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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7vzCt7VrWJ44KXrtznCJL5b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400618</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000600018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O transplante card&#237;aco biatrial deve ainda ser realizado? Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Locali</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Fagionato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsuoka</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Katsumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cherbo</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Edmo Atique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>829</fpage>
      <lpage>840</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas de transplante card&#237;aco bicaval e total apresentam melhores resultados que a biatrial, por&#233;m esta ainda &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro. O objetivo &#233; determinar se as t&#233;cnicas de transplante card&#237;aco bicaval e total s&#227;o, de fato, melhores que a t&#233;cnica biatrial. Realizou-se a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise. Os estudos foram provenientes das bases de dados da Pubmed&#174;, Lilacs&#174;, Web of Science&#174;, Scirus&#174;, Scopus&#174;, Google Acad&#234;mico&#174; e Scielo&#174;, identificados por estrat&#233;gia sens&#237;vel. Elegeram-se, para a inclus&#227;o, estudos aleat&#243;rios e estudos prospectivos e retrospectivos controlados. Par&#226;metros intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram avaliados. Foram identificados 11.602 estudos, e 36 foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o. O n&#250;mero de arritmias atriais, insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide, mortalidade, eventos emb&#243;licos, volume de sangramento, necessidade de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e permanente e o tempo de estada em unidade de terapia intensiva s&#227;o significativamente menores nas t&#233;cnicas bicaval e total do que na biatrial. Al&#233;m disso, vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas como a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar e press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito s&#227;o menores nos transplantes bicaval e total. Os transplantes card&#237;acos ortot&#243;picos bicaval e total s&#227;o melhores, em termos de progn&#243;stico, que o biatrial. Portanto, a indica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica biatrial para transplante deve ser a exce&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o a regra.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transplante card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos prospectivos</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos retrospectivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O transplante card&#237;aco biatrial deve ainda ser realizado? Metan&#225;lise </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafael Fagionato Locali; Priscila Katsumi Matsuoka; Tiago Cherbo; Edmo Atique Gabriel; Enio Buffolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas de transplante card&#237;aco bicaval e total apresentam melhores resultados que a biatrial, por&#233;m esta ainda &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro. O objetivo &#233; determinar se as t&#233;cnicas de transplante card&#237;aco bicaval e total s&#227;o, de fato, melhores que a t&#233;cnica biatrial. Realizou-se a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise. Os estudos foram provenientes das bases de dados da Pubmed<sup>&#174;</sup>, Lilacs<sup>&#174;</sup>, Web of Science<sup>&#174;</sup>, Scirus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Scopus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Google Acad&#234;mico<sup>&#174;</sup> e Scielo<sup>&#174;</sup>, identificados por estrat&#233;gia sens&#237;vel. Elegeram-se, para a inclus&#227;o, estudos aleat&#243;rios e estudos prospectivos e retrospectivos controlados. Par&#226;metros intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram avaliados. Foram identificados 11.602 estudos, e 36 foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o. O n&#250;mero de arritmias atriais, insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide, mortalidade, eventos emb&#243;licos, volume de sangramento, necessidade de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e permanente e o tempo de estada em unidade de terapia intensiva s&#227;o significativamente menores nas t&#233;cnicas bicaval e total do que na biatrial. Al&#233;m disso, vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas como a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar e press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito s&#227;o menores nos transplantes bicaval e total. Os transplantes card&#237;acos ortot&#243;picos bicaval e total s&#227;o melhores, em termos de progn&#243;stico, que o biatrial. Portanto, a indica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica biatrial para transplante deve ser a exce&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o a regra.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Transplante card&#237;aco/m&#233;todos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, metan&#225;lise, estudos prospectivos, estudos retrospectivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica amplamente aceita para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio final<sup>1,2</sup>. No mundo, s&#227;o realizados cerca de 3.000 transplantes todos os anos<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de, atualmente, o transplante biatrial, descrito por Lower e Shumway em 1961<sup>5</sup>, ser considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro, outras duas t&#233;cnicas, bicaval e total, foram desenvolvidas, visando a garantir melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e fisiol&#243;gica do enxerto e melhores resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios<sup>5-9</sup>. De fato, existem evid&#234;ncias na literatura de que melhores resultados s&#227;o obtidos pelas t&#233;cnicas descritas mais recentemente<sup>10-21</sup>. No entanto essas evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o, isoladamente, fracas, n&#227;o garantindo adequado n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia, principalmente por serem provenientes, em sua maioria, de estudos retrospectivos com pequena casu&#237;stica<sup>11,14,22-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por isso, Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em 2007, realizaram metan&#225;lise, com o objetivo de agregar poder estat&#237;stico &#224;s evid&#234;ncias de que as novas t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o melhores do que a biatrial<sup>10</sup>. No entanto esses autores exclu&#237;ram estudos retrospectivos das avalia&#231;&#245;es principais, consideraram as duas t&#233;cnicas mais recentes em um &#250;nico grupo e realizaram uma revis&#227;o restrita da literatura. Dessa forma, dados relevantes poderiam n&#227;o ter sido inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise, tornando a evid&#234;ncia incompleta. Por isso, o objetivo desse estudo &#233; determinar se as t&#233;cnicas de transplante card&#237;aco bicaval e total s&#227;o melhores que a t&#233;cnica biatrial, renovando os resultados de Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos