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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GVxVNb6BLjswG7pBX4PKJsy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o guiada pela ecocardiografia em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawano</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crist&#243;v&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nagamatsu</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Toshie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlanetto</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Helena Sanchez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlanetto</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benem&#233;rita Sociedade de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>153</fpage>
      <lpage>158</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A ecocardiografia bidimensional &#224; beira do leito tem sido utilizada com sucesso para guiar a atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o, agilizando o procedimento e evitando os riscos do transporte para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o &#224; beira do leito em neonatos cian&#243;ticos. M&#201;TODOS: Entre jan/1997 e jul/2008, foram realizados 102 procedimentos de atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o guiados pela ecocardiografia, sendo avaliados n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, resposta cl&#237;nico-laboratorial e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. RESULTADOS: De um total de 102 casos de Rashkind realizados &#224; beira do leito, 98 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sendo 90 neonatos do Grupo A (procedimento de Rashkind em fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria) e 8 do Grupo B (procedimento em fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria). Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (75%), a idade m&#233;dia foi de 8,3 &#177; 9,3 dias, o peso m&#233;dio foi de 3.100 &#177; 1.100 g e a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias foi a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita mais frequente (n = 74). Comparando-se os valores das satura&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento (65,9 &#177; 19,5% e 86 &#177; 9,7%) e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento (2,3 &#177; 1,0 mm e 5,5 &#177; 1,3 mm) houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001). Comparando-se os valores das satura&#231;&#245;es e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial nos grupos de sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &gt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: A atriosseptostomia com cateter guiada pela ecocardiografia reduz os riscos por possibilitar a efetiva palia&#231;&#227;o sem perda de tempo em neonatos cian&#243;ticos, al&#233;m de apresentar menores custos hospitalares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#225;trios do cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA PEDI&#193;TRICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o guiada pela ecocardiografia em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lilian M Lopes; Christiane Kawano; Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco Crist&#243;v&#227;o; C&#233;lia Toshie Nagamatsu; Luciana da Fonseca; Beatriz Helena Sanchez Furlanetto; Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Jos&#233; Armando Mangione</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A ecocardiografia bidimensional &#224; beira do leito tem sido utilizada com sucesso para guiar a atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o, agilizando o procedimento e evitando os riscos do transporte para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os resultados da atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o &#224; beira do leito em neonatos cian&#243;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre jan/1997 e jul/2008, foram realizados 102 procedimentos de atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o guiados pela ecocardiografia, sendo avaliados n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, resposta cl&#237;nico-laboratorial e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De um total de 102 casos de Rashkind realizados &#224; beira do leito, 98 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sendo 90 neonatos do Grupo A (procedimento de Rashkind em fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria) e 8 do Grupo B (procedimento em fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria). Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (75%), a idade m&#233;dia foi de 8,3 &#177; 9,3 dias, o peso m&#233;dio foi de 3.100 &#177; 1.100 g e a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias foi a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita mais frequente (n = 74). Comparando-se os valores das satura&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento (65,9 &#177; 19,5% e 86 &#177; 9,7%) e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento (2,3 &#177; 1,0 mm e 5,5 &#177; 1,3 mm) houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001). Comparando-se os valores das satura&#231;&#245;es e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial nos grupos de sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A atriosseptostomia com cateter guiada pela ecocardiografia reduz os riscos por possibilitar a efetiva palia&#231;&#227;o sem perda de tempo em neonatos cian&#243;ticos, al&#233;m de apresentar menores custos hospitalares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas; ecocardiografia; &#225;trios do cora&#231;&#227;o; dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas formas de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica, classicamente representadas pela transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, n&#227;o s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com a sobreviv&#234;ncia na aus&#234;ncia de uma mistura intercavit&#225;ria adequada.</p>
