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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JWYDZG9cvKZKWK8B39RZmtb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001200022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500222</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010001200022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4: Mulher de 77 Anos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sinais de cardiopatia restritiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dalmaschio</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Cogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>27</fpage>
      <lpage>34</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia restritiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMO-CL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso 4 - Mulher de 77 Anos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sinais de cardiopatia restritiva</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila; Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP; S&#227;o Paulo -Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, amiloidose, cardiomiopatia restritiva.</p>
    <p> Uma mulher de 77 anos de idade apresentou-se para tratamento cl&#237;nico com hist&#243;ria de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; anos e que se intensificara h&#225; 6 meses, at&#233; aparecer mesmo no repouso, com ortopneia e edema de membros inferiores (Set/2008). </p>
    <p> A paciente apresentou dor precordial h&#225; cerca de 20 anos e foi submetida &#224; cinecoronariografia e angioplastia. Al&#233;m disso, sabia ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipotireoidismo.</p>
    <p> Em abril de 2008, houve piora da dispneia, agora presente aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e com ortopneia. Al&#233;m disso, havia queda do estado geral, inapet&#234;ncia, febre e expectora&#231;&#227;o mucosa. </p>
    <p> Os diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e broncopneumonia foram feitos. A paciente recebeu tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos e medica&#231;&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com melhora dos sintomas. </p>
    <p> Os exames laboratoriais (abr/2008) revelaram 12,8 g/dl de hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito de 38,0%, 4.800 de leuc&#243;citos/mm&#179; (sendo 69,0% de neutr&#243;filos, 18,0% de linf&#243;citos e 13,0% de mon&#243;citos), plaquetas de 134.000/mm&#179;, creatinina de 0,8 mg/dl, pot&#225;ssio de 3,2 mEq/l, s&#243;dio de 139 mEq/l e d&#237;mero D de 1339 ng/ml. O exame de urina revelou protein&#250;ria de 3,35 g/l, leuc&#243;citos de 11.000/ml e hem&#225;cias de 50.000/ml.</p>
    <p> Na consulta m&#233;dica ambulatorial (maio/2008), a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi de 65 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial foi de 150/90 mmHg. Havia aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular, estertores crepitantes em bases pulmonares. O ritmo card&#237;aco foi irregular, compat&#237;vel com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Havia sopro sist&#243;lico ++/4+ em &#225;rea mitral. O f&#237;gado foi palpado a 2,0 cm da reborda costal direita e havia edema acentuado de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p> Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (jun/2008) revelou colesterol de 157 mg/dl, HDL-colesterol de 34 mg/dl, LDL-colesterol de 107 mg/dl, triglic&#233;rides de 83 mg/dl, TSH de 0,595 mUI/ml, glicose de 92 mg/dl, aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) de 29 UI/l, e alanina-aminotransferase (ALT) de 28 UI/l.</p>
    <p> O ecocardiograma (jun/2008) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta de 28 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo de 43 mm, diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 45 mm, sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 32 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 56,0%, espessura de septo e de parede posterior de 11 mm. Havia derrame peric&#225;rdico discreto e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 61 mmHg. </p>
    <p> A cinecoronariografia (23/jun/2008) n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es coron&#225;rias obstrutivas. Em julho de 2008, a paciente foi reinternada para investiga&#231;&#227;o de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, associada &#224; derrame pleural direito e edema de membros inferiores. </p>
    <p> O ECG (26/jul/2008) revelou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 80 bpm, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal, S&#194;QRS acima de -60&#186;, para tr&#225;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a22fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a22fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o e a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (28/jul/2008) n&#227;o foram sugestiva de tromboembolismo pulmonar. Havia hipoperfus&#227;o e hipoventila&#231;&#227;o concordantes de lobos m&#233;dio e inferior direitos, achado sugestivo de atelectasia, al&#233;m de sinais indiretos de derrame pleural do mesmo lado.</p>
    <p> A ultrassonografia de abdome (28/jul) revelou hepatomegalia homog&#234;nea, dilata&#231;&#227;o de veia cava inferior, derrame pleural bilateral e derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p> A pesquisa de fatores antin&#250;cleo foi positiva at&#233; dilui&#231;&#227;o 1/1280 com padr&#227;o nucleolar.</p>
    <p> Foi realizado toracocentese diagn&#243;stica de derrame pleural, a qual foi compat&#237;vel com transudato. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar para continuar tratamento ambulatorial.</p>
    <p> Em consulta m&#233;dica ambulatorial, em agosto de 2008, queixava-se dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados. Fazia uso de 20 mg de enalapril, de 40 mg de furosemida, de 25 mg de espironolactona, de 100 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e de 25 mg de levotiroxina.</p>
    <p> Os sintomas voltaram a piorar e a paciente foi trazida ao hospital (2/set/2009).</p>
    <p> No exame f&#237;sico, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi de 93 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial estava inaud&#237;vel; havia roncos respirat&#243;rios difusos, as bulhas card&#237;acas eram arr&#237;tmicas e n&#227;o havia sopro card&#237;aco. O abdome n&#227;o apresentava anormalidades e havia edema +++/4+ em membros inferiores.</p>
