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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Qhw5sLtbjqgChLrrwsNFdSh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Equa&#231;&#245;es para a previs&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bia (VO2) de jovens adultos brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magrani</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pompeu</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Augusto Monteiro Saboia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>763</fpage>
      <lpage>770</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O VO2 pode ser previsto, com base em par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e fisiol&#243;gicos, para determinadas popula&#231;&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Propor modelos preditivos do VO2 subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo para jovens adultos brasileiros. M&#201;TODOS: Os 137 volunt&#225;rios (92 homens) foram submetidos ao teste progressivo de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (GXT) no ciclo erg&#244;metro (Monark&#174;, Br). Medidas de trocas gasosas e ventilat&#243;rias foram realizadas em circuito aberto (Aerosport&#174; TEEM 100, EUA). Em outro grupo, 13 volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos ao GXT e a um teste de onda quadrada (SWT), para avaliar a validade externa das f&#243;rmulas do ACSM, de Neder et al e do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Para homens durante esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos deduziu-se um modelo matem&#225;tico, com base na carga de trabalho, massa corporal e idade, que explicou 89% da varia&#231;&#227;o do VO2 com o EPE (erro padr&#227;o da estimativa) = 0,33 l.min-1. Para a carga m&#225;xima do grupo masculino outro modelo, com as mesmas vari&#225;veis, explicou 71% da varia&#231;&#227;o VO2 com EPE = 0,40 l.min-1. Para as mulheres foi poss&#237;vel explicar 93% da varia&#231;&#227;o VO2 com EPE = 0,17 l.min-1, no esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo, com apenas uma equa&#231;&#227;o que empregava as mesmas vari&#225;veis independentes. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os modelos derivados no presente estudo demonstraram ser acurados para a previs&#227;o do VO2 subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo em jovens adultos brasileiros.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima</kwd>
        <kwd>esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ERGOESPIROMETRIA </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Equa&#231;&#245;es para a previs&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bia (VO<sub>2</sub>) de jovens adultos brasileiros</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paula Magrani<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernando Augusto Monteiro Saboia Pompeu<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> O VO<sub>2</sub> pode ser previsto, com base em par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e fisiol&#243;gicos, para determinadas popula&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Propor modelos preditivos do VO<sub>2</sub> subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo para jovens adultos brasileiros. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os 137 volunt&#225;rios (92 homens) foram submetidos ao teste progressivo de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (GXT) no ciclo erg&#244;metro (Monark<sup>&#174;</sup>, Br). Medidas de trocas gasosas e ventilat&#243;rias foram realizadas em circuito aberto (Aerosport<sup>&#174;</sup> TEEM 100, EUA). Em outro grupo, 13 volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos ao GXT e a um teste de onda quadrada (SWT), para avaliar a validade externa das f&#243;rmulas do ACSM, de Neder <italic>et al</italic> e do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para homens durante esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos deduziu-se um modelo matem&#225;tico, com base na carga de trabalho, massa corporal e idade, que explicou 89% da varia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> com o EPE (erro padr&#227;o da estimativa) = 0,33 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. Para a carga m&#225;xima do grupo masculino outro modelo, com as mesmas vari&#225;veis, explicou 71% da varia&#231;&#227;o VO<sub>2</sub> com EPE = 0,40 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. Para as mulheres foi poss&#237;vel explicar 93% da varia&#231;&#227;o VO<sub>2</sub> com EPE = 0,17 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, no esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo, com apenas uma equa&#231;&#227;o que empregava as mesmas vari&#225;veis independentes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os modelos derivados no presente estudo demonstraram ser acurados para a previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo em jovens adultos brasileiros.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, exerc&#237;cio, teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; um importante preditor da sa&#250;de cardiovascular, pulmonar, metab&#243;lica e m&#250;sculo-articular. A capacidade dos m&#250;sculos de consumir oxig&#234;nio durante o esfor&#231;o &#233; tamb&#233;m um &#237;ndice de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica<sup>1</sup>. Para mensura&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro (VO<sub>2</sub>) geralmente realiza-se um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, cont&#237;nuo e escalonado (<italic>GXT</italic>) na esteira ou no ciclo erg&#244;metro<sup>2</sup>. No Brasil utiliza-se em maior escala a esteira ergom&#233;trica, por&#233;m muitos laborat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m utilizam o ciclo erg&#244;metro. Esse equipamento apresenta vantagem no caso de les&#227;o ortop&#233;dica e proporciona poucos artefatos no eletrocardiograma e na medida de press&#227;o arterial. O ciclo erg&#244;metro mec&#226;nico &#233; tamb&#233;m vantajoso pelo menor custo, peso e por n&#227;o necessitar de eletricidade<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bia (VO<sub>2</sub>) &#233; uma medida priorit&#225;ria no teste ergom&#233;trico por sua estreita correspond&#234;ncia com o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, pelo princ&#237;pio de Fick, e por sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na calorimetria indireta<sup>1,4</sup>. A calorimetria indireta &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo utilizado para a medi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> atrav&#233;s de um ergoespir&#244;metro<sup>5</sup>. O acesso pouco frequente e o alto custo da avalia&#231;&#227;o ergoespirom&#233;trica, no entanto, fazem com que os m&#233;todos preditivos sejam mais utilizados que a ergoespirometria na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional<sup>6</sup>. Consequentemente foram propostas v&#225;rias equa&#231;&#245;es para estimar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, m&#225;ximo e/ou subm&#225;ximo, baseadas em vari&#225;veis morfofuncionais facilmente mensur&#225;veis, tais como: massa corporal, idade, g&#234;nero, estatura, percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o, tempo da caminhada, tempo da corrida e carga em watt<sup>1,7-15</sup>. Essas equa&#231;&#245;es podem ser usadas para determinar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Esses m&#233;todos, no entanto, apresentam consider&#225;veis erros (15-20%)<sup>1</sup>, que s&#227;o incrementados de forma imprevis&#237;vel quando aplicados em popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes daquela utilizada para desenvolv&#234;-los. At&#233; o presente momento, as equa&#231;&#245;es geralmente utilizadas neste pa&#237;s prov&#234;m de popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, cardiopulmonares e biomec&#226;nicas diferentes da brasileira.</p>
