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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rgXFqSKJc4LRDN6N4vQH9Fh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400615</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes normotensos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia de Fatima dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Aleta R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reuters</surname>
            <given-names>Vaneska Spinelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Cloyra Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaisman</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>806</fpage>
      <lpage>812</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O hipotireoidismo manifesto est&#225; associado com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HS) e altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; desconhecida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) por 24 horas em pacientes normotensos com HS em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos normotensos eutire&#243;ideos (EU). M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 50 participantes (HS = 30 e EU = 20) que n&#227;o apresentavam diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com um monitor Dynamapa&#174;, utilizando-se um m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico validado pela AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) e pela BHS (British Hypertension Society). RESULTADOS: Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de TSH e T4 livre foram respectivamente 6,9 &#177; 2,2 &#181;UI/ml e 1,1 &#177; 0,2 ng/dl em pacientes com HS. Apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre os dois grupos, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia (PADM) e os valores s&#233;ricos de TSH em pacientes com HS (r:0,477; p = 0,004). Essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi detectada por medidas diurnas (r:0,498; p = 0,002) e noturnas (r:0,322; p = 0,032). CONCLUS&#195;O: A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o diferiu entre pacientes com ou sem HS; contudo, os resultados sugerem que a progress&#227;o de hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico para n&#237;veis mais elevados de TSH pode aumentar o risco cardiovascular atrav&#233;s do aumento da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipotireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> MAPEAMENTO AMBULATORIA DA PA (MAPA)</p>
    <p>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes normotensos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcia Martins Ferreira; Patricia de Fatima dos Santos Teixeira; Vera Aleta R. Mansur; Vaneska Spinelli Reuters; Cloyra Paiva Almeida; Mario Vaisman</bold>
    </p>
    <p> HUCFF-Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ; Previ-Lab, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O hipotireoidismo manifesto est&#225; associado com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HS) e altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; desconhecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) por 24 horas em pacientes normotensos com HS em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos normotensos eutire&#243;ideos (EU). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 50 participantes (HS = 30 e EU = 20) que n&#227;o apresentavam diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com um monitor Dynamapa<sup>&#174;</sup>, utilizando-se um m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico validado pela AAMI (<italic>Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation</italic>) e pela BHS (<italic>British Hypertension Society</italic>). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de TSH e T4 livre foram respectivamente 6,9 &#177; 2,2 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml e 1,1 &#177; 0,2 ng/dl em pacientes com HS. Apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre os dois grupos, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia (PADM) e os valores s&#233;ricos de TSH em pacientes com HS (r:0,477; p = 0,004). Essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi detectada por medidas diurnas (r:0,498; p = 0,002) e noturnas (r:0,322; p = 0,032). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o diferiu entre pacientes com ou sem HS; contudo, os resultados sugerem que a progress&#227;o de hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico para n&#237;veis mais elevados de TSH pode aumentar o risco cardiovascular atrav&#233;s do aumento da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Hipotireoidismo, press&#227;o arterial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HS) &#233; definido como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide (TSH) com n&#237;veis circulantes normais de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos livres (T4 livre e T3 livre)<sup>1,2</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral &#233; de 1 a 10%, de acordo com diferentes estudos<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O horm&#244;nio da tireoide tem diversos efeitos na hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular, tais como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e press&#227;o arterial<sup>8,9</sup>. Fatores que afetam a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica ou o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco podem estar envolvidos no controle da press&#227;o arterial, afetando a equa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica de press&#227;o arterial = d&#233;bito card&#237;aco x resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica<sup>10</sup>. O horm&#244;nio da tireoide exerce efeito no m&#250;sculo liso vascular perif&#233;rico atrav&#233;s do T3 convertido a partir do T4 pelas desiodases tipos 1 e 2; a presen&#231;a da &#250;ltima foi detectada na m&#233;dia a&#243;rtica de ratos<sup>11</sup>. Experimentos envolvendo c&#233;lulas a&#243;rticas endoteliais e do m&#250;sculo liso vascular revelaram relaxamento em resposta &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao T3, sugerindo que o T3 agiu diretamente nas c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular causando o relaxamento vascular. H&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os horm&#244;nios da tireoide e a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (RVS), e a defici&#234;ncia de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano leva ao aumento da RVS<sup>12</sup>. O