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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C7bc8j5YKjxhyXyTqJVXWZz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400614</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica longitudinal na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nani da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Licio</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Volponi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>799</fpage>
      <lpage>805</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN) &#233; hoje o modelo mais prevalente de IC em diferentes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, e anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de grau leve (subcl&#237;nica) t&#234;m sido observadas nesses pacientes quando a contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; avaliada no eixo longitudinal (S') pelo ecocardiograma Doppler tecidual (EDT), mesmo na presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE normal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN, de acordo com os novos crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica constatada pela medida de S' quando comparados com os pacientes em que a ICFEN n&#227;o foi confirmada. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e dezoito pacientes com sinais ou sintomas de IC foram submetidos a dosagem de BNP e ao EDT com medidas da velocidade do eixo longitudinal na s&#237;stole (S') e di&#225;stole (E') e medidas do fluxo transmitral durante a di&#225;stole (E,A). RESULTADOS: ICFEN foi confirmada em 38 pacientes (32,2%). O pico da velocidade mioc&#225;rdica durante a s&#237;stole (S') e a velocidade mioc&#225;rdica no inicio da di&#225;stole (E') estavam significativamente diminu&#237;das em pacientes com ICFEN em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes em que a ICFEN foi exclu&#237;da (7,8 &#177; 2,3 cm/s vs 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s p=0,002 - 7,7 &#177; 2,6 cm/s vs 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s-p=0,001). Valores m&#233;dios de BNP foram mais elevados em pacientes com ICFEN (140,5 &#177; 122,4 pg/ml vs 23,1 &#177; 25,0 pg/ml p&lt; 0,0001). S' se correlacionou de modo significativo com E' (r=0,457 - p&lt; 0,0001) mostrando uma forte liga&#231;&#227;o entre contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento ventricular. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos achados mostram redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, quando avaliada pelo S', na ICFEN, existindo correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (S') e diast&#243;lica (E/E'e E').</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica longitudinal na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Nani da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Volponi Licio<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN) &#233; hoje o modelo mais prevalente de IC em diferentes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, e anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de grau leve (subcl&#237;nica) t&#234;m sido observadas nesses pacientes quando a contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; avaliada no eixo longitudinal (S') pelo ecocardiograma Doppler tecidual (EDT), mesmo na presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE normal. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN, de acordo com os novos crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica constatada pela medida de S' quando comparados com os pacientes em que a ICFEN n&#227;o foi confirmada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Cento e dezoito pacientes com sinais ou sintomas de IC foram submetidos a dosagem de BNP e ao EDT com medidas da velocidade do eixo longitudinal na s&#237;stole (S') e di&#225;stole (E') e medidas do fluxo transmitral durante a di&#225;stole (E,A). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> ICFEN foi confirmada em 38 pacientes (32,2%). O pico da velocidade mioc&#225;rdica durante a s&#237;stole (S') e a velocidade mioc&#225;rdica no inicio da di&#225;stole (E') estavam significativamente diminu&#237;das em pacientes com ICFEN em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes em que a ICFEN foi exclu&#237;da (7,8 &#177; 2,3 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s p=0,002 - 7,7 &#177; 2,6 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s-p=0,001). Valores m&#233;dios de BNP foram mais elevados em pacientes com ICFEN (140,5 &#177; 122,4 pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 23,1 &#177; 25,0 pg/ml p&lt; 0,0001). S' se correlacionou de modo significativo com E' (r=0,457 - p&lt; 0,0001) mostrando uma forte liga&#231;&#227;o entre contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Nossos achados mostram redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, quando avaliada pelo S', na ICFEN, existindo correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (S') e diast&#243;lica (E/E'e E').