    <p>Com a finalidade de melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, para a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, dois estudos foram realizados. O objetivo do estudo <italic>1</italic> foi desenvolver equa&#231;&#245;es para a previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> no GXT, em intensidades subm&#225;ximas e/ou m&#225;ximas, com a mesma ou superior validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas por Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup>. O estudo 2 teve o objetivo de confrontar a validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es aqui desenvolvidas com as previs&#245;es obtidas pelo ACSM<sup>8</sup> , Neder e cols.<sup>14</sup> e &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo 1 - Proposta de modelo preditivo do VO<sub>2</sub></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram sujeitos deste estudo 137 volunt&#225;rios adultos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o tabagistas e n&#227;o atletas. Os sujeitos foram ordenados atrav&#233;s da massa corporal e divididos em dois grupos, por amostragem aleat&#243;ria sistem&#225;tica. Setenta e sete homens (24 &#177; 5 anos, 76,6 &#177; 10,9 kg, 178,4 &#177; 6,8 cm, VO<sub>2</sub> = 3,68 &#177; 0,74 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>m&#225;x</sub> =</italic> 271 &#177; 57 watts e LAn = 1,63 &#177; 0,31) e trinta mulheres (25 &#177; 6 anos, 58,4 &#177; 6,9 kg, 162,7 &#177; 7,1 cm, VO<sub>2</sub> = 2,29 &#177; 0,48 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e <italic>W<sub>m&#225;x</sub> =</italic> 184 &#177; 39 watts e LAn = 1,13 &#177; 0,22) foram sorteados para o grupo de validade interna (<italic>VI</italic>), e quinze homens (27 &#177; 7 anos, 75,6 &#177; 9,3 kg, 176,9 &#177; 6,7 cm, VO<sub>2</sub> = 3,92 &#177; 0,70 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>m&#225;x</sub> =</italic> 273 &#177; 44 watts e LAn = 1,67 &#177; 0,34) e quinze mulheres (25 &#177; 6 anos, 59,3 &#177; 7,9 kg, 161,9 &#177; 8,1 cm, VO<sub>2</sub> = 2,22 &#177; 0.55 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>m&#225;x</sub> =</italic> 182 &#177; 35 watts e LAn = 1,08 &#177; 0,23) formaram o grupo de validade externa (<italic>VE</italic>). Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes, os volunt&#225;rios preencheram um Termo de Consentimento e Esclarecimento. O protocolo experimental deste ensaio foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para Estudos com Seres Humanos da institui&#231;&#227;o a que pertence o nosso laborat&#243;rio. Recomendou-se, para o dia pr&#233;vio ao exame, a abstin&#234;ncia de atividades f&#237;sicas extenuantes (&gt; 5 METs) e a manuten&#231;&#227;o da dieta mista. Recomendou-se, tamb&#233;m, evitar cafe&#237;na e alimentos nas tr&#234;s horas antecedentes ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de teste</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Empregou-se o protocolo escalonado cont&#237;nuo e m&#225;ximo<sup>17</sup> (<italic>GXT</italic>), constitu&#237;do do repouso inicial por seis minutos, sentado sobre o ciclo erg&#244;metro (Monark<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil), seguido pelo aquecimento de quatro minutos, pedalando sem carga, e pela etapa progressiva, com incrementos de 10%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> por min<sup>18</sup>. A carga m&#225;xima foi estimada por par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos<sup>19</sup>. A fase escalonada teve dura&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima ocorrendo entre 8 e 12 minutos e a cad&#234;ncia do pedal n&#227;o foi alterada durante o esfor&#231;o (aprox. 1,23 Hz). O teste que n&#227;o foi interrompido por fadiga na faixa de tempo estabelecida foi descartado.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis de trocas gasosas e ventilat&#243;rias foram computadas a cada 20 segundos e medidas por um analisador metab&#243;lico (Aerosport<sup>&#174;</sup> TEEM 100, EUA) com pneumotac&#243;grafo (Hans Rudolph<sup>&#174;</sup>, EUA). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi medida por um cardiotac&#244;metro (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> Vantage NV, Finl&#226;ndia) a cada cinco segundos.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos de calibragem dos equipamentos foram feitos previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de cada teste. Todos os testes foram realizados no mesmo ciclo erg&#244;metro e a cad&#234;ncia do pedal controlada por meio de um metr&#244;nomo audiovisual. Calibrou-se o ergoespir&#244;metro atrav&#233;s de uma mistura certificada de gases (AGA<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil) contendo 17,01% de oxig&#234;nio, 5,00 % de di&#243;xido de carbono e balanceada com nitrog&#234;nio. O fluxo foi calibrado atrav&#233;s de uma seringa de tr&#234;s litros (Hans Rudolph<sup>&#174;</sup>, EUA) e o ciclo erg&#244;metro por meio de um lastro de 3kg.</p>
    <p>Os testes foram considerados m&#225;ximos quando observados pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes crit&#233;rios, conforme Howley e cols.<sup>4</sup>: plat&#244; no VO<sub>2</sub> (aumento <underline>&lt;</underline> 150ml<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-</sup>&#185; ou 2 ml<sup>.</sup>kg<sup>-</sup>&#185;<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-</sup>&#185;), RER (<italic>respiratory exchange ratio</italic>) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,15, FC<sub>m&#225;x</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 90% da prevista pela idade (220 - idade), &#237;ndice de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 18, e fadiga volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima com incapacidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo preestabelecido. O VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> foi determinado como o valor mais alto obtido durante o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. No presente estudo, a carga m&#225;xima foi definida como aquela observada no VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>. O limiar anaer&#243;bio (LAn) foi determinado a partir do m&#233;todo <italic>V-slope</italic><sup>20</sup>, determinando-se o ponto de inflex&#227;o na curva VO<sub>2</sub> x VO<sub>2</sub><sup>21</sup>. As medi&#231;&#245;es referidas foram feitas por dois observadores independentes e o LAn foi a m&#233;dia das duas observa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo 2 - Validade externa dos modelos do ACSM<sup>8</sup>, Neder e cols.<sup>14</sup> e de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> para previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub></bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do segundo estudo 13 volunt&#225;rios adultos, oito homens (24 &#177; 3 anos, 81,5 &#177; 13,6 kg, 181,9 &#177; 5,6 cm) e cinco mulheres (22 &#177; 3 anos, 63,2 &#177; 11,7 kg, 163,9 &#177; 2,2 cm), aparentemente saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o tabagistas e n&#227;o atletas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de teste</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Seguindo os mesmos procedimentos de calibragem e controle usados no <italic>estudo 1</italic>, os sujeitos foram submetidos ao <italic>GXT</italic> e a um teste de onda quadrada<sup>1</sup> (<italic>SWT</italic>), entremeados pelo per&#237;odo de 1 a 14 dias. O <italic>SWT</italic> foi composto por duas cargas, sendo a primeira subm&#225;xima (<italic>SWT<sub>sub</sub></italic>) e a segunda m&#225;xima (<italic>SWT<sub>max</sub>)</italic>. Os indiv&#237;duos pedalaram por 6 minutos com a carga subm&#225;xima e a m&#233;dia da FC medida nos 2 &#250;ltimos minutos foi utilizada para estimar o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> atrav&#233;s do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>. Ap&#243;s descansar por 10 minutos, sentado sobre o ciclo erg&#244;metro e conectado ao ergoespir&#244;metro, iniciou-se a segunda carga com 110% a 115% da carga estimada para o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>. A &#250;ltima carga foi manipulada durante o esfor&#231;o para gerar exaust&#227;o entre dois e tr&#234;s minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento estat&#237;stico foi realizado por meio dos aplicativos <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (SPSS, EUA) e <italic>Microsoft Excel</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> para <italic>Windows XP</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (EUA). Empregou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva com a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Derivou-se para o grupo <italic>VI</italic> equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o para a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> em diversas intensidades do esfor&#231;o. A validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas foi testada, em valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada, aplicando-as no grupo <italic>VE</italic>. Os valores previstos e medidos foram confrontados por meio do teste <italic>t pareado</italic>. A validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es de Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup> para homens e mulheres (03M e 03F, respectivamente), propostas para o mesmo protocolo <italic>GXT,</italic> foram analisadas no grupo <italic>VE</italic> atrav&#233;s da ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic>, e teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de <italic>Tukey-HSD</italic>. Com os valores m&#225;ximos obtidos do grupo <italic>VI</italic> foi derivada tamb&#233;m uma equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o espec&#237;fica para a previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> para o grupo masculino. A validade externa dessa equa&#231;&#227;o foi testada no grupo <italic>VE,</italic> tendo os valores previstos e medidos confrontados por meio da ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic> e teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de <italic>Tukey-HSD,</italic> juntamente com os valores m&#225;ximos previstos para o mesmo grupo pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os limites de concord&#226;ncia de Bland e Altman<sup>22</sup> foram empregados entre os resultados medidos e calculados. O erro da predi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observado por meio do erro t&#233;cnico da medida (<italic>s</italic> = D.P.<sub>dif</sub> &#247;&#214;2) e do coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (<italic>CV</italic>).</p>