hipotireoidismo est&#225; associado com uma menor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente, e estudos com animais propuseram que o estado da tireoide altera as capacidades tanto para a forma&#231;&#227;o quando para a resposta ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com HS pode ocasionar uma redu&#231;&#227;o na disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico com resultante dano na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O hipotireoidismo manifesto resulta em uma alta resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica com o consequente aumento da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica<sup>14-17</sup>. &#201; ainda desconhecido se o HS est&#225; associado com a altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). A medida da press&#227;o arterial pelo m&#233;todo tradicional de obten&#231;&#227;o de um pequeno n&#250;mero de leituras atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria &#233; caracterizada pela alta variabilidade. As raz&#245;es para essa variabilidade consistem desde problemas na t&#233;cnica do examinador, ao efeito do "jaleco-branco" (eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial em ambiente m&#233;dico), at&#233; &#224; pr&#243;pria variabilidade inerente da press&#227;o arterial<sup>18</sup>. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) possibilita a mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o durante o sono e permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es circadianos da press&#227;o arterial<sup>19</sup>. O presente estudo avaliou a press&#227;o arterial atrav&#233;s da monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (MAPA) por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas, em pacientes normotensos com HS e comparou os resultados com controles eutire&#243;ideos normotensos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta pacientes com HS (29 mulheres e 1 homem) e vinte indiv&#237;duos (18 mulheres e 2 homens) foram recrutados do ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Para serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo, os pacientes com HS foram submetidos a duas dosagens laboratoriais s&#233;ricas de TSH com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de seis semanas, ambas com n&#237;veis de TSH acima do limite superior normal (4,0 mUI/ml) e tiroxina livre (T4 livre) dentro do intervalo normal (0,9-1,8 ng/dl). Todos os participantes tinham dezoito anos ou mais e deram seu consentimento por escrito para participar do estudo, o qual foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Indiv&#237;duos em tratamentos com drogas ou que apresentavam quaisquer doen&#231;as que pusessem afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide ou press&#227;o arterial foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes em tratamento para hipertens&#227;o e aqueles com IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m&#178; ou com diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito. Para avaliar pacientes com HS, somente nas formas leves, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH tr&#234;s vezes maiores que o valor de refer&#234;ncia m&#225;ximo de diferentes m&#233;todos laboratoriais (&gt; 12,0 mUI/ml). Existem mais evid&#234;ncias na literatura sobre consequ&#234;ncias negativas de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH maiores que 10,0 mUI/ml no HS, contudo, o intervalo de refer&#234;ncia superior de diferentes m&#233;todos laboratoriais pode variar entre 4,0 e 5,5 mUI/ml<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p> Os indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos apresentavam um hist&#243;rico negativo de doen&#231;as da tireoide, um exame f&#237;sico normal da gl&#226;ndula tireoide e dosagens s&#233;ricas de TSH e T4 livre dentro dos intervalos normais (0,4- 4,0mUI/ml e 0,9-1,8 ng/dl) sem a presen&#231;a de anticorpos (anti-TPO) anti-tireoperoxidase no soro. </p>
    <p> Amostras em jejum de sangue venoso dos participantes foram obtidas pela manh&#227;, a partir da veia antecubital. TSH, T4 livre e anti-TPO s&#233;ricos foram medidos atrav&#233;s de ensaios imunoquimioluminescentes (DPC - <italic>Diagnostic Products Corporation/Immulite</italic> 2000<sup>&#174;</sup>). Os intervalos de refer&#234;ncia para o TSH e T4 livre foram, respectivamente, 0,4-4,0 mUI/ml e 0,9-1,8 ng/dl. N&#237;veis de anti-TPO &gt; 35 UI/ml foram considerados positivos. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra-ensaios foram 3,8-12,5%, 4,4-7,5% e 4,3-5,6% para TSH, T4 livre e anti-TPO, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o entre ensaios foram 4,6-12,5%, 4,8-9,0% e 7,8-10,5%. N&#237;veis de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos foram medidos por testes imunoenzim&#225;ticos (Dimension<sup>&#174;</sup>; Dade Boehring S.A.). A lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-c) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald (LDL = CT - (HDL + TG/5).</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes tiveram sua press&#227;o arterial medida em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es, durante a visita cl&#237;nica, por um m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo estudo, utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 / 90 mmHg foi considerada um resultado anormal, requerendo uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o e a exclus&#227;o do protocolo. </p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) foi realizada com um monitor Dynamapa<sup>&#174;</sup>, usando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, validado pela AAMI (<italic>Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation</italic>) e pela BHS (<italic>British Hypertension Society</italic>). As medidas foram feitas a cada 15 minutos de intervalo durante o dia e em intervalos de 30 minutos &#224; noite. Valores m&#233;dios de PAS, PAD e PA m&#233;dia (PAM) foram registrados em todas as leituras ao longo de 24 horas. A diferen&#231;a entre a PA m&#233;dia durante o dia e a noite foi calculada. A queda nos valores noturnos da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foi expressa como uma porcentagem dos valores da PA m&#233;dia diurnos. Os pacientes foram classificados como dippers ou n&#227;o-dippers quando a queda da PAM foi <underline>&gt;</underline> 10% ou &lt; 10%, respectivamente. Os resultados foram interpretados de acordo com a <italic>The Seventh Joint of High Blood Pressure</italic>, e os indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP e comparados com dois grupos usando o teste <italic>t </italic>de <italic>Student</italic> para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para dados n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos. O grupo HS tamb&#233;m foi avaliado de acordo com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH. Pacientes no primeiro grupo HS apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH que n&#227;o atingiam duas vezes o valor de refer&#234;ncia superior de TSH e aqueles no segundo grupo apresentavam maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH, at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 12,0 mUI/ml. Foi feita uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos (Eutireoidismo <italic>vs</italic> Pacientes com HS com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos &gt; 4,0-8,0 mUI/ml <italic>vs</italic> pacientes com HS com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH &gt; 8.0 mUI/ml) atrav&#233;s dos testes de Kruskall-Wallis ou ANOVA. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas pelos &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman, de acordo com os padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o (normal ou n&#227;o-normal). O teste c<sup>2</sup> e o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para comparar as propor&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis qualitativas em dois grupos. Uma curva ROC foi elaborada para detectar qual n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de TSH tinha melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para ser associado a n&#237;veis mais altos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Um valor p &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos e trinta pacientes com HS foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A presen&#231;a de anti-TPO foi detectada em 21 pacientes com HS. Os dois grupos de estudo apresentavam idades m&#233;dias e IMC similares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes e controles eram uniformes em termos de g&#234;nero, etnia, tabagismo atual, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, estado de menopausa, hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o e n&#237;veis de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de TSH foram 6,9 &#177; 2,2 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml (varia&#231;&#227;o 4,15 a 11,8 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml) em pacientes com HS e 1,48 &#177; 0,6<italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml nos controles. Os n&#237;veis de T4 livre foram significativamente menores nos pacientes HS, embora estivessem dentro dos par&#226;metros normais (1,1 <italic>vs</italic> 1,25ng/dl, p = 0,001). A press&#227;o arterial cl&#237;nica foi similar em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica medidas durante o dia e &#224; noite e no per&#237;odo de 24 horas entre os pacientes com HS e os eutire&#243;ideos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Adicionalmente, quando os pacientes com HS foram avaliados de acordo com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH, os grupos do estudo demonstraram aspectos similares nos par&#226;metros de press&#227;o arterial na MAPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas nas frequ&#234;ncias de pacientes dippers entre os grupos; contudo, a queda noturna na PAD (maior que 10%) ocorreu em 60% dos pacientes com HS e 80% no grupo de controle (p = 0,131). O descenso noturno da PAS ocorreu em 70% e 71% dos pacientes e dos controles, respectivamente (p = 0,941). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grupo HS, foi observado que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH estavam positivamente correlacionados com os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica durante o dia (r<sub>s</sub>:0,498; p = 0,002) e &#224; noite (r<sub>s</sub>:0,322; p = 0,032), conforme mostrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os dados m&#233;dios de 24h da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH nos pacientes com HS (r: 0,477; p = 0,004). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre TSH e PAS ou descenso noturno da PA (os &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o foram menores que 0,100, com valores p &gt; 0,100). A m&#233;dia do descenso noturno da PA foi de 15,8 &#177; 0,06% no grupo controle, 14,5 &#177; 0,07% no grupo HS com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos abaixo de 8,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml, e 13,0 &#177; 0,07 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml em pacientes com HS com TSH s&#233;rico &gt; 8,0-12,0 <italic>&#181;</italic>UI/ml (p = 0,591).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A curva ROC mostrou que o valor de corte do TSH s&#233;rico melhor associado &#224;s eleva&#231;&#245;es de PA diurna e noturna (sensitividade e especificidade de 100%) era de 3,15 mUI/ml. Avaliando a PA diurna, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,795 para um valor maior que 70 mmHg para esta vari&#225;vel de estado, e 0,568 para o valor de 80 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Fig. 3</xref>). A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,821 para um valor maior que 70 mmHg de PA noturna.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo sugere uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da PAD e progress&#227;o do HS para n&#237;veis mais altos de TSH. Contudo, n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as nos valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica no grupo HS em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos. </p>
