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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QVBMG8WDVh6cWR8NzDv68TN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010001100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09500102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade e seguran&#231;a dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos em um servi&#231;o de cardiologia em Curitiba-PR</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Chiu Yun Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivetti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stella</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>95</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A efetividade e seguran&#231;a de stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) ainda t&#234;m sido questionadas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade e seguran&#231;a desses stents, e a incid&#234;ncia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada (RLT), al&#233;m de identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis que influenciam a necessidade de RLT. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionaram-se 203 pacientes do Hospital Costantini que tiveram acompanhamento cl&#237;nico no per&#237;odo de 1 a 3 anos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se o seguinte quadro: 470 les&#245;es; 171 (84,24%) pacientes eram homens; 54 (26,6%), diab&#233;ticos; 131 (64,35%), hipertensos; 127 (62,56%), dislipid&#234;micos; 40 (19,70%), tabagistas; e 79 (38,92%) apresentavam hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia. Ainda: 49 (24,14%) pacientes apresentavam angina est&#225;vel; 58 (28,57%), angina inst&#225;vel; e 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Desses pacientes, 85 (41,87%) eram assintom&#225;ticos, e 146 (71,92%), multiarteriais. Nas caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es, 77,45% foram B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus foi implantado em 73,62% dos pacientes. Em 381 (81,96%), constataram-se stents com di&#226;metro &gt; 2,5 mm. O comprimento de stent era &lt; 30 mm em 67,87% das les&#245;es, com m&#233;dia de 2,3 stents por paciente. Ap&#243;s acompanhamento, 19 pacientes (9,3%) submeteram-se &#224; RLT. Houve morte de 4 pacientes (1,97%), sendo 2 pacientes por IAM (0,98%), um com AVC (0,49%) e um com aneurisma de aorta abdominal (0,49%). Ainda observamos um paciente com trombose tardia (0,49%) e um com reinfarto (0,49%). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada, apenas a caracter&#237;stica da les&#227;o em bifurca&#231;&#227;o aproximou-se de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com p &lt; 0,06. CONCLUS&#195;O: Conclu&#237;mos que os stents farmacol&#243;gicos apresentam boa efetividade e seguran&#231;a, observamos incid&#234;ncia de 9,3% de RLT e n&#227;o identificamos vari&#225;vel que indicasse a necessidade de RLT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>seguran&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>servi&#231;os de diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Curitiba (PR)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ANGIOPLASTIA COM E SEM <italic>STENT</italic></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efetividade e seguran&#231;a dos <italic><bold>stents</bold></italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em um servi&#231;o de cardiologia em Curitiba-PR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Chiu Yun Yu Braga<sup>I,II</sup>; Luiz Antonio Rivetti<sup>II</sup>; Francisco de Paula Stella<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="linkcorresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A efetividade e seguran&#231;a de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) ainda t&#234;m sido questionadas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade e seguran&#231;a desses <italic>stents</italic>, e a incid&#234;ncia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada (RLT), al&#233;m de identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis que influenciam a necessidade de RLT. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Selecionaram-se 203 pacientes do Hospital Costantini que tiveram acompanhamento cl&#237;nico no per&#237;odo de 1 a 3 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se o seguinte quadro: 470 les&#245;es; 171 (84,24%) pacientes eram homens; 54 (26,6%), diab&#233;ticos; 131 (64,35%), hipertensos; 127 (62,56%), dislipid&#234;micos; 40 (19,70%), tabagistas; e 79 (38,92%) apresentavam hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia. Ainda: 49 (24,14%) pacientes apresentavam angina est&#225;vel; 58 (28,57%), angina inst&#225;vel; e 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Desses pacientes, 85 (41,87%) eram assintom&#225;ticos, e 146 (71,92%), multiarteriais. Nas caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es, 77,45% foram B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus foi implantado em 73,62% dos pacientes. Em 381 (81,96%), constataram-se <italic>stents</italic> com di&#226;metro &gt; 2,5 mm. O comprimento de <italic>stent</italic> era &lt; 30 mm em 67,87% das les&#245;es, com m&#233;dia de 2,3 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente. Ap&#243;s acompanhamento, 19 pacientes (9,3%) submeteram-se &#224; RLT. Houve morte de 4 pacientes (1,97%), sendo 2 pacientes por IAM (0,98%), um com AVC (0,49%) e um com aneurisma de aorta abdominal (0,49%). Ainda observamos um paciente com trombose tardia (0,49%) e um com reinfarto (0,49%). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada, apenas a caracter&#237;stica da les&#227;o em bifurca&#231;&#227;o aproximou-se de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com p &lt; 0,06. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Conclu&#237;mos que os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos apresentam boa efetividade e seguran&#231;a, observamos incid&#234;ncia de 9,3% de RLT e n&#227;o identificamos vari&#225;vel que indicasse a necessidade de RLT. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold><italic>Stents </italic>farmacol&#243;gicos/utiliza&#231;&#227;o, efetividade, seguran&#231;a/economia, servi&#231;os de diagn&#243;stico, Curitiba (PR), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo maior n&#250;mero de mortes e incapacidades laborais precoces na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, liderando a lista de maior causa de mortalidade no mundo, sendo aproximadamente 12 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos ao ano. Estima-se que em 2020, pela proje&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)&#177;, tenhamos o dobro desses valores, e 80% dos casos se encontrar&#227;o nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento com todo &#244;nus social e econ&#244;mico que essas doen&#231;as representam. Uma das principais etiologias das DCV &#233; a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
    <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas s&#227;o causadas pela presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, levando &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de leve a grave. Necessitam, ent&#227;o, de interven&#231;&#227;o na estenose dessas art&#233;rias para permitir livre fluxo sangu&#237;neo e restabelecimento de uma adequada fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Essas interven&#231;&#245;es podem ser cl&#237;nicas, fibrinol&#237;ticas, percut&#226;neas e cir&#250;rgicas. Em 1977, Gr&#252;ntzig e cols.<sup>2</sup> introduziram a abordagem da t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea para o tratamento da DAC, conhecida como angioplastia transluminal coronariana percut&#226;nea (ATC). Palmaz e cols.<sup>3</sup> e Sigwart e cols.<sup>4 </sup>foram os pioneiros no tratamento percut&#226;neo com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma estrutura s&#243;lida, uma endopr&#243;tese coronariana, o <italic>stent</italic>, que mantivesse aberta a luz do vaso dilatado. Foi um marco de relev&#226;ncia na cardiologia intervencionista, com o intuito de combater a reestenose. Em 1995, surgiu a ideia de utilizar f&#225;rmacos capazes de evitar o processo de reestenose utilizando o pr&#243;prio <italic>stent</italic> como ve&#237;culo de libera&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Pol&#237;meros foram usados para que servissem de elo da droga, e formou-se a tr&#237;ade de sucesso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos: <italic>stent</italic>, pol&#237;mero e medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, conhecida como revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, tem sido relacionada &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade do tratamento percut&#226;neo, enquanto a trombose est&#225; associada &#224; seguran&#231;a dos <italic>stents</italic>. Portanto, apesar de ter sido questionada recentemente essa seguran&#231;a<sup>6</sup>, diversas metan&#225;lises surgiram posteriormente e demonstraram a efetividade e seguran&#231;a dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos quando comparados aos convencionais<sup>7-9</sup>. Num registro unic&#234;ntrico de Ont&#225;rio, no Canad&#225;<sup>7</sup>, constatou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de alto risco em uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, quando comparados aos convencionais, e n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as de morte e infarto na sua avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar efetividade e seguran&#231;a dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e verificar a incid&#234;ncia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, al&#233;m de identificar vari&#225;veis que influenciam a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Selecionaram-se consecutivamente 203 pacientes de um hospital de Curitiba especializado em cardiologia, no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2002 a janeiro de 2005. Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia percut&#226;nea transluminal coronariana com uso de dois ou mais <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, com paclitaxel (Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>) ou sirolimus (Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>). O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foi feito por no m&#237;nimo um ano ap&#243;s a ATC. Inclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes que apresentavam as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas:</p>
    <p>1) Diabete melito (DM) diagnosticado com exames laboratoriais (glicemia de jejum acima de 99 mg/dl) e uso de drogas hipoglicemiantes e/ou insulina dependente, adequadamente controlada.</p>
    <p>2) Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) definida com valores acima de 140/90 mmhg em uso adequado de anti-hipertensivos, como inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) para portadores de HAS e DM, e outras classes de medicamentos.</p>
    <p>3) Tabagismo: considerado tabagista atual ou tendo cessado nos &#250;ltimos 2 anos, a partir do dia da inclus&#227;o ao estudo.</p>
    <p>4) Dislipidemia: com pelo menos um dos n&#237;veis de l&#237;pides alterados (colesterol total acima de 200 mg/dl, colesterol LDL acima de 130 mg/dl, colesterol HDL abaixo de 40 mg/dl e triglicer&#237;dios acima de 150 mg/dl) e em uso de alguma estatina.</p>
    <p>5) Hist&#243;ria familiar: como presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana em parentes de primeiro grau.</p>
    <p>6) Quadro cl&#237;nico de angina est&#225;vel (AE), angina inst&#225;vel (AI), segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.1</xref>), ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos foram submetidos &#224; ATC quando apresentavam exames funcionais fortemente alterados para isquemia. Utilizou-se o Duke escore como crit&#233;rio de risco para avalia&#231;&#227;o, sendo, no m&#237;nimo, de moderado a alto risco e coronariografia com les&#245;es severas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas foram definidas como: les&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica ou conc&#234;ntrica, les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o, les&#245;es ostiais, presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio (caracterizado como leve, moderado ou severo), presen&#231;a de trombo, presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica da art&#233;ria, di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic> de at&#233; 2,5 mm e comprimento total dos <italic>stents</italic> acima de 30 mm.</p>
    <p>Todos pacientes tratados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos utilizaram clopidogrel por pelo menos 6 meses e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico associado aos demais medicamentos necess&#225;rios ao tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade superior a 18 anos (independentemente do sexo, de fatores de risco e do quadro cl&#237;nico), sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, comprometimento uniarterial ou multiarterial, n&#237;veis de creatinina normais at&#233; 1,5 mg/ml, todos os tipos de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica que se classificam conforme a nomenclatura da for&#231;a-tarefa AHA/ACC e todos os tipos de reestenose de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais ou farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: impossibilidade econ&#244;mica ou cl&#237;nica de fazer uso associado dos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios clopidogrel e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por no m&#237;nimo 6 meses, doen&#231;a grave concomitante (com alta probabilidade de &#243;bito no decorrer de 1 ano), gestante e portador de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metodologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, utilizou-se a seguinte metodologia: estudo cl&#237;nico observacional anal&#237;tico, prospectivo e de acompanhamento para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, e verifica&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada (RLT) para identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis que influenciam a probabilidade dessa les&#227;o. Definiu-se essa RLT como qualquer repeti&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no local original da les&#227;o tratada, podendo ser 5 mm do segmento proximal e distal, o qual ocorreu no per&#237;odo de aproximadamente 1 ano. A indica&#231;&#227;o de RLT pode ter sido guiada por achados cl&#237;nicos (presen&#231;a de sintomas isqu&#234;micos, como angina ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou estudos funcionais para isquemia positivos na &#225;rea tratada).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram exames funcionais no per&#237;odo do acompanhamento de 1 ano (teste ergom&#233;trico ou cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica). Realizou-se cineangiocoronariografia apenas nos casos de sintomas t&#237;picos para coronariopatia ou teste funcional alterado para isquemia. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica vinculado &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foi realizado desde o internamento hospitalar. Ap&#243;s a angioplastia, os pacientes permaneceram por aproximadamente 3 dias no hospital. Nesse per&#237;odo, administraram-se AAS (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg), estatina e outras drogas j&#225; usadas pelos pacientes. Suspendeu-se apenas metformin por um per&#237;odo de 48 horas, antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento, por causa do risco de acidose renal. Todos os pacientes realizaram exames laboratoriais gerais e eletrocardiograma (ECG) no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento. Na alta hospitalar, prescreveram-se AAS (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg) por 6 meses, estatina e outros medicamentos necess&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento intervencionista no hospital, respeitados os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, foram cadastrados em planilha que sinalizava: presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, quadro cl&#237;nico cardiol&#243;gico e caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas. Foram acompanhados os pacientes no per&#237;odo de 1 ano ap&#243;s a ATC, para a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada (RLT), por meio de entrevista cl&#237;nica, presen&#231;a de sintomas cl&#237;nicos e/ou testes funcionais alterados que indicassem necessidade de nova cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica e nova RLT. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ajustou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox para identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis com influ&#234;ncia sobre o tempo livre de evento (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o). Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a esse tempo, considerou-se o teste de Cox-Mantel. Para identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis que influenciam a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento, ajustaram-se o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o teste de Wald. Esse mesmo modelo foi ajustado para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis importantes na ocorr&#234;ncia do evento quando da avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises univariadas, para vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes, considerando a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de natureza nominal, foram considerados os testes de qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Os intervalos foram constru&#237;dos com n&#237;vel de 95% de confian&#231;a, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 203 pacientes avaliados, o tempo de acompanhamento variou de 1 a 3 anos, com m&#233;dia de 1,86 anos. A sobrevida livre de eventos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, avaliada pela curva de sobrevida (Kaplan-Meier), foi de 88% (Gr&#225;fico 1), e a RLT apareceu no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 2 anos.</p>
