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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G4wNdzNwK9GF7V347vTWXhs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e fatores associados em hipertensos atendidos na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alcione Miranda dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calado</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elis&#226;ngela Milhomem dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Poliana Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Noemia Perli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Natalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>779</fpage>
      <lpage>787</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) constitui-se um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC). Recomenda-se o monitoramento da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (FG) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em hipertensos, posto que sua redu&#231;&#227;o precede o aparecimento de sintomas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a FG e fatores associados em hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal no per&#237;odo de janeiro a junho de 2008, com 297 hipertensos com ou sem diabete melito (DM) tratados em uma unidade b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s-MA. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes &gt;20 anos e de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, estado nutricional, FG e microalbumin&#250;ria em urina de 24h, controle press&#243;rico e glic&#234;mico, creatinina s&#233;rica e lipidograma. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia foi 60,6 &#215; 11,5 anos com predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (75,1%), sobrepeso/obesidade (65,0%) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura elevada (60,6%). A preval&#234;ncia de FG &lt; 60 ml/min foi 24,6% no grupo HA sem DM e 18,3% no HA com DM, sem diferen&#231;a significante. Para o grupo HA sem DM houve associa&#231;&#227;o apenas da FG reduzida com idade &gt; 65 anos, que permaneceu ap&#243;s ajustamento. Para o grupo HA com DM houve associa&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da FG com idade &gt; 65 anos, tabagismo e obesidade, por&#233;m, ap&#243;s ajustamento, permaneceram idade e tabagismo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nestes pacientes, a preval&#234;ncia de FG &lt; 60 ml/min foi elevada e, ap&#243;s ajustamento, apenas idade &gt; 65 anos e tabagismo apresentaram-se como fatores associados &#224; FG. Isto refor&#231;a a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da FG em hipertensos visando a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>an&#225;lise de alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>dietoterapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA  </p>
    <p> Filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e fatores associados em hipertensos atendidos na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha Fran&#231;a<sup>I</sup>; Alcione Miranda dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Leal Calado<sup>I</sup>; Elis&#226;ngela Milhomem dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Poliana Coelho Cabral<sup>II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Victor Leal Salgado<sup>I</sup>; Noemia Perli Goldraich<sup>III</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>No Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) constitui-se um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC). Recomenda-se o monitoramento da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (FG) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em hipertensos, posto que sua redu&#231;&#227;o precede o aparecimento de sintomas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a FG e fatores associados em hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Realizou-se estudo transversal no per&#237;odo de janeiro a junho de 2008, com 297 hipertensos com ou sem diabete melito (DM) tratados em uma unidade b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s-MA. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes &gt;20 anos e de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, estado nutricional, FG e microalbumin&#250;ria em urina de 24h, controle press&#243;rico e glic&#234;mico, creatinina s&#233;rica e lipidograma. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A idade m&#233;dia foi 60,6 &#215; 11,5 anos com predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (75,1%), sobrepeso/obesidade (65,0%) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura elevada (60,6%). A preval&#234;ncia de FG &lt; 60 ml/min foi 24,6% no grupo HA sem DM e 18,3% no HA com DM, sem diferen&#231;a significante. Para o grupo HA sem DM houve associa&#231;&#227;o apenas da FG reduzida com idade &gt; 65 anos, que permaneceu ap&#243;s ajustamento. Para o grupo HA com DM houve associa&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da FG com idade &gt; 65 anos, tabagismo e obesidade, por&#233;m, ap&#243;s ajustamento, permaneceram idade e tabagismo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nestes pacientes, a preval&#234;ncia de FG &lt; 60 ml/min foi elevada e, ap&#243;s ajustamento, apenas idade &gt; 65 anos e tabagismo apresentaram-se como fatores associados &#224; FG. Isto refor&#231;a a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da FG em hipertensos visando a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Nefropatias/terapia/diagn&#243;stco, hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipertens&#227;o renovascular, an&#225;lise de alimentos, preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as, dietoterapia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Estima-se que mais de 30 milh&#245;es de brasileiros t&#234;m HA<sup>1</sup>, sendo 12.410.753 usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, mais de um ter&#231;o desconhece a doen&#231;a e menos de um ter&#231;o dos hipertensos diagnosticados apresentam n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos adequados com o tratamento proposto<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o constitui-se um dos principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) e, quando associada ao diabete melito (DM), &#233; respons&#225;vel por 50% dos casos de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p> Segura e cols.<sup>4</sup> identificaram em hipertensos preval&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficit da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (FG &lt; 60 ml/min) de 7,6%, usando como crit&#233;rio a dosagem de creatinina s&#233;rica e de 22,3%, quando usaram a filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (FG) pelo clearance de creatinina. Em outro estudo, New e cols.<sup>5</sup> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FG estimada em 31,3% dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos <italic>versus</italic> 6,9% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Infelizmente, o Brasil ainda n&#227;o disp&#245;e de estudos populacionais da DRC nos est&#225;gios iniciais e as aten&#231;&#245;es se restringem, quase que exclusivamente, ao est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado, quando o paciente necessita de tratamento dial&#237;tico ou transplante renal<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Avaliar adequadamente a fun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; fundamental para realizar o diagn&#243;stico e proceder ao tratamento adequado para DRC. Por isto, recomenda-se o monitoramento da FG que &#233; considerado melhor marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o renal em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou doentes<sup>7</sup>, posto que sua redu&#231;&#227;o precede o aparecimento de sintomas de fal&#234;ncia renal. </p>
    <p>Considerando que a evolu&#231;&#227;o da DRC depende da qualidade do atendimento ofertado muito antes da fal&#234;ncia renal, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia estimar a preval&#234;ncia desta doen&#231;a nos seus est&#225;gios iniciais, na maioria assintom&#225;ticos, o que por sua vez, auxiliar&#225; no desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas voltadas para sua preven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Ademais, conhecer fatores associados e realizar diagn&#243;stico precoce da DRC permite determinar tratamento adequado e evitar a progress&#227;o para o est&#225;gio final, cuja terapia exige di&#225;lise ou transplante renal. </p>