prospectivos controlados, aleat&#243;rios ou n&#227;o. Na metodologia desses estudos, a descri&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, mascaramento e seguimento dos pacientes n&#227;o foram crit&#233;rios adotados para a inclus&#227;o. Estudos retrospectivos que apresentavam grupo de controle tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Aqueles estudos cujo projeto de pesquisa n&#227;o se enquadrava nesses quesitos, como s&#233;ries de casos e estudos retrospectivos n&#227;o controlados, revis&#245;es narrativas e sistem&#225;ticas da literatura, relatos de caso, cartas, breve comunica&#231;&#227;o e estudos em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, exclu&#237;ram-se os estudos que, em seus resultados, n&#227;o apresentavam informa&#231;&#245;es completas, isto &#233;, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas cont&#237;nuas e propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos ocorridos para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas nominais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o se realizaram restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao g&#234;nero, &#224; idade e &#224; etnia dos pacientes, assim como &#224;s doen&#231;as de card&#237;acas basais que conduziram ao est&#225;gio final de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#224; necessidade de transplante. Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma doen&#231;a ou nenhum uso de medicamento foram considerados crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Comparou-se o transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico biatrial com o transplante bicaval, em que se realiza a anastomose do &#225;trio esquerdo semelhante &#224; t&#233;cnica de Lower e Shumway, por&#233;m faz-se a anastomose, em separado, de ambas as veias cavas, preservando a anatomia do &#225;trio direito<sup>5,8</sup>. Igualmente, comparou-se o transplante biatrial com o total, no qual se emprega a t&#233;cnica bicaval associada &#224; retirada completa do &#225;trio esquerdo do receptor, com exce&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o de entrada das veias pulmonares, &#224; direita e &#224; esquerda. Nesse local, anastomosa-se o &#225;trio esquerdo do doador<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram distribu&#237;dos em avalia&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, e esta, em par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e m&#243;rbidos. Nos par&#226;metros intraoperat&#243;rios, considerou-se o tempo da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, da isquemia e da cirurgia. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, como par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, avaliaram-se a press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar, a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, a press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito e o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s morbidades p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, considerou-se a presen&#231;a de arritmias atriais, insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral e tric&#250;spide, mortalidade, n&#250;mero de rejei&#231;&#245;es do enxerto, volume de sangramento, eventos emb&#243;licos, necessidade de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e permanente, tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e dias de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram estratificados segundo o tempo de avalia&#231;&#227;o em cada estudo prim&#225;rio. Na realidade, todos os dados referentes a cada par&#226;metro foram agrupados de maneira a identificar a estimativa global da interven&#231;&#227;o, em detrimento da homogeneidade metodol&#243;gica da amostragem. Naqueles estudos em que se pesquisou o desfecho em v&#225;rios tempos, consideraram-se apenas os dados referentes ao &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se fizeram restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; t&#233;cnica empregada para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos nos estudos prim&#225;rios. Dessa forma, consideraram-se os resultados mesmo se obtidos por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, transesof&#225;gico ou cateter de Swan-Ganz, independentemente das especifica&#231;&#245;es de cada aparelho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de revis&#227;o da literatura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Revisaram-se, sistematicamente, as bases de dados da PubMed<sup>&#174;</sup>, Lilacs<sup>&#174;</sup>, Web of Science<sup>&#174;</sup>, Scopus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Scirus<sup>&#174;</sup>, Google acad&#234;mico<sup>&#174;</sup> e Scielo<sup>&#174;</sup> at&#233; 2 de janeiro de 2008. Para isso, empregou-se uma estrat&#233;gia de busca com alta sensibilidade e baixa especificidade, formulada a partir de descritores, sin&#244;nimos e siglas para transplante card&#237;aco biatrial, bicaval e total, sem limita&#231;&#245;es quanto ao projeto de pesquisa, &#224; data e ao idioma da publica&#231;&#227;o e ao pa&#237;s de origem do estudo. Essa estrat&#233;gia foi modificada segundo os requisitos de levantamento adotado por cada base de dados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o da literatura</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em todos os estudos identificados pela estrat&#233;gia de busca, em cada base de dados, realizou-se triagem inicial por meio das informa&#231;&#245;es contidas nos seus t&#237;tulos e resumos<sup>26,27</sup>. Essa visou &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o inicial dos artigos que, potencialmente, poderiam ser inclu&#237;dos. No entanto, naqueles estudos em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar esse procedimento a partir das informa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas no t&#237;tulo e no resumo, analisou-se a sua vers&#227;o completa, e, em seguida, foram selecionados ou n&#227;o<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os estudos selecionados foram revistos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o completa e, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise da metodologia, segundo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o estipulados, foram inclu&#237;dos ou exclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, todos os estudos selecionados tiveram suas refer&#234;ncias analisadas, a fim de elevar a sensibilidade da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Com o mesmo intuito, os artigos relacionados a cada estudo selecionado, disponibilizados por cada base de dados, tamb&#233;m foram revistos.</p>