    <p>Dos 203 pacientes analisados no estudo, 171 (84,24%) eram do sexo masculino e 32 (15,76%) do sexo feminino. O quadro observado foi o seguinte: 54 pacientes (26,6%) tinham diabete melito; 131 (64,35%), hipertens&#227;o; 127 (62,54%), dislipidemia; 40 (19,70%) eram fumantes; e 79 (38,92) apresentavam hist&#243;ria familiar de coronariopatia. Ainda: 49 (24,14%) pacientes apresentavam angina est&#225;vel; 58 (28,57%), angina inst&#225;vel; e 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Havia 85 pacientes (41,87%) assintom&#225;ticos e 146 (71,92%) multiarteriais. </p>
    <p>Um total de 19 pacientes (9,3%) foi submetido &#224; nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada percut&#226;nea, n&#227;o houve necessidade de nenhum procedimento de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. No acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, 4 pacientes (1,97%) faleceram: 2 (0,98%) por IAM, 1 (0,49%) com AVC e 1 (0,49%) com aneurisma de aorta abdominal. Nesta casu&#237;stica, observamos um paciente com trombose tardia (0,49%) no quinto m&#234;s p&#243;s-angioplastia e um paciente com reinfarto (0,49%). Portanto, o total de eventos cardiovasculares maiores foi de 3 pacientes (1,47%) com IAM: 2 IAM fatais e 1 paciente com IAM n&#227;o fatal.</p>
    <p> As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas desses pacientes podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Na tentativa de constru&#231;&#227;o de um modelo matem&#225;tico, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel evidenciar uma equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o. Nas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, n&#227;o se observou nenhuma vari&#225;vel com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a ocorr&#234;ncia de RLT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es, a maioria foi classificada em les&#245;es B2/C da for&#231;a-tarefa da AHA/ACC, num total de 364 les&#245;es (77,45%), das quais 12,55% foram decorrentes de les&#245;es em reestenose de <italic>stents</italic>. Constataram-se les&#245;es longas acima de 20 mm em 41,49% e entre 10 e 20 mm em 39,57%. Com angula&#231;&#227;o menor que 45&#186;, observaram-se 81,91% do total das les&#245;es tratadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>). As les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o foram observadas em 50 pacientes (64% dos casos), ostiais em 24,47% e les&#245;es exc&#234;ntricas em 83,62%. Constatou-se calcifica&#231;&#227;o (de moderada a severa) da les&#227;o em 6,81% dos casos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos implantados, o di&#226;metro de <italic>stents</italic> de at&#233; 2,5 mm foi implantado em 18,94% dos procedimentos e o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> de at&#233; 30 mm em 67,87% dos casos. Com tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, observaram-se as les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o com p &lt; 0,06. Os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada para caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s art&#233;rias tratadas, a art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi a mais frequente, num total de 207 les&#245;es. Observaram-se ainda 107 les&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 88 na art&#233;ria circunflexa, 28 no tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, 5 na art&#233;ria <italic>diagonalis</italic> e 25 em enxertos arteriais e venosos (Gr&#225;fico 2). Foram tratadas 470 les&#245;es em 203 pacientes, com uma m&#233;dia de implante de 2,3 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente. Foi mais frequente o implante do <italic>stent</italic> Taxus, em 346 les&#245;es (73,62%). </p>
    <p>Nesta casu&#237;stica, realizou-se cineangiocoronariografia em 35 pacientes (16,7%), e, em 19, evidenciou-se necessidade de RLT, mas, em 16, observou-se boa evolu&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica dos <italic>stents</italic> previamente implantados. Nesses 16 pacientes, o cateterismo foi necess&#225;rio porque se constatou, em testes funcionais, isquemia em outro vaso, demonstrando, assim, novas les&#245;es coronarianas com necessidade de tratamento, pela progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia percut&#226;nea com uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos evoluem mais satisfatoriamente, com menor necessidade de novas interven&#231;&#245;es, quando comparados aos <italic>stents</italic> convencionais<sup>8,9</sup>. Verifica-se, assim, que esse procedimento &#233; bem-aceito pela comunidade cient&#237;fica, exceto para os casos de pacientes de mais alto risco cl&#237;nico e com les&#245;es mais complexas, como estabeleceu recentemente a <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA)<sup>10</sup> em consenso para o uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Por esse consenso de indica&#231;&#245;es para o uso de SF, classificam-se as les&#245;es em <italic>on-label</italic>, que s&#227;o les&#245;es curtas, les&#227;o de novo e art&#233;rias de maior calibre, e as les&#245;es <italic>off-label</italic>, que s&#227;o as les&#245;es longas, em art&#233;rias de fino calibre, enxertos venosos ou arteriais, oclus&#245;es totais, bifurca&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o de tronco e outras de complexidade maior. A indica&#231;&#227;o de uso de SF &#233; para les&#245;es <italic>on-label</italic>. H&#225;, portanto, muito a se discutir quanto &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es do uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Apesar de existirem maiores riscos em situa&#231;&#245;es <italic>off-label</italic>, estudos espec&#237;ficos est&#227;o sendo desenvolvidos para esclarecer melhor essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, o tratamento intervencionista com amplo emprego dos SF passou a ser questionado, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a e efetividade em longo prazo. Apesar das controv&#233;rsias, diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a efetividade em longo prazo desses <italic>stents</italic><sup>7,9</sup>. Quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a, observa-se incid&#234;ncia maior de trombose tardia ap&#243;s um ano do implante desses SF<sup>11</sup>. Por isso, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, como &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel, s&#227;o indicados por per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de um ano. Entretanto, h&#225; pacientes que ainda precisam se submeter &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, sendo importante a busca de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que permitam encontrar indicadores de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o para oferecer abordagem e tratamento adequados a esses pacientes. </p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, a maioria das les&#245;es foi <italic>off-label</italic> e demonstrou, na evolu&#231;&#227;o, semelhan&#231;a com estudos de registro internacional, como os do Canad&#225;<sup>7 </sup>e da Su&#233;cia<sup>12</sup>. Pacientes com creatinina acima de 1,5 e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram exclu&#237;dos porque trata-se de casos mais graves que apresentam maior mortalidade, o que pode dificultar o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo observou incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo de 9,3%, que pode ser considerada baixa quando comparada ao uso de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais, o que &#233; concordante com os grandes estudos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Taxus<sup>11-14</sup> e Cypher<sup>15,16</sup>. A curva de sobrevida livre de eventos de RLT foi de 88%, resultado semelhante aos dados da literatura para o uso dos SF<sup>11-15</sup>. Quando analisamos o perfil dos pacientes, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum aspecto cl&#237;nico isolado que seja uma vari&#225;vel que possa influenciar a probabilidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. </p>
    <p>Cabe aqui abordar alguns aspectos relevantes sobre pacientes diab&#233;ticos. &#201; necess&#225;rio relembrar alguns estudos iniciais, como o Registro BARI<sup>17</sup> que comparou o tratamento percut&#226;neo com bal&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Demonstrando uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia, os resultados mostraram uma reestenose de 58% com o uso de bal&#227;o. Com o surgimento das endopr&#243;teses-<italic>stents</italic>, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de <italic>reestenose</italic> angiogr&#225;fica em torno de 30%. </p>
    <p>O estudo ARTS<sup>18</sup>, com aproximadamente 5 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as de morte, AVC e IAM entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos revascularizados cirurgicamente com o implante de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, demonstrando que estes conseguiram reduzir significativamente a hiperplasia neointimal. O estudoIsar-Diabetes<sup>19</sup> comparou <italic>stents</italic> Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> e Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, e n&#227;o constatou diferen&#231;as significativas nas taxas de RLT, demonstrando &#237;ndices baixos em torno de 10%. Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos, os diversos estudos com Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> e Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstraram bons resultados em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>11-16</sup>. Segundo Kereiakes e Young<sup>20</sup>, o uso de SF, Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> ou Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, nessa nova era de tratamento, em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com doen&#231;a multiarterial demonstrou efic&#225;cia quanto &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da reestenose angiogr&#225;fica e das taxas de RLT. Surge, assim, uma mudan&#231;a de conceito na abordagem desses pacientes multiarteriais, anteriormente com maior indica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Existem, hoje, novas possibilidades como a angioplastia percut&#226;nea, que pode ser associada &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica adjutora no controle rigoroso da glicemia, para obter, dessa maneira, melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos. Numa suban&#225;lise do estudo Ravel<sup>21</sup>, randomizaram-se 238 pacientes (44 com diabete: 19 tratados com <italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus e 25 com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais), e observou-se o impacto do uso do <italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus em eventos card&#237;acos. A RLT foi analisada num acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de 12 meses, observou-se zero de reestenose no grupo de sirolimus (diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos), resultado comparado a 42% de taxa de reestenose em uso de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais. A curva de sobrevida livre de eventos foi de 90%. Quando se analisaram os diab&#233;ticos separadamente, n&#227;o se observaram taxas de RLT no grupo com sirolimus, e constatou uma taxa de 36% de RLT no grupo de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais. O grupo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o foi o foco principal do estudo Ravel<sup>21</sup>, entretanto, apesar de n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes diab&#233;ticos, esses resultados nos fornecem uma refer&#234;ncia para futuros estudos cl&#237;nicos que envolvam pacientes diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>Kuchulakanti e cols.<sup>22</sup>, ao avaliarem 1.320 pacientes diab&#233;ticos consecutivos em sua institui&#231;&#227;o, prospectivamente compararam os <italic>stents</italic> Taxus e Cypher num per&#237;odo de 6 meses. Esses autores constataram similaridade entre os <italic>stents</italic> quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a novas RLT, trombose de <italic>stents</italic> e eventos card&#237;acos maiores (infarto e morte), em torno de 11%, 0,3%, 18% e 7%, respectivamente. Nesses pacientes, a progress&#227;o das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas pela pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a diab&#233;tica requer, al&#233;m do tratamento das les&#245;es das coron&#225;rias acometidas, um controle rigoroso do diabete. Por ser uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica, o diabete pode provocar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e outros processos que aceleram a aterosclerose<sup>19,22</sup>.O estudo Freedom (<italic>Future revascularization evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus: optimal management of multivessel disease</italic>), provavelmente o estudo de maior impacto nesse assunto, ainda em andamento, foi desenhado especificamente para pacientes diab&#233;ticos multiarteriais e avaliar&#225; estrat&#233;gias de controle rigoroso da glicemia, preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e tipos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Espera-se que os resultados possam contribuir para indica&#231;&#227;o mais adequada dos SF em pacientes diab&#233;ticos multiarteriais. Apesar de reconhecidamente aceito que os pacientes diab&#233;ticos tem pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, esse antigo conceito, com altos &#237;ndices de reestenose, foi mantido, no estudo BARI<sup>17</sup>, por causa do uso de angioplastia com bal&#227;o. No entanto, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica de <italic>stents</italic> e f&#225;rmacos, houve resultados promissores em novas pesquisas. Portanto, estudos randomizados, multic&#234;ntricos e espec&#237;ficos para pacientes diab&#233;ticos poder&#227;o avaliar a efici&#234;ncia do tratamento percut&#226;neo com SF, proporcionando, assim, um novo paradigma para o tratamento dos cardiopatas diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, apesar de n&#227;o haver an&#225;lise para subgrupo de diab&#233;ticos, por ser muito pequeno e sem condi&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, ainda assim os resultados corroboram os dados da suban&#225;lise do estudo Ravel que mostra uma boa evolu&#231;&#227;o dos SF em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Logo, n&#227;o &#233; o diabete a vari&#225;vel que influencia a probabilidade de RLT nesta pesquisa. Segundo Qasim e cols.<sup>23</sup> que, em an&#225;lise multivariada, acompanharam pacientes <italic>on-label</italic> e <italic>off-label</italic> com uso de SF, o diabete melito est&#225; associado a maiores taxas de TLR e eventos card&#237;acos (p &lt; 0,002, p &lt; 0,001), mas o uso de SF em <italic>off-label</italic> n&#227;o foi associado ao aumento de trombose de <italic>stent</italic>, infarto ou morte, demonstrando que o implante de SF <italic>off-label</italic> n&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco para RLT e evento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de implante de <italic>stents</italic> acima de 30 mm, consequentemente nas les&#245;es longas pudemos observar no estudo Long-Des II<sup>24</sup>; neste, os autores analisaram o uso de <italic>stents</italic> com paclitaxel (SP) e com sirolimus (SS) para o tratamento de les&#245;es longas, num estudo randomizado, multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo com uso de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus <underline>&gt;</underline> 32 mm e com paclitaxel <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mm em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a reestenose angiogr&#225;fica aos 6 meses. Para ambos os <italic>stents</italic>, os pacientes possu&#237;am caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e aspectos das les&#245;es semelhantes. Observaram-se taxas de reestenose baixas para ambos os <italic>stents</italic>, com maior signific&#226;ncia para o SS em torno de 3,3% (p &lt; 0,001), baixos &#237;ndices de RLT em 9 meses, 2,4% em SS e 7,2% no SP (p &lt; 0,0012). Esse estudo demonstrou que os SF t&#234;m boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em les&#245;es longas, e observou-se melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus. No presente estudo, o implante de <italic>stents</italic> de at&#233; 30 mm se deu em 67,87%, e acima de 30 mm, em 36,13% das les&#245;es tratadas. A maior parte referiu-se a les&#245;es mais complexas, em torno de 77,45% do tipo B2/C. Com base na defini&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a-tarefa AHA/ACC, observaram-se les&#245;es longas, acima de 20 mm, em 41,49% dos casos; entre 10 e 20 mm em 39,57%; e apenas 18,94% de les&#245;es curtas de at&#233; 10 mm. Nessa casu&#237;stica de pacientes consecutivos, o implante de <italic>stent</italic> &gt; 30 mm n&#227;o foi vari&#225;vel capaz de influenciar a probabilidade de RLT, demonstrando resultados concordantes com a literatura, em que os SF evoluem satisfatoriamente em les&#245;es longas, no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de um ano.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao implante de <italic>stents</italic> com di&#226;metro abaixo de 2,5 mm, portanto, em vasos finos, h&#225; o estudo Isar-Smart<sup>25</sup> que avaliou o uso de SF em 360 pacientes com art&#233;rias com di&#226;metro de <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,8 mm que receberam por randomiza&#231;&#227;o <italic>stents</italic> com paciltaxel (SP) ou sirolimus (SS). Compararam-se os desfechos prim&#225;rios de perda tardia intra-<italic>stent</italic> e desfechos secund&#225;rios de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica e necessidade de RLT. Acompanhamento angiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em 87% dos pacientes. Perda tardia foi maior em SP que SS, reestenose angiogr&#225;fica ocorreu em 19% das les&#245;es em SP e 11,4% em SS, e necessidade de RLT em 14,7% em SP e 6,6% em SS. Constataram-se, assim, melhores resultados com SS em pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de di&#226;metro menor. </p>