</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, volume sist&#243;lico, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ecocardiografia Doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O acelerado envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e a elevada preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial t&#234;m ocasionado um crescimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN)<sup>1-3</sup>. Recentes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos envolvendo os dados da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria no Brasil<sup>4</sup> confirmam que a ICFEN j&#225; &#233; mais prevalente que IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER)<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico de ICFEN est&#225; centrado na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica decorrente de anormalidades do relaxamento e/ou aumento da rigidez ventricular esquerda. As altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas produzem retrogradamente a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio esquerdo e hipertens&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar, e consequentemente o aparecimento de dispneia de esfor&#231;o nesses pacientes<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia publicou um novo consenso<sup>9</sup> de como diagnosticar ou excluir ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais com sinais ou sintomas de IC. Esse documento estabeleceu como par&#226;metros diagn&#243;sticos a presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, volume diast&#243;lico final indexado (VDF-I) <underline>&lt;</underline>97 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que pode ser avaliada, de modo invasivo pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco, por medidas obtidas pelo EDT ou pela dosagem no sangue de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>FEVE &#233; o &#237;ndice mais utilizado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos como experimentais<sup>10</sup>. Isso ocorre especialmente por causa da n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de uma medida ideal de contratilidade card&#237;aca. Como sua medida e seu entendimento s&#227;o relativamente f&#225;ceis, FEVE tem se mantido na posi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice mais comumente usado. Embora a medida da FEVE tenha algum valor progn&#243;stico em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es, ela sofre influ&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-carga, p&#243;s-carga, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dissincronia e contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas n&#227;o &#233; uniforme ao longo da parede do VE, os feixes de m&#250;sculos subendoc&#225;rdicos e subepic&#225;rdicos est&#227;o dispostos longitudinalmente, enquanto as fibras localizadas no meio da parede s&#227;o alinhadas de modo circunferencial, sendo esse grupo de fibras musculares os principais respons&#225;veis pela contra&#231;&#227;o do eixo radial do VE. Como as fibras do eixo longitudinal na base do cora&#231;&#227;o correspondem ao anel atrioventricular (AV), mudan&#231;as no eixo longitudinal podem ser medidas pelo movimento do anel AV pelo EDT (S'), e um valor de corte maior que 7,5 cm/s teve uma sensibilidade de 79% e uma especificidade de 88% em predizer fun&#231;&#227;o global normal do VE<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos<sup>8,12-15</sup> t&#234;m mostrado que a ICFEN com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica bastante rara e que o mais comum &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o de ICFEN com altera&#231;&#245;es leves (subcl&#237;nicas) da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica que pode ser observada pela medida da velocidade de encurtamento do eixo longitudinal (S') feita atrav&#233;s do EDT. A presen&#231;a de FEVE normal nos pacientes portadores de ICFEN est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE), e na presen&#231;a de HVE a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; mantida dentro dos valores considerados normais apesar de uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico<sup>8</sup>. Na verdade, a aparente preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; mais um reflexo das limita&#231;&#245;es da FEVE, e evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica podem ser obtidas pelo EDT<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudamos pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de ICFEN para avaliar se aqueles em que o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado, de acordo com os novos crit&#233;rios da SEC, j&#225; apresentariam altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica constatada pela medida do S' quando comparados com os pacientes em que a ICFEN foi exclu&#237;da.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metodologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo observacional no qual foram avaliados 118 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade 68,8 &#177; 12,0 anos e 72,9% do sexo feminino) com suspeita clinica de IC com FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar grave, portadores de marcapasso card&#237;aco, pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos seis meses e portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar grave. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo um sem ICFEN (n=80; m&#233;dia de idade 66,0 &#177; 10,8 anos) e outro com ICFEN confirmada (n=38; m&#233;dia de idade 75,0 &#177; 12,1 anos) pelos crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de como diagnosticar ou excluir ICFEN<sup>9</sup>. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, e a pesquisa foi aprovada pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (n.00410.258.000-08).</p>