    <p>O processo de triagem dos estudos foi realizado por dois pesquisadores, de maneira independente. Ao t&#233;rmino dessa etapa, ambos realizaram compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos selecionados, e as discrep&#226;ncias encontradas foram solucionadas por consenso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os estudos selecionados tiveram a qualidade de seu m&#233;todo avaliada por dois pesquisadores, de duas maneiras diferentes. A primeira consistiu na classifica&#231;&#227;o do estudo em quatro categorias, as quais variavam de A a D e contemplavam o m&#233;todo utilizado para distribui&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria<sup>26,27</sup>. Para a segunda, empregou-se a t&#233;cnica desenvolvida por Jadad e cols.<sup>28</sup>, em 1996. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do m&#233;todo n&#227;o foi utilizada para inclus&#227;o ou n&#227;o dos estudos, mas como um preditor da for&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia individual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados de cada estudo foram coletados por dois pesquisadores. A coleta consistiu, inicialmente, na elabora&#231;&#227;o de formul&#225;rio padronizado, de maneira a sumarizar as informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos objetivos, m&#233;todos - validade interna e externa -, resultados e conclus&#245;es dos estudos prim&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es provenientes dos estudos prim&#225;rios foram sistematizadas em banco de dados previamente criado para os c&#225;lculos inferenciais, com o objetivo de operacionalizar e racionalizar o levantamento de informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</p>
    <p>Consideraram-se vari&#225;veis quantitativas de escala num&#233;rica cont&#237;nua todos os par&#226;metros intraoperat&#243;rios, assim como os hemodin&#226;micos. Al&#233;m disso, o volume de sangramento, o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e os dias de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar tamb&#233;m foram alocados nessa categoria. Todas as outras vari&#225;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram consideradas qualitativas de escala categ&#243;rica nominais.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram apresentadas sob a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia ponderada, e as qualitativas, como risco relativo, ambas com 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a. Considerou-se n&#237;vel para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade um valor de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Identificaram-se 11.602 estudos, somando os artigos provenientes de todas as bases de dados, artigos relacionados e refer&#234;ncias consultadas dos estudos selecionados. Desse total, foram selecionados 89 estudos para revis&#227;o em texto completo, dos quais, apenas 36 foram inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise. Desses 36 estudos, 22 comparavam o transplante bicaval com o biatrial, e 14, o transplante total com o biatrial. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref> sumarizam os dados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis intraoperat&#243;rias, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos transplantes biatrial e bicaval, mostra que existe um aumento significativo no tempo da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e da cirurgia no transplante bicaval. Por&#233;m essa regra n&#227;o se repete para o tempo de isquemia, que n&#227;o apresenta diferen&#231;a entre as duas interven&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>). Por outro lado, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos transplantes biatrial e total mostra que somente o tempo de isquemia &#233; menor no transplante biatrial, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre os grupos no tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No entanto, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, observou-se que existe menor n&#250;mero de arritmias atriais, mortalidade e insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide no grupo operado pela t&#233;cnica bicaval quando comparado com a biatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref>). Por outro lado, esses dados n&#227;o se repetem para o transplante total, que somente apresenta menor incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide e eventos emb&#243;licos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O transplante bicaval e o total n&#227;o apresentam superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao biatrial na incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral e epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o transplante total n&#227;o apresenta mortalidade inferior ao biatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice card&#237;aco n&#227;o &#233; diferente entre os grupos de transplantes bicaval e total quando comparados com o transplante biatrial. No entanto a t&#233;cnica bicaval apresenta, de forma significativa, menor press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar e press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito. Por outro lado, somente a press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito &#233; menor no grupo de transplante total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A necessidade de uso de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e implante de marcapasso permanente s&#227;o significativamente menores nos pacientes tratados com o transplante bicaval. Esse fato repete-se para o implante de marcapasso permanente nos paciente com transplante total.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o volume de sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, assim como o tempo de estada em unidade de terapia intensiva, s&#227;o menores com a t&#233;cnica bicaval, quando comparada com a biatrial. No entanto n&#227;o se observam diferen&#231;as entre o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. De maneira similar, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com o transplante total n&#227;o &#233; diferente do transplante biatrial. O volume de sangramento tamb&#233;m n&#227;o difere (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar da prodigiosa evolu&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento do est&#225;gio final da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o transplante card&#237;aco ainda &#233; a interven&#231;&#227;o de escolha para essa s&#237;ndrome<sup>1,2,11</sup>. Entretanto, segundo a literatura, ainda existem receios acerca da melhor t&#233;cnica para essa opera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Tanto o transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico bicaval quanto o total foram introduzidos como uma alternativa &#224; t&#233;cnica de transplante biatrial. Diferenciam-se desta por garantir a manuten&#231;&#227;o da geometria anat&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, haveria, teoricamente, uma vantagem funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transplante ortot&#243;pico biatrial. No entanto os dados pouco consistentes da literatura s&#227;o insuficientes para abalar a confiabilidade dos cirurgi&#245;es no transplante biatrial.</p>