    <p> O eletrocardiograma (set/2008) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a22fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a22fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram leucocitose, plaquetopenia e aumento da creatinina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> Em novo ecocardiograma (1/set/2008), a paciente apresentou di&#226;metros de &#225;trio esquerdo de 43 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole de 40/25 mm e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 68%), espessura de septo de 15 mm e de parede posterior de 14 mm. Ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo demonstravam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal; havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e a press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 40 mmHg. </p>
    <p> A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou cardiomegalia e derrame pleural volumoso &#224; direita.</p>
    <p> A tomografia de cr&#226;nio (2/set/2008) revelou t&#234;nue hipoatenua&#231;&#227;o cortical e subcortical &#224; esquerda compat&#237;veis com isquemia aguda. N&#227;o havia fraturas ou sangramentos.</p>
    <p> A tomografia de t&#243;rax (2/set/2008) revelou moderado derrame pleural bilateral maior &#224; direita, com atelectasia &#224; direita. A imagem radiogr&#225;fica foi descrita como "com aspecto de vidro fosco" em lobos inferiores, m&#233;dio e na l&#237;ngula. Havia consolida&#231;&#227;o em lobo superior direito. </p>
    <p> Houve necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio, administra&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina endovenosa, antibioticoterapia com ceftriaxona e claritomicina, depois substitu&#237;das por imipinem, posteriormente, novamente substitu&#237;da por vancomicina e tazobactam e reposi&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica. Dois dias depois, foram reduzidas as drogas vasoativas, com manuten&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 106 bpm e press&#227;o arterial em 113/70 mmHg. Foi realizada paracentese de pleura direita com retirada de 800 ml de l&#237;quido amarelo-citrino.</p>
    <p> Houve piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e foi indicada di&#225;lise no 5&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Houve regress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
    <p> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (19/set/2008) do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou aumento biatrial, ventr&#237;culos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, derrame peric&#225;rdico discreto e pequeno derrame pleural bilateral. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia de realce tardio, devido &#224; incapacidade de ajuste dos par&#226;metros de varredura que poderia sugerir doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito. O exame foi de dif&#237;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o pela condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente, que estava sem capacidade de manter pausa respirat&#243;ria (os m&#250;ltiplos artefatos de movimentos reduzem a sensibilidade do m&#233;todo).</p>
    <p> A pesquisa de paraprote&#237;nas na urina (9/set; com resultado em 23/set/2008) revelou imunoglobulina classe lambda de 3,9 mg/dl (normal at&#233; 1 mg/dl) e imunoglobulina classe kappa de 5,2 mg/dl (normal at&#233; 1,4 mg/dl).</p>
    <p> No 18&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, houve hipotens&#227;o arterial e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo a paciente submetida &#224; nova di&#225;lise. Os exames laboratoriais s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. O quadro cl&#237;nico evoluiu posteriormente com hipotens&#227;o arterial refrat&#225;ria, choque cardiog&#234;nico e falecimento (29/set/2008).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O caso apresenta paciente de 77 anos, portadora de hipotireoidismo, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e protein&#250;ria. Entre os sinais e sintomas, destacam-se: dispneia, edema de membros inferiores, derrame pleural e peric&#225;rdico, com piora significativa nos 6 meses que antecederam o &#243;bito. </p>
    <p> Entre as hip&#243;teses poss&#237;veis para tal piora encontram-se: equivalente isqu&#234;mico, o qual foi descartado por cineangiocoronariografia normal; tromboembolismo pulmonar, n&#227;o confirmado ap&#243;s cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o e a pr&#243;pria evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base. Para esse diagn&#243;stico diferencial, buscamos afec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas que possuam acometimento card&#237;aco e renal. </p>
    <p> A tr&#237;ade hipoalbuminemia (2,3 g/dl), edema perif&#233;rico e protein&#250;ria em n&#237;veis nefr&#243;ticos (3,35 g/l) preenche crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica. Existem diversas causas de s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica nos adultos, contudo muitas delas se limitam aos rins e n&#227;o se aplicam ao caso. Uma causa muito importante de s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica com acometimento card&#237;aco seria o diabetes melito, por&#233;m a paciente n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es glic&#234;micas sugestivas para diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p> O l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (LES) pode causar derrame peric&#225;rdico e pleural, protein&#250;ria e eleva&#231;&#227;o de fator antin&#250;cleo. Suas principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, que geram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como miocardite e endocardite de Libman-Sachs, n&#227;o causam IC diast&#243;lica, como visto no caso. Pericardite constrictiva, outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;pus, n&#227;o geraria n&#237;veis t&#227;o elevados de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar ou espessamento da parede ventricular, al&#233;m de n&#227;o haver altera&#231;&#245;es de peric&#225;rdio &#224; resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica. Al&#233;m disso, o in&#237;cio dos sintomas ap&#243;s os 70 anos de idade e a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas e articulares tamb&#233;m falam contra LES<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p> Esquistossomose &#233; outra causa de acometimento card&#237;aco e s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, com predom&#237;nio de manifesta&#231;&#245;es em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e mesmo <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>. N&#227;o h&#225;, contudo, acometimento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou insufici&#234;ncia valvar, como visto na paciente. </p>