    <p>Consta na literatura que o primeiro procedimento terap&#234;utico hemodin&#226;mico por cateterismo em cardiopatia cong&#234;nita foi a atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o, descrita em 1966 por Rashkind e Miller<sup>1</sup>, com o objetivo de ampliar comunica&#231;&#245;es interatriais existentes, mas funcionalmente restritivas. Anos mais tarde, em 1975, Park e cols.<sup>2</sup> propuseram uma t&#233;cnica acoplando uma l&#226;mina &#224; ponta do cateter, vindo de encontro &#224; necessidade de criar uma abertura no septo interatrial em situa&#231;&#245;es de septo &#237;ntegro ou bastante espesso, como em lactentes maiores de um m&#234;s de vida ou em certas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas onde o septo &#233; anormalmente espessado, como na atresia mitral, apesar do maior risco de mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Tradicionalmente, o procedimento era realizado em laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica assistido por fluoroscopia uniplanar, o que dificultava a correta identifica&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o e gerava maiores riscos de perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, les&#227;o de valvas atrioventriculares e lacera&#231;&#227;o de veias pulmonares e sist&#234;micas, dentre outras complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>3</sup>. Esses riscos diminu&#237;am com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da fluoroscopia biplanar, por&#233;m, neste caso, ocorria um aumento significativo da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante.</p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 80, surgiram os primeiros trabalhos descrevendo as vantagens da ecocardiografia em auxiliar o posicionamento do cateter no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, durante o procedimento invasivo<sup>4-6</sup>. Essas vantagens consistiam em: 1) maior rapidez na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento; 2) redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos de les&#245;es e traumas das valvas atrioventriculares e estruturas vitais; e 3) redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal guiada apenas pela ecocardiografia foi relatada pela primeira vez por Baker e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em 1984, em 8 crian&#231;as portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias.</p>
    <p>Desde nosso primeiro relato<sup>9</sup>, realizamos um grande n&#250;mero de atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o guiada pela ecocardiografia bidimensional na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, tendo este trabalho o objetivo de relatar tal experi&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro de 1997 a julho de 2008, em nosso servi&#231;o, foram realizados 102 casos de Rashkind guiados pela ecocardiografia em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica, que necessitavam da presen&#231;a de um <italic>shunt</italic> interatrial adequado para garantir a sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; o momento do tratamento cir&#250;rgico paliativo ou definitivo. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes obedeceu aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) procedimento de Rashkind guiado pela ecocardiografia realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo; 2) formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados do protocolo totalmente respondido ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise retrospectiva de prontu&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada pela an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios hospitalares e banco de dados das equipes de cirurgia card&#237;aca dos doutores Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva e Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto. Os laudos, as grava&#231;&#245;es e os videoclipes dos ecocardiogramas foram revisados para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da restri&#231;&#227;o do forame e para a coleta de dados. Consideramos perda de seguimento quando, ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o preenchimento de todos os dados do protocolo.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas que fizeram parte do protocolo foram: idade no momento do procedimento de Rashkind, peso, sexo, tipo de cardiopatia, di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento, efic&#225;cia do procedimento baseada no grau de abertura da comunica&#231;&#227;o e na melhora cl&#237;nico-laboratorial e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento.</p>
    <p>Nesses anos, a din&#226;mica de nosso servi&#231;o caracterizou-se pelo acionamento das equipes de ecocardiografia e hemodin&#226;mica t&#227;o logo fosse confirmada a libera&#231;&#227;o da vaga e a transfer&#234;ncia de um neonato cian&#243;tico.</p>