    <p>Os resultados tamb&#233;m sugerem que eleva&#231;&#227;o na PAD, ainda dentro dos par&#226;metros da normalidade, pode ocorrer como resposta aos incrementos nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH acima de 3,15 mUI/ml, em pacientes de meia-idade. &#201; importante destacar que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo eram indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Os mecanismos pelos quais os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH podem causar aumento de press&#227;o podem estar associados a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima da tireoide e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano na vasculariza&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos agem diretamente nas c&#233;lulas musculares e causam vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, ao reduzir a resist&#234;ncia arteriolar<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A singularidade do presente estudo foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de MAPA por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas, e n&#227;o apenas da PA ocasional. Estudos anteriores apresentaram resultados diferentes a respeito dos aspectos cardiovasculares do HS porque muitos deles tinham defini&#231;&#245;es diversas dos estados da doen&#231;a e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. O hipotireoidismo pode ser um indicador de maior dano cardiovascular ao &#243;rg&#227;o alvo, j&#225; que est&#225; associado com m&#233;dias mais altas de PAS 24h, press&#227;o de pulso 24h e variabilidade da PAS de 24 horas<sup>21</sup>. Um estudo recente mostrou que pacientes hipertensos de perfil n&#227;o-dipper tinham n&#237;veis menores de T3 livre s&#233;rico que pacientes de perfil dipper e que o T3 livre era um fator independente para predi&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o de perfil n&#227;o-dipper. Apesar da exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com HS, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de TSH dos n&#227;o dippers foi 3,5 &#177; 5,0 mUI/ml<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pelo nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar a PA pela MAPA, em um grupo de pacientes com HS, com r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, para minimizar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis confundidoras na variabilidade da PA. Os grupos HS e controle foram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco para PA elevada, para evitar poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias de fatores independentemente associados com o aumento do n&#237;vel de PA. Estudos anteriores utilizaram a medida usual da PA com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio ou aneroide, que podem ser influenciados pela t&#233;cnica do examinador, pelo efeito do jaleco-branco (a eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria, mas vari&#225;vel da PA em ambiente m&#233;dico) e pela variabilidade inerente da PA. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a PA durante as atividades diurnas e durante o sono, n&#227;o sofre essas influ&#234;ncias e &#233; v&#225;lida para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito do "jaleco-branco" na hipertens&#227;o<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As discrep&#226;ncias nos resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA em indiv&#237;duos com HS podem refletir um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o resultante do formato do estudo baseado na cl&#237;nica e da falta de informa&#231;&#227;o a respeito dos fatores de risco de hipertens&#227;o dos participantes. No estudo Whickham, mulheres com HS e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH &gt; 6,0 mUI/ml apresentaram PAM maior que os controles, mas os resultados n&#227;o foram ajustados por idade<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Luboshitzky e cols.<sup>23</sup> estudaram 57 pacientes do sexo feminino com HS e detectaram uma press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior quando comparada com os controles<sup>23</sup>. Seus pacientes apresentavam n&#237;veis maiores de TSH que os apresentados neste estudo, e inclu&#237;am participantes com hipertens&#227;o. O percentual de pacientes com PA elevada, valores elevados lim&#237;trofes de colesterol, colesterol total/HDL-c e triglic&#233;rides, foi significativamente maior do que nos controles.</p>
    <p>Faber e cols.<sup>24</sup> encontraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia com a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o com LT-4 em 16 mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 60 anos) com HS e TSH s&#233;rico m&#233;dio = 17,1mU/l<sup>24</sup>. Nagasaki e cols.<sup>25</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que pacientes com HS apresentavam aumento de PAD, em um grupo de pacientes idosos (65,2 &#177; 2,6 anos), com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de HDL-colesterol<sup>25</sup>. Owen e cols.<sup>26</sup> encontraram PAD mais alta em 19 indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino com HS em compara&#231;&#227;o a 10 controles eutire&#243;ideos e redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s tratamento com LT4 em HS, mas os pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL significativamente maiores do que os indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos tamb&#233;m pretenderam avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis mais altos de TSH e hipertens&#227;o em pacientes eutire&#243;ideos. Um grande estudo recente de base populacional, que incluiu 5.872 pacientes, relatou uma agrega&#231;&#227;o familiar de concentra&#231;&#245;es altas-normais de TSH em fam&#237;lias hipertensas<sup>27</sup>. Guimieak e cols.<sup>28</sup> relataram T4 livre s&#233;rico menor e n&#237;veis de TSH maiores em 194 indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos em compara&#231;&#227;o com 90 pessoas normotensas eutire&#243;ideas (TSH 1,7 &#177; 0,9 mU/ml versus 1,5 &#177; 0,8 mU/ml), mas os indiv&#237;duos eram mais velhos e apresentavam maior IMC que os normotensos, al&#233;m de outros fatores que poderiam influenciar a PA e que n&#227;o foram avaliados, como a dislipidemia<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis mais altos de PA nos pacientes com HS em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos mostrada neste estudo &#233; consistente com os dados do estudo transversal de 2.033 participantes realizado por Walsh e cols.<sup>29</sup>, mostrando que os valores m&#233;dios de PAS, PAD e a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o diferiam de forma significante entre os indiv&#237;duos HS (n = 82) e os indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos (n = 1.591). Contudo, ao contr&#225;rio de nosso estudo, eles n&#227;o demonstraram que um aumento no TSH s&#233;rico acima de 10,0 mU/ml poderia estar associado com qualquer aumento na PAS ou PAD<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Kvetny e cols.