    <p>Ardissimo<sup>26</sup> observou, no estudo Ses-Smart, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da reestenose angiogr&#225;fica em vasos pequenos (2,2 mm) utilizando <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus se comparado ao resultado obtido com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais. An&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica demonstrou reestenose de 9,8% nos grupo com sirolimus e 53,1% no grupo de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais. A taxa de RLT foi de 7% no grupo com sirolimus e 19,3% no grupo-controle. Num estudo multic&#234;ntrico<sup>27</sup> e prospectivo, compararam-se os resultados de perda tardia em les&#245;es <italic>de novo</italic> de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (di&#226;metro de vaso entre 2,25 e 2,75 mm, e comprimento de <underline>&gt;</underline>15 a <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm). Em um per&#237;odo de 8 meses, ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus (SS), compararam-se os dados do estudo Sirius (<italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus-Cypher e com <italic>stent</italic> convencional). Observou-se RLT de 0% em SS <italic>vs</italic> 13,2% em SC e 4,6% em <italic>stent</italic> Cypher, demonstrando superioridade do SS em rela&#231;&#227;o co SC. Neste estudo, por n&#227;o ser randomizado, com pacientes selecionados de um &#250;nico servi&#231;o, n&#227;o se observaram, como poss&#237;vel vari&#225;vel que influencia a probabilidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, art&#233;rias de menor calibre (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2,5 mm). Eventualmente, um estudo com um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e angiogr&#225;fico em longo prazo poder&#225; esclarecer melhor a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses casos.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es que podem ser indicadores de RLT refere-se &#224;s les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Na suban&#225;lise do ARTS II<sup>28</sup>, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#245;es na evolu&#231;&#227;o de um ano, num total de 607 pacientes, em que 324 pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma bifurca&#231;&#227;o (465 les&#245;es), o grupo de pacientes com bifurca&#231;&#227;o foi associado a les&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos mais complexos. Nesse estudo, n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as significativas nas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores entre os grupos de pacientes com les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#245;es e outras. Apesar de n&#227;o haver acompanhamento angiogr&#225;fico, a presen&#231;a de bifurca&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o afetou os eventos card&#237;acos (morte, IAM, RLT, RVA) em um ano.</p>
    <p>Chen e cols.<sup>29</sup> avaliaram eventos card&#237;acos em les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o com uso de SP e SS, 112 pacientes, 226 les&#245;es. A an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica em 46 pacientes demonstrou reestenose em 8 indiv&#237;duos (7,14%) e RLT em 5 (4,46%), e 1 foi submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Obtiveram-se outros dados importantes: reestenose em paclitaxel: 5/18-27,8%; sirolimus: 2/17, 11,8%; e <italic>firebird</italic> (<italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus): 1/11, 9,1%. A taxa total de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica foi de 17,4%. Verificaram-se taxas de reestenose mais altas comparativamente com grandes estudos com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, em que as taxas giraram em torno de 10%. Possivelmente, novas plataformas de <italic>stents</italic>, desenhos espec&#237;ficos para bifurca&#231;&#245;es e novas t&#233;cnicas do procedimento surgir&#227;o para melhorar a abordagem dessas les&#245;es. Outros autores, entretanto, no estudo Scandstent<sup>30</sup>, analisaram o uso de <italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus em les&#245;es complexas como bifurca&#231;&#245;es. Em estudo randomizado e controlado, comparou-se o <italic>stent</italic> convencional com aquele com sirolimus em 126 pacientes. O SS reduziu as taxas de reestenose de 28,3% para 4,9% no ramo principal e de 43,3% para 14,8% nos ramos secund&#225;rios (p &lt; 0,01). Al&#233;m de menores taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores de 9% <italic>vs</italic> 28% comparados com SC, trombose de <italic>stents </italic>foi observada em 0% <italic>vs</italic> 9% (SC) (p &lt; 0,02), demonstrando bons resultados do <italic>stents</italic> sirolimus na abordagem de les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Em nosso trabalho, 36,87% das les&#245;es apresentaram RLT em bifurca&#231;&#245;es. Talvez um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes neste estudo possa trazer resultados estatisticamente significantes, fazendo que esse aspecto da les&#227;o seja ainda mais considerado no momento do tratamento percut&#226;neo. </p>
    <p>Yanaga e cols.<sup>31</sup> observaram em seu estudo, cujo prop&#243;sito era encontrar poss&#237;veis preditores de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, pacientes mais graves como hemodi&#225;lise, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via e les&#245;es ostiais, estenoses do di&#226;metro mais importantes como preditores de RLT. Semelhantemente, nesse estudo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de RLT, as les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#227;o, que t&#234;m semelhan&#231;a com les&#245;es ostiais, apresentaram tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,06), o que representa uma poss&#237;vel vari&#225;vel que influencia a probabilidade de RLT. Portanto, ainda se faz necess&#225;ria uma reflex&#227;o mais consistente, no momento da indica&#231;&#227;o, sobre a escolha de tratamento percut&#226;neo ou apenas cl&#237;nico medicamentoso.</p>
    <p>A quest&#227;o concernente &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es em bifurca&#231;&#245;es pode estar relacionada &#224; maior inflama&#231;&#227;o nos bordos e &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das plataformas desses <italic>stents</italic>. Diversos autores relacionam presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Virmani e cols.<sup>32</sup> em an&#225;lise patol&#243;gica dos esp&#233;cimes coletados por aterotomia e observado pela microscopia eletr&#244;nica, nos pacientes com 12 meses de implante de <italic>stents</italic> com paclitaxel Qua DS-QP2 e pol&#237;mero associado, observaram que o tecido reesten&#243;tico estava composto de matriz rica em proteoglicanos e col&#225;geno tipo III entremeando as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas. Havia fibrina focalmente presente, adjacente &#224;s estruturas do <italic>stent</italic>, macr&#243;fagos CD68 e linf&#243;citos T adjacentes &#224;s &#225;reas ricas em fibrina e grande &#225;rea de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Esses achados patol&#243;gicos indicam que os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos levam a respostas arteriais adversas como recupera&#231;&#227;o tardia, com incompleta endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do vaso hipersensibilidade do revestimento do pol&#237;mero que controla a cin&#233;tica e a libera&#231;&#227;o da dose da droga<sup>33</sup>, induzindo a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, diferen&#231;a esta principal no que concerne aos <italic>stents</italic> convencionais que n&#227;o possuem pol&#237;meros. Toutozas e cols.<sup>34</sup> fazem uma importante revis&#227;o sobre a inflama&#231;&#227;o e reestenose ap&#243;s ATC. Esses autores descrevem, nos estudos patol&#243;gicos, que, na fase inicial p&#243;s-implante do <italic>stent</italic>, o trombo mural &#233; formado, seguido de uma invas&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, linf&#243;citos T e macr&#243;fagos. Essa neo&#237;ntima inicial que recobre o <italic>stent</italic> cont&#233;m matriz extracelular. Posteriormente, h&#225; aumento da matriz extracelular e, portanto, hiperplasia neointimal, demonstrando express&#227;o da atividade local de macr&#243;fagos. Os autores revisaram diversos estudos demonstrando inflama&#231;&#227;o no processo de reestenose, por meio de aumento de citocinas, interleucinas IL1, IL-6, amiloide s&#233;rica, mon&#243;citos, macr&#243;fagos, linf&#243;citos T, altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas como polimorfismo de IL-1ra como fator protetor de menor restenose, principalmente em jovens.</p>
    <p>Ijsselmuiden e cols.<sup>35</sup> compararam a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o com implante direto de <italic>stent</italic> (convencional) com taxas similares de reestenose e Mace aos 6 meses. Esses demonstraram que o aumento basal da prote&#237;na C-reativa foi um preditor independente de eventos adversos e reestenose em longo prazo ap&#243;s implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Segundo esses autores, existe uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria associada ao processo de reestenose. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos surgiram, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos inflamat&#243;rios, com intuito de prevenir a reestenose. O estudo Impress (<italic>Immunosupressive therapy for the prevention of restenosis after coronary artery stent implantation</italic>)<sup>36</sup> fez uso de prednisona para preven&#231;&#227;o de reestenose e selecionou pacientes p&#243;s-ATC com n&#237;veis aumentados de PCR, os quais foram randomizados para receber prednisona ou placebo por 45 dias. As taxas de RLT em 6 meses e perda luminal foram menores no grupo do tratamento com prednisona. Estimativa de sobrevida livre de eventos em 12 meses foi favor&#225;vel para o grupo prednisona.</p>
    <p>Sousa e cols.<sup>37</sup> analisaram, num amplo registro institucional de um servi&#231;o brasileiro, o Desire (<italic>Drug eluting stents in the real world</italic>), em que foram inclu&#237;dos 2.043 pacientes em uso de stent Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> e Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, e constataram taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores de 8,6%, novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es de 3,3%, &#243;bitos em 2,51% e infartos do mioc&#225;rdio em 2,8% dos pacientes, resultados bastante semelhantes ao da literatura sobre os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>A busca por vari&#225;veis que influenciam a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada &#233; importante para o manejo adequado dos pacientes que se submetem &#224; angioplastia percut&#226;nea com uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Desde o surgimento dessas endopr&#243;teses associadas a pol&#237;mero e f&#225;rmacos, in&#250;meros estudos cient&#237;ficos emergiram para demonstrar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a desse tratamento. Neste estudo, pudemos demonstrar boa efetividade e seguran&#231;a dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em tratar as coronariopatias, com sobrevida livre de eventos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em torno de 90% e &#237;ndices de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo menores, em torno de 9%, resultado compat&#237;vel com a literatura. Obtiveram-se &#237;ndices de mortalidade em torno de 2%, de trombose tardia de 0,5% e de reinfarto de 0,5%.</p>
    <p>Ramsdale e cols.<sup>38</sup> observaram, em 411 pacientes submetidos a implante de SF <italic>off-label</italic>, taxas de 7% de RLT, 0,8% de trombose e 2% de mortalidade, demonstrando que, no mundo real, os pacientes apresentam baixos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias. Outros estudos<sup>39-41</sup> constataram taxas menores de 10% de RLT em les&#245;es <italic>off-label</italic> e n&#227;o observaram aumento de morte card&#237;aca e infarto n&#227;o fatal.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es como estudo unic&#234;ntrico, observacional, contendo em suas avalia&#231;&#245;es a maioria das les&#245;es <italic>off-label</italic>, n&#227;o se evidenciou nenhuma caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica como vari&#225;vel que influencia a probabilidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, demonstrando bons resultados com o uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos no tratamento das coronariopatias obstrutivas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Comparando-se as taxas de RLT aos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e registros observacionais, observa-se um incremento desses valores por causa da maior gravidade da amostra, pois em 77 pacientes, 45% apresentavam les&#245;es do tipo B2/C; em mais de 50%, havia com comprometimento mutiarterial associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia. Possivelmente essa combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores tenha influ&#234;ncia nas taxas de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Mais estudos associando uso de marcadores espec&#237;ficos de inflama&#231;&#227;o local, com pacientes randomizados, controlados, com ou sem diabete, com les&#245;es complexas ou n&#227;o e outros aspectos relevantes poder&#227;o, assim, contribuir para melhor compreendermos os efeitos vasculares dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Novas tecnologias relacionadas ao material dos <italic>stents</italic>, met&#225;licos ou absorv&#237;veis, plataformas espec&#237;ficas desenhadas para uso em bifurca&#231;&#245;es, com pol&#237;meros biodegrad&#225;veis e novos f&#225;rmacos, far&#227;o que a cardiologia possa manter os cora&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dicos e pacientes esperan&#231;osos de continuar pulsando para a vida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos apresentam boa efetividade e seguran&#231;a na redu&#231;&#227;o da necessidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada. No presente estudo, verificou-se incid&#234;ncia de 9,3% de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada, e n&#227;o se identificou vari&#225;vel capaz de influenciar a probabilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tratada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Bolsa CAPES e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Chiu Yun Yu Braga pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="linkcorresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Chiu Yun Yu Braga </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Zaniolo, 65 - Rebou&#231;as </p>
        <p> 80220-230 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="chiubraga@ig.com.br">chiubraga@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/08/08; revisado recebido em 07/05/09; aceito em 18/08/09.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents in a cardiology clinic in Curitiba, PR, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents (DES) have still been questioned. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these stents, as well as the incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR), in addition to identifying possible variables influencing the need for TLR. METHODS: A total of 203 patients from Hospital Costantini who were clinically followed up for one to 3 years were selected. RESULTS: The sample characteristics were as follows: 470 lesions; 171 (84.24%) male patients; 54 (26.6%) had diabetes; 131 (64.35%) had hypertension; 127 (62.56%), dyslipidemia; 40 (19.70%) were smokers; and 79 (38.92%) had a family history of coronary artery disease. Also: 49 (24.14%) patients presented with stable angina; 58 (28.57%), unstable angina; and 6 (2.96%), myocardial infarction. Eighty five (41.87%) patients were asymptomatic, and 146 (71.92%), had multivessel disease. As for the characteristics of the lesions, 77.45% were B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus was implanted in 73.62% of the patients. Stents with diameter &gt; 2.5 mm were used in 381 (81.96%) patients. The stent length was &lt; 30 mm in 67.87% of the lesions, with a mean of 2.3 stents per patient. After follow-up, 19 patients (9.3%) underwent TLR. Four patients died (1.97%), two of them of MI (0.98%), one of stroke (0.49%), and one of abdominal aneurysm (0.49%). Also, one patient died of late thrombosis (0.49%), and one of reinfarction (0.49%). In the statistical analysis carried out, only the bifurcation lesions variable reached values close to the statistical significance level, with p &lt; 0.06. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, drug-eluting stents have good effectiveness and safety profiles; the incidence of TLR was 9.3%, and we did not identify a variable correlated with the need for TLR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug-eluting stents</kwd>
        <kwd>effectiveness</kwd>
        <kwd>safety</kwd>
        <kwd>diagnostic services</kwd>