    <p>Tratando-se de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, as equipes acionadas permaneciam de sobreaviso aguardando a chegada do neonato na unidade de terapia intensiva. Imediatamente ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o e em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, a equipe de ecocardiografia realizava o ecocardiograma &#224; beira do leito. Em caso de confirma&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de forame oval restritivo, o hemodinamicista, j&#225; ciente do caso, sempre era solicitado para realiza&#231;&#227;o da atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma bidimensional &#224; beira do leito, com an&#225;lise de fluxos intracard&#237;acos atrav&#233;s do Doppler puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento de fluxo em cores para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Os aparelhos utilizados na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram: Phillips 7500 (<italic>Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Mass, USA</italic>), HDI 5000 (<italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA</italic>) e Toshiba 140 e Nemio (<italic>Toshiba, T&#243;kio, Japan</italic>) com transdutores de 2,5, 3,0 e 5,0 MHz conforme estes foram adquiridos pelo servi&#231;o. Quando necess&#225;rio, a seda&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com hidrato de cloral a 10%, em doses preconizadas para o peso do paciente.</p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o de realizar-se a atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o foi feita baseada em achados cl&#237;nicos de hip&#243;xia seguidos de confirma&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial restritiva, caracterizada por aus&#234;ncia de comunica&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel ou comunica&#231;&#227;o de tamanho reduzido, isto &#233;, menor do que 2,0 mm ou menor de que &#188; da medida total do septo interatrial tomada na posi&#231;&#227;o subcostal.</p>
    <p>O procedimento invasivo de atriosseptostomia foi realizado de acordo com as seguintes etapas: 1) pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femural direita ou esquerda com Jelco<sup>&#174;</sup> n&#250;mero 22, sendo a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da veia realizada com fio guia 0,021 polegadas; 2) sob a certeza ecocardiogr&#225;fica da presen&#231;a do fio na veia femural, manteve-se um introdutor 6F no s&#237;tio venoso; 3) avan&#231;o at&#233; &#225;trio esquerdo do cateter de atriosseptostomia de Fogarty 5F (<italic>Edwards-Baxter Healthcare</italic>); 4) insufla&#231;&#245;es escalonadas do cateter bal&#227;o, iniciando-se com 1 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina; e 5) tra&#231;&#227;o brusca, por&#233;m, controlada, com o objetivo de romper o septo interatrial.</p>
    <p>Insufla&#231;&#245;es adicionais com volumes maiores no bal&#227;o (at&#233; 4 ml) eram realizadas at&#233; se conseguir uma comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada confirmada pela melhora da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>. O transdutor ecocardiogr&#225;fico guiou o procedimento pela janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica subcostal, demonstrando no corte subcostal longitudinal a veia cava inferior drenando no &#225;trio direito, por onde progrediu o cateter bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de sucesso do procedimento foi a eleva&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio, o aumento do di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial acima de 1/3 do di&#226;metro total do septo medido na posi&#231;&#227;o subcostal, ou em torno de 5 mm com ampla mobilidade de suas bordas e a melhora cl&#237;nica. O gradiente transatrial ao Doppler puls&#225;til pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento n&#227;o foi considerado como crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sucesso por apresentar muita varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador relacionada ao &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi realizada pelo c&#225;lculo de mediana, m&#233;dias, desvio-padr&#227;o e valores m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e relativa (%). O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> foi usado para comparar os valores de satura&#231;&#227;o e di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento de Rashkind assim como para comparar esses resultados em sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De um total de 102 casos de Rashkind realizados &#224; beira do leito na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal desse Hospital, 90 pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento de Rashkind em fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (Grupo A), 8 pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento em fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (Grupo B) e 4 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados do protocolo incompleto).</p>
    <p>Dos 98 casos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 73 (75%) eram do sexo masculino e 25 (25%) do sexo feminino. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 8,3 &#177; 9,3 dias e a mediana foi de 4 dias, variando de 1 a 46 dias. O peso m&#233;dio foi de 3.100 &#177; 1.100 g e mediana 3.300 g, com peso m&#237;nimo de 2.300 g e m&#225;ximo de 6.500 g. Dos 90 pacientes do grupo A, a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias foi a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita mais frequente, diagnosticada em 74 pacientes (82,2%). Em um caso de s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia de cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo, a ecocardiografia fetal mostrou forame oval severamente restritivo e o procedimento de Rashkind foi realizado com sucesso no centro obst&#233;trico imediatamente ap&#243;s o nascimento, ap&#243;s cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da veia femural direita com eleva&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de 70% para 92% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07110f1">Figura 1</xref>). Nos 8 pacientes do grupo B, a atresia tric&#250;spide foi a mais frequente (62%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07110f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio entre o Rashkind e a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no grupo A foi de 3,5 &#177; 4 dias e o tempo m&#233;dio entre a cirurgia e a indica&#231;&#227;o do Rashkind no grupo B foi de 1,7 &#177; 3,4. Comparando-se os valores das satura&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07110t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas individuais dos pacientes dos grupos A e B submetidos ao procedimento de atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07110t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O procedimento foi efetivo em 95 dos 98 casos. As falhas de procedimento ocorridas foram explicadas respectivamente por impossibilidade de progress&#227;o do cateter em veia cava inferior (n = 1), por impossibilidade de se atingir o &#225;trio esquerdo (n = 1) e por dificuldade de posicionar adequadamente o bal&#227;o em &#225;trio esquerdo pequeno (n = 1).</p>