<sup>30</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na PA ao comparar 249 indiv&#237;duos com HS (TSH m&#233;dio = 3,7 mU/ml) e 963 indiv&#237;duos eutire&#243;ideos<sup>30</sup>. No estudo de Rotterdam n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as entre 124 mulheres com HS leve (TSH m&#233;dio 6,6 mU/ml) e 931 mulheres eutire&#243;ideas<sup>31</sup>. &#201; importante observar que os participantes eram mais velhos que aqueles dos estudos citados anteriormente (69,0 &#177; 7,9 anos). Resultados de um grande estudo de coorte prospectivo com 496 participantes com HS (TSH m&#233;dio = 6,67 mU/ml) e 2.639 controles eutire&#243;ideos, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o<sup>32</sup>. Estes dois &#250;ltimos trabalhos diferem do presente estudo porque a idade m&#233;dia dos participantes era maior que 65 anos. Biondi et al<sup>33</sup> estudaram 26 indiv&#237;duos com HS (TSH s&#233;rico m&#233;dio = 8,6 mUI/ml) e 30 controles eutire&#243;ideos e encontraram PA e RVS similares, mas os pacientes eram mais jovens (36 &#177; 12 anos) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles do presente estudo<sup>33</sup>. Monzani e cols.<sup>34</sup> n&#227;o encontraram valores de PA maiores em um grupo de 20 indiv&#237;duos com HS quando comparados a 20 controles, tamb&#233;m mais jovens (34,3 &#177; 12,3 anos) e com menor TSH m&#233;dio (5,4 &#177; 2,4 mUI/ml)<sup>34</sup>. Arem e cols.<sup>35</sup>, estudando 8 pacientes com HS antes e depois de um tratamento com tiroxina n&#227;o encontraram modifica&#231;&#227;o na PA (TSH s&#233;rico = 14,8 &#177; 9,5 mU/ml)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes inclu&#237;dos a partir de uma base de dados n&#227;o-populacional, mas a an&#225;lise de diferentes vari&#225;veis confundidoras, que foram similares entre os grupos, e os r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o minimizam essas caracter&#237;sticas. A inclus&#227;o de pacientes com HS com pequena eleva&#231;&#227;o no TSH &#233; importante, j&#225; que esse grupo de pacientes corresponde &#224; maioria dos pacientes com HS na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e a aus&#234;ncia de um consenso sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o de HS e doen&#231;a cardiovascular est&#225; especialmente presente nesse subgrupo de pacientes com HS. </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis mais elevados de PA em HS pode ser justificada pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o leve do HS e pela aus&#234;ncia de outras vari&#225;veis confundidoras no grupo, como a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH e PAD pode denotar um maior risco cardiovascular associado ao hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico. Esses dados devem ser confirmados em estudos futuros com grupos populacionais maiores e atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais benef&#237;cios com terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o com LT-4 em estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Patricia de Fatima dos Santos Teixeira </p>
        <p> Av. Pref. Dulcidio Cardoso, 1000/1703 - Barra da Tijuca </p>
        <p> 20620-311 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pfatima@hucff.ufrj.br">pfatima@hucff.ufrj.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 15/06/09; revisado recebido em 26/08/09; aceito em 24/09/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive patients with subclinical hypothyroidism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Overt hypothyroidism is associated with elevation of diastolic blood pressure; however the association of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) with arterial blood pressure (ABP) alteration is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), over 24 hours, in normotensive patients with SH in comparison to euthyroid (EU) normotensive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 50 participants (SH = 30 and EU = 20) that did not differ regarding risk factors for hypertension. The ABPM was carried out with a DINAMAPA TM monitor, using the oscillometric method validated by AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) and by the BHS (British Hypertension Society). RESULTS: The mean serum TSH and FT4 were respectively 6.9 &#177; 2.2 &#181;UI/ml and 1.1 &#177; 0.2 ng/dl in SH patients. Although there was no difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, there was a positive correlation between the mean values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum TSH levels in SH patients (r:0.477; p = 0.004). These correlations were detected at daytime (r:0.498; p = 0.002) and sleep-time (r:0.322; p = 0.032) measurements. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure was not different between patients with or without SH; however, the results suggest that the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism to higher levels of TSH may increase the cardiovascular risk by increasing diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypothyroidism</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive patients with subclinical hypothyroidism </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcia Martins Ferreira; Patricia de Fatima dos Santos Teixeira; Vera Aleta R. Mansur; Vaneska Spinelli Reuters; Cloyra Paiva Almeida; Mario Vaisman</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>HUCFF-Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ; Previ-Lab, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Overt hypothyroidism is associated with elevation of diastolic blood pressure; however the association of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) with arterial blood pressure (ABP) alteration is unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> The aim of the present study was to evaluate ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), over 24 hours, in normotensive patients with SH in comparison to euthyroid (EU) normotensive individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A cross-sectional study was performed with 50 participants (SH=30 and EU=20) that did not differ regarding risk factors for hypertension. The ABPM was carried out with a Dynamapa<sup>TM</sup> monitor, using the oscillometric method validated by AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) and by the BHS (British Hypertension Society).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The mean serum TSH and FT4 were respectively 6.9 &#177; 2.2 &#181;UI/ml and 1.1 &#177; 0.2 ng/dl in SH patients. Although there was no difference in the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, there was a positive correlation between the mean values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum TSH levels in SH patients (r:0.477; p = 0.004). These correlations were detected at daytime (r:0.498; p = 0.002) and sleep-time (r:0.322; p = 0.032) measurements.