<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MSpGHPbTXhxsVNfJQksv7Hf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400617</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento aer&#243;bico melhora a capacidade funcional de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henrique</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Michela Nery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reboredo</surname>
            <given-names>Maycon de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaoubah</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Baumgratz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>823</fpage>
      <lpage>828</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos se associa &#224; melhora da capacidade funcional e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. J&#225; em portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, uma popula&#231;&#227;o com significativo comprometimento da capacidade funcional e elevadas taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular, poucos estudos avaliam os efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento aer&#243;bico durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise, sobre a capacidade funcional e a press&#227;o arterial de pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 14 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica sob tratamento hemodial&#237;tico, antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise. Os pacientes foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio antes e depois do per&#237;odo de treinamento. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o treinamento, observou-se aumento significativo da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de 509 &#177; 91,9 m para 555 &#177; 105,8 m, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 151 &#177; 18,4 mmHg para 143 &#177; 14,7 mmHg, da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 94 &#177; 10,5 mmHg para 91 &#177; 9,6 mmHg e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 114 &#177; 13,0 mmHg para 109 &#177; 11,4 mmHg. CONCLUS&#195;O: O treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise contribuiu para a melhora da capacidade funcional e para o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial dos pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>capacidade vital</kwd>
        <kwd>di&#225;lise renal</kwd>
        <kwd>caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> REABILITA&#199;&#195;O CARDIOVASCULAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Treinamento aer&#243;bico melhora a capacidade funcional de pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diane Michela Nery Henrique; Maycon de Moura Reboredo; Alfredo Chaoubah; Rog&#233;rio Baumgratz de Paula</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos se associa &#224; melhora da capacidade funcional e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. J&#225; em portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, uma popula&#231;&#227;o com significativo comprometimento da capacidade funcional e elevadas taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular, poucos estudos avaliam os efeitos da atividade f&#237;sica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar o efeito do treinamento aer&#243;bico durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise, sobre a capacidade funcional e a press&#227;o arterial de pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram avaliados 14 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica sob tratamento hemodial&#237;tico, antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise. Os pacientes foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio antes e depois do per&#237;odo de treinamento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Ap&#243;s o treinamento, observou-se aumento significativo da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos de 509 &#177; 91,9 m para 555 &#177; 105,8 m, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 151 &#177; 18,4 mmHg para 143 &#177; 14,7 mmHg, da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 94 &#177; 10,5 mmHg para 91 &#177; 9,6 mmHg e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 114 &#177; 13,0 mmHg para 109 &#177; 11,4 mmHg. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise contribuiu para a melhora da capacidade funcional e para o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial dos pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Exerc&#237;cio, capacidade vital, di&#225;lise renal, caminhada, press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (AF) se associa &#224; melhora da capacidade funcional (CF), contribui para o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) e reduz o risco relativo (RR) de morte<sup>1</sup>. J&#225; em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), nos quais mais de 50% dos &#243;bitos s&#227;o secund&#225;rios &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>2</sup>, a pr&#225;tica de AF &#233; infrequente, n&#227;o havendo na literatura recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas quanto &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Vem sendo corroborado, contudo, que a pr&#225;tica de AF reduz a morbimortalidade em pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos<sup>4</sup>. Nesse sentido, O'Hare e cols.<sup>5</sup> compararam um grupo de pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos sedent&#225;rios com outro fisicamente ativo e observaram RR de morte 62% maior no grupo sedent&#225;rio<sup>5</sup>. Em concord&#226;ncia, Stack e cols.<sup>6</sup> demonstraram que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de quatro a cinco vezes por semana reduziu em cerca de 30% o risco de morte de pacientes fisicamente ativos em tratamento hemodial&#237;tico, quando comparados a pacientes sedent&#225;rios<sup>6</sup>. Com base nessas observa&#231;&#245;es, alguns servi&#231;os de nefrologia t&#234;m estimulado pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos a se exercitarem, tanto no per&#237;odo interdial&#237;tico como durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise (HD)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estabelecer uma rotina de AF durante a HD agrega vantagens como maior ader&#234;ncia ao treinamento, conveni&#234;ncia de hor&#225;rio, redu&#231;&#227;o da monotonia da sess&#227;o de HD e facilidade de acompanhamento m&#233;dico. Al&#233;m disso, a AF em doentes renais cr&#244;nicos em HD se associa &#224; melhora da CF, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e que contribui para a melhora da qualidade de vida<sup>8-10</sup>. Trabalhos iniciais realizados por nosso grupo confirmam esses benef&#237;cios<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, avaliou-se o impacto de um programa de treinamento aer&#243;bico (TA) individualizado, supervisionado e realizado durante as sess&#245;es de HD, sobre a CF e a PA de doentes renais cr&#244;nicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo experimental, no qual foram avaliados 14 pacientes volunt&#225;rios adultos (10 mulheres e quatro homens) com m&#233;dia de 48 anos, em programa de HD no Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da UFJF, h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses. Para inclus&#227;o no estudo, os pacientes deviam estar sedent&#225;rios h&#225; seis meses ou mais. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, conforme Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HU-UFJF sob o parecer n&#250;mero 290/2005 de 15 de dezembro de 2005.</p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, cardiopatia e pneumopatia em fase aguda; quadros infecciosos agudos; hemoglobina &lt; 10 g/dl e hemat&#243;crito &lt; 30%; glicemia &gt; 300 mg/dl; defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica ou mental que impedisse a realiza&#231;&#227;o adequada do protocolo; neoplasias e gravidez.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi dividido em fase pr&#233;-TA e fase p&#243;s-TA. Na fase pr&#233;-TA, cada volunt&#225;rio foi submetido a avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dica e fisioterap&#234;utica acompanhadas de avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e da realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG), de ecodopplercardiograma (ECO) e de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da CF, realizou-se o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE). Ap&#243;s essas avalia&#231;&#245;es, os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a TA supervisionado, durante as sess&#245;es de HD, por um per&#237;odo de 12 semanas. Na fase p&#243;s-treinamento, foram repetidos avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial, MAPA, TC6M e TCPE.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi composta de anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico gerais, al&#233;m da busca ativa de sinais e sintomas relacionados ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Paralelamente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fisioterapeuta objetivou a estrutura&#231;&#227;o do programa de alongamento e aquecimento compat&#237;veis com a condi&#231;&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>O ECG convencional foi realizado em eletrocardi&#243;grafo modelo ECG6 da marca ECAFIX e analisado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos<sup>11</sup>. O ECO foi realizado por ecocardiografista titulado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, em aparelho de ultrassonografia da marca GE modelo Logic500.</p>