    <p> O acometimento card&#237;aco, com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, sugere disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Tal altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca caracteriza-se por modifica&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular, com enchimento ventricular prejudicado e/ou aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento e maior depend&#234;ncia da fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo e, consequentemente, nas veias pulmonares e capilares, assim como a diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume ejetado, explicam a intoler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os e mesmo a dispneia em repouso. </p>
    <p> Entre as causas principais de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica encontram-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) com hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE), a estenose a&#243;rtica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, as cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;fica e restritiva, al&#233;m da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
    <p> A paciente em quest&#227;o n&#227;o possu&#237;a estenose a&#243;rtica ou crit&#233;rios para cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#224; ecocardiografia, al&#233;m de ter realizado cineangiocoronariografia que n&#227;o mostrava obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais.</p>
    <p> No diagn&#243;stico diferencial de HAS com HVE e cardiomiopatia restritiva, destaca-se eletrocardiograma com baixa voltagem no plano frontal, que favorece doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito e consequente restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular<sup>2</sup>. Contudo, o derrame peric&#225;rdico demonstrado ao ecocardiograma tamb&#233;m poderia explicar tal altera&#231;&#227;o. O exame de resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica tamb&#233;m favorece a hip&#243;tese de doen&#231;a restritiva. </p>
    <p> Entre as doen&#231;as que podem causar cardiomiopatia restritiva, citam-se as infiltrativas (amiloidose, sarcoidose), doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito (hemocromatose e doen&#231;a de Fabri), doen&#231;as endomioc&#225;rdicas (endomiocardiofibrose, toxicidade por antraciclina, radia&#231;&#227;o) e idiop&#225;tica/familiar. Dentre elas, as infiltrativas e a doen&#231;a de Fabri causam doen&#231;a renal. Sarcoidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que pode estar associada &#224; glomerulonefrite e &#224; doen&#231;a intersticial renal, al&#233;m de &#224; hipercalcemia. Em ambas, contudo, &#233; incomum protein&#250;ria em n&#237;veis nefr&#243;ticos.</p>
    <p> O quadro cl&#237;nico associado aos exames complementares descritos sugere cardiopatia restritiva associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica. A hip&#243;tese mais prov&#225;vel para tal associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; amiloidose sist&#234;mica. </p>
    <p> A amiloidose sist&#234;mica &#233; um grupo de doen&#231;as que possui dep&#243;sito extracelular de prote&#237;nas fibrilares insol&#250;veis compostas por subunidades de baixo peso molecular. Clinicamente, costuma ser classificada nas formas: prim&#225;ria (AL), secund&#225;ria (AA), heredit&#225;ria e associada &#224; idade avan&#231;ada (senil). A amiloidose AL &#233; causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas derivadas de fragmentos de cadeia leve, em geral, uma imunoglobulina monoclonal (80,0% dos casos). Pode ocorrer isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com mieloma m&#250;ltiplo (10,0% dos casos). A amiloidose AA pode complicar doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que cursem com inflama&#231;&#227;o recorrente. As fibrilas s&#227;o compostas por fragmentos de prote&#237;na amil&#243;ide A, uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda. H&#225; ainda a amiloidose heredit&#225;ria (deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrilas derivadas da transtirretina), relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise e &#224; forma senil (tamb&#233;m deposi&#231;&#227;o de transtirretina).</p>
    <p> A amiloidose AA possui acometimento cardiovascular em apenas 5,0% dos casos e n&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncia de processo inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (apesar de sorologias para hepatite n&#227;o estarem dispon&#237;veis)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p> Os dois subtipos de amiloidose mais prov&#225;veis para o caso, portanto, seriam a amiloidose AL e a senil. H&#225; diferen&#231;as importantes no progn&#243;stico e velocidade de evolu&#231;&#227;o entre esses subtipos: a sobrevida m&#233;dia ap&#243;s acometimento cardiovascular &#233;, respectivamente, de 11 e de 75 meses<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o curso insidioso &#233; a regra para amiloidose senil, enquanto na AL h&#225; uma r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e um muito maior acometimento cardiovascular. Na aus&#234;ncia de confirma&#231;&#227;o de discrasia de plasm&#243;citos, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre elas faz-se por meio de t&#233;cnicas de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p> O acometimento cardiovascular nos casos de amiloidose ocorre em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes. Geralmente ocorre fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita, com pouco edema pulmonar apesar das press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Ocorrem, portanto, hepatomegalia e edema de membros inferiores. Disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pode ocorrer e gerar hipotens&#227;o postural e mesmo s&#237;ncope<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p> A baixa voltagem &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica mais comum, predominando no plano frontal. Outras altera&#231;&#245;es incluem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e &#225;reas eletricamente inativas. Contudo, bloqueios atrioventriculares de alto grau s&#227;o incomuns<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p> O ecocardiograma &#233; um teste n&#227;o invasivo importante para o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose. O espessamento da parede do VE com evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o mais precoce, podendo progredir para cardiomiopatia restritiva<sup>7</sup>. Pode ocorrer aumento biatrial e espessamento das valvas. </p>