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The blood pressure was not different between patients with or without SH; however, the results suggest that the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism to higher levels of TSH may increase the cardiovascular risk by increasing diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypothyroidism; blood pressure; blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is defined as an elevation in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with normal circulating free thyroid hormone levels (FT4 and FT3)<sup>1,2</sup>. The prevalence in the general population is 1 to 10% according to different studies<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thyroid hormone has many effects on cardiovascular hemodynamics, such as heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure<sup>8,9</sup>. Factors affecting peripheral resistance or cardiac output can be involved in the control of blood pressure, affecting the basic equation blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance<sup>10</sup>. Thyroid hormone has an effect on peripheral vascular smooth muscle by T3 converted from T4 via types 1 and 2 deiodinases and the presence of the latter has been detected in aortic media of rats<sup>11</sup>. Experiments involving aortic endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells revealed relaxation in response to exposure to T3 and further suggested that T3 acted directly on vascular smooth cells to cause vascular relaxation. There is a correlation between thyroid hormones and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and thyroid hormone deficiency leads to increased SVR<sup>12</sup>. Hypothyroidism is associated with decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and animal studies have proposed that the thyroid status alters the capacity for both formation and response to nitric oxide. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with SH may result from reduction in nitric oxide availability, with resultant impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Overt hypothyroidism results in high systemic vascular resistance with a consequent rise in diastolic blood pressure<sup>14-17</sup>. Whether SH is associated with arterial blood pressure (ABP) alteration is unknown. Blood pressure measurement by the traditional method of obtaining a few readings through the auscultatory technique is characterized by too much variability. The reasons for this variability include a poor technique by the examiner, the "white-coat" effect (the transient elevation of blood pressure in a medical setting) and the inherent variability of blood pressure<sup>18</sup>. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) enables blood pressure to be measured during sleep and permits the evaluation of circadian patterns of blood pressure<sup>19</sup>. The present study evaluated arterial blood pressure, by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) over 24 hours, in normotensive patients with SH and compared the results to euthyroid normotensive controls.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty patients with SH (29 women and 1 men) and twenty euthyroid subjects (18 women and 2 men) were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). To be enrolled, SH patients had to have two TSH serum measurements, within a minimum interval period of six weeks, with both measured levels above the normal upper range (4.0 mUI/ml), and free thyroxine (FT4) within the normal range (0.9-1.8 ng/dl). All participants were eighteen years or older and gave their written informed consent to the study, which was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee, according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Subjects on drug treatment or those with any disease which might affect thyroid function or blood pressure were excluded. Patients undergoing treatment for hypertension and those with BMI&#179; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were also excluded. To evaluate only SH patients with mild thyroid disease, we excluded patients with serum TSH levels higher than three times the upper reference range (&gt; 12.0 mUI/ml). There is more evidence in the literature about the negative consequences of serum TSH levels &gt; 10.0 mUI/ml in SH; however, the upper reference range of different laboratory methods may vary between 4.0 and 5.5 mUI/ml<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The euthyroid subjects had a negative history of thyroid diseases and normal evaluation of the thyroid gland on palpation and a serum measurement of TSH and FT4 within the normal range (0.4-4.0mUI/ml and 0.9-1.8 ng/dl) with no antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) in serum.</p>
      <p>Fasting samples of venous blood were collected in the morning, from the antecubital vein of the participants. Serum TSH, FT4 and TPO-Ab were measured by immunochemiluminescent assays (DPC - Diagnostic Products Corporation/ Immulite 2000<sup>TM</sup>). Reference ranges for TSH and FT4 were respectively 0.4-4.0 mUI/ml and 0.9-1.8 ng/dl. Levels of TPO-Ab &gt; 35 UI/ml were considered positive. The intra-assay coefficients of variation were 3.8-12.5%, 4.4-7.5% and 4.3-5.6% for TSH, FT4 and TPO-Ab, respectively. The coefficients of variation between assays were 4.6-12.5%, 4.8-9.0% and 7.8-10.5%, respectively. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by immunoenzymatic methods (Dimension<sup>TM</sup>; Dade Behring S.A.). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels were calculated by Friedewald's formula (LDL = CT - (HDL + TG/5).</p>
      <p>BP was measured three times in every participant during the clinic visit, by a physician responsible for the study, using a mercury sphygmomanometer. A BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 / 90 mmHg was considered an abnormal result requiring reevaluation and exclusion from the protocol.</p>