    <p>A metan&#225;lise publicada por Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em 2007, mostrou ind&#237;cios de poss&#237;veis vieses metodol&#243;gicos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura, o que suscitou o interesse por nova pesquisa. Al&#233;m disso, pelo fato de as t&#233;cnicas bicaval e total serem interven&#231;&#245;es diferentes, seria interessante avaliar, separadamente, as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma, j&#225; que os resultados vantajosos de uma poderiam mascarar as desvantagens da outra. Por isso, o presente estudo foi realizado.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o de estudos dessa pesquisa seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Cochrane<sup>53</sup>. Por&#233;m, considerando que ensaios aleat&#243;rios com transplante card&#237;aco s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de ser conduzidos, o que refletiria escassez na literatura, inclu&#237;ram-se estudos retrospectivos controlados. Aqueles n&#227;o controlados foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o permitirem a realiza&#231;&#227;o da metan&#225;lise<sup>26</sup>, diferentemente do que fez Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ademais, Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup> n&#227;o realizaram restri&#231;&#245;es r&#237;gidas quanto ao projeto de pesquisa dos estudos para inclus&#227;o e quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes. Esses autores consideraram apenas estudos publicados em l&#237;ngua inglesa e alem&#227;, revisando somente as bases do Pubmed<sup>&#174;</sup>, Cochrane<sup>&#174;</sup>, do Instituto Alem&#227;o de Documenta&#231;&#227;o e Informa&#231;&#227;o (que inclui EMBASE<sup>&#174;</sup> e Medline<sup>&#174;</sup>). Coletaram, manualmente, dados de quatro peri&#243;dicos e consultaram especialistas<sup>10</sup>. De fato, a revis&#227;o realizada por esses autores n&#227;o foi ampla o suficiente para receber a denomina&#231;&#227;o de sistem&#225;tica. Esse fato &#233; constatado pela consider&#225;vel diferen&#231;a, em n&#250;mero, dos dados levantados - 11.602 artigos do presente estudo contra 109 do outro.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o tempo de isquemia n&#227;o foi diferente entre os transplantes bicaval e biatrial, por&#233;m foi significativamente maior no transplante total. Esse resultado &#233; semelhante ao apresentado por Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>. No entanto esses autores n&#227;o mencionaram outros par&#226;metros intraoperat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>O tempo de isquemia, mesmo maior em alguns estudos, &#233; compensado pelo melhor desempenho card&#237;aco com as novas t&#233;cnicas, uma vez que o enchimento ventricular adequado &#233; dependente da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial satisfat&#243;ria<sup>22,48</sup>. Na realidade, esse benef&#237;cio &#233; superado pelas poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do maior tempo da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias atriais &#233; menor no grupo submetido ao transplante bicaval, dado que se repete no estudo de Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>. Isso pode ser explicado pela preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade do n&#243; sinusal pelas t&#233;cnicas mais recentes. Al&#233;m disso, a modifica&#231;&#227;o da geometria atrial predisp&#245;e as arritmias atriais, assim como o aumento da sua press&#227;o interna, uma vez que esses eventos prolongam o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica<sup>34,54,55</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro risco adicional para arritmias s&#227;o os eventos de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda do enxerto<sup>34,56</sup>. Sabe-se que a intensidade da arritmia &#233; proporcional &#224; gravidade da rejei&#231;&#227;o<sup>34,56</sup>. Entretanto nossos resultados apontam que os epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o diferem entre as t&#233;cnicas de transplante. Dessa forma, pode inferir-se que os epis&#243;dios de arritmia atrial s&#227;o decorrentes, principalmente, da maior deformidade e press&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, os epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem relacionar-se com o grau da insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide<sup>21,57</sup>. Aziz e cols.<sup>57</sup>, em 2002, mostraram que indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada ou severa t&#234;m maior n&#250;mero e intensidade de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o<sup>57</sup>. Por outro lado, a evolu&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca celular pode cursar com edema e disfun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar ou desencadear contratilidade assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo direito e, assim, causar a insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os glicosaminoglicanos presentes no folheto valvar, por possuir capacidade hidrof&#237;lica acentuada, durante a rejei&#231;&#227;o celular, aumentam a press&#227;o onc&#243;tica na matriz extracelular, causando edema e impedindo a fun&#231;&#227;o adequada<sup>21</sup>. Entretanto Aleksic e cols.<sup>58</sup>, em 2003, mostraram que, na vig&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes submetidos ao transplante card&#237;aco total apresentam menores repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles submetidos ao transplante biatrial<sup>58</sup>.</p>
    <p>De fato, as t&#233;cnicas de transplante mais recentes, em especial a t&#233;cnica bicaval, mostra melhores resultados hemodin&#226;micos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio que o transplante biatrial, ou seja, menor press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, da art&#233;ria pulmonar e do &#225;trio direito. Dados semelhantes s&#227;o apresentados por Schnoor e cols., os quais mostram menor press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito e de art&#233;ria pulmonar.<sup>10</sup> No entanto, diferentemente dos resultados desses autores, o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Avaliando esses mesmos par&#226;metros, Aziz e cols.<sup>57</sup>, em 2002, mostraram que a press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar de &#225;trio direito e sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito correlacionam-se &#224; elevada incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide nos transplantados<sup>57</sup>. Esse resultado &#233; corroborado pelo estudo de Rees e cols<sup>59</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na realidade, os resultados desses autores confirmam os nossos, uma vez que se identificou menor taxa de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide nos pacientes transplantados pelas t&#233;cnicas bicaval ou total, os quais tamb&#233;m apresentam melhores resultados hemodin&#226;micos<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, Schnoor e cols<sup>10</sup>. mostram resultados id&#234;nticos para a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. Por outro lado, esses autores tamb&#233;m afirmam menor taxa de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, diferindo dos resultados deste estudo, no qual n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa nesse quesito<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente do transplante card&#237;aco e correlaciona-se ao desenvolvimento de fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita, insufici&#234;ncia renal e hep&#225;tica e, consequentemente, aos piores resultados a longo prazo<sup>13,14,57</sup>. Diante disso, alguns autores propuseram a anuloplastia tric&#250;spide profil&#225;tica no momento do transplante ou em nova interven&#231;&#227;o, posteriormente<sup>13</sup>. Marelli e cols.<sup>13</sup>, em 2007, descreveram uma nova t&#233;cnica para o transplante bicaval, visando a diminuir, ainda mais, a incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo pelo qual se desenvolve a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide &#233; multifatorial. Associam-se edema agudo do enxerto; disfun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar; dilata&#231;&#227;o anular pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria; altera&#231;&#227;o da geometria anat&#244;mica do &#225;trio direito &#224; subsequente piora da integridade funcional do aparato valvar; les&#227;o do aparelho subvalvar durante bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; tor&#231;&#227;o c&#237;clica do &#225;trio durante a s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole ventricular e contra&#231;&#227;o ass&#237;ncrona do compartimento atrial do doador e do receptor<sup>21,57</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, Aziz e cols.<sup>57</sup>, em 2002, mostraram que a sobrevida dos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada ou grave &#233; insatisfat&#243;ria, quando comparado aos outros n&#237;veis de incompet&#234;ncia valvar<sup>57</sup>. De fato, observou-se, em nossos resultados, mortalidade inferior nos pacientes operados pela t&#233;cnica bicaval, semelhante aos dados de Schnoor e cols<sup>10</sup>. Aziz e cols.<sup>57</sup> explicam esse dado pela piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular que, associada &#224; les&#227;o renal por hipofluxo e toxidade do imunossupressores, conduziria &#224; pior sobrevida<sup>57</sup>.</p>