    <p>Os valores medidos no <italic>GXT</italic> e no <italic>SWT</italic> foram comparados, por meio da ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic> e teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de <italic>Tukey-HSD,</italic> com o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> estimado atrav&#233;s do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> utilizando a carga de trabalho (06M-NC e 06F-NC) e utilizando o valor de VO<sub>2</sub> medido (06M-NV e 06F-NV). As estimativas do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> corrigidas pela idade atrav&#233;s das equa&#231;&#245;es propostas por Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup> (07M e 07F) tamb&#233;m foram confrontadas com os valores medidos. A acur&#225;cia do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> e do VO<sub>2</sub> estimados pelas equa&#231;&#245;es recentes (05M e 05F) e antigas (04M e 04F) propostas pelo ACSM<sup>8</sup> foi checada. O modelo de Neder e cols.<sup>14</sup> (08M e 08F), para a popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira, foi confrontado apenas com os valores medidos no <italic>SWT.</italic> O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para todos os teste estat&#237;sticos foi <italic><underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</italic></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores subm&#225;ximos medidos do VO<sub>2</sub> e Watt para o grupo <italic>VE</italic> foram 2,01 (&#177;1,11) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 273 (&#177;44) watts para os homens e 1,25 (&#177;0,63) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 182 (&#177;35) watts para as mulheres. A equa&#231;&#227;o para a predi&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio derivada para o grupo masculino foi:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Equa&#231;&#227;o 01M</bold>
    </p>
    <p>VO<sub>2</sub> = -0,131 + (0,01103 x Watt) + (0,007786 x Massa Corporal) - (0,00617 x Idade)</p>
    <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,89 e <italic>EPE</italic> = 0,33 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
    <p>Para o grupo feminino foi:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Equa&#231;&#227;o 01F</bold>
    </p>
    <p>VO<sub>2</sub> = -0,461 + (0,01043 x Watt) + (0,007096 x Massa Corporal) + (0,01006 x Idade)</p>
    <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,93 e <italic>EPE</italic> = 0,17 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
    <p>Sendo: <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> - coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o; <italic>EPE</italic> - erro padr&#227;o da estimativa.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das predi&#231;&#245;es por meio das equa&#231;&#245;es 01M, 01F e 03F para os valores subm&#225;ximos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente dos valores medidos no grupo <italic>VE</italic>. A diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores subm&#225;ximos medidos e preditos foi detectada para a equa&#231;&#227;o 03M (<italic>p</italic> = 0,02). No pico do esfor&#231;o, as equa&#231;&#245;es 01F e 03F tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores medidos e preditos. J&#225; as equa&#231;&#245;es 01M e 03M, quando utilizadas para a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas (<italic>p</italic> = 0,001 e <italic>p</italic> = 0,04, respectivamente). A validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es 01M, 03M, 01F e 03F encontram-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05410f01">Figuras 01</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05410f02">02</xref>. Para determinar a qualidade das equa&#231;&#245;es 01M e 01F em outras intensidades, confrontaram-se os valores medidos e preditos em tr&#234;s cargas subm&#225;ximas. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para a equa&#231;&#227;o 01M a 40%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,40), 60%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,72) e 80%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,13); nem para a equa&#231;&#227;o 01F a 40%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,06), 60%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,15) e 80%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (<italic>p</italic> = 0,70). A fim de aprimorar a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> para o grupo masculino foi derivada outra equa&#231;&#227;o a ser aplicada no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo:</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05410f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05410f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Equa&#231;&#227;o 02M</bold>
    </p>
    <p>VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> = 0,518 + (0,01016 x Watt<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) + (0,01482 x Massa Corporal) - (0,0292 x Idade)</p>
    <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,71 e <italic>EPE</italic> = 0,40 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores m&#225;ximos medidos e preditos no grupo <italic>VE</italic> quando a equa&#231;&#227;o 02M foi utilizada.</p>
    <p>No segundo estudo os valores subm&#225;ximos do VO<sub>2</sub> e da carga obtidos no <italic>SWT<sub>sub</sub></italic> foram 1,55 (&#177;0,46) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 100 (&#177;19) watts para os homens, e 0,93 (&#177;0,35) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 70 (&#177;21) watts para as mulheres. Os valores subm&#225;ximos de VO<sub>2</sub> preditos por todos os modelos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente dos valores medidos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_aop05410t01">Tabela 1</xref>). O valor m&#225;ximo de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>) obtido no teste <italic>GXT</italic> foi 3,09 (&#177;0,99) e 1,49 (&#177;0,13) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Para o grupo feminino, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> preditos e medidos no <italic>GXT</italic>. Para o grupo masculino, os valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> medidos no <italic>GXT</italic> foram diferentes estatisticamente dos valores previstos por 07M-NV (<italic>p</italic> = 0,04, <italic>CV</italic> = 35,31%, <italic>s</italic> = 0,90 l.min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,46) e por 07M-NC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,03, <italic>CV</italic>= 39,3%, <italic>s</italic> = 1,01 l.min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,25) quando a corre&#231;&#227;o de Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup> foi aplicada no nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>. O VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> e W<sub>m&#225;x</sub> obtidos no teste <italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic> foram 3,12 (&#177;0,73) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 215 (&#177;46) watts para os homens, e 1,63 (&#177;0,14) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e 139 (&#177;22) watts, para as mulheres. Para o grupo feminino, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> preditos e medidos em <italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic><sub>.</sub> J&#225; o grupo masculino, no teste <italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic>, obteve valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> estatisticamente diferentes dos valores previstos por 07M-NV (<italic>p</italic> = 0,01) e por 07M-NC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,01), quando a corre&#231;&#227;o de Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup> foi aplicada no nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>. O grupo masculino, al&#233;m disso, obteve valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> estatisticamente diferentes dos valores preditos pela equa&#231;&#227;o 08M (<italic>p</italic> = 0,02). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_aop05410t01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os resultados da an&#225;lise realizada com os m&#233;todos preditivos do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> comparados com os valores medidos no <italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_aop05410t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar do grande n&#250;mero de equa&#231;&#245;es para predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o raras as que n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas para uma determinada popula&#231;&#227;o. A alta correla&#231;&#227;o e o moderado erro padr&#227;o da estimativa, encontrados no presente estudo, mostraram que o VO<sub>2</sub> pode ser previsto com satisfat&#243;ria acur&#225;cia utilizando a massa corporal, a idade e a carga de trabalho como vari&#225;veis independentes.</p>