    <p>Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a FG e fatores associados em hipertensos, com ou sem diabete, em tratamento na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, por serem considerados de alto risco para o desenvolvimento da DRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado estudo transversal e anal&#237;tico com pacientes hipertensos, com ou sem diabete, de janeiro a junho de 2008. Estes eram cadastrados no Programa HiperDia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e estavam em tratamento no Centro de Sa&#250;de da Vila Embratel em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Maranh&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (Protocolo n&#186; 1977/2007), de acordo com as normas para pesquisas em seres humanos. </p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado considerando a popula&#231;&#227;o de 559 hipertensos sem DM e 116 hipertensos com DM cadastrados no programa, preval&#234;ncia esperada de FG inferior a 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> de 22,3%, margem de erro de 4% e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a igual a 95%. O n&#250;mero total de pacientes foi estimado em 188 hipertensos sem DM e 91 com DM. Com o objetivo de corrigir eventuais perdas durante o processo de coleta de dados, decidiu-se aumentar a amostra em 5%, totalizando em 307 hipertensos, sendo 100 deles com DM.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo hipertensos com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos, de ambos os sexos e que concordaram em participar do estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o foram: gestantes e pacientes portadores de qualquer outra doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica consumptiva (C&#226;ncer e AIDS) ou estar em TRS. </p>
    <p>O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o teve in&#237;cio com a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma listagem com o nome dos hipertensos cadastrados no programa HiperDia da referida unidade de sa&#250;de. Em seguida, foi realizada amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples por sorteio, sem reposi&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram localizados pelos agentes comunit&#225;rios de sa&#250;de (AGS) do Programa de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (PSF) e, ao comparecerem &#224; unidade de sa&#250;de, foram esclarecidos sobre o estudo.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que concordaram em participar foram previamente orientados para a t&#233;cnica de coleta da urina de 24 horas. Tamb&#233;m foram solicitados a comparecer ao Centro de Sa&#250;de, no dia da consulta de rotina, em jejum de 12 horas e com a urina coletada. Os pacientes receberam pessoalmente esclarecimento sobre o procedimento da coleta da urina de 24 horas, al&#233;m das instru&#231;&#245;es por escrito e os recipientes para a coleta.</p>
    <p>No dia da consulta, no Centro de Sa&#250;de, inicialmente os pacientes responderam question&#225;rio estruturado com dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. No mesmo momento, foi aferida a press&#227;o arterial e, em seguida, realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional. Nessa oportunidade tamb&#233;m foi coletada amostra de sangue e feita recep&#231;&#227;o da urina. Posteriormente, o material biol&#243;gico (sangue e urina) foi encaminhado ao Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUPD-UFMA). </p>
    <p>A escolaridade foi avaliada em anos de frequ&#234;ncia &#224; escola e categorizada em <underline>&lt;</underline> 8 anos e <underline>&gt;</underline> 9 anos. A classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica foi categorizada em classes, segundo o Crit&#233;rio Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica Brasil. Considerou-se tabagista todo paciente que declarou ser fumante em algum momento da vida, independente do momento e da quantidade de cigarros. Da mesma forma, foram considerados etilistas pacientes que referiram consumo de qualquer quantidade de bebida alco&#243;lica e em qualquer frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial de cada paciente foi verificada com uso de esfigmoman&#244;metro digital (Omron<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic>), por m&#233;todo indireto, com o paciente em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Foram realizadas duas medi&#231;&#245;es, a primeira no meio da entrevista e a segunda ao final. Foi utilizado o maior valor da press&#227;o arterial. Press&#227;o controlada foi considerada quando a PA sist&#243;lica foi menor que 140 mmHg e a PA dist&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg para pacientes hipertensos sem diabete associado e PA sist&#243;lica menor que 130 mmHg e PA diast&#243;lica menor que 80 mmHg para hipertensos com diabete associado<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p> Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica dos pacientes foram aferidos o peso (em quilogramas) em balan&#231;a port&#225;til digital (<italic>Plena</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>) e a altura (em metros) em estadi&#244;metro (<italic>Alturexata<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>). Tamb&#233;m foram mensuradas a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ) com fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o extens&#237;vel. A CC (em cent&#237;metros) foi obtida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, no momento da expira&#231;&#227;o, e a CQ (em cent&#237;metros) na regi&#227;o de maior per&#237;metro entre a cintura e a coxa. </p>
    <p> A determina&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional dos pacientes foi realizada por meio do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), CC e raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ). O IMC foi calculado por meio da raz&#227;o do peso corporal e o quadrado da altura. Foi utilizado o ponto de corte inferior a 25,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para eutrofia, 25,0 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>para sobrepeso e maior ou igual a 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para obesidade. A CC e RCQ foram obtidas com o intuito de avaliar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal. A RCQ foi obtida por meio da raz&#227;o entre a CC e CQ. Foram adotados os pontos de corte para risco muito elevado da CC de 88 cm e 102 cm; e de risco elevado da RCQ de 0,85 e 1,00 para mulheres e homens, respectivamente, conforme classifica&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foram realizados clearance de creatinina e a microalbumin&#250;ria em urina de 24 horas, creatinina s&#233;rica, colesterol total, HDL e LDL colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, glicemia em jejum, hemoglobina glicosilada (para diab&#233;ticos). Os m&#233;todos adotados nos exames laboratoriais e os respectivos valores de refer&#234;ncia encontram-se descritos no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A FG foi avaliada por meio do clearance de creatinina end&#243;gena em urina de 24 horas. O estadiamento da DRC foi realizado em cinco est&#225;gios seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do <italic>National Kidney Foundation</italic><sup>9</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02">Quadro 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="qdr02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando identificado d&#233;ficit da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (FG inferior a 60 ml/min), os pacientes foram encaminhados para o Ambulat&#243;rio de Nefrologia do HUPD - UFMA, servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia na cidade de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, para avalia&#231;&#227;o especializada e tratamento.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas s&#227;o apresentadas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e as quantitativas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#215; DP). Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas do grupo hipertenso sem diabete com o grupo hipertenso com diabete foi utilizado o teste t-Student e para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram utilizados o Teste Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi analisada pelo teste Shapiro Wilk. </p>