    <p>A embolia sist&#234;mica, outra complica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco biatrial, com incid&#234;ncia variando de 2% a 15%, tamb&#233;m est&#225;, significativamente, diminu&#237;da com a t&#233;cnica de transplante total em nossos resultados<sup>24</sup>. Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup> tamb&#233;m apresentam resultado semelhante.</p>
    <p>Avaliando esse aspecto, Bouchart e cols.<sup>51</sup>, em 1997, demonstraram que a poss&#237;vel forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo ou evento emb&#243;lico &#233; fortemente predita pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de ecocontraste espont&#226;neo no ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico<sup>51</sup>. Esse achado &#233; definido como a presen&#231;a de ecos semelhantes a uma espiral de fuma&#231;a no interior da cavidade atrial e foi observado em todos os pacientes com hist&#243;ria de embolias perif&#233;ricas ou trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>51</sup>.</p>
    <p>De fato, essa propens&#227;o trombog&#234;nica atrial adv&#233;m da contra&#231;&#227;o ass&#237;ncrona dos componentes atrial do doador e do receptor, assim como da presen&#231;a de arritmias atriais<sup>24,51</sup>. Nesse aspecto, &#233; v&#225;lido relembrar que as t&#233;cnicas de transplantes bicaval e total cursaram, em nossos resultados, com menores taxas de arritmias atriais e, consequentemente, com menor necessidade de emprego de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e permanente. Esses dados assemelham-se ao estudo de Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros benef&#237;cios das t&#233;cnicas de transplante mais atuais s&#227;o as menores taxas de mortalidade, o menor volume de sangramento e o menor tempo de estada em unidade de terapia intensiva. O &#250;nico dado n&#227;o concordante com Schnoor e cols. &#233; a estada em unidade de terapia intensiva, o qual n&#227;o foi significante<sup>10</sup>. Diante disso, &#233; indiscut&#237;vel a superioridade das t&#233;cnicas bicaval e total, suscitadas tanto pelo presente estudo quanto pelo de Schnoor e cols.<sup>10</sup>. Por isso, a t&#233;cnica de transplante biatrial deveria ser desconsiderada padr&#227;o-ouro para transplante, sendo empregada somente em casos selecionados e situa&#231;&#245;es de exce&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, atualmente, n&#227;o cabe mais questionar se existe vantagem nas t&#233;cnicas bicaval ou total sobre a biatrial, mas pesquisar poss&#237;veis vantagens de uma t&#233;cnica sobre a outra e, assim, oferecer o melhor tratamento para o paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Rafael Fagionato Locali  </p>
        <p> Rua 3 de maio, 130, apto 183, Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04044-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rafael.locali@hotmail.com">rafael.locali@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/09/08; revisado recebido em 06/11/08; aceito em 10/12/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Update</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Should biatrial heart transplantation still be performed? A Meta-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>REVIEW ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Should biatrial heart transplantation still be performed? a meta-analysis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rafael Fagionato Locali; Priscila Katsumi Matsuoka; Tiago Cherbo; Edmo Atique Gabriel; Enio Buffolo</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The outcomes of total and bicaval heart transplantation techniques are better than those of the biatrial technique; however, the latter is still considered the gold-standard. The objective of this study was to determine whether the total and bicaval heart transplantation techniques are, in fact, better than the biatrial technique. A systematic review with meta-analysis was carried out. Studies were retrieved from Pubmed&#153;, Lilacs&#153;, Web of Science&#153;, Scirus&#153;, Scopus&#153;, Google Scholar&#153;, and Scielo&#153; databases, identified by sensitive strategy. Randomized, prospective, and retrospective controlled studies were selected for inclusion. Intra and postoperative parameters were assessed. A total of 11,602 studies were identified and 36 were included in our review. The number of atrial arrhythmias, tricuspid valve regurgitation, deaths, and embolic events, as well as bleeding volume; temporary and permanent pacemaker requirement; and length of stay in the intensive care unit are significantly lower for the total and bicaval techniques than for the biatrial technique. Also, hemodynamic variables such as pulmonary capillary pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and right atrial pressure are lower in total and bicaval transplantation. In prognostic terms, total and bicaval orthotopic heart transplantations are better, than the biatrial transplantation. Therefore, indication of the biatrial technique for transplantation should be the exception, not the rule.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart transplantation/methods; heart failure; meta-analysis; prospective studies; retrospective studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart transplantation is a widely accepted therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage heart failure<sup>1,2</sup>. Approximately 3,000 transplantations are performed worldwide every year<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the biatrial transplantation described by Lower and Shumway in 1961<sup>5</sup> is currently considered the gold-standard, two other techniques - the total and bicaval transplantation, were developed with the aim of ensuring better anatomical and physiological graft adaptation and better postoperative outcomes<sup>5-9</sup>. In fact, there are evidences in the literature that better results are obtained with the two techniques described more recently<sup>10-21</sup>. However, these evidences are weak when considered alone, and thus do not ensure an adequate level of evidence, especially because most of them are from retrospective studies with small case series<sup>11,14,22-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>For this reason, in 2007, Schnoor et al<sup>10</sup> conducted a meta-analysis with the purpose of increasing the statistical power of the evidences that the new techniques are better than the biatrial transplantation<sup>10</sup>. However, these authors excluded retrospective studies from the main assessments; they included the two more recent techniques in a single group and made a limited review of the literature. As such, relevant data may have not been included in the meta-analysis, thus making the evidence incomplete. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine whether the techniques of total and bicaval heart transplantation are better than the biatrial technique, thus adding to Schnoor et al<sup>10</sup> results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prospective controlled studies were included, whether randomized or not. Description of the randomization techiques, masking and patient follow-up, as described in the respective methodology of the studies, were not considered as criteria for inclusion. Retrospective studies including control groups were also included.</p>
