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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vv7HKFT7gmVKMpDfVvqfyYf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprodutibilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Aparecida Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Soares Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samora</surname>
            <given-names>Giane Amorim Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara Norman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Susan Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velloso</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Britto</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>771</fpage>
      <lpage>778</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a capacidade funcional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Por&#233;m, a determina&#231;&#227;o visual do LA por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios &#233; subjetiva, ficando suscet&#237;vel &#224; diferen&#231;a entre examinadores. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores na determina&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC leve a moderada pelos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e V-slope. Comparar e correlacionar os resultados encontrados. M&#201;TODOS: Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergoespirom&#233;trico em esteira, utilizaram-se os m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e V-slope para an&#225;lise do LA. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade, tr&#234;s examinadores detectaram o LA duas vezes em cada m&#233;todo, em dias distintos. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizou-se coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) com p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 16 indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 45,9 &#177; 9,7 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 20,5 &#177; 8,1% e consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o de 20,6 &#177; 7,8 ml/kg&#8226;min-1. A reprodutibilidade intraexaminador foi alta nos dois m&#233;todos para os tr&#234;s examinadores, com valores de CCI entre 0,87 e 0,99. A reprodutibilidade interexaminadores foi moderada tanto no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico (CCI = 0,69) quanto no V-slope (CCI = 0,64). Quando se contrastaram os m&#233;todos, foi encontrado CCI de 0,91. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por meio dos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e V-slope apresentou reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores alta e moderada, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, os dois m&#233;todos demonstraram alta concord&#226;ncia quando contrastados. Esses resultados sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem ser utilizados, de forma reprodut&#237;vel, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC de leve a moderada</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Reprodutibilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>limiar anaer&#243;bio</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> ERGOESPIROMETRIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reprodutibilidade da determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira<sup>I, II</sup>; Danielle Soares Rocha Vieira<sup>I</sup>, Giane Amorim Ribeiro Samora<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernanda Lima Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Maria Clara Norman Alencar<sup>I</sup>; Susan Martins Lage<sup>I</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Franco Parreira<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Velloso<sup>I</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Raquel Rodrigues Britto<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte-UNI-BH, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a capacidade funcional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Por&#233;m, a determina&#231;&#227;o visual do LA por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios &#233; subjetiva, ficando suscet&#237;vel &#224; diferen&#231;a entre examinadores. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores na determina&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC leve a moderada pelos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic>. Comparar e correlacionar os resultados encontrados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergoespirom&#233;trico em esteira, utilizaram-se os m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic> para an&#225;lise do LA. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade, tr&#234;s examinadores detectaram o LA duas vezes em cada m&#233;todo, em dias distintos. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizou-se coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) com p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 16 indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 45,9 &#177; 9,7 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 20,5 &#177; 8,1% e consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o de 20,6 &#177; 7,8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. A reprodutibilidade intraexaminador foi alta nos dois m&#233;todos para os tr&#234;s examinadores, com valores de CCI entre 0,87 e 0,99. A reprodutibilidade interexaminadores foi moderada tanto no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico (CCI = 0,69) quanto no <italic>V-slope</italic> (CCI = 0,64). Quando se contrastaram os m&#233;todos, foi encontrado CCI de 0,91. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por meio dos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic> apresentou reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores alta e moderada, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, os dois m&#233;todos demonstraram alta concord&#226;ncia quando contrastados. Esses resultados sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem ser utilizados, de forma reprodut&#237;vel, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC de leve a moderada </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Reprodutibilidade, limiar anaer&#243;bio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), medidas das vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares durante o exerc&#237;cio, por meio do teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo com an&#225;lise direta de gases expirados, s&#227;o consideradas refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional<sup>1,2</sup>. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio mensurado diretamente &#233; uma medida precisa que permite avaliar clinicamente a capacidade aer&#243;bica<sup>1-4</sup>. Quando um indiv&#237;duo alcan&#231;a seu limite fisiol&#243;gico em um teste de esfor&#231;o, pode-se dizer que o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) foi atingido<sup>1,2</sup>. A medida do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x &#233; definida quando o consumo de oxig&#234;nio alcan&#231;a um plat&#244;, indicando que a capacidade m&#225;xima foi alcan&#231;ada pela aus&#234;ncia de aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> mesmo com aumento adicional de carga<sup>1,2</sup>. O VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x &#233; afetado por idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as ou uso de medica&#231;&#245;es<sup>2-4</sup>. Na IC, essa medida &#233; raramente alcan&#231;ada, e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio atingido no pico do esfor&#231;o sem alcance de plat&#244; (VO<sub>2</sub>pico) &#233; utilizado para definir a capacidade funcional<sup>1,2,5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como a determina&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo pode ser subjetiva na IC, e atividades de vida di&#225;ria n&#227;o requerem capacidade m&#225;xima, outras vari&#225;veis do teste podem ser &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional<sup>1,7</sup>, como o limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA). Este &#233; definido como n&#237;vel de trabalho ou consumo de oxig&#234;nio acima do qual a produ&#231;&#227;o de energia aer&#243;bica &#233; suplementada por metabolismo anaer&#243;bico, levando a aumento de lactato sangu&#237;neo<sup>8-12</sup>. A dissocia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido l&#225;tico leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons H+, que, tamponados na corrente sangu&#237;nea pelo bicarbonato, geram maior produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e aumento da resposta ventilat&#243;ria<sup>1,8-13</sup>. Portanto, existe um limiar ventilat&#243;rio coincidente com o LA<sup>13,14</sup>, sendo poss&#237;vel sua detec&#231;&#227;o pela an&#225;lise dos gases por meio da ergoespirometria<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tanto o VO<sub>2</sub>pico quanto o LA determinado por m&#233;todo ventilat&#243;rio s&#227;o considerados v&#225;lidos e reprodut&#237;veis em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>1,5,14,16</sup>. Entretanto, como a determina&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo pode ser subjetiva em indiv&#237;duos com IC<sup>1,16</sup>, o LA seria uma alternativa para predizer desempenho aer&#243;bico comparado ao VO<sub>2</sub>pico<sup>1,8,13,16-18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o LA pode ser &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o de intensidade de prescri&#231;&#227;o de treinamento em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de treinamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC<sup>4,8</sup>. Nos indiv&#237;duos com IC, o ac&#250;mulo de lactato pode ocorrer precocemente, levando a uma dura&#231;&#227;o mais curta do teste de esfor&#231;o, o que, segundo alguns autores<sup>1,12</sup>, pode dificultar a identifica&#231;&#227;o do LA. Al&#233;m disso, a determina&#231;&#227;o visual do LA por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios &#233; de natureza subjetiva, ficando suscet&#237;vel &#224; diferen&#231;a entre examinadores<sup>8</sup>. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1. avaliar a reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores na determina&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC leve a moderada pelos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic>, e 2. comparar e correlacionar os resultados encontrados por meio dos dois m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sujeitos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram indiv&#237;duos com IC classes II e III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), independentemente de sexo e etnia, no est&#225;gio C de IC<sup>19,20</sup>, que n&#227;o praticassem atividade f&#237;sica regular, com idade entre 25 e 59 anos, estabilidade cl&#237;nica h&#225; pelo menos dois meses, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em repouso <underline>&lt;</underline> 45% e que n&#227;o apresentassem doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias em fase aguda, insufici&#234;ncia renal, disfun&#231;&#227;o ortop&#233;dica ou neurol&#243;gica limitante &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de deambula&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a pulmonar, angina inst&#225;vel, arritmias n&#227;o controladas ou doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica. Respeitando esses crit&#233;rios, inclu&#237;ram-se 16 indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 45,9 &#177; 9,7 anos, IMC de 26,5 &#177; 5,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 20,5 &#177; 8,1%, selecionados no ambulat&#243;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca da institui&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 16 indiv&#237;duos com IC, avaliados por meio do teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo com an&#225;lise de gases expirados. A maior parte da amostra foi composta por homens (75%), em sua maioria com IC de origem idiop&#225;tica (43,75%) e em classe funcional II (81,25%) da NYHA.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo com an&#225;lise de gases expirados (CPX Ultima<sup>&#174;</sup>, Medical Graphics, Estados Unidos) foi realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica (Millenium Classic CI<sup>&#174;</sup>, Inbramed/Inbrasport, Brasil) com protocolo de rampa<sup>21-24</sup>. O protocolo de rampa foi desenvolvido com base nos valores de velocidade m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima definidos pelo estudo de Barbosa e Sobral<sup>22</sup> para cada d&#233;cada de idade e sexo, para que o teste de esfor&#231;o tivesse uma dura&#231;&#227;o de, no m&#237;nimo, 8 minutos. Realizou-se uma extrapola&#231;&#227;o polinomial de quarta ordem para determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de refer&#234;ncia para cada idade e sexo, e c&#225;lculo de incrementos a cada 10 segundos, a fim de que o teste de esfor&#231;o tivesse uma dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 15 minutos<sup>12</sup>. Os incrementos utilizados como refer&#234;ncia para o protocolo de rampa encontram-se descritos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. Os testes foram realizados com temperatura ambiente a 20 &#177; 2&#186; C e umidade relativa do ar entre 50% e 70%<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise do LA, dois m&#233;todos foram utilizados: 1. visual-gr&#225;fico plotando VCO<sub>2</sub> e VO<sub>2</sub> em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>) e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="f2">2</xref>. <italic>V-slope</italic> plotando VCO<sub>2</sub> em fun&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>). Em ambos os m&#233;todos, o LA foi avaliado em gr&#225;ficos com m&#233;dia m&#243;vel de oito respira&#231;&#245;es<sup>15</sup>. No m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico, o LA foi definido como o ponto no qual houve quebra da linearidade da resposta de VCO<sub>2</sub> comparado ao VO<sub>2</sub> em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo<sup>15</sup>, e no <italic>V-slope</italic>, como o momento a partir do qual houve mudan&#231;a na inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva<sup>1,5,12-14</sup>. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da reprodutibilidade, tr&#234;s examinadores com treinamento anterior nos dois m&#233;todos detectaram o LA de forma independente. O LA foi avaliado duas vezes, em cada m&#233;todo, por cada examinador em dias distintos.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="f2">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de Shapiro Wilk foi realizado para an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) de consist&#234;ncia e CCI de concord&#226;ncia foram utilizados para avaliar reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores da segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Para comparar as m&#233;dias dos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> no LA dos tr&#234;s examinadores na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, aplicou-se o teste t pareado. Para contrastar os dois m&#233;todos, foi feita a m&#233;dia do LA dos tr&#234;s examinadores tanto no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico quanto no <italic>V-slope</italic> da segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, e posteriormente aplicou-se o CCI de concord&#226;ncia. Foi considerado como significativo um p &lt; 0,05. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> SPSS <italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (SPSS Inc., Estados Unidos), vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um avaliador n&#227;o conseguiu identificar o LA de dois pacientes, nos dois m&#233;todos. Dessa forma, foram considerados para as an&#225;lises de reprodutibilidade os dados de 14 pacientes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> mostra a reprodutibilidade intraexaminador. Foram observados valores de CCI de alta magnitude variando de 0,87 a 0,99, demonstrando alta reprodutibilidade nos dois m&#233;todos para os tr&#234;s examinadores. A reprodutibilidade interexaminadores foi de magnitude moderada tanto no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico (CCI = 0,69; p = 0,0001) quanto no <italic>V-slope</italic> (CCI = 0,64; p = 0,0001). O VO<sub>2</sub>pico atingido no teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo foi de 20,6 &#177; 7,8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. As m&#233;dias dos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> no LA dos tr&#234;s examinadores foram 15,10 &#177; 3,20 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> e 16,15 &#177; 3,63 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> para os m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic>, respectivamente. Essas medidas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quando comparadas (p = 0,09). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref> mostra o gr&#225;fico da dispers&#227;o dos dados obtidos com os dois m&#233;todos. Correlacionando os dois m&#233;todos, foi encontrado CCI de 0,91 (p = 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais resultados encontrados no presente estudo foram a alta reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e a moderada interexaminadores tanto do m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico quanto do <italic>V-slope</italic>. Tais resultados refor&#231;am a possibilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ambos os m&#233;todos na identifica&#231;&#227;o do LA, considerando principalmente o fato de eles serem t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas de determina&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios &#233; considerada v&#225;lida<sup>5,14,16,25</sup> e, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e atletas, demonstrou ser altamente reprodut&#237;vel<sup>5,25</sup>. J&#225; em indiv&#237;duos com IC, existe o questionamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios, por causa das dificuldades na detec&#231;&#227;o do LA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,6,12,14,26</sup> e em raz&#227;o da subjetividade inerente &#224; an&#225;lise visual<sup>8</sup>. Em um estudo de Matsumara e cols.<sup>16</sup>, foi encontrada alta reprodutibilidade da detec&#231;&#227;o do LA em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mista de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e indiv&#237;duos com IC por meio da an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto/VO<sub>2</sub>. O presente estudo foi realizado com uma amostra composta exclusivamente de indiv&#237;duos com IC, e as t&#233;cnicas de escolha para detec&#231;&#227;o do LA basearam-se na an&#225;lise do VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>6,14,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>A reprodutibilidade intraexaminador da detec&#231;&#227;o do LA foi alta tanto no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico quanto no <italic>V-slope</italic>, o que demonstra alta consist&#234;ncia dos tr&#234;s examinadores avaliando especificamente indiv&#237;duos com IC. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com Weber e cols.<sup>27</sup> que, ao avaliarem a ventila&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com IC durante o esfor&#231;o, tamb&#233;m encontraram reprodutibilidade intraexaminador alta na detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por meio da an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica quando buscaram o aumento n&#227;o linear da ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto e do VCO<sub>2</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo.</p>
    <p>Apesar da estabilidade das an&#225;lises de cada examinador, a reprodutibilidade interexaminadores apresentou magnitude moderada, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que diferen&#231;a entre examinadores talvez seja inevit&#225;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o visual pelo m&#233;todo ventilat&#243;rio<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, &#233; descrito percentual de perdas quando se avalia o LA por meio de an&#225;lise visual de at&#233; 50%<sup>13</sup>. No presente estudo, um dos examinadores n&#227;o conseguiu detectar o LA de apenas dois indiv&#237;duos (12,5%), o que n&#227;o afetou a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos (apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>). Nesse caso, foi considerada a m&#233;dia dos valores obtidos pelos dois outros avaliadores. A m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 20,6 &#177; 7,8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber<sup>1,27,28</sup>, a amostra seria definida pelo valor da m&#233;dia do VO<sub>2</sub>pico como classe A (gravidade leve). Essa informa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que seria esperado um n&#250;mero de limiares n&#227;o detect&#225;veis inferior ao descrito na literatura, considerando a gravidade menor da amostra avaliada neste estudo.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo <italic>V-slope</italic> vem sendo classicamente descrito como m&#233;todo de escolha na avalia&#231;&#227;o de LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC<sup>1,6</sup>. No entanto, no presente estudo, as reprodutibilidades intraexaminador e interexaminadores de ambos os m&#233;todos foram similares, n&#227;o demonstrando superioridade de um m&#233;todo em rela&#231;&#227;o a outro. Al&#233;m disso, quando se contrastaram os dois m&#233;todos correlacionando a m&#233;dia dos resultados dos tr&#234;s examinadores no m&#233;todo visual-gr&#225;fico com a m&#233;dia dos examinadores no <italic>V-slope</italic>, foi encontrado alto coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, o que demonstra que existe boa concord&#226;ncia entre eles.</p>