    <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados com a FG, em cada grupo, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. Tamb&#233;m foram estimadas as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p-valor menor do que 0,20 foram consideradas no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariado de Poisson. A sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo passo a passo (<italic>stepwise)</italic> por elimina&#231;&#227;o. Apenas as vari&#225;veis com p-valor menor do que 0,10 permaneceram no modelo final. Os dados foram analisados no programa estat&#237;stico STATA 9.0.</p>
    <p>Este estudo teve apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 297 hipertensos inscritos no Programa HiperDia e em tratamento em uma unidade b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s. Houve perda de 3,3% (n=10) por insufici&#234;ncia de dados para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ou recusa em participar do estudo. Assim, a amostra final foi composta de 199 pacientes hipertensos sem DM e 98 com DM, conforme cadastro do programa HiperDia.</p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60,6 &#215; 11,5 anos e predominaram pacientes do sexo feminino (75,1%), com menos de 9 anos de escolaridade (83,1%), pertencentes &#224;s classes D e E (79,5%). A porcentagem de tabagismo foi de 44,3% e etilismo de 20,9% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Verificou-se ainda que o etilismo apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com idade &lt; 65 anos para os hipertensos diab&#233;ticos (p=0,046). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de sobrepeso (38,0%) e obesidade (27,0%) segundo o IMC. Entre os hipertensos obesos, 85,3% tinham idade &lt; 65 anos e houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante (p-valor = 0,002). A distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal estava alterada em 60,6% pela CC e 75,8% pela RCQ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos HA sem DM e HA com DM quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram 149,9 &#215; 1,7 mmHg e 89,2 &#215; 0,9 mmHg para o grupo HA sem DM e 145,5 &#215; 2,0 mmHg e 86,5 &#215; 1,0 mmHg para o grupo HA com DM, respectivamente, e houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante (p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p>Predominou FG no intervalo entre 60 e 89 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, para ambos os grupos. A porcentagem de FG reduzida (&lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) foi de 24,6% no grupo HA sem DM e 18,3% no HA com DM. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica da FG entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos pacientes com filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida (&lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), a creatinina s&#233;rica apresentou-se alterada (&gt;1,2 mg/dl) em apenas 20,4% no grupo HA sem DM e 44,4% no outro grupo (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabela).</p>
    <p>No grupo de HA sem DM, apenas idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos (RP = 2,20; IC95% = 1,24-3,90) apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significante com FG reduzida (&lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>). J&#225; o grupo HA com DM, estiveram associados idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos (RP = 5,11; IC95% = 1,80-14,50) e tabagismo (RP = 2,94; IC95% = 1,05-8,24). Considerando ainda este grupo, etilismo e obesidade (RP = 0,21; IC95% = 0,04-0,93) foram mais frequentes nos pacientes com FG <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise ajustada, para o grupo HA sem DM permaneceu associada &#224; FG reduzida a idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos (RP = 2,20; p = 0,007). De semelhante modo, para o outro grupo, continuou associada apenas idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos (RP = 5,10; p = 0,005) e tabagismo (RP = 2,86; p = 0,073). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, predominou FG entre 60 e 89 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, que corresponde ao est&#225;gio II da DRC, para ambos os grupos. A preval&#234;ncia de FG reduzida (&lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) foi de 24,6% no grupo HA sem DM e de 18,3% no grupo HA com DM. Kramer e cols.<sup>10</sup>, no Brasil, encontraram 12,7% de FG reduzida em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, com ou sem HA associada. Estudos europeus demonstraram preval&#234;ncia de FG reduzida em 22,3% dos hipertensos<sup>4</sup>, 31,3% dos diab&#233;ticos e 6,9% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora o diabete seja a maior causa de pacientes em TRS em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>11</sup>, no Brasil, 35,8% dos casos s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos &#224; HA, seguido do diabete com 25,7%<sup>6</sup>. Neste estudo, o fato do paciente hipertenso ser diab&#233;tico, n&#227;o aumentou o risco para redu&#231;&#227;o da FG. Esta situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; maior aten&#231;&#227;o dada ao monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal aos pacientes hipertensos com diabete associada<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sexo feminino foi predominante na amostra em estudo. Entretanto, o sexo masculino apresentou maior risco para FG reduzida nos dois grupos avaliados, embora n&#227;o tenha apresentado associa&#231;&#227;o significativa. A predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino, achado comum em diversos estudos com hipertensos<sup>12-15</sup>, pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; maior procura das mulheres &#224; assist&#234;ncia sistem&#225;tica de sa&#250;de<sup>16</sup> e a maior preval&#234;ncia destes pacientes cadastrados Programa HiperDia<sup>17</sup>. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que as mulheres apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de HA a partir de 60 anos<sup>18</sup> e maior esperan&#231;a de vida ao nascer (76,5 anos) quando comparadas com os homens<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia de 60,6 anos reflete o processo de envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>16</sup>. Didier e Guimar&#227;es<sup>13</sup> encontraram na periferia de Salvador idade m&#233;dia de 58,1 &#215; 9,9 anos em hipertensos e outros autores observaram preval&#234;ncia de HA entre 49,3% e 71,6% em indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais<sup>12,15</sup>. A idade igual ou superior a 65 anos apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significante para FG reduzida em ambos os grupos na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada e permaneceu ap&#243;s o ajustamento. Estudos internacionais<sup>4,19</sup> e nacionais<sup>10,20</sup> tamb&#233;m observaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica da FG reduzida com a idade. Estes achados ratificam o aumento da press&#227;o arterial e da DRC com a idade.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, 79,5% estavam inseridos nas classes mais baixas (classes D e E) e esta situa&#231;&#227;o adversa foi bem mais desfavor&#225;vel do que a encontrada por Lessa e cols.<sup>12</sup>, na cidade de Salvador, que demonstrou frequ&#234;ncia de 59,3% de hipertensos nestas classes. Da mesma forma, a baixa escolaridade (at&#233; 8 anos de estudo) observada foi maior que os 62,2% estimado para popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>16</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esta situa&#231;&#227;o em hipertensos esteja refletindo em dificuldades na compreens&#227;o da doen&#231;a e ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Stummer e cols.<sup>13</sup> destacam que indiv&#237;duos inseridos nas classes econ&#244;micas mais baixas e com menor escolaridade apresentaram menor probabilidade de receberem manejo adequado no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O elevado percentual de tabagismo observado tamb&#233;m &#233; mencionado em outros estudos com hipertensos<sup>13,14</sup>. Paradoxalmente, Boing e Boing<sup>17</sup> encontraram valores menores (18,2%) para pacientes cadastrados no HiperDia. Esta dessemelhan&#231;a pode ser explicada pela diversidade de defini&#231;&#227;o atribu&#237;da ao tabagismo, pois esses autores estabeleceram tabagismo o consumo de um ou mais cigarros por dia no per&#237;odo da entrevista. Neste estudo, tabagismo esteve associado significativamente com redu&#231;&#227;o da FG em hipertensos com diabete e permaneceu ap&#243;s an&#225;lise ajustada. Conforme apresentado na literatura<sup>21</sup>, o tabagismo aumenta o risco do decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e &#233; um fator pass&#237;vel de modifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da diversidade do crit&#233;rio adotado para o etilismo, autores apresentam discrep&#226;ncia nos achados. Neste estudo, 17,5% dos pacientes referiram ser etilista. Para o grupo HA com DM houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre etilismo e FG reduzida, por&#233;m, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise ajustada esta associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada. Isto pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato da idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos estar significativamente associada com a FG reduzida e menor frequ&#234;ncia de etilismo nestes pacientes. </p>