      <p>Studies whose designs did not meet these requirements, like case series and uncontrolled retrospective studies, narrative reviews and systematic reviews of the literature, case reports, letters, brief communications, and experimental animal studies were excluded. Additionally, studies whose results were incomplete, that is, those not reporting information on mean and standard deviation for continuous numeric variables and proportion of events occurred for nominal categorical variables, were also excluded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No restrictions were made as to patient gender, age, and ethnicity, or as to the baseline heart diseases that led to the end-stage heart failure requiring transplantation. Also, no disease or use of medication was considered as an exclusion criterion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Biatrial orthotopic heart transplantation was compared to bicaval transplantation, in which the left atrial anastomosis is performed in a similar fashion to that in Lower and Shumway's technique, however with the anastomosis of both venae cavae made separately, thus preserving the right atrial anatomy<sup>5,8</sup>. Likewise, biatrial transplantation was compared to total transplantation, in which the bicaval technique is used associated with complete removal of the recipient's left atrium, except for the pulmonary vein inlet region, to the right and to the left; in this site the donor's left atrium is anastomosed<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical endpoints</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical endpoints were distributed into intraoperative and postoperative assessments, and the latter into hemodynamic parameters and morbidities. The intraoperative parameters included extracorporeal circulation time, aortic cross-clamp time, ischemia time, and operative time. The postoperative hemodynamic parameters assessed were mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, right atrial pressure and cardiac index. In relation to postoperative morbidities, the presence of atrial arrhythmias, mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation, mortality, number of graft rejections, bleeding volume, embolic events, temporary and permanent pacemaker requirement, mechanical ventilation time, length of hospital stay, and length of stay in intensive care unit were analyzed.</p>
      <p>These parameters were not stratified according to the follow-up period of each primary study. In fact, all data relative to each parameter were grouped so as to identify the overall estimate of the intervention, at the expense of the methodological homogeneity of the sample. For studies in which the endpoint was assessed at several timepoints, only data regarding the last timepoint were considered.</p>
      <p>Also, no restrictions were made as to the technique used for endpoint assessment in the primary studies. Thus, the results were considered no matter whether obtained by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, or Swan-Ganz catheter, regardless of the specifications of each ultrasound scanner.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Literature review strategy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The PubMed&#153;, Lilacs&#153;, Web of Science&#153;, Scopus&#153;, Scirus&#153;, Google scholar&#153; and Scielo&#153; databases were systematically reviewed up to January 2, 2008. For this, the high-sensitivity and low-specificity search strategy was used, based on descriptors, synonyms and acronyms for biatrial, bicaval and total heart transplantation, with no restrictions as to study design, date and language of publication, or country where the study was carried out. This strategy was modified according to the search requirements adopted by each database (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_18f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_18f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Standardization of the literature review</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An initial screening of all studies identified by the search strategy in each database was performed using the information contained in their titles and abstracts,<sup>26,27</sup>, in order to make an initial selection of the articles that could potencially be included. However, in the studies in which this procedure could not be carried out using the information presented in their title and abstract, the full version was analyzed and the studies were then selected or not<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>All studies selected were reviewed in their full version and after the analysis of the methodology they were included or excluded, according to the inclusion criteria established. Also, the references of all studies selected were analyzed in order to increase the sensitivity of the systematic review. With the same purpose, the articles related to each selected study that were available in each database were also reviewed.</p>
      <p>The study screening process was performed by two independent researchers. By the end of this phase, both made comparisons between the studies selected, and the discrepancies found were resolved by consensus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of the methodological quality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The quality of the method of every study selected was assessed by two researchers in two different manners. The first consisted of classifying the studies into four categories, from A to D, according to the method used for the randomized distribution<sup>26,27</sup>. The second used the technique developed by Jadad et al<sup>28</sup> in 1996. The assessment of the quality of the method was not used for study inclusion or exclusion, but rather as a predictor of their individual power of evidence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data extraction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data from each study were collected by two researchers. Initially, data collection consisted of the preparation of a standardized form that summarized relevant information for the critical analysis of objectives, methods - internal and external validity, results and conclusions of the primary studies.</p>
      <p>Information from the primary studies was systematized in a previously created database for inferential calculations, with the purpose of operationalizing and rationalizing information retrieval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All intraoperative and hemodynamic parameters were considered as quantitative variables of continuous numerical scale. The bleeding volume, mechanical ventilation time, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay were also included in this category. All other postoperative variables were considered nominal qualitative variables of categorical scale.</p>
