in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 percentile and 52 (47.0%) with normal BMI, percentile between 50 and 85. When analyzed together, the TSF and BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 percentile identified excess of central adiposity and overweight in 129/228 (57.0%) children and adolescents; overweight, no excess of central adiposity in 43 (19.0%) and excess of central adiposity without overweight in 56 (24.0%) individuals.</p>
      <p>The analysis of answers to the questionnaire on physical activity (PAQ) identified 671 students with scores 1 (very sedentary) and 501 with score 2 (sedentary), resulting in 1,172 (93.5%) sedentary individuals; 79 students had a score 3 (moderately active), 2 with score 4 (active) and none of them had score 5 (very active).</p>
      <p>The activities most frequently performed (three or more days in a week) by male students were soccer (40.0%) and cycling (37.0%) and for female students, dancing (22.0%) and cycling (21.0%); 62.0% of female students and 57.0% of male students reported they did not take physical education classes in school.</p>
      <p>For TV-watching, 38 (3.0%) students said they did not watch it, of which 26 do have TV at home (from 129, around 10.0% of the sample do not have a TV set) and 12 have TV sets.</p>
      <p>The other 103 who do not have a TV set reported that they watch TV for 1 to 10 hours a day, averaging 3.6 &#177; 2.0 hours. In the group of 1,112 students who have TV at home, the number of daily hours of TV-watching also varied from 1-10 hours, averaging 3.7 &#177; 2.2 hours. Considering those who watch TV, regardless of having it at home or not, the median hours of TV-watching are 3 hours; 407 (32.0%) watch TV for 1-2 hours and 808 (65.0%) watch it for 3 or more hours.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06310t03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the association analysis of PAL, median of HTV, overweight (according to BMI) and obesity (according to TSF) of the sample in relation to the variables of the study. There is significant association between a sedentary lifestyle, adolescence and women and between watching TV for three or more hours and obesity. Overweight and obesity were significantly more frequent in individuals from higher income classes studying in private schools; in addition, obesity was associated significantly with male sex and overweight.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06310t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>We observed weak negative correlation between age and PAL (r = -0.27; p &lt; 0.05); no correlation was observed between PAL and HTV, BMI percentiles and TSF percentiles. There was no significant correlation between HTV and age, BMI percentiles and TSF percentiles. We found a strong correlation between BMI and PCT (r = 71; p &lt; 0.01). The correlation analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_06310t04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_06310t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0159-00065-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The increasing growth of prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity and lower levels of daily physical activity in all age groups and in different populations around the world justify the importance of studies analyzing the distribution of these variables and how they associate with each other, indicating the need and enabling the adoption of population-specific public health strategies to control them<sup>9,18,19</sup> in order to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>This school-based study found that 93.5% of young students do not perform moderate to heavy physical activities throughout the week and this sedentary behavior, as already shown in other studies<sup>27,30,34</sup>, is more common in adolescents than in children and in females. Using the same investigation tool, Silva and Malina<sup>30</sup> identified 89.5% of sedentary individuals in a sample of 325 adolescents of both sexes, in Niter&#243;i, RJ, also predominantly female. Other studies in Brazil showed a prevalence of inactivity ranging from 10 to 94.0% in young people from different ages and using different research instruments<sup>18,30,34</sup>, making it impossible to compare results, but pointing out to the urgent need for public health strategies intended to reduce its impact as a risk factor for atherosclerosis<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study found no association of physical inactivity with a lower purchasing power (economic class C, D or E; public school students) as found in other studies<sup>28,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for body composition, this work found no significant association of sedentary behavior with overweight determined by BMI, nor with the triceps skinfold in percentiles at or above 85 and at or above 95, when analyzed separately or together as observed in other studies<sup>6,9,10,15,21,26,28</sup>. Considering that the causes of obesity are multiple and complex, involving genetic and environmental components, probably in individuals with overweight and/or excess body fat in this sample, other factors, in addition to physical inactivity, should play a more important role in the onset of this characteristic<sup>9,10,11</sup>. Furthermore, the low prevalence of these variables in this sample may also explain the result found.</p>