    <p>Apesar do n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes avaliados, especialmente na classe III de NYHA, os achados deste estudo apresentam relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois demonstram que a detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por m&#233;todos ventilat&#243;rios em indiv&#237;duos com IC de gravidade leve a moderada pode ser fact&#237;vel com reprodutibilidade adequada. Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste trabalho &#233; que foram avaliados indiv&#237;duos de gravidade leve, em sua maioria classe II da NYHA, n&#227;o permitindo extrapolar conclus&#245;es relativas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de pessoas com IC de maior gravidade e pior classe funcional. Futuros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar a reprodutibilidade da detec&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC de maior gravidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o do LA por meio dos m&#233;todos visual-gr&#225;fico e <italic>V-slope</italic> apresentou reprodutibilidade intraexaminador e interexaminadores alta e moderada, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, os dois m&#233;todos demonstraram alta concord&#226;ncia quando contrastados. Esses resultados sugerem que ambos os m&#233;todos podem ser utilizados, de forma reprodut&#237;vel, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do LA em indiv&#237;duos com IC de leve a moderada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPEMIG e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira </p>
        <p> Departamento de Fisioterapia - UFMG - Campus Pampulha </p>
        <p> Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha </p>
        <p> 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="d.fisio@ig.com.br">d.fisio@ig.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="d.fisio@bol.com.br">d.fisio@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/05/09; revisado recebido em 28/08/09; aceito em 21/12/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Reproducibility of the determination of anaerobic threshold in patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The anaerobic threshold (AT) provides information on functional capacity in heart failure (HF). However, the visual determination of the AT by ventilatory methods is subjective, being susceptible to differences between examiners. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility in the determination of the AT in patients with mild to moderate HF, using visual-graphic and V-slope methods. To compare and correlate the results. METHODS: After performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill, visual-graphic and V-slope methods were used for the analysis of the AT. To assess the reproducibility, three examiners determined the AT twice by each method, on different days. For statistical analysis, we used intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with p &lt;0.05. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 16 subjects, with a mean age of 45.9 &#177; 9.7 years, left ventricle ejection fraction of 20.5 &#177; 8.1%, and peak exercise oxygen consumption of 20.6 &#177; 7.8 mL/kg&#8226;min-1. The intra-examiner reproducibility was high in both methods for the three examiners, with ICC values between 0.87 and 0.99. The inter-examiner reproducibility was moderate in both visual-graphic method (ICC = 0.69) and V-slope method (ICC = 0.64). When comparing methods, the ICC found was 0.91. CONCLUSION: AT determination by visual-graphic and V-slope methods showed high and moderate inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility, respectively. Moreover, both methods showed good agreement when compared with each other. These results suggest that both methods can be used in a reproducible way in AT assessment of patients with mild to moderate HF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Reproducibility of results</kwd>