    <p>O excesso de peso corporal foi predominante na amostra em estudo, considerando o IMC como indicador. Dos pacientes avaliados 65,0% apresentaram sobrepeso/obesidade. Preval&#234;ncia semelhante de excesso de peso foi encontrada em hipertensos por Sturmer e cols.<sup>13</sup> em 75,4%. Neste estudo, os pacientes com FG reduzida apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade, mas houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas para obesidade no grupo HA com DM.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m sugerido que o excesso de peso pode ser um fator de risco para DRC<sup>22,23</sup>. Por outro lado, um estudo populacional<sup>22</sup> observou que ter sobrepeso/obesidade aos 20 anos ou em algum tempo no passado teve associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do risco para DRC, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o com o excesso de peso no momento da entrevista. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o observada entre obesidade e FG reduzida pode ser explicada pela perda de peso como uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do avan&#231;o da DRC, pois, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da FG ocorre tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;na, aumentando o risco de desnutri&#231;&#227;o<sup>24,25</sup>. Ademais, esta associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significante ap&#243;s o ajuste, o que pode ter sido ocasionada pelo confundimento exercido entre a vari&#225;vel idade e obesidade. </p>
    <p>Ainda que o IMC seja uma boa medida de obesidade, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de ressalta que este n&#227;o considera a varia&#231;&#227;o na distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e n&#227;o &#233; capaz de detectar o aumento da gordura que ocorre com o avan&#231;o da idade<sup>26</sup>. Sendo assim, outros indicadores foram mensurados. De modo geral, observou-se predomin&#226;ncia de maior risco para a CC e RCQ, mas estas n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significante com a redu&#231;&#227;o da FG. A conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da adiposidade abdominal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal tem sido pouco documentada e &#233; motivo de interesse, dada a sua frequente associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o e diabete, que s&#227;o as principais causas de DRC no mundo. Alguns estudos t&#234;m apontado associa&#231;&#227;o entre distribui&#231;&#227;o central de gordura, mensurada pela RCQ, com hipertens&#227;o<sup>14,27</sup>, microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>28</sup> e DRC<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que o controle rigoroso da press&#227;o arterial &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para minimizar a progress&#227;o da DRC<sup>9,30</sup>. O controle da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significante com a redu&#231;&#227;o da FG, o que pode ser justificado pela falta de controle da PA tamb&#233;m nos hipertensos com FG <underline>&gt;</underline> 60ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>. &#201; de se atentar ao fato de que se trata de pacientes com elevada frequ&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal, que contribui para o agravamento da hipertens&#227;o, como observado em outros estudos<sup>3,12,14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o da glicemia dentro da faixa de normalidade para diab&#233;ticos &#233; fundamental para preven&#231;&#227;o ou diminui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es macro e microvasculares<sup>31</sup>. Recomenda-se que ela deva ser inclu&#237;da na estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o da DRC em diab&#233;ticos<sup>30-33</sup>. Neste estudo, o controle glic&#234;mico n&#227;o esteve associado &#224; FG reduzida, corroborando com o estudo de Kramer e cols.<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &#233; um par&#226;metro relativamente tardio para detec&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o renal, posto que s&#243; apresenta altera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o paciente perder mais de 50% da FG<sup>34</sup>. Dos pacientes com FG reduzida, 79,6% dos HA sem DM e 55,6% dos HA com DM ainda apresentavam creatinina s&#233;rica dentro da faixa de normalidade, demonstrando a baixa sensibilidade deste marcador para o diagn&#243;stico precoce da DRC. Isto confirma a import&#226;ncia da mensura&#231;&#227;o da FG, dosada ou estimada a partir da creatinina s&#233;rica, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>2,3,9,30</sup>. A esse respeito, dentre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Kidney Diseases Outcomes Quality Initiative</italic> (K-DOQI)<sup>9</sup> est&#225; o uso de equa&#231;&#245;es que tem por objetivo identificar os pacientes renais de uma forma mais r&#225;pida e menos custosa. As duas equa&#231;&#245;es mais amplamente utilizadas s&#227;o a de Cockcroft-Gault de 1976 e a MDRD, desenvolvida durante o estudo de mesmo nome (Modifica&#231;&#227;o <italic>of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> - MDRD). Contudo, essas f&#243;rmulas, apesar de recomendadas, ainda necessitam de valida&#231;&#227;o em grandes amostras, em indiv&#237;duos com est&#225;gios bem iniciais de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e em idosos<sup>35,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria aumenta significativamente com a redu&#231;&#227;o da FG<sup>4</sup>. Dessa forma, a pesquisa de microalbumin&#250;ria constitui um elemento importante no diagn&#243;stico precoce e no acompanhamento da DRC<sup>9,30</sup>. Neste estudo, a frequ&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria encontrada nos pacientes com FG reduzida foi de 14,6% no grupo HA sem DM e 17,6% no grupo HA com DM. Estudos nacionais referem preval&#234;ncia de microalbumin&#250;ria de 9,5% e 13,7% em hipertensos em tratamento<sup>37,38</sup>. Estas varia&#231;&#245;es na preval&#234;ncia podem ser atribu&#237;das a diferen&#231;as nos m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina, por varia&#231;&#245;es na faixa et&#225;ria, etnia ou co-morbidades nos grupos estudados<sup>39</sup>. Ressalta-se ainda que o tratamento anti-hipertensivo &#233; capaz de reduzir a microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a FG. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o seria que os pacientes com FG reduzida apresentaram menor frequ&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal no grupo HA sem DM, apesar de n&#227;o ter apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Para o grupo HA com DM, soma-se ainda, o melhor controle da glicemia pela hemoglobina glicosilada. Talvez a soma desses fatores poderiam estar contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria nestes pacientes. </p>