        <kwd>Curitiba (PR)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="linkinicio-body2"/>Effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting <italic><bold>stents</bold></italic> in a cardiology clinic in Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chiu Yun Yu Braga<sup>I,II</sup>; Luiz Antonio Rivetti<sup>II</sup>; Francisco de Paula Stella<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents (DES) have still been questioned.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these stents, as well as the incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR), in addition to identifying possible variables influencing the need for TLR.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 203 patients from Hospital Costantini who were clinically followed up for one to 3 years were selected.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample characteristics were as follows: 470 lesions; 171 (84.24%) male patients; 54 (26.6%) had diabetes; 131 (64.35%) had hypertension; 127 (62.56%), dyslipidemia; 40 (19.70%) were smokers; and 79 (38.92%) had a family history of coronary artery disease. Also: 49 (24.14%) patients presented with stable angina; 58 (28.57%), unstable angina; and 6 (2.96%), myocardial infarction. Eighty five (41.87%) patients were asymptomatic, and 146 (71.92%), had multivessel disease. As for the characteristics of the lesions, 77.45% were B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus was implanted in 73.62% of the patients. Stents with diameter &gt; 2.5 mm were used in 381 (81.96%) patients. The stent length was &lt; 30 mm in 67.87% of the lesions, with a mean of 2.3 stents per patient. After follow-up, 19 patients (9.3%) underwent TLR. Four patients died (1.97%), two of them of MI (0.98%), one of stroke (0.49%), and one of abdominal aneurysm (0.49%). Also, one patient died of late thrombosis (0.49%), and one of reinfarction (0.49%). In the statistical analysis carried out, only the bifurcation lesions variable reached values close to the statistical significance level, with p &lt; 0.06.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In conclusion, drug-eluting stents have good effectiveness and safety profiles; the incidence of TLR was 9.3%, and we did not identify a variable correlated with the need for TLR. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Drug-eluting stents/utilization; effectiveness; safety/economics; diagnostic services; Curitiba (PR); Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for the largest number of early deaths and work disabilities in the general population, and are the leading cause of death worldwide, with approximately 12 million deaths per year. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) estimates<sup>1</sup>, this figure will double by 2020, and 80% of the cases will occur in developing countries, with the entire social and economic burden that these diseases represent. One of the main causes of CVD is coronary artery disease (CAD). </p>
      <p>Coronary syndromes are caused by the presence of coronary obstruction leading to mild to severe myocardial ischemia. Thus, interventions in the stenosis of these arteries are required to allow free blood flow and reestablishment of an adequate ventricular function. These may be medical, fibrinolytic, percutaneous and surgical interventions. In 1977, Gr&#252;ntzig et al<sup>2</sup> introduced the percutaneous technique for the approach of CAD known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Palmaz et al<sup>3</sup> and Sigwart et al<sup>4</sup> were the first to use the percutaneous treatment by means of a solid structure - a coronary endoprosthesis, the stent - which kept the dilated vessel lumen open. This was a major landmark in interventional cardiology, with the purpose of combating restenosis. In 1995, the idea emerged of using drugs capable of preventing the restenotic process using the stent itself as the drug-delivery vehicle<sup>5</sup>. Polymers were used as the drug bond, and thus the successful triad of pharmacological stents was formed: stent, polymer and drug.</p>
      <p>Revascularization of a previously treated lesion, known as target lesion revascularization, has been associated with the assessment of percutaneous treatment effectiveness, whereas thrombosis is associated with stent safety. Therefore, although this safety has been recently questioned<sup>6</sup>, several meta-analyses were later carried out and demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents in comparison to bare metal stents<sup>7-9</sup>. In a single-center registry from Ontario, Canada<sup>7</sup>, a decrease in the frequency of repeat revascularization procedures was observed in high-risk patients using drug-eluting stents in comparison to bare metal stents; no differences were observed as regards death and infarction. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents in the clinical practice, and to verify the incidence of target lesion revascularization in a cardiology referral center, in addition to identifying variables influencing the occurrence of TLR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 203 consecutive patients from a cardiology hospital in the city of Curitiba in the period from October 2002 to January 2005 were selected. The patients underwent PTCA with implantation of two or more paclitaxel (Taxus<sup>TM</sup>) or sirolimus (Cypher<sup>TM</sup>) eluting stents. The clinical follow-up lasted at least one year after PTCA. Patients with the following clinical characteristics were included:</p>
      <p>1) Diabetes mellitus (DM) as diagnosed by means of laboratory tests (fasting plasma glucose above 99 mg/dl) and use of hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin, provided adequately controlled.</p>
      <p>2) High blood pressure (HBP) as defined by levels higher than 140/90 mmHg, and adequate use of antihypertensive drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) for patients with HBP and DM, and other classes of medications.</p>
      <p>3) Cigarette smoking: patients currently smoking or who have quit smoking in the past two years as of the day of inclusion in the study. </p>
      <p>4) Dyslipidemia: abnormal levels of at least one of the lipids (total cholesterol above 200 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol above 130 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol below 40 mg/dl and triglycerides above 150 mg/dl) and receiving statin. </p>
      <p>5) Family history: presence of conditions such as coronary artery disease in first-degree relatives. </p>
      <p>6) Clinical manifestations of stable angina (SA) or unstable angina (UA) according to Braunwald's classification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), or myocardial infarction (MI). Asymptomatic patients underwent PTCA when their functional tests were strongly suggestive of ischemia. The Duke score was used as a risk criterion for the assessment, showing at least moderate to high risk, and coronary angiography consistent with severe lesions.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The angiographic characteristics were defined as: eccentric or concentric lesions, bifurcation lesions, ostial lesions, presence of calcium (characterized as mild, moderate or severe), presence of thrombus, presence of aneurysmatic dilatation of the artery, stent diameter of up to 2.5 mm, and total stent length above 30 mm. </p>
      <p>All patients treated with drug-eluting stents received clopidogrel for at least six months and acetylsalicylic acid in combination with the other medications required for the treatment of their ischemic heart disease. The inclusion criteria were: age above 18 years (regardless of gender, risk factors and clinical manifestations), no ventricular dysfunction, single or multivessel disease, normal creatinine levels up to 1.5 mg/ml, all types of atherosclerotic lesions classified according to the AHA/ACC task force grading system, and all types of instent restenosis whether in bare metal or drug-eluting stents. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: economic or medical impediment for the combined use of the antiplatelet agents clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid for at least six months, concomitant severe disease (with a high probability of death within one year), pregnant women and patients with ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective analytic observational follow-up clinical study for the evaluation of drug-eluting stent effectiveness and verification of the incidence of target-lesion revascularization (TLR) in order to identify possible variables influencing the probability of TLR. TLR was defined as any repeat percutaneous revascularization or coronary artery bypass grafting in the original site of the lesion treated, up to 5 mm of the proximal or distal segment, occurring within the period of approximately one year. The indication for TLR could have been based on clinical findings (presence of ischemic symptoms such as angina or myocardial infarction and/or functional tests positive for ischemia in the area treated).</p>
      <p>All patients underwent functional tests within the one-year follow-up period (exercise test or myocardial scintigraphy). Coronary angiography was performed only in the cases of typical symptoms of coronary heart disease or functional tests showing signs of ischemia. The present study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>The clinical follow-up started from the day of hospital admission. After angioplasty, the patients remained in the hospital for approximately three days. During this period, the patients were given ASA (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg), statin, and whatever other medications they were previously receiving. Only metformin was discontinued for a period of 48 hours before and after the procedure, due to the risk of renal acidosis. General laboratory tests and electrocardiography (ECG) were performed for all patients in the pre and post-procedural periods. At hospital discharge, ASA (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg) for six months, statin and other medications required were prescribed. </p>
      <p>Data from all patients undergoing intervention treatment in the hospital, observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were recorded in a worksheet which included: presence of risk factors, cardiologic clinical manifestations, and angiographic characteristics. The patients were followed up for one year after PTCA in relation to the need for TLR, by means of clinical interview showing the presence of clinical symptoms and/or abnormal functional tests indicating the need for repeat diagnostic coronary angiography and TLR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the analysis of the clinical characteristics, the Cox regression model was adjusted to identify the variables influencing the event-free time (revascularization). The Cox-Mantel test was used for the comparison of two groups in relation to the event-free time. For the identification of the variables influencing the probability of the event, the logistic regression model and the Wald test were adjusted. This model was also adjusted for the assessment of variables influencing the occurrence of the event when the angiographic characteristics were analyzed. In the univariate analyses, the Student's t test was used for continuous quantitative variables for independent samples, considering the homogeneity of the variances. The chi square test and Fisher's exact test were used for the assessment of the nominal variables. The confidence intervals were set at 95%, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 203 patients were followed up from one to three years, with a mean of 1.86 years. The event-free survival for TLR, as assessed by the survival curve (Kaplan-Meier) was 88% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07610char01-body2">Chart 1</xref>), and TLR occurred within up to two years.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07610char01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 203 patients analyzed in the study, 171 (84.24%) were males and 32 (15.76%) females. A total of 54 patients (26.6%) had diabetes mellitus; 131 (64.35%), HBP; 127 (62.54%), dyslipidemia; 40 (19.70%) were cigarette smokers; and 79 (38.92) had a family history of coronary artery disease. Also: 49 (24.14%) patients had stable angina; 58 (28.57%), unstable angina; and 6 (2.96%), myocardial infarction. There were 85 (41.87%) asymptomatic patients, and 146 (71.92%) had multivessel disease. </p>
      <p>A total of 19 patients (9.3%) underwent repeat percutaneous revascularization of the lesion treated; no coronary artery bypass grafting was required. During the clinical follow-up, four patients (1.97%) died: two (0.98%) of MI, one (0.49%) of stroke, and one (0.49%) of abdominal aneurysm. In this case series, we observed one patient with late thrombosis (0.49%) in the fifth month after angioplasty, and one patient with reinfarction (0.49%). Therefore, major cardiovascular events occurred in 3 patients (1.47%) with MI, of which two were fatal and one nonfatal cases.</p>
      <p>The demographics of these patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The attempt to construct a mathematical model did not result in a regression equation. The univariate and multivariate analyses of the clinical characteristics did not show any variable with statistical significance for the occurrence of TLR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As for the characteristics of the lesions, most were classified as AHA/ACC task force B2/C lesions, in a total of 364 lesions (77.45%), of which 12.55% resulted from in-stent restenosis. Long lesions above 20 mm were observed in 41.49%, and from 10 to 20 mm in 39.57%. Of the total of the lesions treated, 81.91% had a lower than 45&#186; angle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>). Bifurcation lesions were observed in 50 patients (64% of the cases), ostial lesions in 24.47%, and eccentric lesions in 83.62%. Lesion calcification (from moderate to severe) was observed in 6.81% of the cases. Drug-eluting stents with diameter up to 2.5 mm were implanted in 18.94% of the procedures, and with length up to 30 mm in 67.87% of the cases. Bifurcation lesions showed a trend to statistical significance, with p &lt; 0.06. Results of the multivariate analysis for angiographic characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to the target vessels, the anterior descending artery was the most frequently affected, with a total of 207 lesions. Also, 107 lesions were observed in the right coronary artery, 88 in the circumflex artery, 28 in the left main coronary, five in the diagonal artery, and 25 in arterial and venous grafts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="char02-body2">Chart 2</xref>). A total of 470 lesions were treated in 203 patients, with a mean of 2.3 stents implanted per patient. Taxus was the most frequently implanted stent, in 346 lesions (73.62%).</p>
      <fig id="char02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In this case series, coronary angiography was performed in 35 patients (16.7%) and TLR was observed to be necessary in 19; however, a good angiographic outcome was observed for the stents previously implanted in 16 patients. In these 16 patients, catheterization was required because of functional tests showing signs of ischemia in another vessel, thus demonstrating <italic>de novo</italic> coronary lesions requiring treatment due to the progression of the atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients undergoing percutaneous angioplasty with drug-eluting stent implantation have a more favorable outcome, with less need for repeat interventions in comparison to bare metal stents<sup>8,9</sup>. Thus, this procedure has been verified to be well accepted by the scientific community, except for the cases of high-risk patients with more complex lesions, as was recently established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)<sup>10</sup> in a consensus for the use of drug-eluting stents. According to this consensus for the indications of DES, the lesions are classified as on-label, which include short lesions, <italic>de novo</italic> lesions, and arteries with greater diameter; and as off-label, which include long lesions, small-diameter arteries, venous or arterial grafts, total occlusions, bifurcation lesions, main coronary artery lesions, and more complex lesions. DES are indicated for on-label lesions. Therefore, a lot remains to be discussed in relation to the indications of drug-eluting stent implantation. Although higher risks are observed for off-label situations, specific studies are being developed to better elucidate this issue. </p>
      <p>Thus, interventional treatment with wide use of DES has been questioned, especially as regards their long-term safety and effectiveness. Despite the controversies, several studies have proven the long-term effectiveness of these stents<sup>7,9</sup>. As regards safety, a higher incidence of late stent thrombosis is observed after one year of DES implantation<sup>11</sup>. For this reason, antiplatelet agents such as acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel are indicated for a period of at least one year. However, some patients still require TLR, so that it is important to search for scientific evidences that could show predictors of a poor outcome in order to provide these patients with an adequate approach and treatment.</p>
      <p>In our case series, most of the lesions were off-label, with outcomes similar to those found in international registry studies, such as those from Canada<sup>7</sup> and Sweden<sup>12</sup>. Patients with creatinine levels above 1.5 mg/ml and ventricular dysfunction were excluded because these are more severe cases with higher mortality, and this could affect the clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>The present study showed a TLR rate of 9.3%, which can be considered low in comparison to that found for bare metal stents; this rate is in agreement with those of large studies on Taxus<sup>11-14</sup> and Cypher<sup>15,16</sup> implantation. The event-free survival curve for TLR was 88%, similar to data from the literature for the use of DES<sup>11-15</sup>. When the patient profile is analyzed, no clinical aspect alone was found to be a variable influencing the probability of TLR.</p>