    <p>Ocorreram duas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, ambas em neonatos com transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos: um caso de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial seguida de taquicardia ventricular e tamponamento por prov&#225;vel les&#227;o de &#225;trio direito em rec&#233;m-nascido de 6 dias de vida e outro caso de bradicardia em lactente de 46 dias de vida. Ocorreram 8 &#243;bitos pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos e um paciente teve alta sem cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Comparando-se o grupo de sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores das satura&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-procedimento (67% &#177; 20 <italic>versus</italic> 64% &#177; 19, p = 0,50), satura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento (85,8% &#177; 9 <italic>versus</italic> 85,1 &#177; 11, p = 0,69), di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial pr&#233;-procedimento (2,3 &#177; 0,9 <italic>versus</italic> 2,4 &#177; 1,2, p = 0,65) e di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial p&#243;s-procedimento (5,4 &#177; 1,4 <italic>versus</italic> 5,5 &#177; 1,2, p = 0,81), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &gt; 0,05). A causa de &#243;bito mais comum foi o choque cardiog&#234;nico (65%), seguida do choque s&#233;ptico (21%), sem rela&#231;&#227;o com os crit&#233;rios de sucesso do procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o usando fluoroscopia ou ecocardiografia bidimensional &#233; uma t&#233;cnica consagrada no tratamento paliativo das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cianog&#234;nicas em neonatos hipox&#234;micos por mistura intracard&#237;aca inadequada. Com o passar do tempo e consequentes avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos dos aparelhos de ecocardiografia, tal procedimento deixou de ser realizado apenas nos laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica, passando ent&#227;o a ser realizado dentro das unidades de terapia intensiva &#224; beira do leito<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 80, Allan e cols.<sup>7</sup> descreveram como vantagens do procedimento &#224; beira do leito a maior rapidez na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos de les&#245;es e traumas das valvas atrioventriculares e estruturas vitais, al&#233;m de evitar a manipula&#231;&#227;o e prov&#225;vel instabiliza&#231;&#227;o de neonatos em situa&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica prec&#225;ria. Somando-se a essas vantagens, h&#225; o importante fator econ&#244;mico a ser considerado, uma vez que a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da atriosseptostomia com bal&#227;o realizada &#224; beira do leito reduz o custo em 50% quando comparada ao procedimento realizado no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Zellers e cols.<sup>11</sup> compararam os custos hospitalares de 21 neonatos submetidos &#224; atriosseptostomia com bal&#227;o no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica com os custos de 17 neonatos que sofreram a mesma interven&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito. Nesses c&#225;lculos, foram considerados os encargos com cateterismo card&#237;aco e atriosseptostomia, material descart&#225;vel, taxa de transporte, medica&#231;&#227;o e honor&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Os custos com a ecocardiografia n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, pois todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo, independente se a atriosseptostomia foi realizada no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica ou &#224; beira do leito. Assim como em nosso servi&#231;o, n&#227;o houve custo adicional m&#233;dico ou hospitalar pelo ato de guiar a atriosseptostomia com o ecocardiograma. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o custo total do procedimento &#224; beira do leito foi estatisticamente menor quando comparado ao custo do procedimento realizado no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica (US$ 5.285 &#177; 123 <italic>vs</italic> US$ 10.089 &#177; 382; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Embora no Brasil o primeiro relato de atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o guiado por ecocardiograma &#224; beira do leito seja de 1988<sup>12</sup>, sabe-se que grandes hospitais de refer&#234;ncia do pa&#237;s ainda relutam em adotar esta pr&#225;tica. Seguindo a experi&#234;ncia inicial de Serra e cols.<sup>12</sup> em 9 rec&#233;m-nascidos, outros autores nacionais relataram suas experi&#234;ncias<sup>13,14</sup>, sendo a mais recente e numerosa a de Marchi e cols.