    <p>O controle de qualidade das medidas, atrav&#233;s dos procedimentos de calibragem e da opera&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos por t&#233;cnicos experientes<sup>24</sup>, &#233; fundamental para que os par&#226;metros de trocas gasosas e ventilat&#243;rias sejam reproduzidos com precis&#227;o. Testes em que esses cuidados s&#227;o tomados, h&#225; baixa varia&#231;&#227;o nas medidas repetidas em momentos pr&#243;ximos<sup>24,25</sup>. O ergoespir&#244;metro aqui adotado foi validado por outro grupo<sup>26</sup>. J&#225; a qualidade das medidas realizadas pelo nosso equipamento foi determinada por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse para medidas de teste e reteste das trocas gasosas e ventilat&#243;rias, que foram: 0,91 para VE; 0,95 para o VO<sub>2</sub> e 0,93 para o VO<sub>2</sub>. Esses dados foram obtidos em cargas de 15 a 340 watts no ciclo erg&#244;metro. A diferen&#231;a na precis&#227;o da medida obtida por meio dos equipamentos mais sofisticados do que o nosso (3,8%<sup>27</sup><italic>versus</italic> 5,5%) pode levar a um pequeno erro na aplica&#231;&#227;o das nossas f&#243;rmulas que n&#227;o p&#244;de ser determinado.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos pela valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada das equa&#231;&#245;es 01M e 01F (<italic>estudo 1</italic>), demonstraram uma predi&#231;&#227;o acurada do VO<sub>2</sub>. Quando utilizadas as equa&#231;&#245;es 01M e 03M para a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>, foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores medidos e preditos. Diferentemente do resultado encontrado para o grupo masculino, as equa&#231;&#245;es 01F e 03F foram acuradas para a previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> do grupo feminino. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pela maior agressividade masculina durante o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, elevando o componente anaer&#243;bio e a ativa&#231;&#227;o de fibras musculares r&#225;pidas, consequentemente aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a e alterando a rela&#231;&#227;o linear VO<sub>2/watt</sub><sup>28</sup>. A fim de melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> para o grupo masculino a equa&#231;&#227;o 02M foi proposta e esta demonstrou ser superior a equa&#231;&#227;o 03M.</p>
    <p>Malek e cols.<sup>29</sup> analisaram a validade externa das equa&#231;&#245;es de Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup> para predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> de indiv&#237;duos aerobiamente treinados e elas apresentaram o menor erro padr&#227;o da estimativa (<italic>EPE</italic>) dentre as equa&#231;&#245;es por eles analisadas. O <italic>EPE</italic> encontrado por Malek e cols.<sup>29</sup> foi de 0,32 e 0,27 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente, enquanto no estudo original, Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup> encontraram <italic>EPE</italic> de 0,20 e 0,13 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. No presente estudo, o <italic>EPE</italic> encontrado para essas equa&#231;&#245;es foram de 0,41 e 0,15 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente para homens e mulheres. Esses valores foram pr&#243;ximos aos encontrados para as equa&#231;&#245;es 01F e 02M aqui derivadas.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos no <italic>estudo 2</italic> demonstraram acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o dos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> pelas equa&#231;&#245;es 01M, 01F e 02M. As equa&#231;&#245;es 01M e 01F demonstraram ser t&#227;o boas quanto &#224;s do ACSM<sup>8</sup> e de Neder e cols.<sup>14</sup> (04M, 04F, 05M, 05F, 08M e 08F) para a predi&#231;&#227;o de valores subm&#225;ximos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_aop05410t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Na tentativa de analisar a aplicabilidade das equa&#231;&#245;es 01M, 01F e 02M, em diferentes protocolos, foram realizados dois testes m&#225;ximos, sendo um escalonado (<italic>GXT</italic>) e um de onda quadrada (<italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic>). Nos dois protocolos as equa&#231;&#245;es 01M, 01F e 02M previram o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> com acur&#225;cia. A equa&#231;&#227;o 02M, por&#233;m, foi superior por apresentar menor coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o e erro total (ET= - 0,10 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>), quando comparados com a equa&#231;&#227;o 01M (ET= 0,39 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>). Os valores m&#225;ximos obtidos em <italic>GXT</italic> e em <italic>SWT<sub>m&#225;x</sub></italic> diferiram apenas dos valores preditos pelo nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>, usando a carga de trabalho (NC) e o VO<sub>2</sub>(NV), quando corrigidos pela equa&#231;&#227;o 07M. Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup> derivaram equa&#231;&#245;es (07M e 07F) que modificam os valores de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> obtidos pelo m&#233;todo original do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>. Percebemos que a equa&#231;&#227;o 07M piora a predi&#231;&#227;o original, feita pelo m&#233;todo de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>, produzindo um erro total de 1,03 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. Os altos incrementos da carga de trabalho em est&#225;gios de 1 min de dura&#231;&#227;o e o crit&#233;rio de plat&#244; de 250 ml.min<sup>-1</sup> e RER <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,00 no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo podem ter subestimado o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> no estudo de Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup>. Houve tamb&#233;m uma significativa diferen&#231;a entre os valores medidos e preditos de VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> quando a equa&#231;&#227;o 08M foi aplicada<sup>14</sup>. Este m&#233;todo, que foi desenvolvido para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, n&#227;o apresentou acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> de sujeitos ativos no <italic>SWT</italic>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos limites de concord&#226;ncia revelou que h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia para superestimar o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> quando &#233; utilizado o nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> no grupo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_aop05410t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Zwiren e cols.<sup>30</sup> analisaram a validade externa do nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> em mulheres entre 30 e 39 anos com VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> de 2,4 (&#177; 0,45) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> e os autores conclu&#237;ram que o m&#233;todo de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> superestimou o VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> em 20%. Quando o nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> foi utilizado para infer&#234;ncia desse par&#226;metro no grupo masculino os valores preditos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente dos medidos. Por outro lado, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_aop05410t01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra que 06M-NC e 06M-NV apresentaram maiores coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o, erro t&#237;pico da medida, e menor correla&#231;&#227;o, quando comparados com as equa&#231;&#245;es masculinas 01M e 02M. Davies e cols.