    <p>Os exames de ecocardiograma Doppler foram realizados no <italic>VIVID 7 GE</italic> e analisados pelo <italic>software Echopac</italic> por um experiente ecocardiografista, sem pr&#233;vio conhecimento dos resultados dos demais exames. Todos os exames foram revistos por um segundo ecocardiografista, que emitiu um laudo independentemente do primeiro examinador. As imagens foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de uma janela paraesternal e de uma janela apical para duas e quatro c&#226;maras. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo e &#225;trio esquerdo foram medidas no modo M na janela paraesternal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. Todas as v&#225;lvulas e seus padr&#245;es de fluxo foram inspecionados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as valvares. Os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram estimados pela m&#233;dia de cinco consecutivos batimentos card&#237;acos. Foram medidos o fluxo transmitral inicial (E), o tardio (A), a rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles (E/A), e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo transmitral inicial (TD). A velocidade de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no inicio da di&#225;stole (E') foi medida nos segmentos septal, lateral, anterior e posterior do anel mitral, e obtida a m&#233;dia dessas medidas. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi medida de modo global pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e pela medida do estiramento do eixo longitudinal durante a s&#237;stole (S'), pelo EDT, e o padr&#227;o normal da velocidade mioc&#225;rdica durante a s&#237;stole medido pelo EDT inclui uma deflex&#227;o inicial positiva que corresponde &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (S1) e a uma segunda onda positiva (S2), usualmente chamada de S', que corresponde &#224; fase de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
    <p>Todos os exames est&#227;o gravados e arquivados em m&#237;dia digital para futuras an&#225;lises ou revis&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram dosagem do BNP pelo <italic>Triage BNP Test</italic>, que &#233; um teste r&#225;pido por fluoroimunoan&#225;lise para medida quantitativa do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B utilizando sangue total ou plasma anticoagulado com EDTA, com leitura pelo <italic>Triage Meter.</italic> Os valores do BNP est&#227;o expressos em pg/ml.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram eletrocardiograma de repouso com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, sendo os exames avaliados por dois cardiologistas. Radiografia de t&#243;rax em PA e perfil foi realizada em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>Foram classificados como portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial os pacientes que apresentavam PA sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg ou estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>O programa SPSS (vers&#227;o <italic>15.0 SPSS Inc. Chicago</italic>) foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Todos os dados foram apresentados usando tabelas descritivas resumidas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dias&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros absolutos ou porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando o teste Qui-quadrado. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas usando o teste T para amostras independentes. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 30 pacientes com ICFEN que poderia prover um poder de 99% para o teste T pareado e 89% para o teste T n&#227;o pareado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pelo emprego do algoritmo da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia foi poss&#237;vel confirmar ICFEN em 38 pacientes (32,2%) e excluir em 80 pacientes (67,8%).</p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com e sem ICFEN s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04710_port_t01">tabela 1</xref>. Nos pacientes com ICFEN observa-se uma faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada (75,0 &#177; 12,1 anos <italic>vs</italic> 66,0 &#177; 10,8 - p &lt; 0,0001). N&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (78,9% <italic>vs</italic> 70,0% - p = 0,307) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (97,4% <italic>vs</italic> 86,3% - p = 0,062). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos pacientes com ICFEN quando comparados aos pacientes sem ICFEN(52,6% <italic>vs</italic> 15,0% e 26,3% <italic>vs</italic> 2,5% com valor de p &lt; 0,0001, respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04710_port_t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes com ICFEN (84,9 &#177; 21,3 bpm <italic>vs</italic> 73,5&#177;12,1 bpm - p &lt; 0,0001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos para os valores de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (90,6 &#177; 16,7 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 88,3 &#177; 11,9 mmHg p = 0,397), por&#233;m valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica tiveram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (158,9 &#177; 30,1 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 146,4 &#177; 22,5 mmHg p = 0,013).</p>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico BNP foi significativamente diferente entre pacientes com ICFEN e sem ICFEN (140,5 &#177; 122,4 pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 23,1 &#177; 25,0 pg/ml p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04710_port_t02">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o relacionados os par&#226;metros do EDT. A FEVE foi semelhante nos dois grupos, enquanto as demais medidas (E, E/A VAE-I, S', E', E/E', e massa VE-I) foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04710_port_t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes quando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada no eixo radial pela medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (71,0 &#177; 9,5% <italic>vs</italic> 72,9 &#177; 7,9% - p = 0,229). Por&#233;m, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE no eixo longitudinal (S') pelo EDT mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (7,8 &#177; 2,3 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s - p = 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Par&#226;metros como o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAE-I) e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes com ICFEN e sem ICFEN (42,5 &#177; 15,3 ml/m<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 28,4 &#177; 8,3 ml/m<sup>2</sup> p &lt; 0,0001 e 1,04 &#177; 0,70 <italic>vs</italic> 0,81 &#177; 0,29 p = 0,021).