<sup>15</sup> realizada no Hospital da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, em 31 neonatos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com baixo n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s nosso primeiro relato, publicado em 2001<sup>9</sup>, adquirimos vasta experi&#234;ncia com atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o &#224; beira do leito guiada pela ecocardiografia bidimensional. Com o aumento dessa experi&#234;ncia, conseguimos dispensar o uso da radioscopia e a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento &#224; beira do leito tornou-se rotina em nosso servi&#231;o. A grande casu&#237;stica apresentada neste trabalho mostra uma taxa de efetividade do procedimento de 96,9% e uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es baixa (2,0%), representadas principalmente por arritmias relacionadas &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter e j&#225; citadas em outros trabalhos<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora dados de literatura apontem para um progn&#243;stico muito reservado nos casos de s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo com forame oval restritivo<sup>16</sup>, em nosso &#250;nico caso diagnosticado pela ecocardiografia fetal com 20 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o e com forame oval praticamente fechado (menor que 1 mm), foi poss&#237;vel planejar o parto e realizar o Rashkind com sucesso dentro do centro obst&#233;trico. A crian&#231;a encontra-se viva e bem aos dois anos ap&#243;s o terceiro est&#225;gio da cirurgia de Norwood.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a atriosseptostomia com cateter bal&#227;o guiada pela ecocardiografia bidimensional em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal possibilita a efetiva palia&#231;&#227;o, sem perda de tempo, em neonatos gravemente enfermos, reduzindo riscos de les&#245;es e traumas das valvas atrioventriculares e estruturas vitais, al&#233;m de apresentar menores custos hospitalares. Em um pa&#237;s como o nosso, com as s&#233;rias e conhecidas dificuldades econ&#244;micas na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, este dado &#233; muito importante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; equipe de ecocardiografia pedi&#225;trica do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo pelo apoio na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos ecocardiogramas.</p>
    <p>Ao Sr. Carlos E. S. Cateb pelo apoio na edi&#231;&#227;o e elabora&#231;&#227;o do material fotogr&#225;fico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lilian Maria Lopes </p>
        <p> Al. Santos, 211, conj 704 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> 01419-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lilianlopes@cardiol.br">lilianlopes@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br">lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/04/09; revisado recebido em 09/11/09; aceito em 18/11/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Balloon atrial septostomy guided by echocardiography in a neonatal intensive care unit</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The bedside two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D ECHO) has been successfully used to guide the balloon atrial septostomy, speeding up the procedure and preventing the risks of transportation to the hemodynamics laboratory. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of the bedside balloon atrial septostomy in cyanotic neonates. METHODS: Between January/1997 and July/2008, 102 atrioseptostomies by balloon catheter guided by echocardiography were carried out and saturation levels, defect diameter, oxygen saturation, clinical-laboratory response and complications related to the procedure were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 102 cases of bedside Rashkind septostomy, 98 met the inclusion criteria, with 90 neonates in Group A (Rashkind procedure in the preoperative phase) and 8 in Group B (procedure at the postoperative phase). There was a predominance of the male sex (75%), mean age was 8.3 &#177; 9.3 days and the mean weight was 3,100 &#177; 1,100 g; the transposition of the great arteries was the most frequent congenital heart disease (n = 74). When comparing the levels of saturation pre and post-procedure (65.9 &#177; 19.5% and 86 &#177; 9.7%) and the diameter of the interatrial septal defect pre and post-procedure (2.3 &#177; 1.0 mm and 5.5 &#177; 1.3 mm) there was a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). When comparing the levels of saturation and the diameter of the interatrial septal defect between the group of survivors vs non-survivor, there was no statistically significant difference (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The balloon atrial septostomy guided by the echocardiography reduces the risks by allowing the effective palliative procedure to be carried out promptly in cyanotic neonates, in addition to presenting lower hospital costs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>heart atria</kwd>
        <kwd>balloon dilatation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Balloon atrial septostomy guided by echocardiography in a neonatal intensive care unit</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Lilian M Lopes; Christiane Kawano; Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco Crist&#243;v&#227;o; C&#233;lia Toshie Nagamatsu; Luciana da Fonseca; Beatriz Helena Sanchez Furlanetto; Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Jos&#233; Armando Mangione</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The bedside two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D ECHO) has been successfully used to guide the balloon atrial septostomy, speeding up the procedure and preventing the risks of transportation to the hemodynamics laboratory.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the results of the bedside balloon atrial septostomy in cyanotic neonates.