<sup>31</sup>, em um grupo masculino de 22 (&#177; 2) anos e com maior VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (50,7 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), encontraram o intervalo de confian&#231;a (<italic>IC</italic> = 95%) de -0,96 (&#177;0,47) l.min<sup>-1</sup> (FC = 120&lt;140bpm) e -0,64 (&#177;0,39) l.min<sup>-1</sup> (FC = 140&lt;180), preditos pela carga de trabalho, usando o nomograma de &#197;strand-Ryhming. Para Davies e cols.<sup>31</sup> esse m&#233;todo tem o <italic>CV</italic> de 15% para estimativa atrav&#233;s do VO<sub>2</sub> e de 21% pela carga.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes mostraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a carga de trabalho &#233; linear at&#233; a intensidade de 50% a 60%VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>. Ap&#243;s esse ponto a fun&#231;&#227;o torna-se exponencial<sup>32</sup>. N&#243;s analisamos esta rela&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do modelo linear com uma ou com duas fases. No &#250;ltimo, entende-se que h&#225; uma fun&#231;&#227;o linear at&#233; o ponto de transi&#231;&#227;o, a partir do qual o VO<sub>2</sub> passa a aumentar numa fun&#231;&#227;o exponencial. Para o grupo masculino, o modelo linear obteve <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,88, <italic>EPE</italic> = 0,34 e quadrado m&#233;dio dos res&#237;duos (<italic>MSE)</italic> = 0,12. O modelo com duas fases obteve o ajuste de <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0,80, <italic>EPE</italic> = 0,34 e <italic>MSE</italic> = 0,11. Esses resultados foram bem similares e sugerem que o modelo com duas fases n&#227;o foi superior.</p>
    <p>Conclui-se que, os modelos derivados no presente estudo demonstraram ser acurados para a previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo em jovens adultos brasileiros. Com base no <italic>estudo 1,</italic> a equa&#231;&#227;o 01M n&#227;o demonstrou ser v&#225;lida em intensidades m&#225;ximas. As demais equa&#231;&#245;es (01F e 02M) podem ser utilizadas com satisfat&#243;ria validade externa no pico do esfor&#231;o. A predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> melhorou significativamente para o grupo masculino quando a equa&#231;&#227;o 02M foi utilizada. As equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas por Storer e cols.<sup>15</sup> n&#227;o apresentaram maior acur&#225;cia na previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>. No <italic>estudo 2</italic> as equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas foram v&#225;lidas tanto para intensidades subm&#225;ximas quanto m&#225;ximas. A equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Siconolfi e cols.<sup>23</sup> (07M), para corrigir o m&#233;todo de &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup>, e as equa&#231;&#245;es de Neder e cols.<sup>14</sup>, para homens, n&#227;o mostraram um resultado satisfat&#243;rio para a popula&#231;&#227;o local. Conclui-se tamb&#233;m que as equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas nesse estudo apresentam satisfat&#243;ria validade externa em protocolos com ou sem <italic>steady state</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores como: varia&#231;&#227;o na efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica numa dada carga de trabalho, ingest&#227;o de medicamentos ou de &#225;lcool, calor, ambientes hipob&#225;ricos e indiv&#237;duos portadores de patologias ou com massa corporal e idades distintas dos aqui estudados podem aumentar o erro das previs&#245;es. Logo, esse estudo n&#227;o apresenta uma forma de substituir, com a mesma precis&#227;o, a medida direta do VO<sub>2</sub>. Recomenda-se que outras equa&#231;&#245;es sejam derivadas para as demais faixas et&#225;rias e para os diversos grupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Amigos do Centro de Estudos e Aperfei&#231;oamento do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, pela contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ. Agradecemos aos colegas Lucenildo Cerqueira e Fernando Nogueira, pela valiosa ajuda t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fernando A. M. S. Pompeu </p>
        <p> Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Ilha do Fund&#227;o </p>
        <p> 21941-599 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pompeu_fernando@hotmail.com">pompeu_fernando@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/01/09; revisado recebido em 24/08/09; aceito em 22/10/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Equations for predicting aerobic power (VO2) of young Brazilian adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: VO2 may be predicted with base on anthropometric and physiological parameters for determined populations. OBJECTIVE: To propose models for submaximal and maximal VO2 prediction in young Brazilian adults. METHODS: A total of 137 volunteers (92 men) underwent graded maximal exercise test (GXT) in a cycle ergometer (MonarkTM, Br). Gas exchange and respiratory measurements were performed in an open circuit (AerosportTM TEEM 100, USA). In another group, 13 volunteers underwent GXT and a square wave test (SWT) in order to evaluate the external validity of Neder et al's formula, ACSM's formula, and of &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram. The study design chosen was a cross-validation and the significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: For men during submaximal exercises, a mathematical model was deduced with base on workload, body mass, and age, which explained 89% of the VO2 variation, with SEE (standard error of the estimate) = 0.33 l.min-1. For the maximum load in the male group, another model with the same variables explained 71% of VO2 variation, with SEE = 0.40 l.min-1. For women, 93% of VO2 variation could be explained, with SEE = 0.17 l.min-1, both in submaximal and maximal exercise, with only one equation by use e of the same independent variables. CONCLUSION: The models derived in the present study proved to be accurate to predict submaximal and maximal VO2 in young Brazilian adults. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Maximal voluntary ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>physical exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Equations for predicting aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>) of young Brazilian adults</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Paula Magrani<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernando Augusto Monteiro Saboia Pompeu<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> VO<sub>2</sub> may be predicted with base on anthropometric and physiological parameters for determined populations.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To propose models for submaximal and maximal VO<sub>2</sub> prediction in young Brazilian adults.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 137 volunteers (92 men) underwent graded maximal exercise test (GXT) in a cycle ergometer (Monark<sup>TM</sup>, Br). Gas exchange and respiratory measurements were performed in an open circuit (Aerosport<sup>TM</sup> TEEM 100, USA). In another group, 13 volunteers underwent GXT and a square wave test (SWT) in order to evaluate the external validity of Neder et al's formula, ACSM's formula, and of &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram. The study design chosen was a cross-validation and the significance level was set at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For men during submaximal exercises, a mathematical model was deduced with base on workload, body mass, and age, which explained 89% of the VO<sub>2</sub> variation, with SEE (standard error of the estimate) = 0.33 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. For the maximum load in the male group, another model with the same variables explained 71% of VO<sub>2</sub> variation, with SEE = 0.40 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. For women, 93% of VO<sub>2</sub> variation could be explained, with SEE = 0.17 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, both in submaximal and maximal exercise, with only one equation by use e of the same independent variables.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The models derived in the present study proved to be accurate to predict submaximal and maximal VO<sub>2</sub> in young Brazilian adults.