    <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA foi utilizado monitor de press&#227;o arterial oscilom&#233;trico (SpaceLabs, 90207) validado pela <italic>British Society of Hipertension</italic><sup>12</sup>. O exame foi realizado e avaliado de acordo com a V Diretriz para Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial<sup>13</sup>. Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse exame, os pacientes foram orientados a manter suas atividades e medica&#231;&#245;es habituais.</p>
    <p>O TC6M foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial da CF, antes da fase de TA e ap&#243;s a mesma. Nesse teste, o paciente &#233; orientado a caminhar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, durante 6 minutos, em uma pista plana de 30 m, registrando-se a dist&#226;ncia final obtida em metros. O paciente pode diminuir a velocidade, parar e descansar, sem que seja interrompida a contagem do tempo. N&#227;o &#233; permitido correr ou andar a meio trote. Foram realizados dois testes no mesmo dia, com intervalo de 30 minutos, sendo considerada para resultado v&#225;lido a maior dist&#226;ncia obtida<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O TCPE foi realizado em erg&#244;metro tipo esteira rolante, da marca Inbraesporte, com o <italic>software</italic> Elite da empresa Micromed. Utilizou-se o protocolo de rampa, seguindo a Diretriz de T&#233;cnicas e Equipamentos para Realiza&#231;&#227;o de Exames em Ergometria e Ergoespirometria<sup>15</sup>. Para an&#225;lise dos gases expirados (fluxo e volume de ar e fra&#231;&#245;es expiradas de O<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub>), foi utilizado o analisador de gases VO<sub>2000</sub>. Durante o teste, o ECG e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foram registrados continuamente por meio da deriva&#231;&#227;o CM5. As vari&#225;veis avaliadas por meio do TCPE foram o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2PICO</sub>), que expressa a capacidade funcional<sup>15</sup>, e o descenso da FC no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o, que avalia o t&#244;nus vagal<sup>16</sup>. Os valores considerados normais para VO<sub>2PICO</sub> variam de acordo com o sexo e idade e s&#227;o calculados por meio de equa&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas<sup>17</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao descenso da FC, considera-se como adequada uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 12 batimentos no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os testes foram realizados no maior per&#237;odo interdial&#237;tico. Os pacientes que eram submetidos &#224; HD as segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras realizaram MAPA, TC6M e TCPE em uma ter&#231;a-feira e aqueles dialisados as ter&#231;as, quintas e s&#225;bados o fizeram em uma quarta-feira. Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas regularmente pelo paciente foram mantidas ao longo do estudo.</p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o realizada consistiu de realiza&#231;&#227;o de TA, durante as sess&#245;es de HD, com frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes por semana e por um per&#237;odo de 12 semanas. Esse treinamento foi composto de uma fase de aquecimento, da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica e, finalmente, da fase de "resfriamento". Utilizou-se um cicloerg&#244;metro eletromagn&#233;tico horizontal da marca <italic>Moviment</italic>, modelo BM 4000.</p>
    <p>Na fase de aquecimento, realizaram-se alongamentos passivos de membros inferiores e atividade aer&#243;bica na bicicleta com a menor carga aplic&#225;vel para o erg&#244;metro utilizado, a qual era 0,5 KPM, e com rota&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima a 35 RPM por 5 minutos.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a fase de aquecimento, foi realizada a fase de condicionamento, com 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio, durante as duas primeiras horas de HD, a fim de evitar o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico na segunda metade da sess&#227;o, quando as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do indiv&#237;duo s&#227;o desfavor&#225;veis. A FC foi acompanhada continuamente por meio de um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro, marca Polar modelo F1, e a PA era medida no repouso, a cada 5 minutos de exerc&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o resfriamento.</p>
    <p>No resfriamento, ap&#243;s 2 minutos na bicicleta com carga m&#237;nima e com rota&#231;&#227;o de 35 RPM, novamente foram aplicados os exerc&#237;cios de alongamento passivo de membros inferiores, sendo ent&#227;o encerrada a sess&#227;o de TA.</p>
    <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do treinamento foi individualizada com base na Escala de Percep&#231;&#227;o Subjetiva de Esfor&#231;o de Borg<sup>18</sup>. De acordo com essa escala, o paciente atribui uma nota para a intensidade do cansa&#231;o que varia de 6 a 20 pontos. Durante o TA, a cada 5 minutos, o paciente foi indagado a respeito da nota que atribuiria ao cansa&#231;o naquele dado momento, e a carga da bicicleta foi mantida com o intuito de atingir um esfor&#231;o cuja intensidade determinasse uma nota de cansa&#231;o entre 11 e 13 pontos, o que corresponde a um exerc&#237;cio de intensidade "leve" a "um pouco intenso" nessa escala. A velocidade de rota&#231;&#227;o no pedal da bicicleta deveria se manter pr&#243;xima a 50 RPM durante os 30 minutos do condicionamento, a fim de conseguir uma intensidade est&#225;vel de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Ao in&#237;cio da HD, a sess&#227;o de TA seria cancelada caso o paciente apresentasse PA sist&#243;lica &gt; 180 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica &gt; 110 mmHg, ganho de peso interdial&#237;tico &gt; 5 kg, dificuldade no acesso vascular ou sintoma que comprometesse a execu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. Uma vez iniciado o TA, foram crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o o relato de cansa&#231;o f&#237;sico intenso (escala de Borg &gt; 15), dor tor&#225;cica, hipoglicemia, vertigem, palidez, lipot&#237;mia, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, dispneia desproporcional &#224; intensidade do esfor&#231;o, arritmia, hipotens&#227;o ou resposta hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da di&#225;lise foi determinada pelo Kt/V, um &#237;ndice adimensional, que mede a depura&#231;&#227;o da ureia, com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o dessa na &#225;gua corporal total<sup>19</sup>. Considera-se como ideal Kt/V <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,4. Foram obtidas nos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes, antes e depois do per&#237;odo de TA, as dosagens de ureia, creatinina, hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa SPSS vers&#227;o 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) e os valores pr&#233; e p&#243;s-TA foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de p foi <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa recebeu apoio financeiro da Capes e da funda&#231;&#227;o Imepen.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade foi igual a 48 &#177; 12,8 anos, sendo quatro pacientes (28,6%) homens e 10 (71,4%) mulheres. O tempo m&#233;dio de tratamento hemodial&#237;tico foi de 94 &#177; 43,9 meses e a etiologia mais frequente da DRC foi a glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica, seguida de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Dos 14 pacientes estudados, 12 (85%) eram hipertensos e estavam sob tratamento medicamentoso. Durante o estudo, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da classe ou da dosagem da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. O peso seco dos pacientes foi semelhante antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TA e variou de 56,8 &#177; 12,99 kg, antes do treinamento, para 56,4 &#177; 12,72 kg ao final do estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0823-00043-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A ader&#234;ncia m&#233;dia &#224;s sess&#245;es de treinamento foi de 82% e a meta de 30 minutos de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio foi atingida pelos pacientes por volta da quarta semana. Na primeira semana de treinamento, a m&#233;dia de tempo nas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio foi igual a 21,29 &#177; 9,19 minutos. Ao t&#233;rmino de 12 semanas, o tempo elevou-se para 33 &#177; 4,22 minutos, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira semana de exerc&#237;cio. Vale ressaltar a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes durante o exerc&#237;cio, com apenas um epis&#243;dio de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, que motivou a interrup&#231;&#227;o daquela sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e o treinamento foi retomado na sess&#227;o seguinte de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e capacidade funcional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao ECG de repouso, todos os pacientes apresentavam ritmo sinusal, sete pacientes (50%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e tr&#234;s (21%) com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por sua vez, no ECO, foi detectada hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em oito pacientes, o que correspondeu a 57% da amostra. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m nesse exame, identificaram-se ectasia de aorta ascendente em um paciente (7%), aumento do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE em dois pacientes (14%) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 60% em quatro pacientes (28%).</p>