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January/1997 and July/2008, 102 atrioseptostomies by balloon catheter guided by echocardiography were carried out and saturation levels, defect diameter, oxygen saturation, clinical-laboratory response and complications related to the procedure were evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of 102 cases of bedside Rashkind septostomy, 98 met the inclusion criteria, with 90 neonates in Group A (Rashkind procedure in the preoperative phase) and 8 in Group B (procedure at the postoperative phase). There was a predominance of the male sex (75%), mean age was 8.3 &#177; 9.3 days and the mean weight was 3,100 &#177; 1,100 g; the transposition of the great arteries was the most frequent congenital heart disease (n = 74). When comparing the levels of saturation pre and post-procedure (65.9 &#177; 19.5% and 86 &#177; 9.7%) and the diameter of the interatrial septal defect pre and post-procedure (2.3 &#177; 1.0 mm and 5.5 &#177; 1.3 mm) there was a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). When comparing the levels of saturation and the diameter of the interatrial septal defect between the group of survivors <italic>vs</italic> non-survivor, there was no statistically significant difference (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The balloon atrial septostomy guided by the echocardiography reduces the risks by allowing the effective palliative procedure to be carried out promptly in cyanotic neonates, in addition to presenting lower hospital costs.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; echocardiography; heart atria; balloon dilatation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD), classically represented by the transposition of great arteries (TGA), are not compatible with survival in the absence of an adequate intercavitary mix.</p>
      <p>The literature reports that the first hemodynamic therapeutic procedure by catheterism in CHD was the balloon atrial septostomy, described in 1966 by Rashkind and Miller<sup>1</sup>, with the objective of increasing the existing interatrial communications, but which were functionally restrictive. Years later, in 1975, Park et al<sup>2</sup> proposed a technique that coupled a blade to catheter tip, in order to create an opening in intact or thick interatrial septum, commom in infants older than 30 days of age or in certain CHD where the septum is abnormally thick, such as in mitral atresia, in spite of the higher risk of mortality.</p>
      <p>Traditionally, the procedure was carried out in Laboratories of Hemodynamics assisted by uniplanar fluoroscopy, which made it difficult to identify the balloon position and resulted in a higher risk of cardiac perforation, atrioventricular valve injury and laceration of pulmonary and systemic veins, among other complications<sup>3</sup>. These risks decreased with the use of biplanar fluoroscopy; however, in this case, there was a significant increase of exposure to ionizing radiation.</p>
      <p>During the 80s it was published the first studies describing the advantages of echocardiography to guide the catheter position at the laboratory of hemodynamics during the invasive procedure<sup>4-6</sup>. These advantages were: 1) a faster procedure; 2) decrease in the risk of injury and trauma to the atrioventricular valves and vital structures and 3) decreased time of exposure to ionizing radiation<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The performance of the procedure at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) guided only by echocardiography was first reported by Baker et al<sup>8</sup>, in 1984, in 8 children with complete transposition of the great arteries.</p>
      <p>Since our first report<sup>9</sup>, we have performed a large number of atrioseptostomies by balloon catheter at the NICU of <italic>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>, and the objective of the present study is to report such experience.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 1997 to July 2008, 102 Rashkind procedures guided by echocardiography were performed in patients with cyanotic CHD, who needed the presence of an adequate interatrial shunt to guarantee the survival until the moment when the palliative or definitive surgical treatment could be carried out. Patient selection was carried out according to the following inclusion criteria: 1) Rashkind procedure guided by echocardiography, performed at the Intensive Care Unit of <italic>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>; 2) protocol data collection form filled out after the retrospective analysis of the patient's file.</p>
      <p>Data was obtained through the analysis of hospital files and databases of the cardiac surgical teams of Dr. Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva and Dr. Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto. The medical reports, the recordings and the video clips of the echocardiograms were revised to confirm the foramen restriction. Loss of follow-up was considered when it was not possible to fill out all data in the protocol after the analysis of the medical files.</p>
      <p>The variables analyzed as part of the protocol were: age at the moment of the Rashkind procedure, weight, sex, type of CHD, diameter of the septal defect pre and post-procedure, oxygen saturation pre and post-procedure, efficacy of the procedure based on the degree of the opening of the defect and clinical-laboratory improvement and procedure-related complications.</p>
      <p>During these years, the dynamics at our service has been characterized by the mobilization of the echocardiography and hemodynamics teams as soon as a bed is confirmed to be available and the cyanotic neonate is transferred to our service. In case of patients with transposition of the great arteries, the teams remained alert and waiting for the arrival of the neonate at the Intensive Care Unit. Immediately after admission, and considering it an emergency procedure, the echocardiography team performed the bedside echocardiogram. After the clinical and echocardiographic confirmation of the restrictive foramen ovale, the hemodynamicist, who was already aware of the case, was always asked to perform the balloon atrial septostomy.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to a bedside two-dimensional echocardiogram (2-D ECHO) and the intracardiac flow was evaluated by continuous pulsed Doppler and color-flow mapping Doppler for diagnostic confirmation. The equipment used for the echocardiographic assessment was: Phillips 7500 (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Mass, USA), HDI 5000 (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA) and Toshiba 140 and Nemio (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) with transducers of 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 MHz, as they were being acquired by our service. When necessary, sedation was carried out with 10% chloral hydrate at doses recommended for the patient's weight.</p>
