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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WGHwTFzx3RGvbCQMN5LZPpM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida em institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ademir Batista da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Chyntia Karla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abitibol</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Aron</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>730</fpage>
      <lpage>737</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; a maior causa mortis mundial, segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), e a segunda no Brasil. Morte s&#250;bita ocorre de 4 a 6 vezes mais nos que j&#225; sofreram um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM); em 6 anos, 18% dos homens e 35% das mulheres ter&#227;o novo IAM. A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, cuja efic&#225;cia j&#225; foi demonstrada, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia. OBJETIVO: Testar a efetividade de um programa multiprofissional que visa a modificar fatores de risco para aterosclerose no sistema p&#250;blico. M&#201;TODOS: Dos 2.337 coronariopatas em tratamento ambulatorial, 513 com estudo coronariogr&#225;fico concordaram em participar deste estudo, que utilizou como arma terap&#234;utica palestras de como e por que controlar os fatores de risco. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: varia&#231;&#227;o significativa pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o; teste t de Student emparelhado ou o teste de Wilcoxon; exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa entre dois grupos; teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste de Mann-Whitney. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Colesterol, LDL, triglic&#233;rides, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II e medida da cintura apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa, mesmo nos pacientes sem hipolipemiante. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta, verificou-se que 72% dos que n&#227;o faziam dieta passaram a faz&#234;-la. Atividade f&#237;sica: dos 55% sedent&#225;rios, 71% passaram a exercitar-se tr&#234;s ou mais vezes/semana. Tabagismo: dos fumantes, 60% (9% do total) interromperam este h&#225;bito e 32% o diminu&#237;ram. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esses resultados demonstram a efic&#225;cia de programas para melhorar h&#225;bitos de vida, aplicados em unidades do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> CORONARIOPATIA CR&#212;NICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida em institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Scherr; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Chyntia Karla Magalh&#227;es; Rafael Aron Abitibol; Marcelo Barros; Ivan Cordovil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; a maior <italic>causa mortis</italic> mundial, segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), e a segunda no Brasil. Morte s&#250;bita ocorre de 4 a 6 vezes mais nos que j&#225; sofreram um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM); em 6 anos, 18% dos homens e 35% das mulheres ter&#227;o novo IAM. A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, cuja efic&#225;cia j&#225; foi demonstrada, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar a efetividade de um programa multiprofissional que visa a modificar fatores de risco para aterosclerose no sistema p&#250;blico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Dos 2.337 coronariopatas em tratamento ambulatorial, 513 com estudo coronariogr&#225;fico concordaram em participar deste estudo, que utilizou como arma terap&#234;utica palestras de como e por que controlar os fatores de risco. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: varia&#231;&#227;o significativa pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o; teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> emparelhado ou o teste de Wilcoxon; exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa entre dois grupos; teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes ou o teste de Mann-Whitney. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou Kruskal-Wallis. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Colesterol, LDL, triglic&#233;rides, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II e medida da cintura apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa, mesmo nos pacientes sem hipolipemiante. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta, verificou-se que 72% dos que n&#227;o faziam dieta passaram a faz&#234;-la. Atividade f&#237;sica: dos 55% sedent&#225;rios, 71% passaram a exercitar-se tr&#234;s ou mais vezes/semana. Tabagismo: dos fumantes, 60% (9% do total) interromperam este h&#225;bito e 32% o diminu&#237;ram. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esses resultados demonstram a efic&#225;cia de programas para melhorar h&#225;bitos de vida, aplicados em unidades do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, aterosclerose, fatores de risco, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) mostram que a maior <italic>causa mortis</italic> individual &#233; a doen&#231;a coronariana (12,4%), seguida pelos acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos (9,1%), perfazendo 21,5% do total<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, segundo dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (2005), o aparelho circulat&#243;rio foi respons&#225;vel por 31,46% dos &#243;bitos, sendo que a maior das causas &#233; superior &#224; soma das duas seguintes (neoplasias e causas externas)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos demonstram que programas de controle dos fatores de risco reduzem as admiss&#245;es hospitalares, melhoram a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional de pacientes com aterosclerose coronariana, com grande impacto na sobrevida e na preven&#231;&#227;o de infartos<sup>3,4</sup>. A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o desses programas parece estar relacionada a valores culturais e &#224; falta de percep&#231;&#227;o de sua efici&#234;ncia. Nem a popula&#231;&#227;o, nem os pol&#237;ticos parecem perceber que a melhora dos h&#225;bitos de vida ajuda a reduzir os gastos com a sa&#250;de<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1990, Ornish e cols.<sup>6</sup> demonstraram, atrav&#233;s da cineangiocoronariografia, a regress&#227;o do grau de estenose coronariana em 82% dos casos, com um ano de dieta vegetariana, interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, t&#233;cnicas de controle do estresse emocional e atividade f&#237;sica moderada, sem o uso de hipolipemiantes. Outros estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<sup>7-10</sup> tamb&#233;m j&#225; comprovaram a efic&#225;cia do controle dos fatores de risco, principalmente da dislipidemia, na morbimortalidade da doen&#231;a coronariana. Em todos eles, al&#233;m da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica, os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram incentivados a praticar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares, iniciar uma dieta com baixos teores de gordura saturada e colesterol e a interromper o tabagismo.</p>
    <p>Apesar disso, o registro europeu EUROASPIRE III mostrou que esse tipo de paciente continua sem se beneficiar dessas medidas, sem mudan&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo, aumento na tend&#234;ncia &#224; obesidade e da obesidade central e no aparecimento do diabete, e conclui que "uma m&#227;o cheia de rem&#233;dios" n&#227;o &#233; o suficiente<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos demonstrar o impacto cl&#237;nico-evolutivo e socioecon&#244;mico da interven&#231;&#227;o em fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana numa unidade p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de, mediante &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um programa social de baixo custo, com base na divulga&#231;&#227;o e ensino em massa de conceitos de efic&#225;cia j&#225; comprovada na melhoria da evolu&#231;&#227;o desta patologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metodologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em corte transversal, os 2.337 pacientes de um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio especializado em cardiologia e cirurgia card&#237;aca, com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e que estavam em acompanhamento pelo departamento de coronariopatia neste per&#237;odo, foram convidados a participar de um grupo, onde seriam acompanhados, assistiriam palestras sobre fatores de risco para aterosclerose coronariana e fariam controle peri&#243;dico do perfil lip&#237;dico, da press&#227;o arterial, do peso e da medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade acima de 18 anos, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva confirmada por cineangiocoronariografia e ades&#227;o &#224; proposta de assistir &#224;s palestras agendadas pelo grupo do servi&#231;o social. Como exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de cardiomiopatias de origem n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, doen&#231;a orovalvar de origem reum&#225;tica concomitante e outras comorbidades que dificultassem o deslocamento ou ader&#234;ncia ao programa, como residir em outro munic&#237;pio ou estado.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o foi de 13 de agosto de 1997 at&#233; dezembro de 2002. Dos 2.337 indiv&#237;duos que se apresentaram &#224; consulta nesse per&#237;odo, 513 pacientes, que j&#225; tinham sido submetidos a estudo coronariogr&#225;fico, participaram de todo o programa sob forma de ades&#227;o natural e tiveram pelo menos duas dosagens do perfil lip&#237;dico, fizeram parte da coorte deste estudo prospectivo. Seus familiares tamb&#233;m foram convidados a assistir &#224;s palestras, bem como a um v&#237;deo, exibido continuamente no sal&#227;o de espera dos ambulat&#243;rios, abordando os mesmos temas. Numa consulta com um nutricionista e uma enfermeira foram obtidos os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos - incluindo peso e altura -, calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), as medidas circunferenciais da cintura (medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o rebordo costal inferior e a crista il&#237;aca) e do quadril (no seu maior di&#226;metro com a fita m&#233;trica passando pelos trocanteres maiores) e aferida a press&#227;o arterial. Foram aplicados dois question&#225;rios, um para ser respondido pelo m&#233;dico assistente (a respeito do perfil de risco, medica&#231;&#245;es, &#250;ltimos exames e diagn&#243;sticos) e outro pelo paciente (sobre seus h&#225;bitos de vida e hist&#243;ria familiar).