        <kwd>anaerobic threshold</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Reproducibility of the determination of anaerobic threshold in patients with heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira<sup>I, II</sup>; Danielle Soares Rocha Vieira<sup>I</sup>; Giane Amorim Ribeiro Samora<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernanda Lima Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Maria Clara Norman Alencar<sup>I</sup>; Susan Martins Lage<sup>I</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Franco Parreira<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Velloso<sup>I</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Raquel Rodrigues Britto<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte-UNI-BH, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> The anaerobic threshold (AT) provides information on functional capacity in heart failure (HF). However, the visual determination of the AT by ventilatory methods is subjective, being susceptible to differences between examiners.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility in the determination of the AT in patients with mild to moderate HF, using visual-graphic and V-slope methods. To compare and correlate the results.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> After performing a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill, visual-graphic and V-slope methods were used for the analysis of the AT. To assess the reproducibility, three examiners determined the AT twice by each method, on different days. For statistical analysis, we used intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with p &lt;0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We evaluated a total of 16 subjects, with a mean age of 45.9 &#177; 9.7 years, left ventricle ejection fraction of 20.5 &#177; 8.1%, and peak exercise oxygen consumption of 20.6 &#177; 7.8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. The intra-examiner reproducibility was high in both methods for the three examiners, with ICC values between 0.87 and 0.99. The inter-examiner reproducibility was moderate in both visual-graphic method (ICC = 0.69) and V-slope method (ICC = 0.64). When comparing methods, the ICC found was 0.91.</p>
      <p> CONCLUSIONS: AT determination by visual-graphic and V-slope methods showed high and moderate inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility, respectively. Moreover, both methods showed good agreement when compared with each other. These results suggest that both methods can be used in a reproducible way in AT assessment of patients with mild to moderate HF. </p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Reproducibility of results; anaerobic threshold; heart failure; exercise test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In subjects with heart failure (HF), measurements of cardiopulmonary variables during exercise, using maximal exercise testing with direct analysis of expired gases, are considered as reference for the evaluation of functional capacity<sup>1,2</sup>. Directly measured oxygen consumption is an accurate method for clinical assessment of the aerobic capacity<sup>1-4</sup>. When an individual reaches its physiological limit in an exercise test, this indicates that the maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) has been reached<sup>1,2</sup>. The measurement of the VO<sub>2</sub>max is determined when the oxygen consumption reaches a plateau, indicating that the maximum capacity has been reached by the lack of increase in VO<sub>2,</sub> even with further increase in the load<sup>1,2</sup>. The VO<sub>2</sub>max is affected by age, gender, medical condition, or medication use<sup>2-4</sup>. In HF, this plateau is rarely reached, and the peak exercise oxygen consumption achieved without reaching a plateau (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) is used to determine the functional capacity<sup>1,2,5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the determination of the maximum stress in HF patients can be subjective, and as daily activities do not require maximal capacity, other variables in the test, such as the anaerobic threshold (AT), may be useful in assessing functional capacity<sup>1,7</sup>. AT is defined as the work level or the oxygen consumption above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism, leading to increased blood lactate levels<sup>8-12</sup>. The dissociation of the lactic acid leads to the release of H<sup>+</sup> ions, which are buffered in the bloodstream by bicarbonate, generating the production of more carbon dioxide (VCO<sub>2</sub>) and an increased ventilatory response<sup>1,8-13</sup>. Therefore, there is a ventilatory threshold coincident with the AT<sup>13,14</sup>, which is detected by gas analysis using spirometry.<sup>15</sup></p>
      <p>Both VO<sub>2peak</sub> and AT determined by the ventilatory method are considered valid and reproducible in healthy subjects<sup>1,5,14,16</sup>. However, as the determination of maximum stress can be subjective in individuals with HF<sup>1,16</sup>, AT can be an alternative option comparable to the VO<sub>2peak</sub> to predict aerobic performance<sup>1,8,13,16-18</sup>. Moreover, AT may be useful in determining the intensity of the training prescription in rehabilitation programs, in evaluating the effects of training, and in assessing the prognosis of patients with HF<sup>4,8</sup>. In HF patients, the accumulation of lactate may occur earlier, leading to a shorter duration of the exercise test, a fact which according to some authors<sup>1,12</sup> can complicate AT determination. Moreover, the visual determination of AT by ventilatory methods is subjective, being susceptible to differences between examiners<sup>8</sup>. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility in AT assessment of patients with mild to moderate HC using visual-graphic and V-slope methods; and 2) to compare and correlate the results found by both methods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the institution, and all volunteers signed an Informed Consent. Inclusion criteria were: Individuals with HF in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II and III, regardless of gender and ethnicity, in stage C of HF<sup>19,20</sup>, who did not practice regular physical activity, aged between 25 and 59 years, who showed clinical stability for at least two months, with ejection left ventricle fraction at rest <underline>&lt;</underline> 45%, and who had shown no acute-phase inflammatory diseases; renal failure; orthopedic or neurological dysfunctions limiting ambulation; history of pulmonary disease; unstable angina; uncontrolled arrhythmias; or peripheral arterial disease. Respecting these criteria, 16 subjects were included, with a mean age of 45.9 &#177; 9.7 years, BMI of 26.5 &#177; 5.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, left ventricle ejection fraction of 20.5 &#177; 8.1%, selected from the heart failure outpatient clinic of the institution. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of 16 HF patients, assessed by the maximal exercise test with expired gas analysis. Most of the sample was composed of men (75%), mostly with idiopathic HF (43.75%) in NYHA class II (81.25%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Experimental Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The maximal exercise test with expired gas analysis (CPX Ultima<sup>TM</sup>, Medical Graphics, USA) was performed on a treadmill (Millennium Classic CI<sup>TM</sup>, Inbramed/Inbrasport, Brazil) with a ramp protocol<sup>21-24</sup>. The ramp protocol was developed with base on the values of minimum and maximum speed defined by the study of Barbosa and Sobral<sup>22</sup> for each decade of age and gender, so that the stress test had a duration of at least 8 minutes. A fourth-order polynomial extrapolation was performed to determine reference values for each age and gender, and the increment was calculated every 10 seconds, so that the stress test had a duration of 12 to 15 minutes<sup>12</sup>. The increments used as reference for the ramp protocol are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03-body2">3</xref>. The tests were performed at room temperature, at 20 &#177; 2&#186; C, and relative humidity between 50% and 70%<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>For AT analysis, two methods were used: 1. the visual-graphic method, in which VCO<sub>2</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub> were plotted as a function of time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>); and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="f2-body2">2</xref>. the V-slope method, in which VCO<sub>2</sub> was plotted as a function of VO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). In both methods, the AT was assessed in charts with eight-breath moving average<sup>15</sup>. In the visual-graphic method, AT was defined as the point at which there was a break in the linearity of the response of VCO<sub>2</sub> compared to VO<sub>2</sub>, as a function of time<sup>15</sup>; and in the V-slope method, AT was determined as the point from which there was a change in the slope of the curve<sup>1,5,12-14</sup>. To evaluate reproducibility, three investigators with prior training in both methods determined the AT independently. AT was assessed twice by each method by each examiner on different days.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="f2-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Shapiro Wilk test was performed to analyze the data distribution. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for consistency and the ICC for agreement were used to assess intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility in the second evaluation, respectively. To compare the mean values of VO<sub>2</sub> determined by the three examiners in the second evaluation, we applied the paired t test. To contrast the two methods, the average AT values of the second evaluation conducted by the three examiners were calculated by both the visual-graphic method and the V-slope method, and subsequently the ICC for agreement was applied. The p-value was considered significant at p &lt; 0.05. For data analysis, we used the SPSS<sup>TM</sup> (SPSS Inc., USA), version 13.0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One of the examiners could not identify the AT of two patients in both methods. Thus, data from 14 patients were taken into account for the reproducibility analysis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the intra-examiner reproducibility. The ICC values were high, ranging from 0.87 to 0.99, indicating high reproducibility of both methods for the three examiners. The inter-examiner reproducibility was moderate in both visual-graphic method (ICC = 0.69, p = 0.0001) and V-slope method (ICC = 0.64, p = 0.0001). The VO<sub>2peak</sub> reached at maximal exercise test was 20.6 &#177; 7.8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. The mean values of VO<sub>2</sub> in AT determined by the three examiners were 15.10 &#177; 3.20 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> and 16.15 &#177; 3.63 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup> for the visual-graphic and V-slope methods, respectively. These values showed no statistical difference when compared (p = 0.09) with each other. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the data dispersion graph obtained with both methods. Comparing the two methods, the ICC found was 0.91 (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0771-00044-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main findings of this study were a high intra-examiner reproducibility and a moderate inter-examiner reproducibility, both in the visual-graphic method and the V-slope method. These results reinforce the possibility of using both methods in AT detection, especially considering the fact that they are non-invasive techniques for determining this variable.</p>