    <p> A ocorr&#234;ncia de volumosos derrames pleurais, presentes neste caso, ocorre em um a dois por cento dos pacientes com amiloidose. A distin&#231;&#227;o entre o acometimento pleural direto e o derrame secund&#225;rio &#224; cardiopatia &#233; dif&#237;cil, vista a baixa sensibilidade da bi&#243;psia pleural e a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas aos m&#233;todos de imagem<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p> A isquemia cerebral descrita &#224; tomografia poderia ter como causas fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos, favorecidos pela fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e pela pr&#243;pria amiloidose card&#237;aca, que favorece o surgimento de trombos intraventriculares<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p> Hipotireoidismo pode ocorrer devido &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o de amil&#243;ide na gl&#226;ndula, contudo &#233; mais comum concomitante a b&#243;cio, n&#227;o descrito no caso<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p> Positividade do fator antin&#250;cleo (FAN) j&#225; foi descrita na literatura, contudo n&#227;o &#233; altera&#231;&#227;o comum<sup>12</sup>. A paciente possu&#237;a FAN positivo (1/1280), sem evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo.</p>
    <p> Finalmente, foi observado aumento de excre&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas na urina da paciente, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o kappa/lambda, n&#227;o havendo descri&#231;&#227;o de cadeia monoclonal na urina que fecharia o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p> Em resumo, pelo quadro de cardiomiopatia restritiva e s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, al&#233;m dos demais achados cl&#237;nicos, podemos fazer a hip&#243;tese se amiloidose sist&#234;mica com comprometimento renal e card&#237;aco. Entretanto, pelos exames, essa hip&#243;tese n&#227;o foi confirmada, visto que n&#227;o foi evidenciada uma gamopatia monoclonal, ou altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o das imunoglobulinas kappa e lambda. A confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose poderia ocorrer por bi&#243;psia, que pode ser realizada no tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo (sensibilidade de 65 a 80,0%)<sup>14</sup>, ou no endomioc&#225;rdio (at&#233; 97,0%)<sup>15 </sup>com demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dep&#243;sitos amiloides nos tecidos, classicamente corados por vermelho do Congo.</p>
    <p>Dra. M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila e </p>
    <p> Dr. Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Amiloidose sist&#234;mica com acometimento card&#237;aco e renal. </p>
    <p> Outros diagn&#243;sticos: hipotireoidismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, isquemia cerebral aguda.</p>
    <p>Dra. M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila e </p>
    <p> Dr. Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Havia cerca de 2.500 ml de l&#237;quido amarelo-citrino nas cavidades pleurais e derrame peric&#225;rdico de mesmo aspecto, com volume moderado. O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 510 g, notando-se que as paredes card&#237;acas estavam espessadas e o mioc&#225;rdio tinha consist&#234;ncia mais firme que o habitual, al&#233;m de colora&#231;&#227;o discretamente amarelada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>). Os &#225;trios apresentavam-se moderadamente dilatados. O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio revelou acentuada deposi&#231;&#227;o intersticial de material eosinof&#237;lico e amorfo, que apresentava n&#237;tida polariza&#231;&#227;o esverdeada quando corado pelo vermelho do Congo, caracterizando dep&#243;sito de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> A pesquisa imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de imunoglobulinas de cadeia lambda foi fortemente positiva nesses dep&#243;sitos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">Figura 5</xref>), ao passo que a pesquisa de cadeia kappa foi negativa. Dep&#243;sitos de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide foram tamb&#233;m encontrados, por&#233;m focalmente, no endoc&#225;rdio, na parede de vasos da microcircula&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e na l&#237;ngua. Os pulm&#245;es pesaram 748 g em conjunto, havendo evid&#234;ncias de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica e &#225;reas focais de edema e hemorragia alveolar. No lobo inferior do pulm&#227;o direito, identificou-se ramo arterial com trombo&#234;mbolo suboclusivo em in&#237;cio de organiza&#231;&#227;o e pequeno infarto pulmonar recente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">Figura 6</xref>). A tire&#243;ide estava aumentada de volume, apresentando m&#250;ltiplas nodula&#231;&#245;es, fibrose e focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> O exame da medula &#243;ssea (esterno e crista il&#237;aca) n&#227;o evidenciou n&#250;mero anormal de plasm&#243;citos. O estudo imuno-histoqu&#237;mico evidenciou fraca marca&#231;&#227;o celular, devido a prov&#225;vel m&#225; preserva&#231;&#227;o antig&#234;nica do material, mas foi positivo tanto para cadeias kappa como para cadeias lambda das imunoglobulinas (perfil policlonal). Havia p&#243;lipo adenomatoso &#250;nico no c&#243;lon, pedunculado, medindo 1,5 cm. A aterosclerose da aorta era bastante discreta, assim como das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. N&#227;o havia les&#245;es no enc&#233;falo. O &#250;tero e os ov&#225;rios n&#227;o foram encontrados (prov&#225;vel ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Amiloidose prim&#225;ria, com acometimento card&#237;aco (cardiomiopatia espec&#237;fica por deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide); B&#243;cio adenomatoso; P&#243;lipo adenomatoso isolado do c&#243;lon; Tromboembolismo e infarto pulmonar recente (causa do &#243;bito)<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Caso de mulher de 77 anos de idade que apresentava insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada, esta &#250;ltima avaliada por resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica realizada cerca de 10 dias antes do &#243;bito. </p>