      <p>Some relevant aspects of diabetic patients should also be addressed. We should recall some early studies, such as the BARI Registry<sup>17</sup>, which compared percutaneous balloon angioplasty with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients, and showed worse outcomes in patients undergoing angioplasty, with a 58% restenosis rate. With the advent of stent endoprostheses, a reduction by approximately 30% in the angiographic restenosis rate was observed.</p>
      <p>The ARTS study<sup>18</sup>, with an approximately 5-year follow-up, did not show differences in death, stroke, and MI among diabetic patients undergoing surgical revascularization with DES implantation, and showed that these stents were able to significantly reduce neointimal hyperplasia. The ISAR-DIABETES study<sup>19</sup> compared Taxus<sup>TM</sup> to Cypher<sup>TM</sup> stents and did not find significant differences in TLR rates, which were low (approximately 10%). In the subgroup analysis, the different studies on Taxus<sup>TM</sup> and Cypher<sup>TM</sup> demonstrated favorable results in diabetic patients<sup>11-16</sup>. According to Kereiakes and Young<sup>20</sup>, in this new era of treatment, the use of Taxus<sup>TM</sup> or Cypher<sup>TM</sup> DES in diabetic patients with multivessel disease proved effective in reducing angiographic restenosis and TLR rates. Thus, there has been a change of concept in the approach to these multivessel disease patients, for whom surgical treatment was previously more frequently indicated. Today, new possibilities such as percutaneous angioplasty exist, and this, combined with drug therapy for a strict control of blood glucose, can provide better clinical results. In a sub-analysis of the RAVEL trial<sup>21</sup>, 238 patients were randomized (44 with diabetes: 19 treated with sirolimus-eluting stent, and 25 with bare metal stents), and the impact of the use of sirolimus-eluting stent on cardiac events was observed. TLR was analyzed in a 12-month clinical follow-up; a zero rate of restenosis was observed in the sirolimus group (diabetic and nondiabetic patients) in comparison to a 42% rate of restenosis in the bare metal stent group. The event-free survival curve was 90%. When diabetic patients were analyzed separately, there was no TLR in the sirolimus group compared to a 36% TLR rate observed in the bare metal stent group. The group of diabetic patients was not the main focus of the RAVEL trial<sup>21</sup>. However, despite the small number of diabetic patients, these results provide a reference for further clinical studies involving this type of patients.</p>
      <p>Kuchulakanti et al<sup>22</sup> evaluated 1,320 consecutive diabetic patients in their institution and prospectively compared Taxus and Cypher stents for a period of six months. These authors verified similar results between the stents as regards the efficacy and safety in relation to repeat TLR, stent thrombosis and major cardiac events, namely infarction and death, of approximately 11%, 0.3%, 18% and 7%, respectively. In these patients, the progression of the atherosclerotic plaques due to diabetes itself requires a strict control of diabetes, in addition to the treatment of the coronary lesions. Given that diabetes is a metabolic disease, it can lead to endothelial dysfunction and other processes that accelerate atherosclerosis<sup>19,22</sup>. The FREEDOM study (Future revascularization evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus: optimal management of multivessel disease) - probably the one with the greatest impact on this subject and still underway, was designed specifically for multivessel diabetic patients and will evaluate strategies for strict blood glucose control, secondary prevention and types of myocardial revascularization. The results are expected to contribute to a more accurate indication of DES in multivessel diabetic patients. Although it is accepted that diabetic patients have a worse outcome and high restenosis rates, this old concept was maintained in the BARI study<sup>17</sup> due to the use of balloon angioplasty. However, with the technological evolution of stents and drugs, there have been encouraging results in more recent studies. Therefore, randomized multicenter studies specific for diabetic patients will be able to evaluate the efficiency of the percutaneous treatment with DES, thus providing a new paradigm for the treatment of diabetic patients with heart diseases. </p>
      <p>In the present study, analysis of a subgroup of diabetic patients was not carried out, since the number of patients was too small, therefore not suitable for statistical analysis. Nevertheless, its results corroborated the data from the RAVEL trial sub-analysis which showed a good outcome with DES in diabetic patients. Therefore, diabetes is not the variable that influences the probability of TLR in this study. Qasim et al<sup>23</sup> carried out a multivariate analysis of patients followed up for on and off-label DES implantation, and found that diabetes mellitus is associated with increased rates of TLR and cardiac events (p &lt; 0.002, p &lt; 0.001). However, off-label DES implantation was not associated with increased in-stent thrombosis, infarction or death, thus demonstrating that off-label DES implantation is not a risk factor for TLR and cardiac event.</p>
      <p>As for the analysis of implantation of stents longer than 30 mm, therefore in long lesions, the Long-DES II study authors<sup>24</sup> conducted a randomized prospective multicenter study on the use of paclitaxel-eluting stents (PS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mm and sirolimus-eluting stents (SS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 32 mm for the treatment of these lesions in native coronary arteries. The primary endpoint was angiographic restenosis at six months. For both stents, the patients' baseline clinical characteristics and lesion aspect were similar. Low rates of restenosis for both stents, with more significance for SS (approximately 3.3%, p &lt; 0.001), and low rates of TLR at nine months (2.4% with SS and 7.2% with OS, (p &lt; 0.0012) were observed. That study demonstrated that DES have a favorable outcome in long lesions, with better results for sirolimus-eluting stents. In the present study, stents with up to 30 mm were implanted in 67.87%, and above 30 mm, in 36.13% of the lesions treated. Most lesions were more complex; approximately 77.45% were type B2/C. Based on AHA/ACC task force definition, long lesions above 20 mm were observed in 41.49% of the cases; between 10 and 20 mm in 39.57%; and short lesions up to 10 mm in only 18.94%. In this case series of consecutive patients, implantation of stents &gt; 30 mm was not a variable able to influence the probability of TLR, thus demonstrating results consistent with those of the literature, in which DES show a favorable outcome in long lesions in the one-year clinical follow-up. </p>
      <p>In relation to the implantation of stents with diameter lower than 2.5 mm, therefore in small coronary vessels, the ISAR-SMART study<sup>25</sup> evaluated the use of DES in 360 patients with arteries with a diameter of <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.8 mm who randomly received paclitaxel (PS) or sirolimus-eluting stents (SS). The primary endpoint of in-stent late luminal loss and secondary endpoint of angiographic restenosis and need for TLR were compared. Follow-up angiography was performed in 87% of the patients. Late luminal loss was greater in PS than in SS; angiographic restenosis was found in 19% of the lesions in PS and 11.4% in SS; TLR was performed in 14.7% in PS and 6.6% in SS. Thus, better results were observed with SS in patients with small coronary arteries. </p>
      <p>In the SES-Smart study<sup>26</sup>, Ardissimo observed a significant reduction in angiographic restenosis in small vessels (2.2 mm) using sirolimus-eluting stents in comparison to bare metal stents. Angiographic analysis showed 9.8% of restenosis in the sirolimus group versus 53.1% in the bare metal stent group. The TLR rate was 7% in the sirolimus group and 19.3% in the control group. In a prospective multicenter study<sup>27</sup>, the results of late luminal loss in <italic>de novo</italic> coronary artery lesions (artery diameter between 2.25 and 2.75 mm, length <underline>&gt;</underline>15 to <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm) were compared. In an eight-month period, after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation (SS), data from the SIRIUS trial (sirolimus-Cypher stents and bare metal stents) were compared. A TLR rate of 0% was observed in the SS group versus 13.2% with bare metal stent group, and 4.6% in the Cypher stent group, thus confirming that SS are superior to bare metal stents. In this study, the patients were not randomized and were selected from one single health care service, so that smaller arteries (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2.5 mm) were not observed as a possible variable influencing the probability of repeat revascularizations. Perhaps a study with a larger number of patients and long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up will be able to show more clearly the outcome of these cases.</p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect regarding the characteristics of the lesions that could be predictive of TLR is related to bifurcation lesions. The sub-analysis of the ARTS II study<sup>28</sup> assessed bifurcation lesions of 607 patients in a one-year follow-up. A total of 324 patients had at least one bifurcation lesion (465 lesions), and the group of patients with these lesions was associated with more complex lesions and procedural characteristics. In that study, no significant differences were observed between the groups of patients with bifurcation lesions and other lesions regarding the rate of major cardiac events. Although follow-up angiography was not performed, the presence of bifurcation lesions did not affect the one-year rate of cardiac events (death, MI, TLR, revascularization).</p>
      <p>Chen et al<sup>29</sup> evaluated cardiac events in bifurcation lesions treated with PS and SS in 112 patients, in a total of 226 lesions. Angiographic analysis in 46 patients showed restenosis in eight individuals (7.14%) and TLR in five (4.46%); one patient underwent myocardial revascularization. Other important findings were: restenosis in paclitaxel in 5/18 (8%); sirolimus in 2/17 (11.8%), and Firebird (sirolimus-eluting stent) in 1/11 (9.1%). The total rate of angiographic restenosis was 17.4%. These rates of restenosis were higher than those of large studies on DES, which were of approximately 10%. Possibly, new stent platforms, specific designs for bifurcations, and new procedural techniques will be developed to improve the approach to these lesions. However, other authors in the SCANDSTENT trial<sup>30</sup> analyzed sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in complex lesions such as bifurcations lesions. That was a randomized controlled trial comparing bare metal stents to sirolimus-eluting stents in 126 patients. SS reduced the rates of restenosis from 28.3% to 4.9% in the main branch, and from 43.3% to 14.8% in the side branches (p &lt; 0.01). In addition to lower rates of major cardiac events, of 9% versus 28% in comparison to bare metal stents, stent thrombosis was observed in 0% <italic>versus</italic> 9% (bare metal stents) (p &lt; 0.02), thus demonstrating favorable results with sirolimus-eluting stents in the approach of bifurcation lesions.</p>
      <p>In our study, 36.87% of the lesions required TLR in bifurcations. Perhaps a greater number of patients in this study could lead to statistically significant results, thus making this aspect of the lesions be more carefully considered at the moment of the percutaneous treatment.</p>
      <p>Yanaga et al's study<sup>31</sup>, whose purpose was to find possible predictors of TLR, found that factors related to more severe diseases such as hemodialysis, previous CABG, ostial lesions, and more significant stenoses were predictive of TLR. Likewise, in the present study, bifurcation lesions, which are similar to ostial lesions, had a trend to statistical significance (p &lt; 0.06), and this represents a possible variable influencing the probability of TLR. Therefore, whenever a choice has to be made between percutaneous treatment and just medical drug therapy, a more careful reflection is still necessary.</p>
      <p>The question regarding the worse outcome of bifurcation lesions may be related to the more intense inflammation in the borders and to the apposition of these stent platforms. Several authors correlate the presence of inflammation with DES. Virmani et al<sup>32</sup> studied patients who received QuaDS-QP2 paclitaxel-derivate eluting polymer stents for 12 months; atherectomy specimens from these patients were collected and sent to pathological anatomy for electron microscopy analysis. This analysis showed that the restenotic tissue was composed of proteoglycan-rich matrix and type-III collagen interspersed with smooth muscle cells. Fibrin was present focally adjacent to the stent struts; there were CD68-positive macrophages and T lymphocytes adjacent to the areas rich in fibrin, and large areas of chronic inflammation. These pathological findings indicate that drug-eluting stents lead to adverse arterial responses such as delayed healing, with incomplete vessel endothelialization, hypersensitivity to the polymer lining that controls the kinetics and release of the drug dose<sup>33</sup>, thus inducing chronic inflammation, this being the main difference in relation to bare metal stents, which are devoid of polymers. Toutozas et al<sup>34</sup> made an important review on inflammation and restenosis following PTCA. These authors describe, in the pathological studies, that a mural thrombus is formed in the initial phase post-stent implantation, followed by invasion of smooth-muscle cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. This early neointima which covers the stent struts contains extracellular matrix. Later, this extracellular matrix increases (neointimal hyperplasia), thus demonstrating the expression of local macrophage activity. The authors reviewed several studies demonstrating inflammation in the restenosis process by means of increased cytokines, interleukins IL1 and IL6, serum amyloid, monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and genetic changes such as IL-1ra polymorphism as a protective factor for a lower risk of restenosis, especially in younger patients. </p>
      <p>Ijsselmuiden et al<sup>35</sup> compared stenting after balloon predilatation with direct stenting (bare metal stent) and found similar in-stent restenosis rates and MACE at six months. They demonstrated that the baseline increase of C-reactive protein (CRP) was an independent predictor of adverse events and long-term restenosis after stent implantation. According to these authors, there is an inflammatory reaction associated with the restenotic process.</p>
      <p>Some studies were conducted in the attempt to minimize the inflammatory effects, with the purpose of preventing restenosis. The IMPRESS study (Immunosupressive therapy for the prevention of restenosis after coronary artery stent implantation)<sup>36</sup> used predinisone for the prevention of restenosis and selected patients after PTCA with increased CRP levels; these patients were randomized to receive prednisone or placebo for 45 days. The TLR rates at six months and luminal loss were lower in the group treated with prednisone. The 12-month event-free survival estimate was favorable for the prednisone group. </p>
      <p>Sousa et al<sup>37</sup> analyzed in a large institutional registry from a Brazilian health service - the DESIRE study (Drug eluting stents in the real world), which included 2,043 patients receiving Taxus<sup>TM</sup> and Cypher<sup>TM</sup> stents and found cardiac event rates higher than 8.6%: repeat revascularizations in 3.3%, deaths in 2.51%, and myocardial infarction in 2.8% of the patients. These findings are quite similar to those of the literature on drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>The search for variables influencing target lesion revascularization is important for the adequate management of patients undergoing percutaneous angioplasty with drug-eluting stent implantation. Since these polymer and drug-associated endoprostheses were developed, innumerous scientific studies have been conducted to demonstrate their effectiveness and safety. In the present study, we were able to demonstrate good effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents in the treatment of coronary artery diseases, with revascularization event-free survival of approximately 90%, and lower rates of target lesion revascularization of approximately 9%, a result that is consistent with that of the literature. The rates of mortality, late thrombosis and reinfarction were of approximately 2%, 0.5% and 0.5%, respectively. </p>
      <p>Ramsdale et al<sup>38</sup> studied 411 patients undergoing off-label DES implantation and found rates of 7% for TLR, 0.8% for thrombosis, and 2% for mortality, thus demonstrating that, in the real world, late complication rates are low. Other studies<sup>39-41</sup> showed rates lower than 10% of TLR in off-label lesions, and did not find increased rates of cardiac death and non-fatal infarction.</p>