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Maximal voluntary ventilation; physical exertion; exercise; exercise test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Exercise tolerance is an important predictor of cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, and muscle and joint health. The ability of muscles to take up oxygen during exercise is also an index of physical fitness<sup>1</sup>. In order to measure this parameter (VO<sub>2</sub>), a continuous graded maximal exercise test (GXT) is usually performed in a treadmill or cycle ergometer<sup>2</sup>. In Brazil, treadmills are more frequently used; however many laboratories also use cycle ergometers, which are more adequate in the case of orthopedic lesions and lead to few artifacts on electrocardiogram and blood pressure measurement. Mechanical cycle ergometers are also more advantageous because of their lower cost and weight, and for not requiring electricity<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aerobic capacity (VO<sub>2</sub>) is an important measurement in exercise test because of its close correlation with cardiac output, according to Fick's principle, and its application in indirect calorimetry<sup>1,4</sup>. Indirect calorimetry is a noninvasive method used for VO<sub>2</sub> measurement by means of an ergospirometer<sup>5</sup>. Difficulty of access to and high costs of ergospirometric evaluation, however, cause predictive methods to be more frequently used than ergospirometry in the assessment of functional capacity<sup>6</sup>. Consequently, several equations have been proposed to estimate maximal and/or submaximal oxygen uptake based on easy-to-measure morphological and functional variables such as: body mass; age; gender; height; perceived exertion; walk time; run time; and load in watts<sup>1,7-15</sup>. These equations may be used to determine exercise intensity. However, these methods have considerable errors (15-20%)<sup>1</sup> which increase unpredictably when applied to populations different from the one used to develop them. And,to date, equations generally used in this country come from populations with anthropometric, cardiopulmonary and biomechanical characteristics different from those of the Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>With the purpose of improving oxygen uptake prediction in our population, we conducted two studies. The objective of study 1 was to develop equations to predict VO<sub>2</sub> in GXT, at submaximal and/or maximal intensities, with external validity equal to or higher than that of the equations developed by Storer et al<sup>15</sup>. Study 2 had the purpose of comparing the external validity of the equations developed here with predictions obtained by ACSM<sup>8</sup>, Neder et al<sup>14</sup>, and &#197;strand -Ryhming<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study 1 - Model proposed for VO<sub>2</sub> prediction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The subjects of this study were 137 apparently healthy non-smoker, non-athlete adult volunteers. The subjects were classified according to their body mass and divided into two groups, by randomized systematic sampling. Seventy seven men (24 &#177; 5 years, 76.6 &#177; 10.9 kg, 178.4 &#177; 6.8 cm, VO<sub>2max</sub>= 3.68 &#177; 0.74 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>max</sub> =</italic> 271 &#177; 57 watts and AnT = 1.63 &#177; 0.31) and thirty women (25 &#177; 6 years, 58.4 &#177; 6.9 kg, 162.7 &#177; 7.1 cm, VO<sub>2max</sub> = 2.29 &#177; 0.48 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and <italic>W<sub>max</sub> =</italic> 184 &#177; 39 watts and AnT = 1.13 &#177; 0.22) were drawn for the internal validity group (<italic>VI</italic>); fifteen men (27 &#177; 7 years, 75.6 &#177; 9.3 kg, 176.9 &#177; 6.7 cm, VO<sub>2max</sub> = 3.92 &#177; 0.70 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>max</sub> =</italic> 273 &#177; 44 watts and AnT = 1.67 &#177; 0.34) and fifteen women (25 &#177; 6 years, 59.3 &#177; 7.9 kg, 161.9 &#177; 8.1 cm, VO<sub>2max</sub> = 2.22 &#177; 0.55 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>W<sub>max</sub> =</italic> 182 &#177; 35 watts and AnT = 1.08 &#177; 0.23) comprised the external validity group (EV). Prior to undergoing the tests, the volunteers gave a written informed consent. The experimental study protocol was approved by our institutional Ethics Committee on Human Research. On the day before the test, the individuals were advised to refrain from engaging in strenuous physical activity (&gt; 5 METs) and to keep a mixed diet. They were also advised to avoid caffeine and food in the three hours prior to the exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Test protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The continuous graded maximal exercise (GXT) protocol<sup>17</sup> was adopted, consisting of an initial six-minute rest with the individual sitting on the cycle ergometer (Monark<sup>TM</sup>, Brazil), followed by a four-minute warm-up of pedaling with no load, and by the progressive phase with increments by 10% in VO<sub>2max</sub> per minute<sup>18</sup>. The maximum load was estimated by using anthropometric parameters<sup>19</sup>. The graded phase lasted between 8 and 12 minutes at most, and the pedal cadence was not changed during the exercise (approximately 1.23 Hz). Tests not interrupted by fatigue within the established time were disregarded.</p>
      <p>The respiratory and gas exchange variables were recorded every 20 seconds and measured by a metabolic analyzer (Aerosport<sup>TM</sup> TEEM 100, USA) with a pneumotachograph (Hans Rudolph<sup>TM</sup>, USA). Heart rate (HR) was measured by a cardiotachometer (Polar<sup>TM</sup> Vantage NV, Finland) every five seconds.</p>
      <p>Equipment was calibrated before each test was performed. All tests were performed in the same cycle ergometer and the pedal cadence was controlled by means of an audiovisual metronome. The ergospirometer was calibrated by means of a certified gas mixture (AGA<sup>TM</sup>, Brazil) containing 17.01% oxygen, 5.00% carbon dioxide, and balanced with nitrogen. Flow was calibrated by using a three-liter syringe (Hans Rudolph<sup>TM</sup>, USA), and the cycle ergometer by using a 3-kg weight.</p>
      <p>The tests were considered maximal when at least three of the following criteria were observed, according to Howley et al<sup>4</sup>: VO<sub>2</sub> plateau (increase <underline>&lt;</underline> 150ml<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-</sup>&#185; or 2 ml<sup>.</sup>kg<sup>-</sup>&#185;<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-</sup>&#185;); RER (respiratory exchange ratio) <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.15; HR<sub>max</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 90% of age-predicted HR (220 - age); perceived exertion rate <underline>&gt;</underline> 18. Maximal volitional fatigue with inability to keep the pre-established rhythm. VO<sub>2max</sub> was determined as the highest value obtained during maximal exertion. In the present study, the maximum load was defined as that observed at VO<sub>2max</sub>. The anaerobic threshold (AnT) was established by using the V-slope method<sup>20</sup>, by determining the inflexion point in the VO<sub>2</sub> x VO<sub>2</sub> curve<sup>21</sup>. The measurements mentioned were taken by two independent observers and AnT was the mean of the two observations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study 2 - External validity of ACSM<sup>8</sup>, Neder et al<sup>14</sup> and &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> VO<sub>2</sub> prediction models</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirteen adult volunteers participated in the second study; of these, eight were men (24 &#177; 3 years, 81.5 &#177; 13.6 kg, 181.9 &#177; 5.6 cm) and five were women (22 &#177; 3 years, 63.2 &#177; 11.7 kg, 163.9 &#177; 2.2 cm), all apparently healthy, non smokers and non-athletes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Test protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Following the same procedures for calibration and control used in study 1, the subjects underwent GXT and square wave test<sup>1</sup> (SWT) alternated within a period from one to 14 days. SWT comprised two loads, the first one submaximal (<italic>SWT<sub>sub</sub></italic>) and the second one maximal (<italic>SWT<sub>max</sub>)</italic>. The individuals cycled for six minutes at the submaximal load, and the mean HR measured in the last two minutes was used to estimate VO<sub>2max</sub> by means of the &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup>. After a 10-minute rest with the individual sitting on the cycle ergometer and connected to the ergospirometer, the second load of 110% to 115% of the estimated load for VO<sub>2max</sub> was started. The last load was controlled during the exercise in order to lead to exhaustion at between two and three minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences<sup>TM</sup> (SPSS, USA) and Microsoft Excel<sup>TM</sup> for Windows XP<sup>TM</sup> (USA). Descriptive statistics was used with mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). For group VI, regression equations were derived for VO<sub>2</sub> prediction at several exercise intensities. The external validity of the derived equations was tested in cross-validation by applying them to group EV. The values predicted and measured were compared by using the paired t test. The external validity of Storer et al's equation<sup>15</sup> for men and women (03M and 03F, respectively) proposed for the same GXT protocol were analyzed in group EV by using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey-HSD test. With the maximum values obtained in group VI, a specific regression equation was also derived to predict VO<sub>2max</sub> for the male group. The external validity of this equation was tested in group EV, and the values predicted and measured were compared by using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey-HSD test, together with the maximum predicted values for the same group by using Storer et al's equation<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Bland and Altman's limits of agreement<sup>22</sup> were used between the measured and calculated results. The prediction error was also observed by means of the technical error of measurement (<italic>s</italic> = SD<sub>dif</sub> &#247;&#214;2) and of the coefficient of variation (CV).</p>