    <p> &#201; interessante ressaltar que a paciente apresentava protein&#250;ria (3,35 g/l) e que a pesquisa de paraprote&#237;nas na urina revelou eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o das cadeias kappa e lambda das imunoglobulinas. A necropsia revelou tratar-se de amiloidose card&#237;aca, n&#227;o sendo detectada plasmocitose medular. A amiloidose &#233; classificada nas formas prim&#225;ria, heredit&#225;ria, senil sist&#234;mica, atrial isolada, reacional ou secund&#225;ria e relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise. </p>
    <p> No presente caso, as formas heredit&#225;rias (dep&#243;sito de transtirretina anormal) e relacionada &#224; di&#225;lise (dep&#243;sito de b2-microglobulina) poderiam ser afastadas apenas pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. A forma atrial isolada (dep&#243;sito de fator natriur&#233;tico atrial) n&#227;o compromete os ventr&#237;culos e n&#227;o est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ao passo que a forma reacional (dep&#243;sito de amil&#243;ide A) pode ser afastada pela aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas. Restariam a amiloidose prim&#225;ria (dep&#243;sito de cadeias leve das imunoglobulinas) e a senil sist&#234;mica (dep&#243;sito de transtirretina normal) como diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais. </p>
    <p> Apesar da idade avan&#231;ada da paciente, o que favoreceria a forma senil, a presen&#231;a de protein&#250;ria significativa apontava para a forma prim&#225;ria da doen&#231;a<sup>4</sup>. De forma interessante, no presente caso, pudemos comprovar a rela&#231;&#227;o do dep&#243;sito amil&#243;ide com a cadeia lambda das imunoglobulinas, cuja pesquisa imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foi fortemente positiva nas &#225;reas de deposi&#231;&#227;o amil&#243;ide no mioc&#225;rdio, comprovando tratar-se da forma prim&#225;ria da amiloidose. Apesar de n&#227;o detectarmos plasmocitose no exame da medula &#243;ssea, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afastar a possibilidade de alguma gamopatia monoclonal de express&#227;o mais discreta ou mesmo de plasmocitoma localizado. </p>
    <p> No presente caso, o comprometimento card&#237;aco da paciente &#233; classificado como cardiomiopatia espec&#237;fica, associada &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia amil&#243;ide<sup>16,17</sup>. O &#243;bito decorreu de agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com tromboembolismo e infarto pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 4: 77-Year-old female patient with heart failure, normal left ventricular systolic function and signs of restrictive cardiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Case 4 - 77-Year-old female patient with heart failure, normal left ventricular systolic function and signs of restrictive cardiopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila; Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart failure, ventricular dysfunction, amyloidosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>A 77-year-old female patient presented for clinical treatment with a history of ongoing dyspnea on exertion, which had intensified 6 months before and evolved to dyspnea at rest, with orthopnea and lower-limb edema (September 2008). </p>
      <p>The patient had presented precordial pain approximately 20 years before and was submitted to a coronary angiography and angioplasty. Moreover, she was aware she had arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism.</p>
      <p>In April 2008, she presented worsening of the dyspnea, now present on minimal exertion and orthopnea. In addition, she presented a poorer general health status, loss of appetite, fever and mucous expectoration </p>
      <p>She was diagnosed with decompensated heart failure and bronchopneumonia and received treatment with antibiotics and medication for heart failure, with symptom improvement. </p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment (April 2008) showed: hemoglobin - 12.8 g/dl, hematocrit -38.0% , 4,800 leukocytes/mm&#179; (with 69.0% of neutrophils, 18.0% of lymphocytes and 13.0% of monocytes), platelets - 134,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, creatinine - 0.8 mg/dl, potassium - 3.2 mEq/l, sodium - 139 mEq/l and D-dimer - 1,339 ng/ml. The urinalysis showed proteinuria -3.35 g/l, leukocytes - 11,000/ml and red blood cells - 50,000/ml.</p>
      <p>At the outpatient consultation (May 2008), heart rate (HR) was 65 bpm and blood pressure (BP) was 150/90 mmHg. The patient presented an increase in the jugular venous pressure and pulmonary crackling rales. The heart rhythm was irregular, compatible with atrial fibrillation. She presented systolic murmur ++/4+ in the mitral area. The liver was palpable at 2.0 cm from the right costal border and she presented marked lower-limb edema. </p>
      <p>The laboratory assessment on June 2008 showed: total cholesterol - 157 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol - 34 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol - 107 mg/dl, triglycerides - 83 mg/dl, TSH - 0.595 mUI/ml, blood glucose - 92 mg/dl, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - 29 UI/l and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) - 28 UI/l.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (June/2008) showed diameter of aorta: 28 mm, left atrium: 43 mm, left ventricular diastolic diameter: 45 mm, left ventricular systolic diameter: 32 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 56%, septal and posterior wall thickness: 11 mm. The patient presented mild pericardial effusion and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure was estimated at 61 mmHg. </p>
      <p>The coronary angiography (June 23, 2008) did not disclose obstructive coronary lesions. In July 2008, the patient was re-admitted to the hospital to undergo investigation of dyspnea on exertion, associated with right pleural effusion and lower-limb edema. </p>
      <p>The ECG (July 26, 2008) disclosed sinus rhythm, with a mean HR of 80 bpm, low-voltage QRS complex in the frontal plane, S&#194;QRS &gt; - 60&#176;, backwards (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a22fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a22fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The perfusion scintigraphy and pulmonary ventilation (July 28, 2008) were not suggestive of pulmonary thromboembolism. The patient presented concurring hypoperfusion and hypoventilation in the right middle and lower lobes, a finding suggestive of atelectasis, in addition to indirect signs of pleural effusion on the same side. </p>