</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE avaliada pelo EDT mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa para os par&#226;metros que a valiam o relaxamento do VE (E' - 7,7 &#177; 2,6 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9,4 &#177; 2,5 cm/s - p = 0,001) e a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE(E/E' - 14,3 &#177; 6,5 <italic>vs</italic> 7,5 &#177; 2,0 - p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o do S' com outros par&#226;metros do ecocardiograma Doppler (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>) como a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E', o E' e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (r=(-)0,435; r=0,457 p &lt; 0,0001; r = (-) 0,240, p = 0,014) e tamb&#233;m com a massa do VE-I(r = (-) 0,229 - p = 0,014), por&#233;m valores de BNP e VAE-I n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o (r = (-) 0,125 p = 0,183; r = (-) 0,122 p = 0,194).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo foi observado que pacientes com ICFEN t&#234;m piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica quando avaliada pela medida da velocidade do anel mitral no eixo longitudinal (S') (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica avaliada no eixo radial est&#225; preservada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, conforme observado pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE acima de 50%. E nossos resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de Tan e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que demonstraram que pacientes com ICFEN apresentam tanto anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE e que ICFEN n&#227;o &#233; um dist&#250;rbio isolado da di&#225;stole<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da ICFEN esteve durante muitos anos relacionada &#224;s anormalidades diast&#243;licas do relaxamento e/ou rigidez do VE, sendo a discuss&#227;o sobre fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pouco valorizada em raz&#227;o de a FEVE estar normal nesses pacientes<sup>18</sup>. A FEVE como &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tem, por&#233;m, importantes limita&#231;&#245;es em raz&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia de pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga, sub&#243;tima reprodutibilidade e reduzida sensibilidade em detectar pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE.</p>
    <p>Novas discuss&#245;es mecanicistas envolvendo a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica mediante m&#233;todos de imagem que avaliam mecanismos de tor&#231;&#227;o e distor&#231;&#227;o do VE possibilitam um melhor entendimento da liga&#231;&#227;o entre s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole no cora&#231;&#227;o normal e na ICFEN<sup>19</sup>. Em raz&#227;o da orienta&#231;&#227;o de suas fibras musculares o VE, ao se contrair, promove um movimento rotat&#243;rio que acumula energia, e durante a di&#225;stole a energia acumulada &#233; liberada promovendo uma suc&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que contribui para o enchimento do VE no pr&#243;ximo ciclo card&#237;aco. Mesmo pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, n&#227;o detectadas pela medida da FEVE, ir&#227;o alterar a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular levando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento e consequente perda da suc&#231;&#227;o que afeta o enchimento r&#225;pido do VE.</p>
    <p>Os valores de S' est&#227;o correlacionados com a FEVE e de modo invasivo com o pico da dP/dT<sup>20</sup>. S' tem como vantagem a sua simplicidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; facilmente detect&#225;vel na maioria dos pacientes e apresenta elevada reprodutibilidade. A maioria dos estudos aponta para a relativa independ&#234;ncia da pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga nos valores de S'<sup>21</sup>. As limita&#231;&#245;es da S' s&#227;o de que n&#227;o podemos discriminar entre a movimenta&#231;&#227;o ativa e passiva em raz&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede ou do cora&#231;&#227;o como um todo e tamb&#233;m de que essa medida &#233; &#226;ngulo dependente. A movimenta&#231;&#227;o, a respira&#231;&#227;o e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do paciente podem tamb&#233;m interferir com essa medida<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>S' &#233; um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica inicial em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas que s&#227;o caracterizadas pela preserva&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices sist&#243;licos convencionais, entre as quais se destacam miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a coronariana, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>22</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial promove na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de forma progressiva com o avan&#231;o do remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico e da hipertrofia. A presen&#231;a da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avan&#231;ada(E/E' &gt;15) se associa com a presen&#231;a do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica longitudinal nos pacientes hipertensos, podendo ocorrer de forma sintom&#225;tica (ICFEN) ou assintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo &#233; o primeiro, na literatura, a utilizar de forma prospectiva