    <p>Ao in&#237;cio do estudo, as m&#233;dias de 24 horas da PA sist&#243;lica, da PA diast&#243;lica e da PA m&#233;dia foram respectivamente iguais a 150 &#177; 18,4 mmHg, 95 &#177; 10,5 mmHg e 114 &#177; 13,0 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Ao final do per&#237;odo de TA, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da PA sist&#243;lica para 143 &#177; 14,7 mmHg, da PA diast&#243;lica para 91 &#177; 9,6 mmHg e da PA m&#233;dia para 109 &#177; 11,4 mmHg, a despeito da manuten&#231;&#227;o das mesmas doses de anti-hipertensivos e do peso seco dos pacientes. Antes do TA, a maioria dos pacientes (13/14) apresentou atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso press&#243;rico do sono, com valores dos descensos da PA sist&#243;lica e da PA diast&#243;lica, respectivamente iguais a 0 &#177; 1,1% e 2 &#177; 9,1%. Ap&#243;s o TA esses valores aumentaram de modo significante, para 3 &#177; 9,3% e 5 &#177; 10,7%, respectivamente. No entanto, ambos os descensos n&#227;o atingiram os valores m&#237;nimos de normalidade (10%).</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0823-00043-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#192; avalia&#231;&#227;o da CF, observou-se aumento significante da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M de 509 &#177; 91,9 m, na fase pr&#233;-treinamento, para 555 &#177; 105,8 m ao t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de TA o que corresponde a um incremento de cerca de 10%. Apesar do aumento da dist&#226;ncia percorrida, a percep&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o pela escala de Borg manteve-se est&#225;vel, tendo sido igual a 12 &#177; 1,5 antes do TA e 12 &#177; 1,1 depois do TA, achado indicativo de melhora da toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TA, os valores do VO<sub>2PICO</sub>, obtidos por meio do TCPE, variaram de 20,7 &#177; 6,91 ml/kg.min<sup>-1</sup> na fase pr&#233;-TA para 21,3 &#177; 10,13 ml/kg.min<sup>-1</sup> ap&#243;s o TA, n&#227;o demonstrando diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Outra vari&#225;vel avaliada no TCPE, o descenso da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o aumentou tamb&#233;m de modo n&#227;o significante, de 16 &#177; 4,2 batimentos, para 18 &#177; 5,7 batimentos ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a fase de TA, observou-se aumento estatisticamente significante da hemoglobina e dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m significante da creatinina. O aumento da hemoglobina foi acompanhado de ligeira redu&#231;&#227;o da dosagem semanal de eritropoetina necess&#225;ria para se atingir o alvo de 11 g/l de hemoglobinemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel observar que o treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado durante as sess&#245;es de HD se associou a aumento da CF, melhor controle da HA e &#224; melhora da anemia.</p>
    <p>Pacientes em HD apresentam consider&#225;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios saud&#225;veis do mesmo sexo e da mesma idade<sup>20</sup>. Embora o TCPE seja o padr&#227;o ouro na mensura&#231;&#227;o da CF<sup>17</sup>, esse exame envolve custo relativamente elevado, uso de equipamento especial e realiza&#231;&#227;o por profissional especialmente treinado, o que compromete seu uso frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O TC6M, tamb&#233;m foi utilizado nesse estudo, pois &#233; um dos testes mais utilizados na literatura com a finalidade de estimar a CF, uma vez que &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, baixo custo e representativo das atividades da vida di&#225;ria<sup>14</sup>. Esse teste tem sido amplamente utilizado em cardiopatas e pneumopatas, mas sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em portadores de DRC, na maioria das vezes, limita-se &#224; pesquisa cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia alcan&#231;ada no TC6M na fase pr&#233;-treinamento foi similar &#224;quela alcan&#231;ada em outros estudos nos quais foram avaliados pacientes com DRC em HD<sup>21-23</sup>. Assim, ap&#243;s 12 semanas de TA, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M aumentou em 10%, indicando consider&#225;vel melhora da CF. Esse resultado &#233; compat&#237;vel com o estudo de Parsons e cols.<sup>23</sup> que observaram aumento de 14% da CF no TC6M ap&#243;s treinamento de 13 pacientes em HD durante 20 semanas.</p>
    <p>Paralelamente ao aumento da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M, houve melhora da sensa&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o medida pela escala de Borg, na maioria dos pacientes avaliados. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes apresentaram incremento de 35% no tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico ao final do per&#237;odo de 12 semanas de TA, achados indicativos do benef&#237;cio de um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado na melhora da CF.</p>
    <p>De forma paradoxal, na amostra, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do TCPE ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TA n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significante no VO<sub>2PICO</sub>, quando comparado ao resultado do exame antes do treinamento. Esse achado contrap&#245;e-se a algumas publica&#231;&#245;es, que mostram aumento m&#233;dio de 20% no VO<sub>2PICO</sub> em renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos a TA<sup>24-26</sup>, contraponde-se tamb&#233;m aos achados obtidos no TC6M. Essas discrep&#226;ncias podem estar relacionadas a dificuldades t&#233;cnicas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, tais como idade, comorbidades, dificuldade de entendimento pelo paciente. Em concord&#226;ncia, tem sido relatada dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do VO2<sub>pico</sub> e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de cardiopatias graves<sup>27-29</sup>. Neste estudo, essa hip&#243;tese foi refor&#231;ada pela intoler&#226;ncia de v&#225;rios pacientes aos procedimentos necess&#225;rios para a realiza&#231;&#227;o TCPE, intercorr&#234;ncia que, em alguns casos, levou &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste. Outro aspecto a ser considerado foi o fato de que o TA foi realizado em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica, em raz&#227;o da necessidade de o paciente permanecer na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada durante as sess&#245;es de HD, enquanto o TCPE foi realizado em esteira rolante. Esse fato pode ter influenciado no desempenho dos pacientes, uma vez que as adapta&#231;&#245;es funcionais musculares imediatas respons&#225;veis por melhoras funcionais precoces est&#227;o ligadas ao tipo de treinamento<sup>30-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do VO<sub>2PICO,</sub> o TCPE foi tamb&#233;m utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal, por meio da an&#225;lise do descenso da FC no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Nesse teste, redu&#231;&#245;es inferiores a 12 batimentos relacionam-se a t&#244;nus vagal inadequado e se associam a maior risco relativo de morte<sup>16</sup>. Na amostra avaliada, o descenso da FC no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o foi igual a 16 &#177; 4,2 bpm antes do TA, elevando-se de modo n&#227;o significante para 18 &#177; 5,7 bpm ap&#243;s o TA. Esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com uma resposta vagal adequada.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica foi realizada pela MAPA, que constitui o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para medida indireta da PA, e que n&#227;o tem sido utilizada com frequ&#234;ncia na literatura para avaliar comportamento press&#243;rico de renais cr&#244;nicos<sup>33-35</sup>. Os achados mostraram que 12 pacientes (85%) eram hipertensos, a maioria dos quais utilizava tr&#234;s ou mais agentes anti-hipertensivos. Ap&#243;s o TA, observou-se importante redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, a despeito da manuten&#231;&#227;o do esquema terap&#234;utico anti-hipertensivo e da aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no peso seco estimado. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foi observado aumento do descenso press&#243;rico do sono na maioria dos pacientes, embora a m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o sono ainda n&#227;o tenha atingido valores normais<sup>13</sup>. Esses achados, tamb&#233;m observados em estudo anterior<sup>8</sup>, s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com o efeito anti-hipertensivo do treinamento aer&#243;bico e t&#234;m sido confirmados por outros autores com medidas isoladas da PA<sup>33,34</sup>. Em um dos poucos estudos nos quais se utilizou a MAPA para avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, Anderson e cols.<sup>35</sup> avaliaram 19 pacientes que apresentaram melhora significativa no controle press&#243;rico ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses de TA. Esses dados s&#227;o concordantes com os resultados deste estudo e permitem sugerir a MAPA como m&#233;todo eficaz para avalia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica de pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos dados laboratoriais, vale ressaltar a menor necessidade de eritropoetina para manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis-alvo de hemoglobinemia ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TA, indicando o efeito ben&#233;fico do TA sobre o controle da anemia na DRC. Benef&#237;cio semelhante foi relatado por Goldberg e cols.<sup>36</sup> ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cios em um grupo de pacientes em programa de HD cr&#244;nica. Embora seja conhecido o efeito do exerc&#237;cio em melhorar o perfil lip&#237;dico em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, incluindo portadores de DRC, os resultados deste estudo mostraram aumento dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e de colesterol LDL. Desta forma, pode-se especular a respeito de fatores diet&#233;ticos associados a esses achados, tais como redu&#231;&#227;o do quadro de hiporexia da DRC; contudo, esses aspectos n&#227;o foram avaliados neste protocolo.</p>