      <p>Values measured in GXT and SWT were compared by using two-way ANOVA; post-hoc Tukey-HSD test with VO<sub>2max</sub> estimated by &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup> by using the workload (06M-NW and 06F-NW); and the VO<sub>2</sub> value measured (06M-NV and 06F-NV). &#197;strand-Ryhming<sup>16</sup> normogram estimates corrected for age by using the equations proposed by Siconolfi et al<sup>23</sup> (07M and 07F) were also compared to the values measured. VO<sub>2max</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub> accuracy, as estimated by recent (05M and 05f) and old equations (04M and 04F) proposed by ACSM<sup>8</sup>, was checked. Neder et al <sup>14</sup> model (08M and 08F) for the Brazilian population was compared only to the values measured in SWT. The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at <italic><underline>&lt;</underline></italic> 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Submaximal VO<sub>2</sub> values measured and Watt for group EV were 2.01 (&#177;1.11) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 273 (&#177;44) watts for men and 1.25 (&#177;0.63) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 182 (&#177;35) for women. The prediction equation for oxygen uptake derived for the male group was:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Equation 01M</bold>
      </p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> = -0.131 + (0.01103 x Watt) + (0.007786 x Body Mass) - (0.00617 x Age)</p>
      <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.89 and <italic>SEE</italic> = 0.33 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
      <p>For the female group:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Equation 01F</bold>
      </p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> = -0.461 + (0.01043 x Watt) + (0.007096 x Body Mass) + (0.01006 x Age)</p>
      <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.93 and <italic>SEE</italic> = 0.17 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
      <p>Where: <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = coefficient of determination; <italic>SEE</italic> = standard error of the estimate.</p>
      <p>The results of the predictions through equations 01M, 01F, and 03F for submaximal values were not significantly different from the values measured in group EV. A significant difference between the submaximal values measured and predicted was detected for equation 03M (p = 0.02). Likewise, at peak exercise, equations 01F and 03F did not show significant differences between the values measured and predicted. Equations 01M and 03M, in turn, showed significant differences when used for VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction (p = 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively). The external validity of equations 01M, 03M, 01F and 03F are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">2</xref>. In order to determine the quality of equations 01M and 01F at other intensities, the values measured and predicted at three submaximal loads were compared. No significant differences were found for equation 01M at 40% VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.40), 60%VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.72) and 80% VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.13); or for equation 01F at 40%VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.06), 60% VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.15) and 80% VO<sub>2max</sub> (p = 0.70). In order to improve VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction for the male group, another equation was derived to be applied at peak exercise:</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Equation 02M</bold>
      </p>
      <p>VO<sub>2max</sub> = 0.518 + (0.01016 x Watt<sub>max</sub>) + (0.01482 x Body Mass) - (0.0292 x Age)</p>
      <p><italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.71 and <italic>SEE</italic> = 0.40 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup></p>
      <p>No significant difference was found between the maximum values measured and predicted in group EV when equation 02M was used.</p>
      <p>In the second study, submaximal values of VO<sub>2</sub> and of the load obtained in <italic>SWT<sub>sub</sub></italic> were 1.55 (&#177;0.46) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 100 (&#177;19) watts for men, and 0.93 (&#177;0.35) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 70 (&#177;21) watts for women. Submaximal VO<sub>2</sub> values predicted by all models were not significantly different from the values measured (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05410t01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The maximum oxygen uptake value (VO<sub>2max</sub>) obtained in GXT was 3.09 (&#177;0.99) and 1.49 (&#177;0.13) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively. For the female group, there were no significant differences between VO<sub>2max</sub> values predicted and measured by GXT. For the male group, VO<sub>2max</sub> values measured by GXT were statistically different from the values predicted by 07M-NV (p = 0.04, CV = 35.31%, <italic>s</italic> = 0.90 l.min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.46) and by 07M-NW (p = 0.03, CV= 39.3%, <italic>s</italic> = 1.01 l.min<sup>-1</sup>, <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.25) when Siconolfi et al's correction<sup>23</sup> was applied to &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup>. VO<sub>2max</sub> and W<sub>max</sub> obtained in SWT<sub>max</sub> were 3.12 (&#177;0.73) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 215 (&#177;46) watts for men, and 1.63 (&#177;0.14) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and 139 (&#177;22) watts for women. For the female group, no significant difference was found between VO<sub>2max</sub> values predicted and measured in SWT<sub>max</sub>. For the male group, in turn, VO<sub>2max</sub> values obtained in SWT<sub>max</sub> were statistically different from the values predicted by 07M-NV (p = 0.01) and by 07M-NW (p = 0.01), when the Siconolfi et al's correction<sup>23</sup> was applied to &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup>. The male group also showed VO<sub>2max</sub> values statistically different from those predicted by equation 08M (p = 0.02). Results from the analysis carried out by using VO<sub>2max</sub> predictive methods compared to values measured in SWT<sub>max</sub> are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05410t01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05410t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0763-00054-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the large number of VO<sub>2</sub> prediction equations, very few of them are not specific for a determinate population. The high correlation and moderate standard error of the estimate found in the present study showed that VO<sub>2</sub> can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy by using body mass, age, and workload as independent variables.</p>
      <p>Quality control of measurements by means of calibration procedures and operation of equipment by experienced technicians<sup>24</sup> is fundamental for respiratory and gas exchange parameters to be accurately reproduced. In tests where these procedures are adopted, there is low variation in measurements repeated a short time apart<sup>24,25</sup>. The ergospirometer used in this study was validated by another group<sup>26</sup>. The quality of measurements taken by our equipment, in turn, was determined by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient for test and retest measurements of the respiratory and gas exchanges, which were 0.91 for EV; 0.95 for VO<sub>2</sub> and 0.93 for VO<sub>2</sub>. These results were obtained at loads between 15 and 340 watts in the cycle ergometer. The difference in the accuracy of the measurements obtained with equipments more sophisticated than the one we used (3.8%<sup>27</sup><italic>versus</italic> 5.5%) may lead to a small error in the application of our equations, but this error could not be determined.</p>