os novos crit&#233;rios de diastologia na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEN. Portanto, foi poss&#237;vel observar que os pacientes com crit&#233;rios para ICFEN apresentavam um aumento importante da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar avaliada de modo indireto pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/E', menores valores de E' e S' indicando diminui&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular e da contratilidade ventricular, bem como um valor seis vezes mais elevado do BNP. Nossos dados s&#227;o bastante semelhantes aos obtidos em outros estudos que demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o pico sist&#243;lico (S') e a velocidade anular no inicio da di&#225;stole (E')<sup>14,17,23</sup>, demonstrando uma forte liga&#231;&#227;o entre contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do VE, onde uma fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica alterada do VE tem um impacto significativo no relaxamento ventricular.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo &#233; que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica n&#227;o foi medida por outras t&#233;cnicas que podem ser utilizadas nos dias de hoje para sua avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, quando avaliada pelo encurtamento do eixo longitudinal, &#233; sens&#237;vel a efeitos da hipertens&#227;o arterial, isquemia, diabetes e idade, que s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es que podem anteceder a instala&#231;&#227;o da ICFEN. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, as demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentavam diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos achados apontam uma redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade no eixo longitudinal em pacientes com suspeita de ICFEN. Os valores m&#233;dios de S' foram significativamente menores no grupo com ICFEN, havendo diferen&#231;a significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o de S' entre pacientes com e sem ICFEN. Existe correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (S') e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/E'e E').</p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contratilidade avaliada por S' e o relaxamento avaliado pelo E' corroboram a vis&#227;o contempor&#226;nea da liga&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica presentes nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge </p>
        <p> Rua Coronel Bittencourt 66 - Boa Vista </p>
        <p> 24900-000 - Maric&#225;, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lagoeiro@cardiol.br">lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lagoeiro@globo.com">lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/07/09; revisado recebido em 04/10/09; aceito em 15/10/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of longitudinal systolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) is now the most prevailing model of HF in different epidemiological studies, and abnormalities in mild systolic function (subclinical) have been observed in those patients when the left ventricular contractility (LV) is evaluated in the longitudinal axis (S') by tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE), even in normal LV ejection fraction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether patients with HFNEF, according to the new criteria set out by the European Society of Cardiology, present changes in systolic function detected by S' measurement when compared with patients whose HFNEF has not been confirmed. METHODS: One hundred eighteen patients with signs or symptoms of HF underwent BNP measurement and TDE with measurements of longitudinal axis velocity during systole (S') and diastole (E') and measures of transmitral flow during diastole (E, A). RESULTS: HFNEF was confirmed in 38 patients (32.2%). Peak myocardial velocity during systole (S') and myocardial velocity in early diastole (E') were significantly reduced in patients with HFNEF compared to patients whose HFNEF was deleted (7.8 &#177; 2.3 cm/s vs 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s p=0.002 - 7.7 &#177; 2.6 cm/s vs 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s - p=0.001). Mean BNP values were higher in patients with HFNEF (140.5 &#177; 122.4 pg/ml vs 23.1 &#177; 25.0 pg/ml p &lt;0.0001). S' correlated significantly with E' (r=0.457 - p&lt;0.0001) revealing a strong link between ventricular contraction and relaxation. CONCLUSION: Our findings show a reduction of systolic function, as measured by S 'in HFNEF and a linear correlation between the systolic (E / E 'and E') and diastolic dysfunction degree.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Evaluation of longitudinal systolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Nani da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Volponi Licio<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) is now the most prevailing model of HF in different epidemiological studies, and abnormalities in mild systolic function (subclinical) have been observed in those patients when the left ventricular contractility (LV) is evaluated in the longitudinal axis (S') by tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE), even in normal LV ejection fraction.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate whether patients with HFNEF, according to the new criteria set out by the European Society of Cardiology, present changes in systolic function detected by S' measurement when compared with patients whose HFNEF has not been confirmed.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred eighteen patients with signs or symptoms of HF underwent BNP measurement and TDE with measurements of longitudinal axis velocity during systole (S') and diastole (E') and measures of transmitral flow during diastole (E, A).