      <p>Despite the limitations of the present study, namely, the fact that it was a single center observational study in which most of the lesions analyzed were off-label, we did not evidence any clinical characteristic as a variable influencing the probability of target lesion revascularization, and demonstrated good outcomes with drug-eluting stent implantation in the treatment of obstructive coronary artery diseases in the clinical practice. When TLR rates are compared to those of randomized clinical studies and observational registries, higher levels are found due to the inclusion of more severely ill patients in the sample; that is, of the 77 patients, 45% had B2/C type lesions, and more than 50% of the patients presented with multivessel disease associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia. This combination of factors has probably an influence on the rate of repeat revascularizations.</p>
      <p>Further studies combining the use of specific local inflammation markers with randomized controlled patients with or without diabetes, with or without complex lesions and other relevant aspects will thus contribute to a better understanding of the vascular effects of drug-eluting stents. New technologies related to the stent material, whether metallic or absorbable, specific platforms designed for the use in bifurcations, biodegradable polymers and new drugs will enable Cardiology to give hope to the hearts of physicians and patients to keep on pulsating for life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Drug-eluting stents have good effectiveness and safety in reducing the need for target lesion revascularization. The present study found a 9.3% incidence of target lesion revascularization and did not identify any variable that influenced the probability of target lesion revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CAPES and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Chiu Yun Yu Braga, from <italic>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Efectividad y seguridad de los Stents farmacol&#243;gicos en un servicio de cardiolog&#237;a en Curitiba-PR</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: La efectividad y seguridad de stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) han sido cuestionadas. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de esos stents, y la incidencia de la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada (RLT), adem&#225;s de identificar posibles variables que influyen la necesidad de RLT. M&#201;TODOS: Se seleccionaron 203 pacientes del Hospital Costantini que tuvieron acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico en el per&#237;odo de 1 a 3 a&#241;os. RESULTADOS: Se observ&#243; el siguiente cuadro: 470 lesiones; 171 (84,24%) pacientes eran hombres; 54 (26,6%), diab&#233;ticos; 131 (64,35%), hipertensos; 127 (62,56%), dislipid&#233;micos; 40 (19,70%), tabaquistas; y 79 (38,92%) presentaban historia familiar de coronariopat&#237;a. Adem&#225;s: 49 (24,14%) pacientes presentaban angina estable; 58 (28,57%), angina inestable; y 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo de miocardio. De esos pacientes, 85 (41,87%) eran asintom&#225;ticos, y 146 (71,92%), multiarteriales. En las caracter&#237;sticas de las lesiones, 77,45% fueron B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus fue implantado en 73,62% de los pacientes. En 381 (81,96%), se constataron stents con di&#225;metro &gt; 2,5 mm. El largo del stent era de &lt;30 mm en 67,87% de las lesiones, con media de 2,3 stents por paciente. Despu&#233;s de acompa&#241;amiento, 19 pacientes (9,3%) se sometieron a la RLT. Hubo muerte de 4 pacientes (1,97%), siendo 2 pacientes por IAM (0,98%), uno con AVC (0,49%) y uno con aneurisma abdominal (0.49%). Todav&#237;a observamos un paciente con trombosis tard&#237;a (0,49%) y uno con reinfarto (0,49%). En el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico realizado, s&#243;lo la caracter&#237;stica de la lesi&#243;n en bifurcaci&#243;n se aproxim&#243; de significancia estad&#237;stica con p &lt; 0,06. CONCLUSI&#211;N: Concluimos que los stents farmacol&#243;gicos presentan buena efectividad y seguridad, observamos incidencia de 9,3% de RLT y no identificamos variable que indicase la necesidad de RLT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>efectividad</kwd>
        <kwd>seguridad</kwd>
        <kwd>servicios de diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Curitiba (PR)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Efectividad y seguridad de los <italic>Stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos en un servicio de cardiolog&#237;a en Curitiba-PR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chiu Yun Yu Braga<sup>I,II</sup>; Luiz Antonio Rivetti<sup>II</sup>; Francisco de Paula Stella<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body3">Correspondencia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> La efectividad y seguridad de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) han sido cuestionadas.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de esos <italic>stents</italic>, y la incidencia de la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada (RLT), adem&#225;s de identificar posibles variables que influyen la necesidad de RLT.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Se seleccionaron 203 pacientes del Hospital Costantini que tuvieron acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico en el per&#237;odo de 1 a 3 a&#241;os.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Se observ&#243; el siguiente cuadro: 470 lesiones; 171 (84,24%) pacientes eran hombres; 54 (26,6%), diab&#233;ticos; 131 (64,35%), hipertensos; 127 (62,56%), dislipid&#233;micos; 40 (19,70%), tabaquistas; y 79 (38,92%) presentaban historia familiar de coronariopat&#237;a. Adem&#225;s: 49 (24,14%) pacientes presentaban angina estable; 58 (28,57%), angina inestable; y 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo de miocardio. De esos pacientes, 85 (41,87%) eran asintom&#225;ticos, y 146 (71,92%), multiarteriales. En las caracter&#237;sticas de las lesiones, 77,45% fueron B2/C (AHA/ACC). Taxus fue implantado en 73,62% de los pacientes. En 381 (81,96%), se constataron <italic>stents</italic> con di&#225;metro &gt; 2,5 mm. El largo del <italic>stent</italic> era de &lt;30 mm en 67,87% de las lesiones, con media de 2,3 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente. Despu&#233;s de acompa&#241;amiento, 19 pacientes (9,3%) se sometieron a la RLT. Hubo muerte de 4 pacientes (1,97%), siendo 2 pacientes por IAM (0,98%), uno con AVC (0,49%) y uno con aneurisma abdominal (0.49%). Todav&#237;a observamos un paciente con trombosis tard&#237;a (0,49%) y uno con reinfarto (0,49%). En el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico realizado, s&#243;lo la caracter&#237;stica de la lesi&#243;n en bifurcaci&#243;n se aproxim&#243; de significancia estad&#237;stica con p &lt; 0,06.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> Concluimos que los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos presentan buena efectividad y seguridad, observamos incidencia de 9,3% de RLT y no identificamos variable que indicase la necesidad de RLT.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold><italic>Stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos/utilizaci&#243;n, efectividad, seguridad/econom&#237;a, servicios de diagn&#243;stico, Curitiba (PR), Brasil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son responsables por el mayor n&#250;mero de muertes e incapacidades laborales precoces en la poblaci&#243;n general, liderando la lista de mayor causa de mortalidad en el mundo, siendo aproximadamente 12 millones de &#243;bitos al ano. Se estima que en 2020, por la proyecci&#243;n de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS)<sup>1</sup>, tengamos el doble de esos valores, y 80% de los casos se encontrar&#225;n en los pa&#237;ses en desarrollo con toda la carga social y econ&#243;mica que esas enfermedades representan. Una de las principales etiolog&#237;as de las ECV es la enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC).</p>
      <p>Los s&#237;ndromes coronarios son causados por la presencia de obstrucci&#243;n coronaria, llevando a la isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de leve a grave. Necesitan, entonces, intervenci&#243;n en la estenosis de esas arterias para permitir libre flujo sangu&#237;neo y restablecimiento de una adecuada funci&#243;n ventricular. Esas intervenciones pueden ser cl&#237;nicas, fibrinol&#237;ticas, percut&#225;neas y quir&#250;rgicas. En 1977, Gr&#252;ntzig et al<sup>2</sup> introdujeron el abordaje de la t&#233;cnica percut&#225;nea para el tratamiento de la EAC, conocida como angioplastia transluminal coronaria percut&#225;nea (ATC). Palmaz et al<sup>3</sup> y Sigwart et al<sup>4</sup> fueron los pioneros en el tratamiento percut&#225;neo con utilizaci&#243;n de una estructura s&#243;lida, una endopr&#243;tesis coronaria, el <italic>stent</italic>, que mantuviese abierta la luz del vaso dilatado. Fue un hito de relevancia en la cardiolog&#237;a intervencionista, con el prop&#243;sito de combatir la reestenosis. En 1995, surgi&#243; la idea de utilizar f&#225;rmacos capaces de evitar el proceso de reestenosis utilizando el propio <italic>stent</italic> como vehiculo de liberaci&#243;n<sup>5</sup>. Pol&#237;meros fueron usados para que sirviesen de ligaci&#243;n con la droga, se form&#243; la tr&#237;ada de &#233;xito de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos: <italic>stent</italic>, pol&#237;mero y medicaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>La revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, conocida como revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n-blanco, ha sido relacionada a la evaluaci&#243;n de la efectividad del tratamiento percut&#225;neo, en cuanto la trombosis est&#225; asociada a la seguridad de los <italic>stents</italic>. Por lo tanto, a pesar de haber sido cuestionada recientemente esa seguridad<sup>6</sup>, diversos metan&#225;lisis surgieron posteriormente y demostraron la efectividad y seguridad de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos cuando fueron comparados a los convencionales<sup>7-9</sup>. En un registro unic&#233;ntrico de Ontario, en el Canad&#225;<sup>7</sup>, se constat&#243; reducci&#243;n de nuevos procedimientos de revascularizaci&#243;n de los pacientes de alto riesgo en uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, cuando fueron comparados a los convencionales, y no se observaron diferencias de muerte e infarto en su evaluaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>En el presente estudio, se busc&#243; evaluar efectividad y seguridad de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y verificar la incidencia de la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, en un centro de referencia en cardiolog&#237;a, adem&#225;s de identificar variables que influyen en la ocurrencia de esa revascularizaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pacientes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se seleccionaron consecutivamente 203 pacientes de un hospital de Curitiba especializado en cardiolog&#237;a, en el per&#237;odo de octubre de 2002 a enero de 2005. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a angioplastia percut&#225;nea transluminal coronaria con uso de dos o m&#225;s <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, con paclitaxel (Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>) o sirolimus (Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>). El acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico fue hecho por al menos un a&#241;o despu&#233;s de la ATC. Se incluyeron los pacientes que presentaban las siguientes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas:</p>
      <p>1) Diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosticado con ex&#225;menes de laboratorio (glucemia de ayuno encima de 99 mg/dl) y uso de drogas hipoglucemiantes y/o insulina dependiente, adecuadamente controlada.</p>
      <p>2) Hipertensi&#243;n arterial sist&#233;mica (HAS) definida con valores encima de 140/90 mmHg en uso adecuado de antihipertensivos, como inhibidor de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina (Ieca) para portadores de HAS y DM, y otras clases de medicamentos.</p>
      <p>3) Tabaquismo: considerado tabaquista actual o teniendo cesado en los &#250;ltimos 2 a&#241;os, a partir del d&#237;a de la inclusi&#243;n al estudio.</p>
      <p>4) Dislipidemia: con por lo menos uno de los niveles de l&#237;pidos alterados (colesterol total encima de 200 mg/dl, colesterol LDL encima de 130 mg/dl, colesterol HDL abajo de 40 mg/dl y triglic&#233;ridos encima de 150 mg/dl) y en uso de alguna estatina.</p>
      <p>5) Historia familiar: como presencia de enfermedad coronaria en parientes de primer grado.</p>
      <p>6) Cuadro cl&#237;nico de angina estable (AE), angina inestable (AI), seg&#250;n la clasificaci&#243;n de Braunwald (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body3">tab.1</xref>), o infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Pacientes asintom&#225;ticos fueron sometidos a la ATC cuando presentaban ex&#225;menes funcionales fuertemente alterados para isquemia. Se utiliz&#243; el Score de Duke como criterio de riesgo para evaluaci&#243;n, siendo, en lo m&#237;nimo, de moderado a alto riesgo y coronariograf&#237;a con lesiones severas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Las caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas fueron definidas como: lesi&#243;n exc&#233;ntrica o conc&#233;ntrica, lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n, lesiones ostiales, presencia de calcio (caracterizado como leve, moderado o severo), presencia de trombo, presencia de dilataci&#243;n aneurism&#225;tica de la arteria, di&#225;metro del <italic>stent</italic> de hasta 2,5 mm y largo total de los <italic>stents</italic> encima de 30 mm.</p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes tratados con <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos utilizaron clopidogrel por por lo menos 6 meses y &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico asociado a los dem&#225;s medicamentos necesarios al tratamiento de la cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica. Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n fueron: edad superior a 18 a&#241;os (independientemente del sexo, de factores de riesgo y del cuadro cl&#237;nico), sin disfunci&#243;n ventricular, compromiso uniarterial o multiarterial, niveles de creatinina normales hasta 1,5 mg/ml, todos los tipos de lesi&#243;n ateroscler&#243;tica que se clasifican seg&#250;n la nomenclatura de la fuerza-tarea AHA/ACC y todos los tipos de reestenosis de <italic>stents</italic> convencionales o farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>Los criterios de exclusi&#243;n fueron: imposibilidad econ&#243;mica o cl&#237;nica de hacer uso asociado de los antiagregantes plaquetarios clopidogrel y &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por un m&#237;nimo de 6 meses, enfermedad grave concomitante (con alta probabilidad de &#243;bito en el decorrer de 1 a&#241;o), gestante y portador de disfunci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Metodolog&#237;a</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En este trabajo, se utiliz&#243; la siguiente metodolog&#237;a: estudio cl&#237;nico de observaci&#243;n, anal&#237;tico, prospectivo y de acompa&#241;amiento para evaluaci&#243;n de la efectividad de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, y verificaci&#243;n de la incidencia de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada (RLT) para identificar posibles variables que influyen sobre la probabilidad de esa lesi&#243;n. Se defini&#243; esa RLT como cualquier repetici&#243;n de la revascularizaci&#243;n percut&#225;nea o cirug&#237;a de revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica en el lugar original de la lesi&#243;n tratada, pudiendo ser 5 mm del segmento proximal y distal, lo cual ocurri&#243; en el per&#237;odo de aproximadamente 1 a&#241;o. La indicaci&#243;n de RLT puede haber sido guiada por hallazgos cl&#237;nicos (presencia de s&#237;ntomas isqu&#233;micos, como angina o infarto agudo de miocardio y/o estudios funcionales para isquemia positivos en el &#225;rea tratada).</p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes realizaron ex&#225;menes funcionales en el per&#237;odo del acompa&#241;amiento de 1 a&#241;o (test ergom&#233;trico o cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica). Se realiz&#243; cineangiocoronariograf&#237;a apenas en los casos de s&#237;ntomas t&#237;picos para coronariopat&#237;a o test funcional alterado para isquemia. El presente estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; de &#233;tica vinculado a la instituci&#243;n en conformidad con la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki.</p>