      <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as the difference of the weighted mean, and qualitative variables as the relative risk, both with 95% confidence interval. The level for rejection of the null hypothesis was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 11,602 studies were identified, including the articles from all databases, related articles and references of the studies selected. Of these, 89 studies were selected for full text review, of which only 36 were included in this meta-analysis. Twenty two of these studies compared bicaval with biatrial transplantation and 14 compared total with biatrial transplantation. Data from the studies included are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_18t01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_18t02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_18t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_18t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison of intraoperative variables in relation to the biatrial and bicaval transplantation shows that the extracorporeal circulation time, aortic cross-clamp time, and operative time are significantly longer in the bicaval transplantation. However, this did not occur with the ischemia time, for which no differences were observed between the two interventions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>). On the other hand, the comparison between the biatrial and total transplantation shows that only the ischemia time is shorter in the biatrial transplantation, with no differences between the groups regarding aortic cross-clamp time and extracorporeal circulation time (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>However, a smaller number of atrial arrhytmias, deaths and tricuspid valve regurgitation was observed in the postoperative period of the group undergoing the bicaval technique in comparison to the biatrial technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). On the other hand, these data are not valid for the total transplantation, for which only lower incidences of tricuspid valve regurgitation and embolic events were found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_18f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_18f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The bicaval and total transplantation are not superior in relation to the biatrial technique as regards the incidence of mitral valve regurgitation and rejection episodes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_18f03-body2">3</xref>). Also, mortality for total transplantation was not lower than for biatrial transplantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_18f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>No difference was found for cardiac index between the bicaval and total transplantation groups in comparison to the biatrial transplantation. However, pulmonary capillary pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure and right atrial pressure were significantly lower with the bicaval technique. On the other hand, only the right atrial pressure was lower in the total transplantation group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Temporary or permanent pacemaker requirement was significantly less frequent in patients treated with the bicaval transplantation. This was also true for permanent pacemaker implantation in patients undergoing total transplantation.</p>
      <p>Also, the postoperative bleeding volume and the length of stay in intensive care unit were lower for the bicaval in comparison to the biatrial technique. However, no differences were found for mechanical ventilation time and length of hospital stay. Likewise, the length of hospital stay for total transplantation was not different from that for biatrial transplantation. The bleeding volume was not different either (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0829-00018-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the remarkable progress of drug treatment for end-stage heart failure, heart transplantation is still the intervention of choice for this syndrome<sup>1,2,11</sup>. However, uncertainty still exists in the literature as to the best technique for this operation.</p>
      <p>Both the bicaval and the total orthotopic heart transplantation were introduced as an alternative to the biatrial transplantation technique. They are different from the latter in that they ensure that the anatomical heart geometry is preserved. Thus, there would be theoretically a functional advantage in relation to the orthotopic biatrial transplantation. However, the inconsistent data from the literature are not enough to shake the surgeons' confidence on biatrial transplantation.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis published by Schnoor et al<sup>10</sup> in 2007 showed evidences of possible methodological biases in the systematic review of the literature, and this aroused interest in a new research. Also, given that the bicaval and total techniques are different interventions, it would be interesting to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each one separately, since the advantages of one could mask the disadvantages of the other. This is why the present study was conducted.</p>
      <p>The criteria for inclusion of studies in this research followed Cochrane's recommendations<sup>53</sup>. However, considering that randomized trials with heart transplantation are difficult to conduct, and this is reflected in the small number of this type of study in the literature, we also included retrospective controlled trials. Uncontrolled trials were excluded for not allowing a meta-analysis<sup>26</sup> to be carried out, differently from what was done in Schnoor et al's study<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, Schnoor et al<sup>10</sup> did not make strict restrictions as to the study design or the patients' demographic characteristics for inclusion. These authors considered only studies published in English or German, and reviewed only Pubmed&#153;, Cochrane&#153;, and the German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (which includes EMBASE&#153; and Medline&#153;) databases. Four journals were handsearched for data collection and experts were consulted<sup>10</sup>. In fact, the review carried out by these authors was not extensive enough to be considered systematic. This fact is evidenced by the considerable difference, in numbers, of data retrieved - 11,602 articles in this study <italic>versus</italic> 109 in theirs.</p>
      <p>In this study, the ischemia time was not different between the bicaval and biatrial transplantation; however, it was significantly longer for total transplantation. This finding is similar to that of Schoor et al's<sup>10</sup>. However, these authors do not mention the other intraoperative parameters.</p>
      <p>Ischemia time, even when longer as found in some studies, is compensated by a better cardiac performance with the new techniques, since adequate ventricular filling is dependent on a satisfactory atrial function<sup>22,48</sup>. Actually, this benefit is surpassed by possible complications resulting from longer extracorporeal circulation, aortic cross-clamp, and operative times.</p>