      <p>The abdominal ultrasonography (US) (July 28) disclosed homogenous hepatomegaly, inferior vena cava dilatation, bilateral pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. The anti-nuclear factor test was positive for a dilution of up to 1/1280 with a nucleolar pattern.</p>
      <p>A diagnostic thoracentesis of the pleural effusion was performed, which was compatible with transudate. The patient was released from the hospital and referred to outpatient treatment. </p>
      <p>During an outpatient consultation, in August 2008, the patient complained of dyspnea on moderate exertion. At the time, she received 20 mg of enalapril, 40 mg of furosemide, 25 mg of spironolactone, 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid and 25mg of levothyroxine. The patient presented symptom worsening and was brought to the hospital once again (September 2, 2009). </p>
      <p>At physical examination, HR was 93 bpm and BP was inaudible; she presented diffuse respiratory rhonchi, arrhythmic heart sounds and no heart murmur. Abdominal assessment was normal and she presented +++/4+ lower-limb edema. </p>
      <p>The ECG (September 2008) disclosed atrial fibrillation and low-voltage QRS complexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a22fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The laboratory assessment disclosed leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and increased creatinine levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a22fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A new echocardiogram (September 1, 2008) disclosed left atrial diameter of 43 mm, left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters of 40 and 25 mm, respectively and EF of 68%; septal thickness of 15 mm and posterior wall thickness of 14 mm. The right and left ventricles showed normal systolic function; the patient presented moderate mitral regurgitation and the pulmonary artery pressure was estimated at 40 mmHg. </p>
      <p>The chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and marked pleural effusion to the right. </p>
      <p>The skull tomography (September 2, 2008) showed mild cortical and subcortical hypoattenuation to the left, compatible with acute ischemia. There were no fractures or bleeding. </p>
      <p>The chest tomography (Sept. 2, 2008) disclosed moderate bilateral pleural effusion, larger on the right hemithorax. The radiographic image was described as having a "frostedground glass" appearance in the lower and medium lobes and lingula. There was right upper lobe consolidation. </p>
      <p>Orotracheal intubation was necessary for ventilatory support, as well as intravenous noradrenalin administration, antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and clarithromycin, later substituted by imipenem, subsequently substituted by vancomycin and tazobactam and volume replacement. Two days later, the vasoactive drugs were reduced and HR remained at 106 bpm and BP at 113/70 mmHg. Right pleural paracentesis was carried out and 800 ml of citrine-yellow fluid was removed. </p>
      <p>Kidney function worsened and dialysis was indicated on the 5<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Kidney failure regression was observed. </p>
      <p>The cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) (Sept. 19, 2008) showed biatrial enlargement, ventricles with normal systolic function, left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, mitral regurgitation, mild pericardial effusion and small bilateral pleural effusion. It was not possible to interpret the delayed enhancement sequence, due to the incapacity of adjusting the screening parameters that could suggest deposition disease. The examination was difficult due to the clinical condition of the patient, who was unable to maintain respiratory pause (the multiple movement artifacts reduce the method&#146;s sensitivity). </p>
      <p>Screening for urinary paraproteins (Sept. 9, with result on Sept. 23, 2008) disclosed lambda immunoglobulin of 3.9 mg/dl (normal up to 1 mg/dl) and kappa immunoglobulin of 5.2 mg/dl (normal up to 1.4 mg/dl).</p>
      <p>On the 18<sup>th</sup> day of hospitalization, the patient presented arterial hypotension and kidney function worsening and was once again submitted to dialysis. The laboratory assessment is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p>The clinical picture developed with refractory arterial hypotension, cardiogenic shock and death (Sept. 29, 2008). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The case presents a 77-year-old female patient with hypothyroidism, coronary artery disease and systemic arterial hypertension, with a clinical picture of heart failure (HF), preserved ejection fraction (EF) and proteinuria. Among the signs and symptoms, the following are noteworthy: lower-limb edema, pleural and pericardial effusion, with significant worsening 6 months before death. </p>
      <p>Among the possible hypotheses for such worsening are: ischemic equivalent, which was ruled out by the normal coronary angiography; pulmonary thromboembolism, which was not confirmed after the ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and the evolution of the underlying disease. For the differential diagnosis, the patient was assessed for systemic diseases that can affect the heart and kidneys. </p>
      <p>The triad of hypoalbuminemia (2.3g/dl), peripheral edema and proteinuria at nephrotic levels (3,35g/l) met the criteria for the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. There are several causes of nephrotic syndrome in adult patients; however, many of them are limited to the kidneys and are not applicable to the present case. A very important cause of nephrotic syndrome with cardiac involvement would be diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the patient did not present glycemic alterations suggestive of DM. </p>
      <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can cause pleural and pericardial effusion, proteinuria and increase in the antinuclear factor. It main cardiac manifestations that generate heart failure (HF), such as myocarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis, do not cause diastolic HF, as seen in the present case. Constrictive pericarditis, another lupus manifestation, would not generate such high levels of pulmonary artery pressure, or ventricular wall thickening and there would not be pericardial alterations at the nuclear magnetic resonance. Moreover, the onset of symptoms after 70 years of age and the lack of hematological and articular alterations did not indicate SLE, either<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Schistosomiasis is another cause of cardiac involvement and nephrotic syndrome, with a predominance of manifestations in the right cardiac chambers, pulmonary hypertension and even <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>. There is, however, no left ventricular involvement, pericardial effusion or valve insufficiency, as observed in the patient. </p>