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> HFNEF was confirmed in 38 patients (32.2%). Peak myocardial velocity during systole (S') and myocardial velocity in early diastole (E') were significantly reduced in patients with HFNEF compared to patients whose HFNEF was deleted (7.8 &#177; 2.3 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s p=0.002 - 7.7 &#177; 2.6 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s - p=0.001). Mean BNP values were higher in patients with HFNEF (140.5 &#177; 122.4 pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 23.1 &#177; 25.0 pg/ml p &lt;0.0001). S' correlated significantly with E' (r=0.457 - p&lt;0.0001) revealing a strong link between ventricular contraction and relaxation.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our findings show a reduction of systolic function, as measured by S 'in HFNEF and a linear correlation between the systolic (E / E 'and E') and diastolic dysfunction degree.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure; stroke volume; ventricular dysfunction; echocardiography, Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The accelerated aging of the population and high prevalence of hypertension have caused an increase in heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF)<sup>1-3</sup>. Recent epidemiological studies with data from primary care in Brazil<sup>4</sup> confirm that HFNEF is already more prevalent than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiological model of HFNEF focuses on the presence of diastolic dysfunction due to abnormalities of relaxation and/or increased of left ventricular stiffness. Diastolic changes retrogressively produce left atrial average diastolic pressure increase and pulmonary venous hypertension, and consequently the onset of exertional dyspnea in these patients<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The European Society of Cardiology has recently published new guidelines<sup>9</sup> for how to diagnose or exclude HFNEF in outpatients with signs or symptoms of HF. This document set diagnostic criteria including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, end-diastolic volume index (EDV-I) <underline>&lt;</underline> 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and diastolic dysfunction that may be assessed by invasive cardiac catheterization through measurements obtained by TDE or by natriuretic peptide blood test<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>LVEF is the most widely used index to assess cardiac function in both clinical and experimental studies<sup>10</sup>. This is especially due to the lack of an ideal measure of cardiac contractility. As its measurement and understanding are relatively easy, LVEF has remained as the most commonly used index. Although LVEF measurement has some prognostic value in certain situations, it is influenced by preload, postload, heart rate, myocardial contractility and dyssynchrony<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The distribution of myocardial fibers is not uniform throughout the LV wall. The bundles of subendocardial and subepicardial muscles are arranged longitudinally, while the fibers located in the middle of the wall are aligned circumferentially. This group of muscle fibers is primarily responsible for LV radial axis contraction. As the fibers of the longitudinal axis at the heart base correspond to the atrioventricular ring (AR), changes in the longitudinal axis can be measured by the movement of the AR ring through TDE (S'), and a cutoff value greater than 7.5 cm/s had a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 88% in predicting normal global function of LV<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies<sup>8,12-15</sup> have shown that HFNEF with normal systolic function is a very rare clinical situation and the most common one is the association of HFNEF with mild abnormalities (subclinical) of the systolic function, which can be observed by measuring the longitudinal axis shortening velocity (S') through TDE. Normal LVEF in patients with HFNEF is directly related to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and in the presence of LVH, the ejection fraction is maintained within normal range despite a significant reduction in systolic volume<sup>8</sup>. Indeed, the apparent preservation of systolic function is more a reflection of LVEF constraints, and evidence of systolic dysfunction may be obtained through TDE<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>We studied patients with clinical suspicion of HFNEF to assess whether those whose diagnosis was confirmed, according to new criteria set out by the SEC, would present alterations in systolic function detected by S' measurement when compared with patients whose HFNEF was excluded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methodology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective observational study evaluated 118 patients (mean age 68.8 &#177; 12.0 and 72.9% female) with clinically suspected acute HF with LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. We excluded patients with severe valve disease, cardiac pacemakers, patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the past six months and patients with severe pulmonary disease. Patients were divided into two groups, one without HFNEF (n = 80, mean age 66.0 &#177; 10.8) and another with HFNEF confirmed (n = 38, mean age 75.0 &#177; 12.1) according to the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology to diagnose or exclude HFNEF<sup>9</sup>. All patients signed an informed consent, and the research was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research of the Medical School of Universidade Federal Fluminense (n.00410.258.000-08).