    <p>Ao final do per&#237;odo de TA, observou-se discreto aumento do Kt/V acompanhado de redu&#231;&#227;o significante da creatinina indicando tend&#234;ncia na melhora da qualidade de di&#225;lise. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido objetivo avaliar esse aspecto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio tenham facilitado a remo&#231;&#227;o de toxinas durante a HD<sup>23,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TA durante as sess&#245;es de HD constitui uma estrat&#233;gia segura, que se associa &#224; melhora da CF, al&#233;m de contribuir para o melhor controle press&#243;rico e para a melhora da anemia em portadores de DRC. No entanto, antes de serem extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o de portadores de DRC, esses dados carecem de confirma&#231;&#227;o em amostras com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de um programa supervisionado de treinamento aer&#243;bico em pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos durante as sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise se associou &#224; melhora da capacidade funcional, do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial e do quadro de anemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e Funda&#231;&#227;o IMEPEN.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Diane Michela Nery Henrique pela Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Diane Michela Nery Henrique </p>
        <p> Rua Pasteur, 65 - Centro </p>
        <p> 36015-420 - Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dianenery@cardiol.br">dianenery@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/03/09; revisado recebido em 21/08/09; aceito em 16/10/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Fletcher GF,    Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Cahitman B, et al. Statement    on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for    all Americans. Circulation. 1996; 94 (4): 857-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans.</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blair</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caspersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cahitman</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Himmelfarb,    J. Hemodialysis complications. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45 (6): 1122-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodialysis complications</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1122</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>J.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Kidney Disease    Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) - Clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular    disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45 (3 Pt 2): 1-153.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
          <issue>3 Pt 2</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Cheema BS, Singh    MA. Exercise training in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic    review of clinical trials. Am J Nephrol. 2005; 25 (4): 352-641.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise training in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review of clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>Am J Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>641</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. O'Hare AM, Tawney    K, Bacchetti P, Johansen KL. Decreased survival among sedentary patients undergoing    dialysis: results from the dialysis morbidity and mortality Studywave 2. Am    J Kidney Dis. 2003; 41 (2): 447-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Decreased survival among sedentary patients undergoing dialysis: results from the dialysis morbidity and mortality Studywave 2</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Hare</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tawney</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacchetti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Stack AG, Molony    DA, Rives T, Tyson J, Murthy BVR. Association of physical activity with mortality    in the US dialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45 (4): 690-701.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of physical activity with mortality in the US dialysis population</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>690</fpage>
          <lpage>701</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stack</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molony</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rives</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murthy</surname>
              <given-names>BVR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Martins MRI,    Cesarino CB. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre programas de educa&#231;&#227;o    e reabilita&#231;&#227;o para pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos    &#224; hemodi&#225;lise. J Bras Nefrol. 2004; 26 (1): 45-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre programas de educa&#231;&#227;o e reabilita&#231;&#227;o para pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos &#224; hemodi&#225;lise.</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>MRI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesarino</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Reboredo MM,    Henrique DMN, Faria RC, Defilipo EC, Coelho NN, Bergamini BC, et al. Treinamento    aer&#243;bio durante a hemodi&#225;lise promove redu&#231;&#227;o dos    n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e ganho na capacidade funcional. J Bras Nefrol.    2006; 28 (S3): 17-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Treinamento aer&#243;bio durante a hemodi&#225;lise promove redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e ganho na capacidade funcional.</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>S3</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reboredo</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henrique</surname>
              <given-names>DMN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defilipo</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergamini</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Moore GE, Painter    P, Brinker KR, Stray-Gundersen J, Mitchell JH. Cardiovascular response to submaximal    stationary cycling during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998; 31 (4): 631-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular response to submaximal stationary cycling during hemodialysis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>631</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Painter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brinker</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stray-Gundersen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Cheema BS,    Smith BC, Singh MA. A rationale for intradialytic exercise training as standard    clinical practice in ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45 (5): 912-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A rationale for intradialytic exercise training as standard clinical practice in ESRD.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>912</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Nicolau JC,    Polanczyk CA, Pinho JA, Bacellar MSC, Ribeito DGL, Darwich RN, et al. Sociedade    Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretriz de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma    de repouso. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 80 (supl. 2): 1-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.: Diretriz de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma de repouso.</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinho</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacellar</surname>
              <given-names>MSC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeito</surname>
              <given-names>DGL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darwich</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. O'Brien E,    Coats A, Owens P, Petrie J, Padfield PL, Litter WA, et al. Use and interpretation    of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: recommendations of the British Hypertension    Society. BMJ. 2000; 320 (22): 1128-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: recommendations of the British Hypertension Society.</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1128</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owens</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrie</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padfield</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Litter</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Alessi A, Brand&#227;o    AA, Perin A, Feitosa AM, Machado CA, Forjaz CLM, et al. Sociedade Brasileira    de Cardiologia. Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. IV Diretriz para uso da    monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial. Arq Bras    Cardiol. 2005; 85 (supl. 2): 1-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. IV Diretriz para uso da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alessi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forjaz</surname>