    <p>Por ser um estudo transversal n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre FG e fatores associados em hipertensos, mas se pode inferir uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; n&#227;o se ter avaliada a terapia medicamentosa que pode interferir na FG, por&#233;m deve-se considerar que todos pacientes eram cadastrados no programa HiperDia e recebiam medicamentos essenciais preconizados pelo Minist&#233;rio de Sa&#250;de e disponibilizados em todas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo, foi observado elevado o percentual de FG reduzida. Isto refor&#231;a a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da FG pelo clearance de creatinina ou estimado por meio de equa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; bem estabelecidas pela literatura, uma vez que a creatinina s&#233;rica &#233; um par&#226;metro relativamente tardio. Destaca-se ainda, maior aten&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos e tabagistas, fatores que estiveram fortemente associados &#224; FG. </p>
    <p>Estes achados ratificam a necessidade da promo&#231;&#227;o de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada para equipe de sa&#250;de envolvida no tratamento desses pacientes, fomentando a preven&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico da DRC nos est&#225;gios iniciais, quando ainda &#233; poss&#237;vel evitar a progress&#227;o para o est&#225;gio final, cujo tratamento exige di&#225;lise ou transplante renal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores s&#227;o gratos ao CNPq e &#224; FAPEMA pelo apoio financeiro ao projeto, ao Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra e &#224; Unidade de Sa&#250;de da Vila Embratel, e aos pacientes que aceitaram participar do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fonte de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha Fran&#231;a pela Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha Fran&#231;a </p>
        <p> Rua Bar&#227;o de Itapary, 155, Centro </p>
        <p> 65020-070 - S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="karinafranca2@yahoo.com.br">karinafranca2@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 18/12/08; revisado recebido em 25/05/09; aceito em 22/06/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Glomerular filtration and associated factors in hypertensive individuals treated at primary care level</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In Brazil, arterial hypertension (AH) constitutes one of the main risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The monitoring of glomerular filtration (GF) is recommended for the assessment of kidney function in hypertensive individuals, as GF decrease precedes symptom onset. OBJECTIVE: To assess GF and its associated factors in hypertensive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to June 2008 in 297 individuals with arterial hypertension (AH) with or without diabetes mellitus (DM), treated at a primary care facility in the city of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Maranh&#227;o. Patients older than 20 years and of both sexes were included in the study. Sociodemographic and nutritional status data, GF rate and microalbuminuria levels in 24-hour urine were assessed, as well as blood pressure, glucose and serum creatinine levels and a lipidogram. RESULTS: Mean age was 60.6 &#215; 11.5 years, with a predominance of the female sex (75.1%), overweight/obesity (65.0%) and large waist circumference (60.6%). The prevalence of GF &lt; 60 ml/min was 24.6% in the AH group without DM and 18.3% in the AH group with DM, with no significant difference. For the AH group without DM, there was an association only between reduced GF and age &gt; 65 years, which remained after adjustment. For the AH group with DM, there was an association between reduced GF and age &gt; 65 years, smoking habit and obesity. However, after the adjustment, age and smoking habit remained as associated factors. CONCLUSION: In these patients, the prevalence of GF &lt; 60 ml/min was high and after the adjustment, only age &gt; 65 years and smoking habit were shown to be factors associated to GF. This reinforces the need to systematically evaluate GF in hypertensive individuals, aiming at the secondary prevention of chronic kidney disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Kidney diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension, renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>food analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>disease prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>diet therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Glomerular filtration and associated factors in hypertensive individuals treated at primary care level</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha Fran&#231;a<sup>I</sup>; Alcione Miranda dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Leal Calado<sup>I</sup>; Elis&#226;ngela Milhomem dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Poliana Coelho Cabral<sup>II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Victor Leal Salgado<sup>I</sup>; Noemia Perli Goldraich<sup>III</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In Brazil, arterial hypertension (AH) constitutes one of the main risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The monitoring of glomerular filtration (GF) is recommended for the assessment of kidney function in hypertensive individuals, as GF decrease precedes symptom onset.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess GF and its associated factors in hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to June 2008 in 297 individuals with arterial hypertension (AH) with or without diabetes mellitus (DM), treated at a primary care facility in the city of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Maranh&#227;o. Patients older than 20 years and of both sexes were included in the study. Sociodemographic and nutritional status data, GF rate and microalbuminuria levels in 24-hour urine were assessed, as well as blood pressure, glucose and serum creatinine levels and a lipidogram.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Mean age was 60.6 &#177; 11.5 years, with a predominance of the female sex (75.1%), overweight/obesity (65.0%) and large waist circumference (60.6%). The prevalence of GF &lt; 60 ml/min was 24.6% in the AH group without DM and 18.3% in the AH group with DM, with no significant difference. For the AH group without DM, there was an association only between reduced GF and age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years, which remained after adjustment. For the AH group with DM, there was an association between reduced GF and age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years, smoking habit and obesity. However, after the adjustment, age and smoking habit remained as associated factors.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In these patients, the prevalence of GF &lt; 60 ml/min was high and after the adjustment, only age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years and smoking habit were shown to be factors associated to GF. This reinforces the need to systematically evaluate GF in hypertensive individuals, aiming at the secondary prevention of chronic kidney disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Kidney diseases/therapy/diagnosis; hypertension; hypertension, renovascular; food analysis; disease prevention; diet therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is a severe public health problem. It is estimated that more than 30 million Brazilian individuals have AH<sup>1</sup>, with 12,410,753 of them using the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS)<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, more than one third is unaware of having the disease, and less than one third of the diagnosed hypertensive individuals present adequate pressure levels with the proposed treatment<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, hypertension constitutes one of the main risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and, when associated to diabetes mellitus (DM), it is responsible for 50% of the cases of patients undergoing substitutive renal therapy (SRT)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Segura et al<sup>4</sup> identified the prevalence of kidney function deficit in hypertensive individuals (glomerular filtration &lt; 60 ml/min) of 7.6%, using as criterion the measurement of serum creatinine and of 22.3% when they used glomerular filtration (GF) through creatinine clearance. In another study, New et al<sup>5</sup> observed a decrease in GF estimated at 31.3% in diabetic patients <italic>versus</italic> 6.9% in the general population. Unfortunately, we do not have population studies on CKD in Brazil at the initial stages and the attentions are mainly concentrated on the final stages, when the patient needs dialysis or kidney transplant<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>To adequately evaluate the kidney function is fundamental to attain the diagnosis and establish the adequate treatment for CKD. Therefore, we recommend the monitoring of GF, which is considered the best marker of kidney function in healthy or unhealthy individuals<sup>7</sup>, considering that its decrease precedes the onset of kidney failure symptoms.</p>