      <p>El acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico fue realizado desde la internaci&#243;n hospitalaria. Despu&#233;s de la angioplastia, los pacientes permanecieron por aproximadamente 3 d&#237;as en el hospital. En ese per&#237;odo, se administraron AAS (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg), estatina y otras drogas ya usadas por los pacientes. Se suspendi&#243; apenas metformin por un per&#237;odo de 48 horas, antes y despu&#233;s del procedimiento, por causa del riesgo de acidosis renal. Todos los pacientes realizaron ex&#225;menes de laboratorio generales y electrocardiograma (ECG) en el pre y post-procedimiento. En el alta hospitalaria, se prescribieron AAS (200 mg), clopidogrel (75 mg) por 6 meses, estatina y otros medicamentos necesarios.</p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes sometidos al tratamiento intervencionista en el hospital, respetados los criterios de inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n, fueron registrados en planilla que se&#241;alaba: presencia de factores de riesgo, cuadro cl&#237;nico cardiol&#243;gico y caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas. Fueron acompa&#241;ados los pacientes en el per&#237;odo de 1 a&#241;o despu&#233;s de la ATC, para la necesidad de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada (RLT), por medio de entrevista cl&#237;nica, presencia de s&#237;ntomas cl&#237;nicos y/o tests funcionales alterados que indicasen necesidad de nueva cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica y nueva RLT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Para evaluaci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, se ajust&#243; el modelo de regresi&#243;n de Cox para identificaci&#243;n de las variables con influencia sobre el tiempo libre de evento (revascularizaci&#243;n). Para la comparaci&#243;n de dos grupos en relaci&#243;n a ese tiempo, se consider&#243; el test de Cox-Mantel. Para identificaci&#243;n de las variables que influyen sobre la probabilidad de ocurrencia del evento, se ajustaron el modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica y el test de Wald. Ese mismo modelo fue ajustado para evaluaci&#243;n de las variables importantes en la ocurrencia del evento en la evaluaci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>En los an&#225;lisis univariados, para variables cuantitativas continuas, se utiliz&#243; el teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para muestras independientes, considerando la homogeneidad de las variancias. Para evaluaci&#243;n de variables de naturaleza nominal, fueron considerados los tests de qui-cuadrado y exacto de Fisher. Los intervalos fueron construidos con nivel de 95% de confianza, y valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaron significancia estad&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>De los 203 pacientes evaluados, el tiempo de acompa&#241;amiento vari&#243; de 1 a 3 a&#241;os, con media de 1,86 a&#241;os. La sobrevida libre de eventos de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, evaluada por la curva de sobrevida (Kaplan-Meier), fue de 88% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_a02gra01-body3">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>), y la RLT apareci&#243; en el per&#237;odo de hasta 2 a&#241;os.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_a02gra01-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>De los 203 pacientes analizados en el estudio, 171 (84,24%) eran del sexo masculino y 32 (15,76%) del sexo femenino. El cuadro observado fue el siguiente: 54 pacientes (26,6%) ten&#237;an diabetes mellitus; 131 (64,35%), hipertensi&#243;n; 127 (62,54%), dislipidemia; 40 (19,70%) eran fumantes; y 79 (38,92) presentaban historia familiar de coronariopat&#237;a. Adem&#225;s: 49 (24,14%) pacientes presentaban angina estable; 58 (28,57%), angina inestable; y 6 (2,96%), infarto agudo de miocardio. Hab&#237;a 85 pacientes (41,87%) asintom&#225;ticos y 146 (71,92%) multiarteriales.</p>
      <p>Un total de 19 pacientes (9,3%) fue sometido a la nueva revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada percut&#225;nea, no hubo necesidad de ning&#250;n procedimiento de cirug&#237;a de revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica. En el acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico, 4 pacientes (1,97%) fallecieron: 2 (0,98%) por IAM, 1 (0,49%) con AVC y 1 (0,49%) con aneurisma abdominal. En esta casu&#237;stica, observamos un paciente con trombosis tard&#237;a (0,49%) en el quinto mes post-angioplastia y un paciente con reinfarto (0,49%). Por lo tanto, el total de eventos cardiovasculares mayores fue de 3 pacientes (1,47%) con IAM: 2 IAM fatales y 1 paciente con IAM no fatal.</p>
      <p> Las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de esos pacientes pueden ser observadas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body3">tabla 1</xref>. En la tentativa de construcci&#243;n de un modelo matem&#225;tico, no fue posible evidenciar una ecuaci&#243;n de regresi&#243;n. En los an&#225;lisis univariados y multivariados de las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, no se observ&#243; ninguna variable con significancia estad&#237;stica para la ocurrencia de RLT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body3">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>En cuanto a las caracter&#237;sticas de las lesiones, la mayor&#237;a fue clasificada en lesiones B2/C de la fuerza-tarea de la AHA/ACC, en un total de 364 lesiones (77,45%), de las cuales 12,55% fueron decurrentes de lesiones en reestenosis de <italic>stents</italic>. Se constataron lesiones largas encima de 20 mm en 41,49% y entre 10 y 20 mm en 39,57%. Con angulaci&#243;n menor que 45&#186;, se observaron 81,91% del total de las lesiones tratadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body3">tab. 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body3">4</xref>). Las lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n fueron observadas en 50 pacientes (64% de los casos), ostiales en 24,47% y lesiones exc&#233;ntricas en 83,62%. Se constat&#243; calcificaci&#243;n (de moderada a severa) de la lesi&#243;n en 6,81% de los casos. En relaci&#243;n a los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos implantados, el di&#225;metro de <italic>stents</italic> de hasta 2,5 mm fue implantado en 18,94% de los procedimientos y el largo del <italic>stent</italic> de hasta 30 mm en 67,87% de los casos. Con tendencia a la significancia estad&#237;stica, se observaron las lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n con p &lt; 0,06. Los resultados del an&#225;lisis multivariado para caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas pueden ser observadas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body3">tabla 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt04-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gt05-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>En relaci&#243;n a las arterias tratadas, la arteria descendente anterior fue la m&#225;s frecuente, en un total de 207 lesiones. Se observaron todav&#237;a 107 lesiones en la arteria coronaria derecha, 88 en la arteria circunfleja, 28 en el tronco de coronaria izquierda, 5 en la arteria <italic>diagonalis</italic> y 25 en injertos arteriales y venosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra2-body3">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>). Fueron tratadas 470 lesiones en 203 pacientes, con una media de implante de 2,3 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente. Fue m&#225;s frecuente el implante del <italic>stent</italic> Taxus, en 346 lesiones (73,62%). </p>
      <fig id="gra2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-95-01-0003-00081-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>En esta casu&#237;stica, se realiz&#243; cineangiocoronariografia en 35 pacientes (16,7%), y, en 19, se evidenci&#243; necesidad de RLT, pero, en 16, se observ&#243; buena evoluci&#243;n angiogr&#225;fica de los <italic>stents</italic> previamente implantados. En esos 16 pacientes, el cateterismo fue necesario porque se constat&#243;, en tests funcionales, isquemia en otro vaso, demostrando, as&#237;, nuevas lesiones coronarias con necesidad de tratamiento, por la progresi&#243;n de la enfermedad ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pacientes sometidos a angioplastia percut&#225;nea con uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos evolucionan m&#225;s satisfactoriamente, con menor necesidad de nuevas intervenciones, cuando comparados a los <italic>stents</italic> convencionales<sup>8,9</sup>. Se verifica, as&#237;, que ese procedimiento es bien aceptado por la comunidad cient&#237;fica, excepto para los casos de pacientes de m&#225;s alto riesgo cl&#237;nico y con lesiones m&#225;s complejas, como estableci&#243; recientemente la Food and Drug Administration (FDA)<sup>10</sup> en consenso para el uso de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Por ese consenso de indicaciones para el uso de SF, se clasifican las lesiones en <italic>on-label</italic>, que son lesiones cortas, lesi&#243;n de nuevo y arterias de mayor calibre, y las lesiones <italic>off-label</italic>, que son las lesiones largas, en arterias de fino calibre, injertos venosos o arteriales, oclusiones totales, bifurcaci&#243;n, lesi&#243;n de tronco y otras de complejidad mayor. La indicaci&#243;n de uso de SF es para lesiones <italic>on-label</italic>. Hay, por lo tanto, mucho para discutir en cuanto a las indicaciones del uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. A pesar de existir mayores riesgos en situaciones <italic>off-label</italic>, estudios espec&#237;ficos est&#225;n siendo desarrollados para esclarecer mejor esa cuesti&#243;n.</p>
      <p>De ese modo, el tratamiento intervencionista con amplio empleo de los SF pas&#243; a ser cuestionado, principalmente en relaci&#243;n a la seguridad y efectividad a largo plazo. A pesar de las controversias, diversos estudios han demostrado la efectividad a largo plazo de esos <italic>stents</italic><sup>7,9</sup>. En cuanto a la seguridad, se observa incidencia mayor de trombosis tard&#237;a despu&#233;s de un a&#241;o del implante de esos SF<sup>11</sup>. Por eso, antiagregantes plaquetarios, como &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico y clopidogrel, son indicados por per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de un a&#241;o. Mientras tanto, hay pacientes que todav&#237;a precisan someterse a revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n-blanco, siendo importante la b&#250;squeda de evidencias cient&#237;ficas que permitan encontrar indicadores de mala evoluci&#243;n para ofrecer abordaje y tratamiento adecuados a esos pacientes.</p>
      <p>En nuestra casu&#237;stica, la mayor&#237;a de las lesiones fue <italic>off-label</italic> y demostr&#243;, en la evoluci&#243;n, semejanza con estudios de registro internacional, como los de Canad&#225;<sup>7</sup> y de Suecia<sup>12</sup>. Pacientes con creatinina encima de 1,5 y disfunci&#243;n ventricular fueron excluidos porque se trata de casos m&#225;s graves que presentan mayor mortalidad, lo que puede dificultar el acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>El presente estudio observ&#243; incidencia de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n-blanco de 9,3%, que puede ser considerada baja cuando es comparada al uso de <italic>stents</italic> convencionales, lo que es concordante con los grandes estudios con la utilizaci&#243;n de Taxus<sup>11-14</sup> y Cypher<sup>15,16</sup>. La curva de sobrevida libre de eventos de RLT fue de 88%, resultado semejante a los datos de la literatura para el uso de los SF<sup>11-15</sup>. Cuando analizamos el perfil de los pacientes, no encontramos ning&#250;n aspecto cl&#237;nico aislado que sea una variable que pueda influir en la probabilidad de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n-blanco.</p>
      <p>Cabe aqu&#237; abordar algunos aspectos relevantes sobre pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Es necesario recordar algunos estudios iniciales, como el Registro BARI<sup>17</sup> que compar&#243; el tratamiento percut&#225;neo con bal&#243;n a la revascularizaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica en pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Demostrando una peor evoluci&#243;n en los pacientes sometidos a la angioplastia, los resultados mostraron una reestenosis de 58% con el uso de bal&#243;n. Con el surgimiento de las endopr&#243;tesis-<italic>stents</italic>, hubo una reducci&#243;n de la tasa de reestenosis angiogr&#225;fica de alrededor de 30%.</p>
      <p>El estudio ARTS<sup>18</sup>, con aproximadamente 5 a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n, no mostr&#243; diferencias de muerte, AVC e IAM entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos revascularizados quir&#250;rgicamente con el implante de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, demostrando que estos consiguieron reducir significativamente la hiperplasia neointimal. El estudio Isar-Diabetes<sup>19</sup> compar&#243; <italic>stents</italic> Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> e Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, y no constat&#243; diferencias significativas en las tasas de RLT, demostrando &#237;ndices bajos alrededor de 10%. En el an&#225;lisis de subgrupos, los diversos estudios con Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> y Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> demostraron buenos resultados en pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>11-16</sup>. Seg&#250;n Kereiakes y Young<sup>20</sup>, el uso de SF, Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> o Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, en esa nueva era de tratamiento, en pacientes diab&#233;ticos con enfermedad multiarterial demostr&#243; eficacia en cuanto a la disminuci&#243;n de la reestenosis angiogr&#225;fica y de las tasas de RLT. Surge, as&#237;, una mudanza de concepto en el abordaje de esos pacientes multiarteriales, anteriormente con mayor indicaci&#243;n para el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico. Existen, hoy, nuevas posibilidades como la angioplastia percut&#225;nea, que puede ser asociada a la terapia farmacol&#243;gica adjutora en el control riguroso de la glucemia, para obtener, de esa manera, mejores resultados cl&#237;nicos. En un suban&#225;lisis del estudio Ravel<sup>21</sup>, se randomizaron 238 pacientes (44 con diabetes: 19 tratados con <italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus y 25 con <italic>stents</italic> convencionales), y se observ&#243; el impacto del uso del <italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus en eventos card&#237;acos. La RLT fue analizada en un acompa&#241;amiento cl&#237;nico de 12 meses, se observ&#243; cero de restenosis en el grupo de sirolimus (diab&#233;ticos y no diab&#233;ticos), resultado comparado a 42% de tasa de restenosis en uso de <italic>stents</italic> convencionales La curva de sobrevida libre de eventos fue de 90%. Cuando se analizaron los diab&#233;ticos separadamente, no se observaron tasas de RLT en el grupo con sirolimus, y se constat&#243; una tasa de 36% de RLT en el grupo de <italic>stents</italic> convencionales. El grupo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos no fue el foco principal del estudio Ravel<sup>21</sup>, mientras, a pesar de n&#250;mero peque&#241;o de pacientes diab&#233;ticos, esos resultados nos proveen una referencia para futuros estudios cl&#237;nicos que envuelvan pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Kuchulakanti et al<sup>22</sup>, al evaluar 1.320 pacientes diab&#233;ticos consecutivos en su instituci&#243;n, prospectivamente compararon los <italic>stents</italic> Taxus y Cypher en un per&#237;odo de 6 meses. Esos autores constataron similitud entre los <italic>stents</italic> en cuanto a la eficacia y seguridad en relaci&#243;n a nuevas RLT, trombosis de <italic>stents</italic> y eventos card&#237;acos mayores (infarto y muerte), alrededor de 11%, 0,3%, 18% y 7%, respectivamente. En esos pacientes, la progresi&#243;n de las placas ateroscler&#243;ticas por la propia enfermedad diab&#233;tica requiere, adem&#225;s del tratamiento de las lesiones de las coronarias afectadas, un control rigoroso de la diabetes. Por ser una enfermedad metab&#243;lica, la diabetes puede provocar disfunci&#243;n endotelial y otros procesos que aceleran la aterosclerosis<sup>19,22</sup>.<sup> El</sup> estudio Freedom (<italic>Future revascularization evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus: optimal management of multivessel disease</italic>), probablemente el estudio de mayor impacto en ese asunto, todav&#237;a en andamiento, fue dise&#241;ado espec&#237;ficamente para pacientes diab&#233;ticos multiarteriales y evaluar&#225; estrategias de control riguroso de la glucemia, prevenci&#243;n secundaria y tipos de revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica. Se espera que los resultados puedan contribuir para indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s adecuada de los SF en pacientes diab&#233;ticos multiarteriales. A pesar de reconocidamente aceptado que los pacientes diab&#233;ticos tienen peor evoluci&#243;n, ese antiguo concepto, con altos &#237;ndices de reestenosis, fue mantenido, en el estudio BARI<sup>17</sup>, por causa del uso de angioplastia con bal&#243;n. Mientras tanto, con la evoluci&#243;n tecnol&#243;gica de <italic>stents</italic> y f&#225;rmacos, hubo resultados promisorios en nuevas investigaciones. Por lo tanto, estudios randomizados, multic&#233;ntricos y espec&#237;ficos para pacientes diab&#233;ticos podr&#225;n evaluar la eficiencia del tratamiento percut&#225;neo con SF, proporcionando, as&#237;, un nuevo paradigma para el tratamiento de los cardi&#243;patas diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>En el presente estudio, a pesar de no haber an&#225;lisis para subgrupo de diab&#233;ticos, por ser muy peque&#241;o y sin condiciones para an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico, a&#250;n as&#237; los resultados corroboran los datos del suban&#225;lisis del estudio Ravel que muestra una buena evoluci&#243;n de los SF en pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Entonces, no es la diabetes la variable que influye en la probabilidad de RLT en esta investigaci&#243;n. Seg&#250;n Qasim et al<sup>23</sup> que, en an&#225;lisis multivariado, acompa&#241;aron pacientes <italic>on-label</italic> y <italic>off-label</italic> con uso de SF, la diabetes mellitus est&#225; asociado a mayores tasas de TLR y eventos card&#237;acos (p &lt; 0,002, p &lt; 0,001), pero el uso de SF en <italic>off-label</italic> no fue asociado al aumento de trombosis de <italic>stent</italic>, infarto o muerte, demostrando que el implante de SF <italic>off-label</italic> no es un factor de riesgo para RLT y evento card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>En cuanto al an&#225;lisis de implante de <italic>stents</italic> encima de 30 mm, consecuentemente en las lesiones largas podemos observar en el estudio Long-Des II<sup>24</sup>; en este, los autores analizaron el uso de <italic>stents</italic> con paclitaxel (SP) y con sirolimus (SS) para el tratamiento de lesiones largas, en un estudio randomizado, multic&#233;ntrico y prospectivo con uso de <italic>stents</italic> con sirolimus <underline>&gt;</underline> 32 mm y con paclitaxel <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mm en arterias coronarias nativas. El desenlace primario fue la reestenosis angiogr&#225;fica a los 6 meses. Para ambos <italic>stents</italic>, los pacientes pose&#237;an caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y aspectos de las lesiones semejantes. Se observaron tasas de reestenosis bajas para ambos <italic>stents</italic>, con mayor significancia para el SS alrededor de 3,3% (p &lt; 0,001), bajos &#237;ndices de RLT en 9 meses, 2,4% en SS y 7,2% en el SP (p &lt; 0,0012). Ese estudio demostr&#243; que los SF tienen buena evoluci&#243;n en lesiones largas, y se observ&#243; mejor evoluci&#243;n del <italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus. En el presente estudio, el implante de <italic>stents</italic> de hasta 30 mm se di&#243; en 67,87%, y encima de 30 mm, en 36,13% de las lesiones tratadas. La mayor parte se refiri&#243; a lesiones m&#225;s complejas, alrededor de 77,45% del tipo B2/C. Con base en la definici&#243;n de la fuerza-tarea AHA/ACC, se observaron lesiones largas, encima de 20 mm, en 41,49% de los casos; entre 10 y 20 mm en 39,57%; y apenas 18,94% de lesiones cortas de hasta 10 mm. En esa casu&#237;stica de pacientes consecutivos, el implante de <italic>stent</italic> &gt; 30 mm no fue una variable capaz de influir en la probabilidad de RLT, demostrando resultados concordantes con la literatura, en que los SF evolucionan satisfactoriamente en lesiones largas, en el control cl&#237;nico de un a&#241;o.</p>