              <given-names>CLM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. American Thoracic    Society. ATS Statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir    Crit Care Med. 2002; 166 (1): 111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ATS Statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>166</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Guimar&#227;es    JI, Stein R, Vilas-Boas F, Galv&#227;o F, Nobrega ACL, Castro RRT, et al.    Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Normatiza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas    e equipamentos para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames em ergometria e ergoespirometria.    Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 80 (4): 458-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.: Normatiza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas e equipamentos para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames em ergometria e ergoespirometria.</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>458</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobrega</surname>
              <given-names>ACL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>RRT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Cole CR, Blakstone    EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise    as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 (18): 1351-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>341</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cole</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blakstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snader</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. American College    of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.    7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Borg G. Psychophysical    bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982; 14 (5): 377-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borg</surname>
              <given-names>G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Kidney Disease    Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) - Clinical practice guidelines for chronic    kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis.    2002; 39 (2): 1-266.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Painter P,    Messer-Rehak D, Hanson P, Zimmerman SW, Glass NR. Exercise capacity in hemodialysis,    CAPD, and renal transplant patients. Nephron. 1986; 42 (1): 47-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise capacity in hemodialysis, CAPD, and renal transplant patients</article-title>
          <source>Nephron.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Painter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Messer-Rehak</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glass</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Painter P,    Carlson L, Carey S, Paul SM, Myll J. Physical functioning and health-related    quality-of-life changes with exercise training in hemodialysis patients. Am    J Kidney Dis. 2000; 35(3): 482-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physical functioning and health-related quality-of-life changes with exercise training in hemodialysis patients.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>482</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Painter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paul</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myll</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Headley S,    Germain M, Mailloux P, Mulhern J, Ashworth B, Burris J, et al. Resistance training    improves strength and functional measures in patients with end-stage renal disease.    Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40 (2): 355-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resistance training improves strength and functional measures in patients with end-stage renal disease.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Headley</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germain</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mailloux</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulhern</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashworth</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burris</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Parsons TL,    Toffelmire EB, King-Vanvlack CE. Exercise training during hemodialysis improves    dialysis efficacy and physical performance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006; 87    (5): 680-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise training during hemodialysis improves dialysis efficacy and physical performance</article-title>
          <source>Arch Phys Med Rehabil.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>680</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parsons</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toffelmire</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King-Vanvlack</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Koufaki P,    Mercer TH, Naish PF. Effects of exercise training on aerobic and functional    capacity of end stage renal disease patients. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2002;    22 (2): 115-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of exercise training on aerobic and functional capacity of end stage renal disease patients</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol Funct Imaging.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koufaki</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naish</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Koufaki P,    Mercer TH, Naish PF. Assessing the efficacy of exercise training in patients    with chronic disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34 (8): 1234-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessing the efficacy of exercise training in patients with chronic disease</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1234</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koufaki</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naish</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Storer TW,    Casaburi R, Sawelson S, Kopple JD. Endurance exercise training during haemodialysis    improves strength, power, fatigability and physical performance in maintenance    haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20 (7): 1429-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Endurance exercise training during haemodialysis improves strength, power, fatigability and physical performance in maintenance haemodialysis patients.</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1429</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Storer</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casaburi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawelson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopple</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Lang CC, Karlin    P, Haythe J, Tsao L, Mancini DM. Ease noninvasive mensurement of cardiac output    coupled with peak VO2 determination at rest and during exercise in patients    with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99 (3): 404-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ease noninvasive mensurement of cardiac output coupled with peak VO2 determination at rest and during exercise in patients with heart failure.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karlin</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haythe</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancini</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Ara&#250;jo    CO, Makdisse MRP, Peres PAT, Tebexreni AS, Ramos LR, Matsushita AM, et al. Diferentes    padroniza&#231;&#245;es do teste da caminhada de seis minutos como m&#233;todo    para mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de idosos com    e sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 86 (3): 198-205.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diferentes padroniza&#231;&#245;es do teste da caminhada de seis minutos como m&#233;todo para mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de idosos com e sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente.</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makdisse</surname>
              <given-names>MRP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peres</surname>
              <given-names>PAT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tebexreni</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsushita</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Osada N, Chaitman    BR, Miller LW, Yip D, Cishek MB, Wolford TL, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise    testing identifies low risk patients with heart failure and severely impaired    exercise capacity considered for heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;    31 (3): 577- 82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing identifies low risk patients with heart failure and severely impaired exercise capacity considered for heart transplantation.</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage> 82</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Osada</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yip</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cishek</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolford</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Tanaka H. Effects    of cross-training. Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running    and swimming. Sports Med. 1994; 18 (2): 330-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of cross-training.: Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running and swimming.</article-title>