      <p>Considering that the evolution of CKD depends on the quality of the medical care offered long before the kidney failure onset, it is of utmost importance to estimate the prevalence of this disease at its initial stages - mostly asymptomatic ones -, which can help the development of policies aimed at its prevention and control. Furthermore, knowing the associated factors and attaining the early diagnosis of CKD allows the establishment of adequate treatment and prevents the progression to the final stage of the disease, of which therapy requires dialysis or kidney transplant.</p>
      <p>The present study aims at assessing GF and associated factors in hypertensive individuals with or without diabetes treated at primary care level, as they are considered high-risk for the development of CKD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out with hypertensive patients, with or without diabetes, from January to June 2008; the patients were recruited through the Program for Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes (HyperDia Program) of the Ministry of Health, among those being treated at the Basic Health Unit (BHU) of Vila Embratel in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o, Brazil.</p>
      <p>The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio</italic> of the Federal University of Maranh&#227;o (Protocol #1977/2007), according to the ethical norms established for research involving human subjects.</p>
      <p>The sample calculation was carried out considering a population of 559 hypertensive individuals without diabetes mellitus (DM) and 116 hypertensive individuals with DM that participated in the program, with an expected prevalence of GF &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> of 22.3%, with a 4% margin of error and a confidence level of 95%. The total number of patients was estimated at 188 hypertensive individuals without DM and 91 with DM. With the objective of correcting eventual losses during the data collection process, we decided to increase the sample by 5%, totaling 307 hypertensive individuals, of which 100 had DM.</p>
      <p>This study included hypertensive individuals aged 20 years or older, of both sexes and who agreed to participate. The exclusion criteria were: pregnant women, patients with any type of consumptive chronic disease (cancer or AIDS) and those undergoing SRT.</p>
      <p>The selection process was started by obtaining a list from the BHU that contained the names of the hypertensive individuals treated through the HyperDia Program. Subsequently, a simple random selection was carried out by drawing lots, without replacement. The patients were located by the community health agents (CHA) of the Family Health Program (FHP) and when they came to the hospital, they were informed about the study.</p>
      <p>The patients that agreed to participate were previously advised on the 24-hour urine collection technique. They were also asked to come to the BHU, on the day of their regular visit, on a 12-hour fast and to bring the collected urine sample. The patients received information on the urine collection technique in person, in addition to written instructions and recipients for the collection.</p>
      <p>On the day of the regular visit to the BHU, the patients initially answered a structured questionnaire that contained sociodemographic data and clinical history. At this moment, the arterial pressure was measured and the nutritional assessment was carried out. A blood sample was also collected and the 24-hour urine sample was received. Subsequently, the biological material (blood and urine) was sent to the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the Presidente Dutra University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranh&#227;o (HUPD-UFMA).</p>
      <p>The level of schooling was evaluated as years of schooling and categorized as <underline>&lt;</underline> 8 years or <underline>&gt;</underline> 9 years. The criterion of socioeconomic status classification was categorized in classes.<sup>8</sup> Every patient that declared having smoked at any time during his or her life, regardless of the moment and the amount of cigarettes, was considered a smoker. Similarly, patients that reported the consumption of any amount of alcoholic beverages, regardless of the frequency, were considered alcohol consumers.</p>
      <p>The arterial pressure (AP) of each patient was measured with a digital sphygmomanometer (<italic>Omron</italic><sup>TM</sup>), through the indirect method, with the patient at rest, in the sitting position. Two measurements were performed, the first in the middle of the interview and the second at the end of the interview. The highest AP value was used. Controlled AP was considered when the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was &lt; 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure (DAP) was &lt; 90 mmHg, for hypertensive individuals without associated diabetes and SBP &lt; 130 mmHg and DBP &lt; 80 mmHg for hypertensive individuals with associated diabetes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The anthropometric assessment of the patients consisted of measurement of weight (in kilograms), in a portable digital scale (<italic>Plena</italic><sup>TM</sup>), and height (in meters), in a stadiometer (<italic>Alturexata</italic><sup>TM</sup>). The waist circumference (WC) and the hip circumference (HC) were also measured with an inextensible measuring tape. The WC (in cm) was obtained at midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, at the moment of expiration, and the HC (in cm) at the largest perimeter region between the waist and the thigh.</p>
      <p>The assessment of the patients' nutritional status was carried out through the body mass index (BMI), the WC and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight in kilograms by the square height in meters. A cutoff of 25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was used for eutrophic, 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for overweight and <underline>&gt;</underline> 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for obese individuals. The WC and WHR were obtained in order to evaluate the pattern of body fat distribution. The WHR was obtained through the ratio between the WC and the HC. The adopted cutoffs for very high risk regarding the WC were 88 cm and 102 cm and high-risk, regarding the WHR, of 0.85 and 1.00 for women and men, respectively, according to the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The metabolic and kidney function assessment were carried out through creatinine clearance and microalbuminuria levels in 24-hour urine, as well as serum creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glycemia and glycated hemoglobin (for diabetic subjects). The methods adopted for the laboratory assessments and their respective reference values are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The GF was evaluated through endogenous creatinine clearance in 24-hour urine. The staging of CKD was carried out in five stages, according to the recommendation of the National Kidney Foundation<sup>9</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c2-body2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="c2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When a kidney function deficit was identified (GF&lt; 60ml/min), the patients were referred to the Ambulatory of Nephrology of the HUPD-UFMA, a reference service in the city of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, for specialized evaluation and treatment.</p>
      <p>The qualitative variables are presented as frequencies and percentages and the quantitative ones as means and standard deviation (mean &#177; SD). To compare the quantitative variables of the hypertensive group without diabetes with the hypertensive group with diabetes, the Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used; for the qualitative variables, the Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test were used. The normality of the quantitative variables was analyzed through the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