      <p>The cardiac involvement, with symptoms of HF and preserved LVEF, suggests diastolic dysfunction. Such cardiac alteration is characterized by the modification of ventricular relaxation, impaired ventricular filling and/or increased filling pressures and a higher degree of dependence on the atrial contraction phase. The increased pressure in the left atrium and, consequently, in the pulmonary veins and capillaries, as well as the decrease in the ejected volume, explain the exertion intolerance and even the dyspnea at rest. Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), aortic stenosis with preserved LVEF, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy, as well as coronary artery disease (CAD) are among the main causes of diastolic dysfunction. </p>
      <p>The patient did not present aortic stenosis or criteria for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at the echocardiography; moreover, th coronary angiography had not disclosed arterial obstructions. </p>
      <p>At the differential diagnosis of SAH with LVH and restrictive cardiomyopathy, it was noteworthy the frontal plane electrocardiographic low voltage, which favors deposition disease and consequent restriction to ventricular filling<sup>2</sup>. However, the pericardial effusion disclosed at the echocardiogram might also explain such alteration. The magnetic resonance also favors the hypothesis of restrictive disease. </p>
      <p>Among the diseases that can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy are the infiltrative ones (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis), deposition diseases (hemochromatosis and Fabry disease), endomyocardial diseases (endomyocardial fibrosis, anthracycline toxicity, radiation) and the idiopathic/familial forms. Among them, the infiltrative diseases and Fabry disease cause kidney disease. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that might be associated with glomerulonephritis and renal interstitial disease, in addition to hypercalcemia. In both, proteinuria is uncommon at nephrotic levels. </p>
      <p>The clinical picture associated with the complementary examinations described here suggests restrictive cardiopathy associated with nephrotic syndrome. The most likely hypothesis for such association is systemic amyloidosis. </p>
      <p>Systemic amyloidosis is a group of diseases that present an extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins, consisting of low molecular-weight subunits. Clinically, it is usually classified as primary (AL), secondary (AA), hereditary and age-associated (senile). AL amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of proteins derived from light-chain fragments, in general a monoclonal immunoglobulin (80.0% of the cases). It can be isolated or in association with multiple myeloma (10.0% of the cases). AA amyloidosis can aggravate chronic diseases that course with recurring inflammation. The fibrillae consist of fragments of the amyloid protein A, an acute phase protein. </p>
      <p>There is also the hereditary amyloidosis (deposition of fibrillae derived from transthyretin), related to dialysis and the senile form (also deposition of transthyretin). </p>
      <p>Amyloidosis AA shows cardiovascular involvement in only 5.0% of the cases and there is no reference to a systemic inflammatory process (although serological tests for hepatitis were not available)<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The two subtypes of amyloidosis more probable for the case, therefore, would be amyloidosis AL and the senile type. There are important differences in the prognosis and evolution of these two subtypes: the mean survival after cardiovascular involvement is, respectively, 11 and 75 months<sup>4</sup>. Additionally, the insidious course of the disease is the rule for senile amyloidosis, whereas the AL type shows rapid evolution of symptoms and a higher cardiac involvement. </p>
      <p>In the absence of confirmation of plasmocyte dyscrasia, the differentiation between them is attained through immunohistochemical techniques<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular involvement in cases of amyloidosis occurs in one-third of the patients. Right ventricular failure usually occurs with slight pulmonary edema, in spite of the high filling pressures. Therefore, hepatomegaly and lower-limb edema occur. Autonomic dysfunction can occur and that can generate postural hypotension and even syncope<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Low voltage is the most common electrocardiographic alteration, predominating in the frontal plane. Other alterations include atrial fibrillation, conduction disorders and electrically inactive areas. However, high-degree atrioventricular blocks are uncommon<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram is a noninvasive test that is important for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. The thickening of the LV wall with evidence of diastolic dysfunction is the earliest alteration and it can develop into restrictive cardiomyopathy<sup>7</sup>. Biatrial enlargement and valve thickening can also occur. </p>
      <p>Large pleural effusions, present in this case, occur in 1% to 2% of patients with amyloidosis. The differentiation between right pleural involvement and effusion secondary to cardiopathy is difficult to attain, considering the low sensitivity of the pleural biopsy and the absence of specific alterations at the imaging methods<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The brain ischemia seen at the tomography could be caused by thromboembolic events, favored by the atrial fibrillation and the cardiac amyloidosis itself, which predisposes to the onset of intraventricular thrombi<sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Hypothyroidism can occur due to the amyloid infiltration in the gland; however, it is more common when concomitant to goiter, which was not described in the present case<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) has been described in the literature; however, it is not a common alteration<sup>12</sup>. The patient presented positive ANA (1/1280), with no evidence of conjunctive tissue diseases. </p>