          <source>Sports Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>330</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Roberts JA,    Alspaugh JW. Specificity of training effects resulting from programs of treadmill    running and bicycle ergometer riding. Med Sci Sports. 1972; 4 (1): 6-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Med Sci Sports.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alspaugh</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Verstappen    FT, Huppertz RM, Snoeckx LH. Effect of training specificity on maximal treadmill    and bicycle ergometer exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1982; 3 (1): 43-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of training specificity on maximal treadmill and bicycle ergometer exercise.</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verstappen</surname>
              <given-names>FT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huppertz</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snoeckx</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Miller BW,    Cress CL, Jonhson ME, Nichols DH, Schnitzier MA. Exercise during hemodialysis    decreases the use of antihypertensive medications. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39    (4): 828-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise during hemodialysis decreases the use of antihypertensive medications.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>828</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cress</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonhson</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnitzier</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Deligiannis    A, Kouidi E, Tassoulas E, Gigis P, Tourkantonis A, Coats A. Cardiac effects    of exercise rehabilitation in hemodialysis patients. Int J Cardiol. 1999; 70    (3): 253-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac effects of exercise rehabilitation in hemodialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deligiannis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kouidi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tassoulas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gigis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tourkantonis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Anderson JE,    Boivin MR, Hatchett L. Effect of exercise training on interdialytic ambulatory    and treatment-related blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2004;    26 (5): 539-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of exercise training on interdialytic ambulatory and treatment-related blood pressure in hemodialysis patients.</article-title>
          <source>Ren Fail.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boivin</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatchett</surname>
              <given-names>L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Goldberg AP,    Hagberg JM, Delmez JA, Haynes ME, Harter HR. Metabolic effects of exercise training    in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1980; 18 (6): 754-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metabolic effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients.</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>754</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagberg</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delmez</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haynes</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harter</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Kong CH, Tattersall    JE, Greenwood RN, Farrington K. The effect of exercise during haemodialysis    on solute removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999; 14 (12): 2927-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of exercise during haemodialysis on solute removal.</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2927</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kong</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tattersall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenwood</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farrington</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Aerobic exercise improves physical capacity in patients under chronic hemodialysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In the general population, regular practice of physical exercises is associated with improved physical capacity and reduction of cardiovascular events. Concerning patients with chronic kidney disease, a population with significant impairment of physical capacity and high rates of cardiovascular mortality, few studies have evaluated the effects of physical activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise during hemodialysis on the physical capacity and blood pressure of patients with chronic renal failure. METHODS: We evaluated 14 patients with chronic kidney disease under hemodialysis, before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise performed during hemodialysis sessions. Patients underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test before and after the exercise period. RESULTS: After the exercise, there was a significant increase in the distance walked during the 6-minute walk test from 509 &#177; 91.9 m to 555 &#177; 105.8 m, and a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure of 151 &#177; 18.4 mmHg to 143 &#177; 14.7 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of 94 &#177; 10.5 mmHg to 91 &#177; 9.6 mmHg and average arterial pressure from 114 &#177; 13.0 mmHg to 109 &#177; 11.4 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise conducted during hemodialysis sessions contributed to the improvement of physical capacity and control of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>vital capacity</kwd>
        <kwd>renal dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>walking</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Aerobic exercise improves physical capacity in patients under chronic hemodialysis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Diane Michela Nery Henrique; Maycon de Moura Reboredo; Alfredo Chaoubah; Rog&#233;rio Baumgratz de Paula</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> In the general population, regular practice of physical exercises is associated with improved physical capacity and reduction of cardiovascular events. Concerning patients with chronic kidney disease, a population with significant impairment of physical capacity and high rates of cardiovascular mortality, few studies have evaluated the effects of physical activity.</p>
      <p> OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise during hemodialysis on the physical capacity and blood pressure of patients with chronic renal failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We evaluated 14 patients with chronic kidney disease under hemodialysis, before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise performed during hemodialysis sessions. Patients underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test before and after the exercise period.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the exercise, there was a significant increase in the distance walked during the 6-minute walk test from 509 &#177; 91.9 m to 555 &#177; 105.8 m, and a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure of 151 &#177; 18.4 mmHg to 143 &#177; 14.7 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of 94 &#177; 10.5 mmHg to 91 &#177; 9.6 mmHg and average arterial pressure from 114 &#177; 13.0 mmHg to 109 &#177; 11.4 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Aerobic exercise conducted during hemodialysis sessions contributed to the improvement of physical capacity and control of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Exercise; vital capacity; renal dialysis; walking; blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the general population, the practice of physical activity (PA) is associated with improved physical capacity (PC), contributing to the control of hypertension (SAH) and reduced relative risk of death (RR)<sup>1</sup>. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in which over 50% of deaths are secondary to cardiovascular disease<sup>2</sup>, the practice of PA is uncommon and the literature does not provide specific recommendations regarding its performance<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that the practice of PA reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure<sup>4</sup>. O'Hare et al<sup>5</sup> compared a group of sedentary chronic renal patients with a physically active group and observed RR of death 62% higher in the sedentary group<sup>5</sup>. Stack et al<sup>6</sup> also reported that physical exercises performed four to five times a week reduced by about 30% the risk of death of physically active patients under hemodialysis, when compared to sedentary patients<sup>6</sup>. Based on these observations, some nephrology services have encouraged chronic renal failure patients to exercise, both in the interdialytic period and during hemodialysis sessions (HD)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Establishing a PA routine during HD brings advantages such as greater patient's willingness to practice exercise, convenient schedules, reducing the boredom of HD sessions and ease of medical care. In addition, PA in chronic renal failure patients under HD is associated with improved physical capacity (PC) and reduced blood pressure (BP). It also contributes to improving patients' quality of life<sup>8-10</sup>. Early works performed by our group confirm these benefits<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we assessed the impact of an individualized aerobic exercise program (AE) supervised and carried out during HD sessions, on PC and BP of chronic renal failure patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an experimental study in which 14 adult volunteering patients were evaluated (10 women and four men) with an average age of 48 years under hemodialysis in the Department of Nephrology of the University Hospital of <italic>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic> for at least three months. For inclusion in the study, patients had to be sedentary for six months or more. All patients signed an informed consent pursuant to Resolution n&#186; 196/96 issued by the National Health Council. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research of the University Hospital of <italic>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic> under number 290/2005 dated December 15, 2005.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were acute heart and lung disease; acute infectious diseases; hemoglobin &lt; 10 g/dl and hematocrit &lt; 30%; glucose &gt; 300 mg/dl; physical or mental disability preventing the proper performance of the protocol; cancer and pregnancy.</p>