      <p>Poisson's regression model was used to identify the factors associated with GF in each group and the level of significance was established at 5%. The prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were also estimated.</p>
      <p>The variables that presented p value &lt; 0.20 were considered in Poisson's multivariate regression model. The selection of variables was carried out by the stepwise method by elimination. Only the variables with a p value &lt; 0.10 remained in the final model. The data were analyzed using the statistical program STATA 9.0.</p>
      <p>This study received financial support from the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o</italic> (FAPEMA - The Foundation for The Support of Research and Scientific and Technological Development of the State of Maranh&#227;o).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 297 hypertensive individuals that participated in the HyperDia Program and were treated at a BHU in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s were evaluated. There was a loss of 3.3% (n=10) due to lack of data for the analysis of kidney function or refusal to participate in the study. Thus, the final sample consisted of 199 hypertensive patients without DM and 98 with DM, according to the files of the HyperDia Program.</p>
      <p>The mean age was 60.6 &#177; 11.5 years and there was a predominance of the female sex (75.1%), fewer than 9 years of schooling (83.1%) and socioeconomic classes D and E (79.5%). The percentage of smokers was 44.3% and of alcohol consumers was 20.9% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The consumption of alcohol was associated with age &lt; 65 years for the hypertensive individuals with DM (p = 0,046).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A higher prevalence of overweight (38.0%) and obese (27.0%) individuals was observed, according to the BMI. Among the obese hypertensive individuals, 85.3% were aged &lt; 65 years and there was a significant association (p= 0.002). The distribution of abdominal fat was altered in 60.6% according to the WC and in 75.8% according to the WHR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>As for the sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>), no statistically significant differences were observed between the AH group without DM and the AH group with DM.</p>
      <p>The mean SBP and DBP values were 149.9 &#177; 1.7 mmHg and 89.2 &#177; 0.9 mmHg for the AH group without DM and 145.5 &#177; 2.0 mmHg and 86.5 &#177; 1.0 mmHg for the AH group with DM, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>The GF predominated within the interval between 60 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> for both groups. The percentage of reduced GF (&lt; 60 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>) was 24.6% in the AH group without DM and 18.3% in the AH with DM. No statistically significant difference was observed regarding GF between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with reduced GF (&lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), serum creatinine was altered (&gt; 1.2 mg/dl) in only 20.4% in the AH group without DM and in 44.4% in the other group (data not presented in a table).</p>
      <p>In the AH group without DM, only age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (PR = 2.20; 95%CI = 1.24-3.90) presented a significant association with reduced GF (&lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). In the AH group with DM, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (PR = 5.11; 95%CI = 1.80-14.50) and smoking status (PR = 2.94; 95% CI= 1.05-8.24) were associated. Still considering this group, alcohol consumption and obesity (PR = 0.21; 95%CI = 0.04-0.93) were more frequent in patients with GF <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0779-00021-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>At the adjusted analysis for AH group without DM, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (PR = 2.20; p = 0.007) remained associated with reduced GF. Similarly, for the other group, only age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (PR = 5.10; p = 0.005) and smoking status (PR = 2.86; p = 0.073) remained associated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study there was a predominance of GF between 60 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, which corresponds to stage II of CKD for both groups. The prevalence of reduced GF (&lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) was 24.6% in the AH group without DM and 18.3% in the AH group with DM. Kramer et al<sup>10</sup>, in Brazil, found a prevalence of 12.7% of reduced GF in diabetic patients, with or without associated AH. European studies demonstrated a prevalence of reduced GF in 22.3% of hypertensive individuals<sup>4</sup>, in 31.3% of diabetics and in 6.9% of the general population<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although DM is the main cause of patients undergoing SRT in developed countries<sup>11</sup>, in Brazil 35.8% of the cases are attributed to AH, followed by diabetes, with 25.7%<sup>6</sup>. In the present study, the fact that the hypertensive patient was diabetic did not increase the risk for GF decrease. This situation can be attributed to the more careful monitoring of kidney function in hypertensive patients with associated diabetes<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The female sex was predominant in the study sample. However, the male sex presented a higher risk for reduced GF in the two groups assessed in the study, although there was no significant association. The predominance of the female sex, a common finding in several studies with hypertensive populations<sup>12-15</sup> can be attributed to the fact that women more frequently seek systematic medical attention<sup>16</sup> and to the higher prevalence of these patients registered at the HyperDia Program<sup>17</sup>. Another possible explanation is that women present a higher frequency of AH from the sixth decade on<sup>18</sup>, and a higher life expectancy at birth (76.5 years) when compared to men<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mean age of 60.6 years reflects the aging process of the brazilian population<sup>16</sup>. Didier and Guimaraes<sup>13</sup> found, in the suburbs of the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, a mean age of 58.1 &#177; 9.9 years in hypertensive individuals and other authors observed a prevalence of AH between 49.3% and 71.6% in individuals aged 60 years or older<sup>12,15</sup>. Age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years presented a significant association with reduced GF in both groups at the non-adjusted analysis and so it remained after the adjustment. National<sup>10,20</sup> and international studies<sup>4,19</sup> also observed a statistical significance of reduced GF with age. These findings confirm the increase in AP and CKD with age.</p>
      <p>Regarding the socioeconomic situation, 79.5% of the patients belonged to the lower socioeconomic classes (classes D and E) and this adverse situation was much more unfavorable than the one found by Lessa et al<sup>12</sup>, in the city of Salvador, which showed a frequency of 59.3% of hypertensive individuals in these classes. Similarly, the low level of schooling observed (up to 8 years of schooling) was higher than the 62.2% estimated for the brazilian population<sup>16</sup>. It is possible that such situation, among hypertensive individuals, brings difficulties for the understanding of the disease and the importance of treatment adherence. Stummer et al<sup>13</sup> emphasize that individuals in the lower socioeconomic classes and with lower levels of schooling present a lower probability of receiving adequate management in the treatment of hypertension.</p>
      <p>The high percentage of smokers observed in the sample is also mentioned in other studies with hypertensive individuals<sup>13,14</sup>. Paradoxically, Boing and Boing<sup>17</sup> found lower values (18.2%) for patients registered at the HyperDay Program. This dissimilarity may be explained by the diversity of definition attributed to the smoking status, established by these authors as smoking one or more cigarettes a day during the interview period. In this study, smoking was significantly associated with a reduced GF in hypertensive individuals with DM, and so it remained after the adjusted analysis. As shown in the literature<sup>21</sup>, the habit of smoking increases the risk of kidney function decrease and it is a modifiable factor.</p>