      <p>The results obtained by cross-validation of equations 01M and 01F (study 1) showed an accurate VO<sub>2</sub> prediction. When equations 01M and 03M were used to predict VO<sub>2max</sub>, a significant difference was observed between values measured and predicted. Unlike the results found for the male group, equations 01F and 03F were accurate for VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction in the female group. This result can be explained by the fact that men are more aggressive during peak exercise, which leads to an increased aerobic component and activation of fast muscle fibers, consequently increasing power production and changing the linear VO<sub>2/watt</sub> ratio<sup>28</sup>. In order to improve VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction for the male group, equation 02M was proposed, which proved to be superior to equation 03M.</p>
      <p>Malek et al<sup>29</sup> analyzed the external validity of Storer et al's equations<sup>15</sup> for VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction in aerobically trained individuals, and showed that these had the lower standard error of the estimate (SEE) among the equations they analyzed. The SEE found by Malek et al<sup>29</sup> was 0.32 and 0.27 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively, whereas in the original study, Storer et al<sup>15</sup> found SEE of 0.20 and 0.13 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> for men and women, respectively. In the present study, the SEE found for these equations were 0.41 and 0.15 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>, for men and women, respectively. These values were close to those found for equations 01F and 02M derived here.</p>
      <p>The results obtained in study 2 demonstrated accuracy in the prediction of VO<sub>2</sub> values by equations 01M, 01F and 02M. Equations 01M and 01F proved to be as good as ACSM's<sup>8</sup> and Neder et al<sup>14</sup> (04M, 04F, 05M, 05F, 08M and 08F) for the prediction of submaximal values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05410t01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In an attempt to analyze the applicability of equations 01M, 01F and 02M in different protocols, two maximal tests were performed, one graded (GTX) and another by using square wave (SWT<sub>max</sub>). In both protocols, equations 01M, 01F and 02M predicted VO<sub>2max</sub> accurately. Equation 02M, however, was superior for it showed a lower coefficient of variation and total error (TE= - 0.10 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>), in comparison to equation 01M (TE= 0.39 L<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>). Maximum values obtained in GXT and in SWT<sub>max</sub> were only different from the values predicted by &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup> when using the workload (NW) and VO<sub>2</sub> (NV), when corrected by equation 07M. Siconolfi et al<sup>23</sup> derived equations (07M and 07F) that modify VO<sub>2max</sub> values obtained by the original method of &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup>. We noticed that equation 07M worsens the original prediction made by &#197;strand-Ryhming method<sup>16</sup>, producing a total error of 1.03 l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>. The high workload increments in 1-minute-duration stages and the plateau criterion of 250 ml.min<sup>-1</sup> and RER <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.00 at peak exercise may have caused VO<sub>2max</sub>to be underestimated in Siconolfi et al's study<sup>23</sup>. There was also a significant difference between the VO<sub>2max</sub> values measured and predicted when equation 08M was applied<sup>14</sup>. This method, which was developed for the Brazilian population, did not prove accurate in predicting the VO<sub>2max</sub> of active subjects in SWT.</p>
      <p>Analysis of limits of agreement showed a trend to overestimate VO<sub>2max</sub> when the &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup> was used in the female group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05410t01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Zwiren et al<sup>30</sup> analyzed the external validity of &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup> in women aged between 30 and 39 years with VO<sub>2max</sub> of 2.4 (&#177; 0.45) l<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1</sup> and concluded that the &#197;strand-Ryhming method<sup>16</sup> overestimated VO<sub>2max</sub> by 20%. When &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram<sup>16</sup> was used to infer this parameter in the male group, the values predicted were not significantly different from those measured. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05410t01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows that 06M-NW and 06M-NV had higher coefficients of variation, typical measure error, and lower correlation in comparison to the male equations 01M and 02M. Davies et al<sup>31</sup> studied a male group aged 22 (&#177; 2) years with higher VO<sub>2max</sub> (50.7 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) and found a confidence interval (CI = 95%) of -0.96 (&#177;0.47) l.min<sup>-1</sup> (HR = 120&lt;140 bpm) and -0.64 (&#177;0.39) l.min<sup>-1</sup> (HR = 140&lt;180), as predicted by the workload, by using &#197;strand-Ryhming nomogram. For Davies et al<sup>31</sup>, this method has a CV of 15% for estimates using VO<sub>2</sub> and of 21% using the load.</p>
      <p>Recent studies showed that the relationship between oxygen uptake and workload is linear up to the intensity of 50% to 60%VO<sub>2max</sub>. After this point, the function becomes exponential<sup>32</sup>. We analyzed this relationship by using the single-phase or two-phase linear model. In the latter, it is understood that there is a linear function up to the transition point, from which VO<sub>2</sub> starts to increase in exponential function. For the male group, the linear model showed <italic>R<sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.88, SEE = 0.34 and mean square errors (<italic>MSE)</italic> = 0.12. When the two-phase model was used, the values obtained were adjustment of R<italic><sup>2</sup></italic> = 0.80, SEE = 0.34 and MSE = 0.11. These results were quite similar and suggest that the two-phase model was not superior.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the models derived in the present study proved to be accurate in predicting submaximum and maximum VO<sub>2</sub> in young Brazilian adults. Based on study 1, equation 01M did not prove to be valid at maximal intensities. The other equations (01F and 02M) may be used with satisfactory external validity at peak exercise. VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction significantly improved for the male group when equation 02M was used. The equations derived by Storer et al<sup>15</sup> did not show a higher accuracy in predicting VO<sub>2max</sub>. In study 2, the equations derived were valid both for submaximal and maximal intensities. The equation proposed by Siconolfi et al<sup>23</sup> (07M) to correct &#197;strand-Ryhming method<sup>16</sup>, and Neder et al's equations<sup>14</sup> for men did not show a satisfactory result for the local population. We also concluded that the equations derived in this study showed satisfactory external validity in protocols with or without steady state.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Factors such as variation in the mechanical efficiency at a given workload, medication or alcohol intake, heat, hypobaric environments and individuals with diseases or body mass and age different from those of the subjects of this study may increase prediction error. Thus, this study does not present a form of replacing, with the same accuracy, direct VO<sub>2</sub> measurement. Other equations for other age ranges and different patient groups should be further derived.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos Amigos do Centro de Estudos e Aperfei&#231;oamento do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</italic>, for its significant contribution to the realization of this study, and to <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</italic> - FAPERJ. We also thank our colleagues Lucenildo Cerqueira and Fernando Nogueira for their invaluable technical help.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