      <p>The study was divided into pre and post AE phase. In the pre-AE phase, each volunteer underwent medical evaluations and physical therapy followed by laboratory tests and an electrocardiogram at rest (ECG), Doppler echocardiography (ECO) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). For evaluation of PC, a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were performed. After these assessments, the volunteers underwent supervised AE during HD sessions for 12 weeks. In the post-exercise phase, laboratory tests, ABPM, 6MWT and CPET were repeated.</p>
      <p>The medical evaluation consisted of anamnesis and clinical general examinations and active search for signs and symptoms related to physical stress. Meanwhile, the physical therapy evaluation aimed at designing a stretching and warm-up program that would be consistent with the musculoskeletal condition of patients.</p>
      <p>Conventional ECG was performed in Ecafix electrocardiograph model ECG6 and analyzed according to the classic electrocardiographic diagnostic criteria<sup>11</sup>. The ECG was performed by an echocardiographer accredited by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology in a GE-branded ultrasound equipment model Logic500.</p>
      <p>For ABPM, an oscillometric blood pressure monitor (SpaceLabs, 90207) validated by the British Society of Hypertension was used<sup>12</sup>. The examination was performed and evaluated according to the Guideline for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring<sup>13</sup>. During this examination, patients were instructed to maintain their usual activities and medications.</p>
      <p>The 6MWT was used for initial assessment of PC, before and after the AE phase. In this test, patients are instructed to walk as fast as possible for 6 minutes on a flat track of 30 m, recording the final distance in meters. Patients can slow down, stop and rest, without stopping the clock. Running or jogging is not allowed. Two tests were performed on the same day with an interval of 30 minutes. For the purposes of valid result, the longest distance achieved was considered<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The CPET was performed on a treadmill ergometer, Inbraesporte brand, with Micromed's Elite software. We used the ramp protocol according to the Guideline on Techniques and Equipment to Perform Ergometry and Ergospirometry Tests<sup>15</sup>. For the analysis of exhaled gases (airflow and volume and exhaled fractions of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>), the gas analyzer VO<sub>2000</sub> was used. During the test, ECG and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously through CM5. The variables evaluated through CPET were peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2PEAK</sub>), which expresses the physical capacity<sup>15</sup> and the decrease of HR in the first minute of recovery, which evaluates the vagal tone<sup>16</sup>. The values considered normal for VO<sub>2PEAK</sub> vary according to sex and age and are calculated using mathematical equations<sup>17</sup>. Regarding the decrease of HR, a reduction greater than 12 beats in the first minutes of recovery is considered appropriate<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>All tests were performed at the greatest interdialytic period. Those patients who were submitted to dialysis on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays performed ABPM, 6MWT and CPET on Tuesday and those receiving dialysis on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays performed it on Wednesday. All drugs used regularly by the patient were maintained throughout the study.</p>
      <p>The intervention consisted of performance of AE during HD sessions three times a week and for 12-week period. Such exercise consisted of a warm-up phase, performance of aerobic exercise on stationary bicycle and, finally, the "cooling" stage. We used a Moviment-branded horizontal electromagnetic cycle ergometer, model BM 4000.</p>
      <p>In the warming up, patients underwent passive stretching of lower limbs and aerobic activity on the bicycle with the lowest load applicable to the ergometer used, which was 0.5 KPM, and rotation close to 35 rpm for 5 minutes.</p>
      <p>After the warm-up phase, we performed a conditioning phase, with 30 minutes of exercise during the first two hours of HD in order to avoid physical stress in the second half of the session, when patients' hemodynamic conditions are unfavorable. HR was monitored continuously using a Polar-branded heart rate monitors model F1, and BP was measured at rest every 5 minutes of exercise and after cooling.</p>
      <p>On cooling, after 2 minutes on the bicycle with minimal load and rotation of 35 RPM, passive stretching of lower limbs were applied again. Then, the AT session was discontinued.</p>
      <p>The prescription of exercise intensity was based on Borg's Perceived Exertion Scale<sup>18</sup>. According to this scale, patients assign a score to the intensity of fatigue that varies from 6 to 20 points. During the AE, at every 5 minutes, patients were asked about the score they would assign to their fatigue at that moment, and the bicycle load was maintained to achieve an intensity of stress enough to determine a score of fatigue between 11 and 13 points, which corresponds to an exercise of "mild" intensity to "quite hard" in this scale. The rotation speed on the bicycle pedal should remain close to 50 rpm within the 30 minutes of exercise in order to achieve a stable exercising intensity.</p>
      <p>At the beginning of HD, the AE session would be discontinued if the patient presented systolic BP &gt; 180 mmHg and/or diastolic BP &gt; 110 mmHg, interdialytic weight gain &gt; 5 kg, difficult vascular access or any symptom that could impair the exercise. Once the AE started, the criteria for discontinuing the exercise were reports of intense physical fatigue (Borg scale &gt; 15), chest pain, hypoglycemia, dizziness, paleness, fainting, pre-syncope, dyspnea disproportionate to the intensity of exercise, arrhythmia, hypotension or hypertensive response.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of dialysis quality was determined by Kt/V, a dimensionless index that measures the clearance of urea, based on the distribution of urea in total body water<sup>19</sup>. An index of Kt/V <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.4 is considered optimal. We obtained the medical records of patients before and after the AE period, as well as serum urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and the pre and post AE values were compared by Student t test. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p value was <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>The research received financial support from Capes and Imepen foundation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Demographic and clinical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the main demographic and clinical characteristics. The average age was 48 &#177; 12.8 years, including four male patients (28.6%) and 10 (71.4%) women. The average hemodialysis time was 94 &#177; 43.9 months and the most frequent cause of CKD was chronic glomerulonephritis, followed by hypertension. Out of the 14 patients studied, 12 (85%) were hypertensive and were under medical treatment. During the study, there were no significant changes in the class or dose of antihypertensive drug. Patients' dry weight was similar before and after the AE period and ranged from 56.8 &#177; 12.99 kg before exercise to 56.4 &#177; 12.72 kg at the end of the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0823-00043-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The average number of patients willing to take exercise sessions was 82% and the goal of 30 minutes of tolerance to exercise was achieved by patients around the fourth week. In the first week of exercise, the average time in exercise sessions was equal to 21.29 &#177; 9.19 minutes. At the end of 12 weeks, this time increased to 33 &#177; 4.22 minutes, with a statistically significant difference compared to the first week of exercise. It is worth noting the absence of relevant clinical complications during the exercise, with only one episode of pre-syncope, which led to the discontinuation of that exercise session and exercise was resumed at the next session of hemodialysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular variables and physical capacity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Upon ECG at rest, all patients had sinus rhythm, seven patients (50%) presented abnormal ventricular repolarization, and three (21%) with diagnostic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. ECG detected left ventricular hypertrophy in eight patients, which accounted for 57% of the sample. In addition, it also detected ascending aorta ectasia in one patient (7%), increased end-diastolic diameter of LV in two patients (14%) and ejection fraction smaller than 60% in four patients (28 %).</p>