</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiogram was performed through <italic>VIVID GE 7</italic> and analyzed by the software EchoPAC by an experienced echocardiographer without prior knowledge of other test findings. All examinations were reviewed by a second echocardiographer, who issued a first examiner independent report. The images were obtained through a parasternal window and an apical window for two and four cameras. Ventricle and left atrium sizes were measured at M mode in the parasternal window. Ejection fraction was calculated through the modified Simpson's method. All valves and their flow patterns were inspected for valve diseases. Diastolic function parameters were estimated by averaging five consecutive heartbeats. Early transmitral flow (E), late transmitral flow (A), the ratio between them (E/A), and early transmitral flow deceleration time were measured (DT). Myocardial relaxation rate in early diastole (E') was measured in septal, lateral, anterior and posterior segments of the mitral annulus. The mean of these measures was determined. Systolic function was globally measured through left ventricle ejection fraction and measurements of longitudinal axis stretch during systole (S') through TDE, and the normal pattern of myocardial velocity during systole measured by TDE includes a positive initial deflection that corresponds to isovolumetric contraction (S1) and a second positive wave (S2), usually called S', which corresponds to the LV ejection.</p>
      <p>All tests are recorded and filed in digital media for future analyses or reviews.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent BNP measurement through Triage BNP Test, which is a rapid test through fluorimmunoanalysis for quantitative measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide using whole blood or plasma anticoagulated with EDTA, with readings by Triage Meter. BNP levels are expressed in pg/ml.</p>
      <p>Patients underwent resting electrocardiogram with 12 leads. The exams were evaluated by two cardiologists. Chest radiograph and lateral radiograph was performed in all patients.</p>
      <p>Patients who had systolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg or were taking antihypertensive drugs were classified as hypertensive.</p>
      <p>The program SPSS (Version <italic>15.0 SPSS Inc. Chicago</italic>) was used to perform statistical analyses. All data were presented using summarized descriptive tables. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed in absolute numbers or percentages. Categorical variables were compared using the Qui-square test. Comparisons between groups were performed using T test for independent samples. The sample size was estimated in 30 patients with HFNEF, which could provide a power of 99% for the paired T test and 89% for the unpaired T test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Using the algorithm of the European Society of Cardiology, HFNEF could be confirmed in 38 patients (32.2%) and excluded in 80 patients (67.8%).</p>
      <p>The main demographic characteristics of patients with and without HFNEF are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04710_ing_t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. In patients with HFNEF we observed an older age group (75.0 &#177; 12.1 <italic>vs</italic> 66.0 &#177; 10.8 - p &lt;0.0001). No significant difference regarding sex (78.9% <italic>vs</italic> 70.0% - p = 0.307) and hypertension was found (97.4% <italic>vs</italic> 86.3% - p = 0.062). Concerning renal dysfunction and atrial fibrillation, a significant difference in patients with HFNEF was found as compared to patients without HFNEF (52.6% <italic>vs</italic> 15.0% and 26.3% <italic>vs</italic> 2.5% p-value &lt; 0.0001, respectively).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04710_ing_t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Heart rate was significantly higher in patients with HFNEF (84.9 &#177; 21.3 bpm <italic>vs</italic> 73.5 &#177; 12.1 bpm - p &lt;0.0001). There was no significant difference between groups for diastolic blood pressure (90.6 &#177; 16.7 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 88.3 &#177; 11.9 mmHg, p = 0.397), although systolic blood pressure was significantly different between groups ( 158.9 &#177; 30.1 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 146.4 &#177; 22.5 mmHg, p = 0.013).</p>
      <p>Natriuretic peptide levels were significantly different among patients with and without HFNEF (140.5 &#177; 122.4 pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 23.1 &#177; 25.0 pg/ml p &lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04710_ing_t02-body2">Table 2</xref> displays the TDE parameters. LVEF was similar in both groups, while the other measures (E, E/A LAV-I, S', E', E/E', and LVMI) were significantly different between groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04710_ing_t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There was no difference between patients when systolic function was assessed in the radial axis by measuring the left ventricle ejection fraction (71.0 &#177; 9.5% <italic>vs</italic> 72.9 &#177; 7.9% - p = 0.229). However, assessment of LV systolic function in the longitudinal axis (S') through TDE was significantly different between the two groups (7.8 &#177; 2.3 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s - p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Parameters such as left atrial volume index (LAV-I) and E/A ratio for the assessment of diastolic function revealed a significant difference between patients with and without HFNEF (42.5 &#177; 15.3 ml/m<sup>2</sup><italic>vs</italic> 28.4 &#177; 8.3 ml/m<sup>2</sup> p &lt; 0.0001 and 1.04 &#177; 0.70 <italic>vs</italic> 0.81 &#177; 0.29 p = 0.021).</p>