      <p>Considering the diversity of the criterion adopted for alcohol consumption, some authors present discrepancies in their findings. In this study, 17.5% of the patients reported consuming alcohol. For the AH group with DM, there was a significant association with alcohol consumption and reduced GF; however, after the adjusted analysis, this association was no longer observed. This might be attributed to the fact that age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years is significantly associated with reduced GF and a lower frequency of alcohol consumption in these patients.</p>
      <p>The excess of body weight was predominant in our sample, considering the BMI as indicator. Of the assessed patients, 65% presented overweight/obesity. A similar prevalence of excess weight was observed in hypertensive individuals by Sturmer et al<sup>13</sup> - in 75.4% of the patients. In this study, the patients with reduced GF presented a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, but there was a significant association only for obesity in the AH group with DM.</p>
      <p>Some epidemiological studies have suggested that excess weight can be a risk factor for CKD<sup>22,23</sup>. On the other hand, a population study<sup>22</sup> observed that presenting overweight/obesity at 20 years of age or at some time in the past had an association with increased risk for CKD, although no association was found with excess weight at the moment of the interview.</p>
      <p>In this study, the association observed between obesity and reduced GF can be explained by the loss of weight as a consequence of the CKD progress, as a spontaneous decrease in protein consumption occurs with the decrease in the GF, increasing the risk for malnutrition<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, such association was not significant after the adjustment, which can be attributed to the confusion between the variables age and obesity.</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that the BMI, although it is a good measure of obesity, does not consider the variation in body fat distribution and it is not capable of detecting the increase in body fat that occurs with age<sup>26</sup>. Thus, other indicators were measured.</p>
      <p>In general, we observed higher risk predominance for WC and WHR, but these measurements did not present a significant association with reduced GF. The consequence of abdominal adiposity in relation to kidney function impairment has been little documented and it is a noteworthy subject, considering its frequent association with hypertension and diabetes, which are the main causes of CKD in the world. Some studies have shown an association between the central distribution of fat, measured by the WHR, with hypertension<sup>14,27</sup>, microalbuminuria<sup>28</sup> and CKD<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been well established that a strict control of AP is very important to minimize the progression of CKD<sup>9,30</sup>. The control of AP did not present a significant association with reduced GF, which can be justified by the lack of AP control also in the hypertensive individuals with GF <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. It is noteworthy the fact that these patients present a high frequency of overweight and abdominal fat distribution, which contributes to the worsening of hypertension, as observed in other studies<sup>3,12,14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The maintenance of glycemia within the normal range for diabetics is fundamental for the prevention or decrease of macro and microvascular complications<sup>31</sup>. Its inclusion is recommended in the strategy of CKD prevention in diabetic patients<sup>30-33</sup>. In this study, the glycemic control was not associated to reduced GF, corroborating the findings by Kramer et al<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The increase in serum creatinine is a relatively late parameter for the detection of renal lesion, as it presents alteration only after the patient loses more than 50% of the GF capacity<sup>34</sup>. Of the patients with reduced GF, 79.6% of the individuals with AH without DM and 55.6% of those with AH and DM still presented serum creatinine levels within the normal range, demonstrating the low sensitivity of this marker for the early diagnosis of CKD. That confirms the importance of the measurement of GF, measured or estimated based on the serum creatinine, to evaluate kidney function in clinical practice<sup>2,3,9,30</sup>. In this regard, among the recommendations of the Kidney Diseases Outcomes Quality Initiative (K-DOQI)<sup>9</sup>, is the sue of equations that aim at identifying renal patients faster and at a lower cost. The two most frequently used equations are the Cockcroft-Gault, from 1976 and the MDRD, developed during the study of the same name (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease - MDRD). However, these formulas, although recommended, still need validation in large samples, in individuals at very early stages of kidney dysfunction and in elderly individuals<sup>35,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria significantly increases with the reduced GF<sup>4</sup>. Therefore, its measurement constitutes an important element in the early diagnosis and follow-up of CKD<sup>9,30</sup>. In this study, the frequency of microalbuminuria found in the patients with reduced GF was 14.6% in the AH group without DM and 17.6% in the AH group with DM. National studies report a prevalence of microalbuminuria of 9.5% and 13.7% in hypertensive individuals undergoing treatment<sup>37,38</sup>. Such variations in prevalence can be attributed to differences in the methods of analysis of urinary excretion of albumin, due to variation sin age ranges, ethnicity or comorbidities in the studied groups<sup>39</sup>. It is also important to mention that the anti-hypertensive treatment is capable of reducing microalbuminuria<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria did not present any association with GF. A possible explanation would be that the patients with reduced GF presented a lower frequency of excess weight and abdominal fat distribution in the AH group without DM, although there was no statistical significance. For the AH group with DM, the better glycemic control must be added, through the glycated hemoglobin levels. Maybe the combination of these factors contributed to the reduced microalbuminuria in these patients.</p>
      <p>As this is a cross-sectional study, it was not possible to establish a causal association between the GF and associated factors in hypertensive individuals, but one can infer an association between these conditions. Another limitation is that the drug therapy was not assessed, which can interfere with the GF. However, one must consider that all patients were registered at and participated in the HyperDia Program and received the essential medications recommended by the Ministry of Health, available at all BHU.</p>
      <p>The percentage of reduced GF observed in the study population was high. That reinforces the need for systematic assessment of GF through creatinine clearance or estimated by equations that have been well established in the literature, as the serum creatinine is a relatively late parameter. It is also important to remember that smokers, as well as those aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years need special attention, as these factors were strongly associated with GF.</p>
      <p>These findings reinforce the need to promote the continuing education for healthcare teams involved in the treatment of these patients, sponsoring the prevention and diagnosis of CKD at the early stages, when it is still possible to prevent the progression to the final stages, of which treatment requires dialysis or kidney transplant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors wish to thank CNPq and FAPEMA for the financial support, <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra</italic> and <italic>Unidade de Sa&#250;de Vila Embratel</italic> and the patients who accepted to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPEMA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Karina Teixeira da Cunha Fran&#231;a, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