      <p>En relaci&#243;n al implante de <italic>stents</italic> con di&#225;metro abajo de 2,5 mm, por lo tanto, en vasos finos, existe el estudio Isar-Smart<sup>25</sup> que evalu&#243; el uso de SF en 360 pacientes con arterias con di&#225;metro de <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,8 mm que recibieron por randomizaci&#243;n <italic>stents</italic> con paciltaxel (SP) o sirolimus (SS). Se compararon los desenlaces primarios de p&#233;rdida tard&#237;a intra-<italic>stent</italic> y desenlaces secundarios de restenosis angiogr&#225;fica y necesidad de RLT. Control angiogr&#225;fico fue realizado en 87% de los pacientes. P&#233;rdida tard&#237;a fue mayor en SP que SS, restenosis angiogr&#225;fica ocurri&#243; en 19% de las lesiones en SP y 11,4% en SS, y necesidad de RLT en 14,7% en SP y 6,6% en SS. Se constataron, as&#237;, mejores resultados con SS en pacientes con arterias coronarias de di&#225;metro menor.</p>
      <p>Ardissimo<sup>26</sup> observ&#243;, en el estudio Ses-Smart, una reducci&#243;n significativa da reestenosis angiogr&#225;fica en vasos peque&#241;os (2,2 mm) utilizando <italic>stents</italic> con sirolimus si es comparado al resultado obtenido con <italic>stents</italic> convencionales. An&#225;lisis angiogr&#225;fica demostr&#243; reestenosis de 9,8% en el grupo con sirolimus y 53,1% en el grupo de <italic>stents</italic> convencionales. La tasa de RLT fue de 7% en el grupo con sirolimus y 19,3% en el grupo-control. En un estudio multic&#233;ntrico<sup>27</sup> y prospectivo, se compararon los resultados de p&#233;rdida tard&#237;a en lesiones <italic>de nuevo</italic> de arterias coronarias (di&#225;metro de vaso entre 2,25 e 2,75 mm, y largo de <underline>&gt;</underline>15 a <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm). En un per&#237;odo de 8 meses, despu&#233;s de la implantaci&#243;n de <italic>stents</italic> con sirolimus (SS), se compararon los datos del estudio Sirius (<italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus-Cypher y con <italic>stent</italic> convencional). Se observ&#243; RLT de 0% en SS <italic>vs</italic> 13,2% en SC y 4,6% en <italic>stent</italic> Cypher, demostrando superioridad del SS en relaci&#243;n con SC. En este estudio, por no ser randomizado, con pacientes seleccionados de un &#250;nico servicio, no se observaron, como posible variable que influye en la probabilidad de nuevas revascularizaciones, arterias de menor calibre (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2,5 mm). Eventualmente, un estudio con un mayor n&#250;mero de pacientes y control cl&#237;nico y angiogr&#225;fico a largo plazo podr&#225; esclarecer mejor la evoluci&#243;n de esos casos.</p>
      <p>Otro aspecto relevante en cuanto a las caracter&#237;sticas de las lesiones que pueden ser indicadores de RLT se refiere a las lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n. En el suban&#225;lisis del ARTS II<sup>28</sup>, en la evaluaci&#243;n de lesiones en bifurcaciones en la evoluci&#243;n de un a&#241;o, en un total de 607 pacientes, en que 324 pacientes presentaron por lo menos una bifurcaci&#243;n (465 lesiones), el grupo de pacientes con bifurcaci&#243;n fue asociado a lesiones y caracter&#237;sticas de los procedimientos m&#225;s complejos. En ese estudio, no se observaron diferencias significativas en las tasas de eventos card&#237;acos mayores entre los grupos de pacientes con lesiones en bifurcaciones y otras. A pesar de no haber control angiogr&#225;fico, la presencia de bifurcaciones no afect&#243; los eventos card&#237;acos (muerte, IAM, RLT, RVA) en un a&#241;o.</p>
      <p>Chen et al<sup>29</sup> evaluaron eventos card&#237;acos en lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n con uso de SP y SS, 112 pacientes, 226 lesiones. El an&#225;lisis angiogr&#225;fico en 46 pacientes demostr&#243; reestenosis en 8 individuos (7,14%) y RLT en 5 (4,46%), y 1 fue sometido a revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica. Se obtuvieron otros datos importantes: reestenosis en paclitaxel: 5/18-27,8%; sirolimus: 2/17, 11,8%; y <italic>firebird</italic> (<italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus): 1/11, 9,1%. La tasa total de reestenosis angiogr&#225;fica fue de 17,4%. Se verificaron tasas de reestenosis m&#225;s altas comparativamente con grandes estudios con <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, en que las tasas giraron alrededor de 10%. Posiblemente, nuevas plataformas de <italic>stents</italic>, dise&#241;os espec&#237;ficos para bifurcaciones y nuevas t&#233;cnicas del procedimiento surgir&#225;n para mejorar el abordaje de esas lesiones. Otros autores, entretanto, en el estudio Scandstent<sup>30</sup>, analizaron el uso de <italic>stent</italic> con sirolimus en lesiones complejas como bifurcaciones. En estudio randomizado y controlado, se compar&#243; el <italic>stent</italic> convencional con aquel con sirolimus en 126 pacientes. El SS redujo las tasas de reestenosis de 28,3% a 4,9% en la rama principal y de 43,3% a 14,8% en las ramas secundarias (p &lt; 0,01). Adem&#225;s de menores tasas de eventos card&#237;acos mayores de 9% <italic>vs</italic> 28% comparados con SC, trombosis de <italic>stents </italic>fue observada en 0% <italic>vs</italic> 9% (SC) (p &lt; 0,02), demostrando buenos resultados del <italic>stents</italic> sirolimus en el abordaje de lesiones en bifurcaciones.</p>
      <p>En nuestro trabajo, 36,87% de las lesiones presentaron RLT en bifurcaciones. Tal vez un n&#250;mero mayor de pacientes en este estudio pueda traer resultados estad&#237;sticamente significantes, haciendo que ese aspecto de la lesi&#243;n sea todav&#237;a m&#225;s considerado en el momento del tratamiento percut&#225;neo.</p>
      <p>Yanaga et al<sup>31</sup> observaron en su estudio, cuyo prop&#243;sito era encontrar posibles predictores de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, pacientes m&#225;s graves como hemodi&#225;lisis, revascularizaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica previa y lesiones ostiales, estenosis del di&#225;metro m&#225;s importantes como predictores de RLT.</p>
      <p>De la misma forma, en ese estudio para la ocurrencia de RLT, las lesiones en bifurcaci&#243;n, que tienen semejanza con lesiones ostiales, presentaron tendencia a la significancia estad&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,06), lo que representa una posible variable que influye en la probabilidad de RLT. Por lo tanto, todav&#237;a se hace necesaria una reflexi&#243;n m&#225;s consistente, en el momento de la indicaci&#243;n, sobre la indicaci&#243;n de tratamiento percut&#225;neo o apenas cl&#237;nico medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>La cuesti&#243;n concerniente a la peor evoluci&#243;n de las lesiones en bifurcaciones puede estar relacionada a la mayor inflamaci&#243;n en los bordes y a la sobreposici&#243;n de las plataformas de esos <italic>stents</italic>. Diversos autores relacionan presencia de inflamaci&#243;n con <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Virmani et al<sup>32</sup> en an&#225;lisis patol&#243;gico de los esp&#233;cimenes recogidos por aterotom&#237;a y observado por microscop&#237;a electr&#243;nica, en los pacientes con 12 meses de implante de <italic>stents</italic> con paclitaxel Qua DS-QP2 y pol&#237;mero asociado, observaron que el tejido reesten&#243;tico estaba compuesto por matriz rica en proteoglicanos y col&#225;geno tipo III intercalado entre las c&#233;lulas musculares lisas. Hab&#237;a fibrina focalmente presente, adyacente a las estructuras del <italic>stent</italic>, macr&#243;fagos CD68 y linfocitos T adyacentes a las &#225;reas ricas en fibrina y gran &#225;rea de inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica. Esos hallazgos patol&#243;gicos indican que los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos llevan a respuestas arteriales adversas como recuperaci&#243;n tard&#237;a, con incompleta endotelizaci&#243;n del vaso, hipersensibilidad del revestimiento del pol&#237;mero que controla la cin&#233;tica y la liberaci&#243;n de la dosis de la droga<sup>33</sup>, induciendo a inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica, diferencia &#233;sta principal en lo que concierne a los <italic>stents</italic> convencionales que no poseen pol&#237;meros. Toutozas et al<sup>34</sup> hacen una importante revisi&#243;n sobre la inflamaci&#243;n y reestenosis despu&#233;s de ATC. Esos autores describen, en los estudios patol&#243;gicos, que, en la fase inicial post-implante del <italic>stent</italic>, el trombo mural es formado, seguido de una invasi&#243;n de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, linfocitos T y macr&#243;fagos. Esa neo&#237;ntima inicial que recubre el <italic>stent</italic> contiene matriz extracelular. Posteriormente, hay aumento de la matriz extracelular y, por lo tanto, hiperplasia neointimal, demostrando expresi&#243;n de la actividad local de macr&#243;fagos. Los autores revisaron diversos estudios demostrando inflamaci&#243;n en el proceso de reestenosis, por medio de aumento de citocinas, interleucinas IL1, IL-6, amiloide s&#233;rica, monocitos, macr&#243;fagos, linfocitos T, alteraciones gen&#233;ticas como polimorfismo de IL-1ra como factor protector de menor reestenosis, principalmente en j&#243;venes.</p>
      <p>Ijsselmuiden et al<sup>35</sup> compararon la pre-dilataci&#243;n con bal&#243;n con implante directo de <italic>stent</italic> (convencional) con tasas similares de reestenosis y Mace a los 6 meses. Demostraron que el aumento basal de la prote&#237;na C-reactiva fue un predictor independiente de eventos adversos y reestenosis a largo plazo despu&#233;s del implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Seg&#250;n esos autores, existe una reacci&#243;n inflamatoria asociada al proceso de reestenosis.</p>
      <p>Algunos estudios surgieron, en la tentativa de minimizar los efectos inflamatorios, con el prop&#243;sito de prevenir la reestenosis. El estudio Impress (<italic>Immunosupressive therapy for the prevention of restenosis after coronary artery stent implantation</italic>)<sup>36</sup> hizo uso de prednisona para prevenci&#243;n de reestenosis y seleccion&#243; pacientes post-ATC con niveles aumentados de PCR, los cuales fueron randomizados para recibir prednisona o placebo por 45 d&#237;as. Las tasas de RLT en 6 meses y p&#233;rdida luminal fueron menores en el grupo de tratamiento con prednisona. Estimativa de sobrevida libre de eventos en 12 meses fue favorable para el grupo prednisona.</p>
      <p>Sousa et al<sup>37</sup> analizaron, en un amplio registro institucional de un servicio brasile&#241;o, el Desire (<italic>Drug eluting stents in the real world</italic>), en que fueron incluidos 2.043 pacientes en uso de <italic>stent</italic> Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> y Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>, y constataron tasas de eventos card&#237;acos mayores de 8,6%, nuevas revascularizaciones de 3,3%, &#243;bitos en 2,51% e infartos de miocardio en 2,8% de los pacientes, resultados bastante semejantes al de la literatura sobre los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>La b&#250;squeda de variables que influyan en la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada es importante para el manejo adecuado de los pacientes que se someten a la angioplast&#237;a percut&#225;nea con uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Desde el surgimiento de esas endopr&#243;tesis asociadas a pol&#237;mero y f&#225;rmacos, inn&#250;meros estudios cient&#237;ficos emergieron para demostrar la efectividad y la seguridad de ese tratamiento. En este estudio, pudimos demostrar buena efectividad y seguridad de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos para tratar las coronariopat&#237;as, con sobrevida libre de eventos de revascularizaci&#243;n alrededor de 90% e &#237;ndices de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n-blanco menores, alrededor de 9%, resultado compatible con la literatura. Se obtuvieron &#237;ndices de mortalidad de alrededor de 2%, de trombosis tard&#237;a de 0,5% y de reinfarto de 0,5%.</p>
      <p>Ramsdale et al<sup>38</sup> observaron, en 411 pacientes sometidos a implante de SF <italic>off-label</italic>, tasas de 7% de RLT, 0,8% de trombosis y 2% de mortalidad, demostrando que, en el mundo real, los pacientes presentan bajos &#237;ndices de complicaciones tard&#237;as. Otros estudios<sup>39-41</sup> constataron tasas menores de 10% de RLT en lesiones <italic>off-label</italic> y no observaron aumento de muerte card&#237;aca e infarto no fatal.</p>
      <p>En este estudio, a pesar de sus limitaciones como estudio unic&#233;ntrico, de observaci&#243;n, conteniendo en sus evaluaciones la mayor&#237;a de las lesiones <italic>off-label</italic>, no se evidenci&#243; ninguna caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica como variable que influya en la probabilidad de la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, demostrando buenos resultados con el uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos en el tratamiento de las coronariopat&#237;as obstructivas en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica. Compar&#225;ndose las tasas de RLT a los estudios cl&#237;nicos randomizados y registros de observaci&#243;n, se observa un incremento de esos valores por causa da mayor gravedad de la muestra, pues en 77 pacientes, 45% presentaban lesiones del tipo B2/C; en m&#225;s de 50%, hab&#237;a con compromiso mutiarterial asociado a la hipertensi&#243;n arterial y dislipidemia. Posiblemente esa combinaci&#243;n de factores tenga influencia en las tasas de nuevas revascularizaciones.</p>
      <p>M&#225;s estudios asociando uso de marcadores espec&#237;ficos de inflamaci&#243;n local, con pacientes randomizados, controlados, con o sin diabetes, con lesiones complejas o no y otros aspectos relevantes podr&#225;n, as&#237;, contribuir para comprender mejor los efectos vasculares de los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos. Nuevas tecnolog&#237;as relacionadas al material de los <italic>stents</italic>, met&#225;licos o absorbibles, plataformas espec&#237;ficas dise&#241;adas para uso en bifurcaciones, con pol&#237;meros biodegradables y nuevos f&#225;rmacos, har&#225;n que la cardiolog&#237;a pueda mantener los corazones de m&#233;dicos y pacientes esperanzados de continuar latiendo para la vida.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos presentan buena efectividad y seguridad en la reducci&#243;n de la necesidad de la revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada. En el presente estudio, se verific&#243; incidencia de 9,3% de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada, y no se identific&#243; variable capaz de influir en la probabilidad de revascularizaci&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n tratada.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio fue financiado por Bolsa CAPES y CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de tesis de Doctorado de Chiu Yun Yu Braga por la Facultad de Ciencias m&#233;dicas de la Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>40. Jeremias A, Ruisi CP, Kirtane AJ, Lee T, Sylvia B, Pinto DS, et al. Differential outcomes after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: comparing on-label versus off-label patients in the 'real world' Coron Artery Dis. 2008; 19 (2): 111-5.</p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body3" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondencia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Chiu Yun Yu Braga</p>
          <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Zaniolo, 65 - Rebou&#231;as</p>
          <p> 80220-230 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="chiubraga@ig.com.br">chiubraga@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Art&#237;culo recibido el 19/08/08; revisado recibido el 07/05/09; aceptado el 18/08/09.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