      <p>LV diastolic function evaluated by TDE was significantly different for the parameters that assess LV relaxation (E'- 7.7 &#177; 2.6 cm/s <italic>vs</italic> 9.4 &#177; 2.5 cm/s - p = 0.001 ) and the pressure of LV filling (E/E' - 14.3 &#177; 6.5 <italic>vs</italic> 7.5 &#177; 2.0 - p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>A correlation of S' with other Doppler echocardiography parameters was found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>) as the E/E' ratio, E' and E/A ratio (r = (-) 0.435, r = 0.457 p &lt;0.0001, r = (-) 0.240, p = 0.014) and also with the LVMI (r = (-) 0.229 - p = 0.014), although BNP-I and LAV-I values were not correlated (r = (-) 0.125 p = 0.183, r = (-) 0.122 p = 0.194).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that patients with HFNEF have a worse systolic function when assessed by measuring the mitral annulus velocity in the longitudinal axis (S') (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). Systolic function assessed in the radial axis is preserved in this population, as noted by the LV ejection fraction above 50%. Our results are similar to those of Tan et al<sup>17</sup>, which showed that patients with HFNEF have abnormalities of LV systolic and diastolic function and that HFNEF is not an isolated disorder of diastole<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0799-00050-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For many years, the HFNEF pathophysiology has been related to abnormal diastolic relaxation and/or LV stiffness. Discussions of systolic function have been undervalued due to be normal LVEF in these patients<sup>18</sup>. However, LVEF as a systolic function index has significant limitations because of the dependence on pre-and post-load, suboptimal reproducibility and low sensitivity in detecting small reductions in LV systolic function.</p>
      <p>New mechanistic discussions involving the systolic and diastolic function by means of imaging methods that assess mechanisms of LV contraction and relaxation allow a better understanding of the link between systole and diastole in the normal heart and HFNEF<sup>19</sup>. Due to the orientation of its muscle fibers, when the LV contracts, it promotes a rotational motion that builds energy, and during diastole, the energy stored is released, promoting a diastolic suction that contributes to the LV filling in the next cardiac cycle. Even small changes in systolic function, not detected by LVEF measurement, may change ventricular contraction leading to a decreased relaxation and loss of suction that affects quick LV filling.</p>
      <p>S' values are related with LVEF and, invasively, with peak dP/dT<sup>20</sup>. S' has the advantage of simple measurement, which is easily detectable in most patients and has high reproducibility. Most studies point out to the relative independence of pre-and post-load in S'<sup>21</sup> values. Some of S' limitations include the fact that we cannot discriminate between active and passive movements due to wall or heart movement as a whole and that this measure is angle-dependent. Patients' movements, breathing and heart rate may also interfere with this measure<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>S' is a marker of early systolic dysfunction in many pathological conditions that are characterized by conservation of conventional systolic indices, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary disease, obesity and hypertension<sup>22</sup>. High blood pressure promotes a gradual diastolic dysfunction along with the progress of concentric remodeling and hypertrophy. Advanced diastolic dysfunction (E / E '&gt; 15) is associated with the presence of impairment of longitudinal systolic function in hypertensive patients in a symptomatic (HFNEF) or asymptomatic way.</p>
      <p>This study is the first in the literature to prospectively use new diastology criteria in characterizing patients with HFNEF. Therefore, it was observed that patients with criteria for HFNEF presented a significant increase in pulmonary venous pressure measured indirectly by E/E' ratio, lower E' and S' values, suggesting reduced ventricular relaxation and contractility, as well as a BNP six times higher. Our data are quite similar to those found in other studies that have shown a significant relationship between systole peak (S') and annular velocity in early diastole (E')<sup>14,17,23</sup>, demonstrating a strong connection between LV contraction and relaxation where a modified LV systolic function has a significant impact on ventricular relaxation.</p>
      <p>A limitation in our study is that systolic function was not measured by other techniques that can be used to assess it.</p>
      <p>Another limitation is that the LV function, measured by longitudinal axis shortening, is sensitive to the effects of hypertension, ischemia, diabetes and age, which are situations that may precede HFNEF. However, in our study, except in relation to age, other variables showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our findings point out to a reduced contractility in the longitudinal axis in patients with suspected HFNEF. Average S' values were significantly lower in the group with HFNEF with a significant difference in the reduction of S' among patients with and without HFNEF. There is linear correlation between the systolic dysfunction (S') and diastolic dysfunction (E/E' and E').</p>
      <p>The strong relationship between the contractility assessed by S' and relaxation assessed by E' support the contemporary view of the connection of systolic and diastolic abnormalities in these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge, from <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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