      <p>AT detection by ventilatory methods is considered valid<sup>5,14,16,25</sup> and in healthy subjects and athletes, it has proven to be highly reproducible<sup>5,25</sup>. In HF patients, the validity of ventilatory methods is questioned, because of difficulties in detecting AT<sup>1,6,12,14,26</sup> in this population, and because of the inherent subjectivity of the visual analysis.<sup>8</sup> In a study conducted by Matsumara et al<sup>16</sup>, a highly reproducible AT detection was observed in a mixed population of healthy subjects and HF patients, by examining graphically the relationships between minute ventilation and VO<sub>2</sub>. The present study was conducted with a sample composed exclusively of individuals with HF, and the techniques of choice for AT detection were based on VCO<sub>2</sub> analysis<sup>6,14,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The intra-examiner reproducibility in AT detection was high both in the visual-graphic method and the V-slope method, which indicates a high consistency between the three examiners while specifically evaluating patients with HF. These findings are in agreement with Weber et al<sup>27</sup> who, when assessing ventilation in HF patients during exercise, also found high intra-examiner reproducibility in the detection of AT through graphical analysis, with a non-linear increase in minute ventilation and VCO<sub>2</sub> as a function of time.</p>
      <p>Despite the stability in the analysis of each examiner, the inter-examiner reproducibility showed moderate magnitude, reinforcing the hypothesis that differences between examiners may be unavoidable in the visual assessment of ventilatory methods<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the literature, a percentage of failure of up to 50% is described when assessing AT by visual analysis<sup>13</sup>. In this study, one of the examiners could not detect the AT in just two individuals (12.5%), which did not affect the correlation analysis between the two methods (shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). In these cases, we have taken into account the mean values obtained by the two other examiners. The mean VO<sub>2</sub> max found in the study population was 20.6 &#177; 7.8 ml/kg&#149;min<sup>-1</sup>. According to the classification of Weber<sup>1,27,28</sup>, the sample should be defined as class A (mild severity) by the value of the mean VO<sub>2</sub> max. This information strengthens the hypothesis that there may be a smaller number of non-detectable thresholds than what has been described in the literature, considering the lower severity of HF in the patients of the sample evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>The V-slope method has been classically described as a method of choice in AT assessment of HF patients<sup>1,6</sup>. However, in this study, intra and inter-examiner reproducibilities of both methods were similar, showing no superiority of one method over the other. Moreover, when the two methods were contrasted, comparing the average results of the three examiners who used the visual-graphic method with the average results of the examiners who used the V-slope method, we found high intra-class correlation coefficients, which show that there is good agreement between both methods.</p>
      <p>Despite the small number of patients evaluated, especially in NYHA class III, our findings have clinical relevance, because they demonstrate that AT determination by ventilatory methods in patients with HF of mild or moderate severity may be feasible with adequate reproducibility. One of the limitations of this study was that we evaluated subjects with mild severity, mostly in NYHA class II, and this does not allow an extrapolation of the conclusions to the assessment of patients with more severe HF and worse functional class. Future studies are needed to investigate the reproducibility of AT detection in patients with more severe HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>AT determination by the visual-graphic and V-slope methods showed high and moderate intra-examiner and inter-examiner reproducibility, respectively. Moreover, the two methods showed good agreement when contrasted. These results suggest that both methods can be used in a reproducible way, in AT assessment of patients with mild to moderate HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPEMIG and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Danielle Aparecida Gomes Pereira, from <italic>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