      <p>The ABPM was performed with a DYNAMAP monitor, using the oscillometric method validated by the AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) and by the BHS (British Hypertension Society). The measurements were carried out at 15-minute intervals during the day and 30-minute intervals at night. Mean values of SBP, DBP and mean BP (MBP) were recorded in every reading throughout the 24-h interval. The difference between the mean BP during daytime and night-time was calculated. The nocturnal dipping in systolic, diastolic and mean BP was also expressed as the percentage of mean daytime BP values. Patients were classified as dippers or non-dippers when night-time MBP fall was <underline>&gt;</underline> 10% or &lt; 10% respectively. The results were interpreted according to The Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and individuals with a diagnosis of hypertension were excluded<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Results were expressed as the mean &#177; SD and were compared between two groups using the Student <italic>t</italic>- test, for normally distributed data, and the Mann- Whitney test for non-parametric data. The SH group was also evaluated according to serum TSH levels. Patients in the first SH group had serum TSH levels that did not reach two-fold the upper reference limit of serum TSH and that in the second group presented higher serum TSH levels, to a maximum of 12.0 mUI/ml. The comparisons between the three groups (Euthyroidism <italic>vs</italic> SH patients with serum TSH levels &gt; 4.0-8.0 mUI/ml <italic>vs</italic> SH patients with serum TSH &gt;8.0mUI/ml) were performed by Kruskall Wallis or ANOVA test. The correlations between two continuous variables were assessed by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation, according to the distributions patterns (normal or not normal). The c<sup>2</sup> test or the Fisher exact test compared the proportions of qualitative variables in the two groups. A ROC curve was created to detect which level of serum TSH had better sensitivity and specificity to be associated with higher levels of diastolic blood pressure. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty euthyroid subjects and thirty SH patients were included in the study. The presence of TPO-Ab was detected in twenty-one SH patients. Both study groups had similar means of age and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Patients and controls were well-matched for gender, race, current smoking, sedentary lifestyle, menopausal status, family history of hypertension and levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Mean serum TSH levels were 6.9 &#177; 2.2 &#181;UI/ml (range 4.15 to 11.8 &#181;UI/ml) in SH patients and 1.48 &#177; 0.6 &#181;UI/ml in controls. FT4 levels were significantly lower in SH patients, although they were within the normal range (1.1 <italic>vs</italic> 1.25 ng/dl, p = 0,001). Clinic blood pressure was similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was no difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads during daytime, night-time and 24-h between SH and euthyroid patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Moreover, when SH patients were evaluated according to serum TSH levels, the studied groups demonstrated similar aspects of blood pressure parameters at the ABPM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02-body2">Table 2</xref>). There were no statistical differences in the frequencies of dippers between the groups; however, the nocturnal dipping in DBP (higher than 10%) occurred in 60% of SH and 80.0% of the control group (p = 0.131). SBP nocturnal dipping occurred in 70 and 71% of patients and controls, respectively (p = 0.941).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When evaluating the SH group, we observed that serum TSH levels were positively correlated with mean values of diastolic blood pressure at daytime (r<sub>s</sub>:0.498; p = 0.002) and sleep-time (r<sub>s</sub>:0.322; p = 0.032) as showed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">2</xref>. There was a positive correlation between the mean 24-h values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum TSH levels in SH patients (r: 0.477; p = 0.004). There was no association between TSH and SBP or nocturnal BP dipping (the correlation indexes were &lt; 0.100, with p values &gt; 0.100). The mean dipping in nocturnal ABP was 15.8 &#177; 0.06% in the control group, 14.5 &#177; 0.07% in the SH group with serum TSH levels bellow 8.0 &#181;UI/ml and 13.0 &#177; 0.07 &#181;UI/ml in the SH patients with serum TSH &gt; 8.0-12.0 &#181;UI/ml (p = 0.591).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The ROC curve demonstrated that the cutoff value for serum TSH best associated with day-time and night-time DBP elevations was 3.15 mUI/ml (100% sensitivity and specificity). When evaluating day-time DBP, the area under the curve was 0.795 for a value greater than 70 mmHg of this state variable and 0.568 for a value of 80 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The area under the curve was 0.821 for a value &gt; 70 mmHg of night-time blood pressure.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0806-00040-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study suggests a possible association between higher diastolic BP levels and the progression of SH to higher serum TSH elevations. However, no differences were detected in the mean values of systolic or diastolic blood pressure in SH in comparison to euthyroid subjects.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the results suggest that mild elevations of DBP, even in the normal range, may occur in response to increments in serum TSH above 3.15 mUI/ml in middle age patients. It is important to notice that patients included in the present study were normotensive subjects. The mechanisms by which serum elevations of TSH levels would cause higher blood pressure may be associated with minimal thyroid dysfunction and reduction of thyroid hormone action on the peripheral vasculature. Thyroid hormones act directly on vascular muscle cells, causing vasodilatation by reducing arteriolar resistance<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A special feature of the present study was the evaluation by ABPM over a 24-hour period, not only by casual BP measurement. Previous studies differ in their results about cardiovascular aspects of SH, since many of them had diverse variable definitions of disease states and inclusion criteria. Hypothyroidism may be a predictor of higher cardiovascular target-organ damage, as it has been associated with higher mean 24-h systolic blood pressure, 24-h pulse pressure and 24-h systolic blood pressure variability<sup>21</sup>. A recent study demonstrated that non-dipper hypertensive patients had lower serum FT3 levels than dipper patients and that FT3 was an independent predictor of non-dipper hypertension. Despite the exclusion of SH patients, the mean serum TSH of non-dippers was 3.5 &#177; 5.0 mUI/ml<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate BP by ABPM in a group of SH patients with strict inclusion criteria, to minimize possible confounding variables in the BP variability. SH group was matched to controls for HBP risk factors, to avoid possible interference of factors independently associated with an increased BP level. Previous studies evaluated the usual measurement of BP with a mercury or aneroid sphygmomanometer, which can be influenced by the examiner's technique, white-coat effect (the transient, but variable elevation of BP in a medical setting), and the inherent variability of BP. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) provides information about BP during daily activities and sleep, is not affected by these influences and is warranted for the evaluation of "white-coat" hypertension<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The discrepancies in the results evaluating blood pressure in subjects with SH may reflect selection bias arising from clinic-based design and lack of information about hypertension risk factors of the participants. In the Whickham survey, SH women with mean serum TSH &gt; 6.0 mUI/ml had higher mean blood pressure than controls, but the results were not adjusted for age<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Luboshitzky et al<sup>23</sup> studied 57 female patients with SH and detected higher diastolic blood pressure when compared to controls<sup>23</sup>. Their patients had higher TSH levels than the ones in the present study (10.0 &#177; 4.0 &#181;U/ml) and included participants with hypertension. The percentage of patients with high blood pressure, borderline elevated cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-c and triglyceride levels was significantly higher than in controls.</p>
      <p>Faber et al<sup>24</sup> found a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and in the mean arterial pressure with LT-4 replacement among 16 women (mean age 60 years) with SH and mean serum TSH = 17.1 mU/l<sup>24</sup>. Nagasaki et al<sup>25</sup> also demonstrated that SH patients exhibited increased DBP, in a group of elderly patients (65.2 &#177; 2.6 years old), with lower serum HDL cholesterol levels<sup>25</sup>. Owen et al<sup>26</sup> found higher DBP in 19 female subjects with SH in comparison to 10 euthyroid controls and BP reduction after LT4 treatment in SH, but the patients had significantly higher total cholesterol and LDL levels than the euthyroid subjects<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have also aimed at evaluating the association between higher levels of TSH and hypertension in euthyroid patients. A recent large population-based study, including 5,872 patients, reported a familial aggregation of high-normal TSH levels in hypertensive families<sup>27</sup>. Guimieak et al<sup>28</sup> reported lower serum FT4 and higher TSH level in 194 euthyroid hypertensive individuals when compared with 90 euthyroid normotensive individuals (TSH 1.7 &#177; 0.9 mU/ml <italic>versus</italic> 1.5 &#177; 0.8 mU/ml), but hypertensive subjects were older and had higher BMI than normotensive subjects, and others factors that could influence BP were not evaluated, such as dyslipidemia<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>The absence of higher levels of ABP in SH in comparison to euthyroid subjects demonstrated in the present study is consistent with data from a cross-sectional study of 2,033 participants carried out by Walsh et al<sup>29</sup>, who showed that mean SBP, DBP and the prevalence of hypertension did not differ significantly between SH (n = 82) and euthyroid subjects (n = 1,591). However, differently from our study, they did not demonstrate that an increase in serum TSH &gt; 10.0 mU/ml was associated with any increase in systolic or diastolic BP<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Kvetny et al<sup>30</sup> did not find a significant difference in BP when comparing 249 subjects with SH (mean TSH = 3.7 mU/ml) and 963 euthyroid subjects<sup>30</sup>. In the Rotterdam study, no difference in was detected regarding BP between 124 women with mild SH (mean TSH 6.6 mU/ml) and 931 euthyroid women<sup>31</sup>. It is noteworthy the fact that the participants were older than those included in the aforementioned studies (69.0 &#177; 7.9 years). Results from a large prospective cohort study with 496 participants with SH (mean TSH = 6.67 mU/ml) and 2,639 euthyroid controls, did not demonstrate a higher prevalence of hypertension<sup>32</sup>. These two last studies differ from the present study, as the mean age of the participants was &gt; 65 years. Biondi et al<sup>33</sup>, studied 26 subjects with SH (mean serum TSH= 8.6 mUI/ml) and 30 euthyroid controls and found similar BP and SVR, but patients were younger (36 &#177; 12 years) in comparison to the present study<sup>33</sup>. Monzani et al<sup>34</sup> did not observe higher BP in a group of 20 SH individuals when compared to 20 younger controls (34.3 &#177; 12.3 years) and with lower mean TSH (5.4 &#177; 2.4 mUI/ml)<sup>34</sup>. Arem et al<sup>35</sup>, studying 8 patients with SH before and after thyroxine treatment, found no change in BP (serum TSH= 14.8 &#177; 9.5 mU/ml)<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>A limitation of the present study is the small sample size from a non-population database, but the analysis of different confounding variables that were similar between the groups and the strict exclusion criteria minimized these characteristics. The inclusion of SH patients with only mild serum TSH elevations is important, as this group of patients corresponds to the majority of SH patients in the general population and the absence of consensus about the association between SH and cardiovascular disease is specially present in this subgroup of SH patients.</p>
      <p>The absence of higher levels of blood pressure in SH can be justified by the mild presentation of SH and the absence of other confounding variables in the group, such as the presence of hypertension risk factors. However, the positive correlation between serum TSH levels and diastolic blood pressure may represent a higher cardiovascular risk associated to subclinical hypothyroidism. These data should be confirmed in further large population studies and through the assessment of potential benefits with LT-4 replacement in randomized trials.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by M&#225;rcia Martins Ferreira, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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