      <p>The incidence of atrial arrhythmias was lower in the group undergoing bicaval transplantation, like in Schnoor et al's study<sup>10</sup>. This can be explained by the preservation of the sinus node integrity when the more recent techniques are used. Also, modifications in the atrial geometry predispose to atrial arrhythmias, as well as to increased internal pressure, since these events prolong the electric conduction time<sup>34,54,55</sup>. An additional risk for arrhytmias are the acute graft rejection episodes<sup>34,56</sup>. The severity of arrhythmia is known to be proportional to the severity of rejection<sup>34,56</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, our results showed no differences between the transplantation techniques regarding rejection episodes. Thus, we can presume that the episodes of atrial arrhythmia result mainly from greater deformity and atrial pressure.</p>
      <p>In this context, the rejection episodes can also be related to the degree of tricuspid valve regurgitation<sup>21,57</sup>. In 2002, Aziz et al<sup>57</sup> showed that individuals with moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation have a higher number and intensity of rejection episodes<sup>57</sup>. On the other hand, the progression of cardiac cellular rejection may be acompanied by edema and papillary muscle dysfunction, or trigger asymmetrical right ventricular contractility and thus lead to tricuspid valve regurgitation<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the high hydrophillic property of the glucosaminoglycans present in the valve leaflet leads to increased oncotic pressure in the extracellular matrix during cellular rejection, thus causing edema and precluding adequate function<sup>21</sup>. However, in 2003, Aleksic et al<sup>58</sup> showed that patients undergoing total heart transplantation who develop rejection have less hemodynamic consequences than those undergoing biatrial transplantation<sup>58</sup>.</p>
      <p>In fact, the most recent transplantation techniques, especially the bicaval one, show better postoperative hemodynamic results than biatrial transplantation, that is, lower pulmonary capillary, and pulmonary artery and right atrial pressures. Similar findings were presented by Schnoor et al, who showed lower right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures<sup>10</sup>. However, unlike these authors' results, the cardiac index was not different between the groups in our study.</p>
      <p>In 2002, Aziz et al<sup>57</sup> assessed these same parameters and showed that pulmonary artery, right atrial and right ventricular systolic pressures are correlated with a high incidence of tricuspid regurgitation in transplanted patients<sup>57</sup>. This finding is corroborated by that of Rees et al's study<sup>59</sup>.</p>
      <p>Actually, these authors' findings confirm our own, since a lower incidence of tricuspid regurgitation was identified in patients transplanted using the bicaval or total techniques; these patients also had better hemodynamic outcomes<sup>10</sup>. Furthermore, Schnoor et al<sup>10</sup> showed identical results for tricuspid regurgitation. On the other hand, these authors also found a lower incidence of mitral regurgitation, unlike in our study, in which no significant difference was found regarding this condition<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tricuspid valve regurgitation is a common complication of heart transplantation, and is correlated with the development of right ventricular failure, kidney and liver failure and, consequently, with worse long-term outcomes<sup>13,14,57</sup>. In light of these facts, some authors proposed prophylactic tricuspid anuloplasty at the moment of transplantation, or in a new, further intervention<sup>13</sup>. In 2007, Marelli et al<sup>13</sup> described a new technique for bicaval transplantation with the aim of further reducing the incidence of this complication<sup>13</sup>. The mechanism through which tricuspid regurgitation develops is multifactorial. There is an association of acute graft edema; papillary muscle dysfunction; preoperative annular dilatation; change in the right atrial anatomic geometry with subsequent worsening of the functional integrity of the valvular apparatus; lesion of the subvalvular apparatus during endomyocardial biopsy; cyclic atrial tortion during ventricular systole and diastole; and asynchronous contraction of the donor and recipient atrial compartments<sup>21,57</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, in 2002, Aziz et al<sup>57</sup> showed that the survival of patients with moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation is insatisfactory in comparison to that of patients with other degrees of valve regurgitation<sup>57</sup>. In fact, we found lower mortality in patients undergoing the bicaval technique, similar to Schnoor et al's findings<sup>10</sup>. The explanation that Aziz et al<sup>57</sup> give to this finding is a worsened ventricular function associated with renal lesion due to low blood flow and immunosupressor toxicity that would lead to lower survival<sup>57</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results also showed that systemic embolism, another complication of biatrial heart transplantation, with an incidence ranging from 2 to 15%, is also significantly decreased with the total transplantation technique<sup>24</sup>. Schnoor et al's findings are similar<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1997, Bouchart et al<sup>51</sup> analyzed this aspect and demonstrated that the possible formation of left atrial thrombus or embolic events were strongly predictable by the identification of spontaneous echo contrast in transesophageal echocardiography<sup>51</sup>. This finding is defined as the presence of swirling smoke-like echos within the atrial cavity, and was observed in all patients with a history of peripheral embolism or left atrial thrombus<sup>51</sup>.</p>
      <p>In fact, this atrial thrombogenic tendency results from the asynchronous contraction of the donor's and recipient's atrial components, as well as from the presence of atrial arrhythmias<sup>24,51</sup>. In this regard, it is worth recalling that lower rates of atrial arrhythmias and subsequent less temporary or permanent pacemaker requirement were found in our study with the bicaval and total transplantation techniques. These findings were similar to those of Schnoor et al's study<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other advantages of the more recent transplantation techniques are lower mortality rates, lower bleeding volume, and shorter length of stay in intensive care unit. The only result not concurrent with that of Schnoor et al's was the length of stay in intensive care unit, which was not significant<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In light of these facts, the superiority of the bicaval and total techniques demonstrated both in the present study and in Schnoor et al's is undebatable<sup>10</sup>. For this reason, the biatrial transplantation technique should no longer be considered the gold standard for transplantation, and should only be used in selected cases and special situations. Thus, today there is no more room for questioning whether there are advantages of the bicaval or total techniques over the biatrial technique, but rather for searching for possible advantages of one technique over the other and thus provide patients with the best treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