      <p>The decision to perform the balloon atrial septostomy was made based on the clinical findings of hypoxia, followed by the echocardiographic confirmation of restrictive atrial septal defect, characterized by the absence of visible communication or small-size communication, that is, &lt; 2.0 mm or less than &#188; of the total measurement of the interatrial septum measured in the subcostal position.</p>
      <p>The invasive balloon atrial septostomy procedure was carried out according to the following phases: 1) puncture of the right or left femoral vein with #22 Jelco&#153;, with the catheterization of the vein being carried out with a 0.021 inch guidewire; 2) under the echocardiographic assurance of the presence to the wire in the femoral vein, a 6F sheath was maintained in the venous site; 3) advance the Fogarty 5F atrial septostomy catheter up to the left atrium (Edwards-Baxter Healthcare); 4) graded insufflations of the balloon catheter, starting with 1 ml of saline solution and 5) abrupt traction, albeit controlled, with the objective of rupturing the interatrial septum.</p>
      <p>Additional insufflations with higher volumes in the balloon (up to 4 ml) were performed until an adequate communication was obtained, confirmed by the improvement in O<sub>2</sub> saturation. The echocardiographic transducer guided the procedure through the subcostal echocardiographic approach, disclosing at the longitudinal subcostal view the vena cava draining into the right atrium, through which the balloon catheter proceeded.</p>
      <p>The success criterion of the procedure was the increase in the peripheral oxygen saturation, the increase in the atrial septal defect diameter &gt; 1/3 of the total septal diameter measured at the subcostal view or around 5 mm with ample border motility and clinical improvement. The transatrial gradient at the pulsed Doppler, both pre and post-procedure, was not considered a criterion of success, as it presented a wide interobserver variation related to the angle of insonation.</p>
      <p>The descriptive statistical analysis of the quantitative variables was carried by calculating the median, means, standard deviations and minimum and maximum values. The qualitative variables were presented as absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%). Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the values of oxygen saturation and atrial septal defect diameter, before and after the Rashkind procedure, as well as to compare these results in survivors and non-survivors. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of a total of 102 cases of Rashkind procedure performed at the bedside at the NICU of this hospital, 90 patients were submitted to the Rashkind procedure at the preoperative phase (Group A), 8 patients were submitted to the procedure at the postoperative phase (Group B) and 4 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria (incomplete protocol data collection form).</p>
      <p>Of the 98 cases that met the inclusion criteria,73 (75%) were males and 25 (25%) were females. The mean age was 8.3 &#177; 9.3 days and the median was 4 days, ranging from 1 to 46 days. Mean weight was 3,100 &#177; 1,100 g and the median was 3,300 g, with a minimum weight of 2,300 g and a maximum weight of 6,500 g. Of the 90 patients from group A, the transposition of the great arteries was the most frequent congenital heart disease, diagnosed in 74 patients (82.2%). In one case of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the fetal echocardiography had shown a severely restrictive foramen ovale and the Rashkind procedure was successfully performed at the Obstetric Unit immediately after the birth, after catheterization of the right femoral artery followed by a saturation increase from 70% to 92% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07110f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). In the 8 patients from group B, the tricuspid atresia was the most frequent defect (62%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07110f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean time between the Rashkind procedure and the surgical intervention in group A was 3.5 &#177; 4 days and the mean time between the surgery and the indication for the Rashkind procedure in group B was 1.7 &#177; 3.4. There was a statistically significant difference when comparing the pre and post-procedure saturation levels and the diameters of the atrial septal defect (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07110t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the individual characteristics of the patients in groups A and B submitted to the balloon atrial septostomy.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07110t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0153-00076-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The procedure was effective in 95 of 98 of the cases. Procedure failures were explained respectively by the impossibility to advance the catheter into the inferior vena cava (n = 1), the impossibility to reach the left atrium (n = 1) and the difficulty to achieve an adequate position of the balloon into a small left atrium (n = 1).</p>