      <p>Finally, an increase in immunoglobulin light chain excretion was observed in the patient&#146;s urine, with maintenance of the kappa/lambda ratio, with no description of a urinary monoclonal chain that would establish the diagnosis of amyloidosis<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In summary, considering the picture of restrictive cardiomyopathy and nephrotic syndrome, in addition to the other clinical findings, one can hypothesize the patient presented systemic amyloidosis with renal and cardiac involvement. However, the complementary tests did not confirm this hypothesis, as the patient did not present monoclonal gammopathy or alteration in the kappa/lambda immunoglobulin ratio. The confirmation of the diagnosis of amyloidosis can be attained through a biopsy, which can be performed in the subcutaneous fat tissue (sensitivity of 65 to 80.0%)<sup>14</sup> or endomyocardium (up to 97.0%)<sup>15</sup>, by demonstrating amyloid deposition in tissues, classically stained by Congo red.</p>
      <p>Dr. M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila and </p>
      <p> Dr. Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic amyloidosis with cardiac and renal involvement. </p>
      <p>Other diagnoses: hypothyroidism, systemic arterial hypertension, acute brain ischemia.</p>
      <p>Dr. M&#244;nica Samuel &#193;vila and </p>
      <p> Dr. Andr&#233; Cogo Dalmaschio</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was around 2,500 ml of citrine-yellow fluid in the pleural cavities and pericardial effusion of the same aspect, with moderate volume. The heart weighed 510 g; the walls were thickened and the myocardium presented a more solid consistency than usual, in addition to a slightly yellowish color (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The atriumsa were moderately dilated. The histological assessment of the myocardium showed marked interstitial deposition of eosinophilic and amorphous material, which presented clear greenish polarization when stained by Congo red, characterizing amyloid substance deposition (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The immunohistochemical screening of lambda chain immunoglobulins was strongly positive in these deposits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>), whereas the kappa chain screening was negative. Amyloid substance deposits were also found, albeit focally, in the endocardium, in the microcirculation vessel walls of several organs and in the tongue. The lungs weighed 748g and there was evidence of chronic passive congestion and focal areas of edema, as well as alveolar hemorrhage. An arterial branch with a subocclusive thromboembolus was identified in the lower lobe of the right lung at the start of thrombus organization phase and a small recent pulmonary infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>). The thyroid volume was enlarged and the gland presented multiple nodulations, fibrosis and calcification foci. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-02-0027-00022-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The bone marrow examination (sternum and iliac crest) did not show an abnormal number of plasmocytes. The immunohistochemical study showed weak cell labeling, probably due to the poor antigenic preservation of the material, but it was positive for both kappa and lambda immunoglobulin chains (polyclonal profile). There was a single adenomatous polyp in the colon, pedunculated, measuring 1.5 cm. The aorta presented slightmild atherosclerosis, as well as the coronary arteries. There were no encephalic lesions. The uterus and ovaries were not found (probable previous resection).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenut</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Primary amyloidosis with cardiac involvement (specific cardiomyopathy due to amyloid substance deposition); adenomatous goiter; isolated adenomatous polyp in the colon; pulmonary thromboembolism and recent pulmonary infarction (cause of death)<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present case describes a 77-year-old female patient that presented progressive heart failure, with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and preserved ventricular systolic function; the latter was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance around 10 days before the patient&#146;s death. </p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that the patient presented proteinuria (3.35 g/l) and that the screening for urinary paraproteins showed an increase in the levels of kappa and lambda immunoglobulin chains. The necropsy showed that it was a case of cardiac amyloidosis and medullary plasmocytosis was not detected. The amyloidosis can be classified as primary, hereditary, systemic senile, isolated atrial, reactional or secondary and dialysis-related. </p>
      <p>In the present case, the hereditary forms (abnormal transthyretin deposition) and dialysis-related (b2-microglobulin deposition) could be ruled out by the clinical history alone. The isolated atrial form (atrial natriuretic factor deposition) does not impair the ventricles and is not associated with the development of heart failure, whereas the reactional form (Amyloid A deposition) can be ruled out by the absence of chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, the differential diagnosis would be restricted to either primary amyloidosis (immunoglobulin light chain deposition) or the systemic senile form (normal transthyretin deposition). </p>
      <p>In spite of the patient&#146;s older age, which would favor the senile form, the presence of significant proteinuria pointed out to the primary form of the disease<sup>4</sup>. Interestingly, in the present case, we observed the association between the amyloid deposition and the immunoglobulin lambda chain, of which immunohistochemical screening was strongly positive in the areas of myocardial amyloid deposition, showing it was the primary form of amyloidosis. Although plasmocytosis was not detected in the bone marrow examination, it is not possible to rule out the possibility of some monoclonal gammopathy with slight expression or even localized plasmocytoma. </p>
      <p>In the present case, the patient&#146;s cardiac involvement is classified as specific cardiomyopathy, associated with amyloid substance deposition<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Death occurred due to heart failure worsening, with thromboembolism and pulmonary infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