      <p>At baseline, 24-hour average systolic BP, diastolic BP and mean BP were respectively equal to 150 &#177; 18.4 mmHg, 95 &#177; 10.5 mmHg and 114 &#177; 13.0 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>). At the end of the AE, there was a statistically significant reduction in systolic BP to 143 &#177; 14.7 mmHg, diastolic BP to 91 &#177; 9.6 mmHg and average BP to 109 &#177; 11.4 mmHg, despite maintaining the same doses of antihypertensive drugs and the dry weight of patients. Before the AE, most patients (13/14) presented reduced nocturnal sleep pressure with reduction values of systolic and diastolic BP respectively equal to 0 &#177; 1.1% and 2 &#177; 9.1%. After the AE, these values increased significantly to 3 &#177; 9.3% and 5 &#177; 10.7%, respectively. However, both decreases did not reach minimum regular values (10%).</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0823-00043-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Upon PC assessment, there was a significant increase in 6MWT distance of 509 &#177; 91.9 m in the pre-exercise to 555 &#177; 105.8 m at the end of the AE period corresponding to an increase of about 10%. Despite the increase in the distance run, the perceived exertion according to the Borg scale was stable and was equal to 12 &#177; 1.5 before the AE and 12 &#177; 1.1 after the AE, a finding that suggests improved tolerance to exercise.</p>
      <p>After the AE period, the VO<sub>2PEAK</sub> values determined by CPET ranged from 20.7 &#177; 6.91 ml/kg.min<sup>-1</sup> in the pre-AT phase to 21.3 &#177; 10.13 ml/kg.min<sup>-1</sup> after the AE with no statistically significant difference. Another variable assessed in the CPET, the decrease of heart rate in the first minute of recovery, also presented non-significant increase of 16 &#177; 4.2 beats to 18 &#177; 5.7 beats after the exercise period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the AE phase, there was a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin and triglyceride levels, and significant reduction in creatinine levels. The increase in hemoglobin was combined with a slight reduction of weekly dosage of erythropoietin required to achieve the target of 11 g/l of hemoglobinemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we observed that aerobic exercise sessions held during HD was associated with increased PC, better control of hypertension and improved anemia.</p>
      <p>Patients under HD have significant reduction of physical capacity compared to healthy sedentary individuals of the same sex and same age<sup>20</sup>. While CPET is the gold standard in PC measurement<sup>17</sup>, this test involves relatively high costs, use of special equipment and performance by specially trained professional, which impairs its frequent use in clinical practice. The 6MWT has also been used in this study because it is one of the tests most commonly used in literature to estimate PC, since it is easy to use, inexpensive and it represents daily activities<sup>14</sup>. This test has been widely used in patients with cardiac and lung diseases, but its application in patients with CKD is often limited to clinical research.</p>
      <p>The average distance achieved in the 6MWT in the pre-exercise phase was similar to that achieved in other studies, which evaluated patients with CKD under HD<sup>21-23</sup>. Then, after 12 weeks of AE, the distance run in the 6MWT increased by 10%, indicating considerable improvement in PC. These findings are consistent with the study by Parsons et al<sup>23</sup>, who observed a 14% increase of PC in 6MWT after exercise of 13 patients under HD for 20 weeks.</p>
      <p>Along with the increased distance run in the 6MWT, most patients assessed have an improved feeling of fatigue as measured by the Borg scale. Furthermore, the patients showed a 35% increase in the time of tolerance to aerobic exercises at the end of 12 weeks of AE. These findings suggest the benefit of a supervised exercise program on the improvement of PC.</p>
      <p>Paradoxically, in the sample, the application of CPET after the AE period showed no significant difference in VO<sub>2PEAK</sub> when compared to test results before exercise. These findings contrast with some publications reporting an average increase of 20% in the VO<sub>2PEAK</sub> in chronic renal patients undergoing AE<sup>24-26</sup>, which is also opposite to the findings obtained in the 6MWT. These discrepancies may be related to technical difficulties for examination, such as age, comorbidities, difficult to understand. Accordingly, there have been reports of dissociation between the value of VO<sub>2PEAK</sub> and the prognosis of patients with severe heart disease<sup>27-29</sup>. In this study, this hypothesis was reinforced by the intolerance of many patients to the procedures required to perform CPET. These complications have often led to discontinuation of the test. Another aspect to be considered was the fact that the AT was carried out on a stationary bicycle, because patients are required to remain seated during HD sessions, while the CPET was performed on a treadmill. This fact may have influenced patients' performance, once immediate functional muscle adaptations responsible for early physical capacity improvements are linked to the type of exercise<sup>30-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to VO<sub>2PEAK</sub>, CPET was also used to assess vagal tone, by analyzing the decrease of HR in the first minute of recovery. In this test, reductions smaller than 12 beats relate to improper vagal tone and are associated with higher relative risk of death<sup>16</sup>. In the sample studied, the decrease of HR in the first minute of recovery was equal to 16 &#177; 4.2 bpm before the AE, with a non-significant rise to 18 &#177; 5.7 bpm after the AE. These findings are consistent with an appropriate vagal response.</p>
      <p>The pressure evaluation was performed by ABPM, which is the reference standard for indirect measurement of BP, which has been frequently used in literature to assess the pressure behavior of chronic renal patients<sup>33-35</sup>. The findings showed that 12 patients (85%) were hypertensive, most of which used three or more antihypertensive agents. After the AT, there was significant reduction in blood pressure, despite the maintenance of anti-hypertensive therapy and absence of changes in estimated dry weight. In addition, we also observed decreased nocturnal sleep blood pressure in most patients, although the average reduction in BP during sleep has not yet reached normal values<sup>13</sup>. These findings, also observed in a previous study<sup>8</sup>, are compatible with the antihypertensive effect of aerobic exercise and have been confirmed by other authors with individual measures of BP<sup>33,34</sup>. In one of the few studies that used ABPM to assess BP, Anderson et al<sup>35</sup> studied 19 patients who had significant improvement in blood pressure control after three and six months of AE. These data are consistent with the results of this study and suggest the ABPM as an effective method for pressure evaluation of patients with chronic renal failure.</p>
      <p>As for laboratory data, it is worth mentioning the smaller need for erythropoietin to maintain target levels of hemoglobinemia after the AE period, suggesting the beneficial effect of AE on the control of anemia in CKD. A similar benefit was reported by Goldberg et al<sup>36</sup> after a period of exercise in a group of patients under chronic hemodialysis. Although we know the effect of exercise in improving lipid profiles in different populations, including CKD, the results of this study showed increased levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. Thus, we can speculate about dietary factors associated with these findings, such as reduction of appetite loss among CKD patients, however, these aspects were not evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>At the end of the AE period, there was a slight increase of Kt/V accompanied by a significant reduction in creatinine indicating a trend of improvement in the quality of dialysis. Although this study was not focused on evaluating this aspect, it is possible that peripheral vasodilation and increased blood flow induced by the exercise have helped removing toxins during HD<sup>23,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>In summary, AE during HD sessions is a safe strategy associated with PC improvement. It also contributes to better blood pressure control and improvement of anemia in CKD patients. However, before being extrapolated to the population of CKD patients, these data require confirmation in samples with larger number of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The application of a supervised program of aerobic exercise in chronic renal patients during hemodialysis was associated with improvement in physical capacity, control of hypertension and anemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CAPES and IMEPEN.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Diane Michela Nery Henrique, from <italic>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