      <p>This study also found a high proportion of young individuals (62.0% of female students and 57.0% of students) who do not have physical education classes in school, considering that the Law of Guidelines and Bases<sup>35</sup> sets forth that it is mandatory for schools to offer physical education classes in primary and secondary education (Basic Education), from which we selected the individuals from our sample.</p>
      <p>Trudeau et al<sup>17</sup>, in a longitudinal study that monitored adolescents aging 10-12 years old up to the age of 35 years old, noted a positive impact of regular, orderly and early exercising in school on the persistence of this characteristic in adulthood. This evidence has assigned to schools a critically important role in fighting sedentary lifestyles in childhood and adolescence<sup>14-18</sup>, considering that both activity and physical inactivity in childhood, especially in adolescence, tend to persist into adulthood<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sedentary behavior has many components, among which the time spent watching TV contributes with 81.0%<sup>27</sup> for such behavior. Worthy of note is that this habit does not require energy expenditure above basal metabolic rate and reduces the daily time spent in activities with greater energy expenditure. Besides this, TV advertisings promote increased consumption of foods with high energy contents, often shown in TV commercials and programs screened at times of increased TV-watching rates<sup>16,26-28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dietz et al<sup>26</sup>, studying 6,965 young people aged from 6 and 11 and 6,671 aged from 12 to 17 found that the prevalence of obesity increases by 2.0% for each additional hour of TV-watching.</p>
      <p>In a longitudinal study that monitored 1,000 young people aged from 5 to 15 up to the age of 26, Hancox et al<sup>28</sup> showed that the greater the number of hours watching TV, the higher the body mass index, cholesterol level, prevalence of smoking and worse fitness in childhood and adolescence. They also reported that these variables remained into adulthood.</p>
      <p>Myers et al<sup>27</sup>, studying individuals aged from 9 and 15, found greater triceps skinfold in males with a more sedentary male and lower HDL-cholesterol in more sedentary girls; in both sexes, diastolic blood pressure was higher in more sedentary individuals. These findings corroborate recommendations that children and adolescents should spend no more than two daily hours watching TV<sup>18-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we observed that the average daily hours watching TV was 3.6 hours, of which 3.7 were among girls and 3.5 among boys; the median for the group and in both sexes was 3 hours. In the study by Silva and Malina<sup>30</sup>, the average found was 4.4 and 4.9 hours for males and females, respectively; the fact that the sample consisted of adolescents explains these higher values when compared to our study, which included children and preadolescents, who are naturally more active.</p>
      <p>No association was found between 3 or more hours watching TV and age group, gender, economic class and school type, demonstrating that such behavior is frequent and ubiquitous in young people from Macei&#243;. As for body composition, there is a significant association only in individuals with excess body fat (TSF in percentiles above or equal to 85 and 95), as previously shown by Myers et al<sup>27</sup>. The impact of other factors in the development of obesity and the low prevalence of abnormalities related to excess weight and body fat in this sample, as previously mentioned, justify the absence of such associations.</p>
      <p>The conclusion of this investigation is that most (93.5%) young individuals from the city of Macei&#243; do not practice moderate to intense physical activities, spending more than the recommended daily time for sedentary activities (65.0%) and do not practice physical activities at school (60.0%). Hence, this data provide reasons for us to believe that, although these behaviors do not appear to be involved in the genesis of obesity presented by them, they may contribute to the emergence of obesity and other CVRF in adulthood<sup>16,17,28</sup>, who will contribute to worsen the current profile of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>1</sup> .</p>
      <p>The possible use of the data presented in the construction of strategies to raise the level of physical activity and reduce children and adolescents' time in sedentary activities, aiming at the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, justifies studies like this.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPEAL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