      <p>There were two complications related to the procedure, both in neonates with transposition of the great arteries: one case of atrial fibrillation followed by ventricular tachycardia and tamponade due to probable right atrium injury in a six-day old neonate and another case of bradycardia in a 46-day-old infant. There were 8 deaths before surgery and one patient was discharged without surgery.</p>
      <p>When comparing the group of survivors with the non-survivors regarding the pre-procedure saturation levels (67% &#177; 20 <italic>versus</italic> 64% &#177; 19, p = 0.50), post-procedure saturation (85.8% &#177; 9 <italic>versus</italic> 85.1 &#177; 11, p = 0.69), pre-procedure diameter of the atrial septal defect (2.3 &#177; 0.9 <italic>versus</italic> 2.4 &#177; 1.2, p = 0.65) and post-procedure diameter of the atrial septal defect (5,4 &#177; 1,4 <italic>versus</italic> 5.5 &#177; 1.2, p = 0.81), there was no statistically significant difference (p &gt; 0.05). The most common cause of death was cardiogenic shock (65%), followed by septic shock (21%), which was unrelated to the success criteria of the procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The balloon atrial septostomy using fluoroscopy or 2D-ECHO is an acknowledged technique in the palliative treatment of cyanotic CHD in hypoxemic neonates due to inadequate intracardiac mix. With the passing time and the consequent technological advancements, this procedure stopped to be carried out exclusively in Laboratories of Hemodynamics and started to be performed inside the intensive care units at the bedside<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>During the 80s, Allan et al<sup>7</sup> described as advantages of the bedside procedure the faster performance of the procedure, the decrease in the time of exposure to ionizing radiation, the decrease in the risk of injury and trauma to the atrioventricular valves and vital structures and the fact that the technique prevented the manipulation and probable destabilization of neonates in unstable metabolic situation. Moreover, there is the important economic factor to be considered, as the echocardiographic monitoring of the bedside balloon atrial septostomy presents a 50% decrease in cost when compared to the procedure performed at the Laboratory of Hemodynamics.</p>
      <p>Zellers et al<sup>11</sup> compared the hospital costs of 21 neonates submitted to balloon atrial septostomy at the Laboratory of Hemodynamics with the costs of 17 neonates that underwent the same intervention at bedside. These calculations took into account the costs of cardiac catheterism and atrial septostomy, disposable material, transportation costs, medication and medical fees. The costs with echocardiography were not included in the analysis, as all the patients were submitted to a complete echocardiographic assessment, regardless of the fact whether the atrial septostomy was carried out at the Laboratory of Hemodynamics or at the bedside. Similarly to what was observed in our service there was no additional medical or hospital cost when the echocardiography was used to guide the atrial septostomy. The authors concluded that the total cost of the bedside procedure was statistically lower when compared to the procedure performed at the Laboratory of Hemodynamics (US$ 5,285 &#177; 123 <italic>vs</italic> US$ 10,089 &#177; 382; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Although in Brazil the first report of bedside balloon atrial septostomy guided by echocardiography was published in 1988<sup>12</sup>, it is known that large referral hospitals in the country are still reluctant to adopt this approach. Following the initial experience of Serra et al<sup>12</sup> in 9 neonates, other national authors reported their experience<sup>13,14</sup>, with the most recent and largest of them being that of de Marchi et al<sup>15</sup> carried out at the Hospital of the School of Medicine of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, in 31 neonates with CHD with a low number of complications.</p>
      <p>After our first report, published in 2001<sup>9</sup>, we have acquired a large experience in performing bedside balloon atrial septostomy guided by two-dimensional echocardiography. As our experience grew, we were able to give up the use of radioscopy and the bedside performance of this procedure became a routine at our service. The large numbers of patients presented in this study shows an effectiveness rate of 96.9% and a low rate of complications (2.0%), represented mainly by arrhythmias associated with the catheter manipulation and that have been previously reported by other authors<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although these data in the literature point out to a more guarded prognosis in cases of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive foramen ovale<sup>16</sup>, in our only case diagnosed through the fetal echocardiography at 20 weeks of gestation and a practically closed foramen ovale (less than 1 mm-diameter), the delivery was successfully planned and the Rashkind procedure was successfully performed inside the obstetric unit. The child is alive and well at two years of age after the third stage of Norwood surgery.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the balloon atrial septostomy guided by two-dimensional echocardiography in a neonatal ICU allows effective and prompt palliation in severely ill neonates, decreasing the risk of injury and trauma to the atrioventricular valves and vital structures, in addition to presenting lower hospital costs. In a country such as Brazil, which has serious economic difficulties in the healthcare area, this information is very important.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the pediatric echocardiography team of <italic>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa</italic> of S&#227;o Paulo for their support in performing the echocardiograms.</p>
      <p>To Mr. Carlos E. S. Cateb for editing and preparing the photographic material.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