</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco analisados foram: atividade f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos alimentares, press&#227;o arterial, peso corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, perfil lip&#237;dico, tabagismo e n&#237;vel de estresse emocional.</p>
    <p>As palestras reuniram pequenos grupos de pacientes que, em alguns casos, vieram acompanhados de familiares e tiveram como temas:</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Doen&#231;a coronariana -</italic> o que &#233;?; fatores de risco: o que s&#227;o?; quais suas evid&#234;ncias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a coronariana; os riscos que eles representam; como control&#225;-los e os benef&#237;cios;</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Hipertens&#227;o arterial -</italic> o que &#233;?; sua rela&#231;&#227;o com IAM e AVC; a possibilidade de aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e a import&#226;ncia da ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o;tabagismo: seus malef&#237;cios; sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a coronariana; a import&#226;ncia de sua interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva e dicas para obter &#234;xito;atividade f&#237;sica: sua import&#226;ncia; modalidades; como e quando praticar; seus benef&#237;cios imediatos e tardios; precau&#231;&#245;es e quantifica&#231;&#227;o;</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel -</italic> suas rela&#231;&#245;es com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares; como e o que comer sem perder o prazer pela comida; dicas de manipula&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos e de alimentos mais recomendados;estresse emocional: sua profunda liga&#231;&#227;o com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares; a dificuldade de elimin&#225;-lo na vida moderna e como minimiz&#225;-lo (a partir da metade do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o foram introduzidas t&#233;cnicas orientais de relaxamento ministradas por um especialista no assunto).</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Foram utilizadas as medidas m&#233;tricas oficiais nacionais, como altura em metro e cent&#237;metros e o peso em quilogramas. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o peso/altura ao quadrado, sendo utilizado IMC maior ou igual a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> como par&#226;metro para o diagn&#243;stico de excesso acima de 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e de obesidade.</p>
    <p>A medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi considerada normal at&#233; 94 cm para o homem e 80 cm para a mulher, como preconizado pela <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF).</p>
    <p>Foram considerados como meta o colesterol total menor ou igual a 200 mg/dl, LDL colesterol menor ou igual a 100 mg/dl, taxa de triglicer&#237;deos menor ou igual 150 mg/dl e HDL colesterol maior ou igual a 40 mg/dl para os homens e 50 mg/dl para as mulheres, como preconiza a IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do colesterol total foram medidos por procedimento enzim&#225;tico (Mega-Merck, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). O HDL colesterol foi medido por inibi&#231;&#227;o seletiva.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida, sempre que poss&#237;vel, no membro superior direito, com o paciente relaxado e na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Foi utilizado o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, adequadamente calibrado, e a tens&#227;o arterial medida por profissional bem treinado. O diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi feito quando os n&#237;veis excederam 140/90 mmHg - 130/80 mmHg para os diab&#233;ticos -, ou no caso do paciente se encontrar em tratamento para hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados sedent&#225;rios todos aqueles que n&#227;o tinham atividade f&#237;sica regular ao menos tr&#234;s vezes na semana, com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 30 minutos.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao costume de fumar, foi usado como crit&#233;rio o consumo habitual e di&#225;rio de cigarros, em qualquer quantidade, e considerado ex-tabagista todo aquele que n&#227;o esteja fumando h&#225; pelo menos 30 dias.</p>
    <p>J&#225; o crit&#233;rio utilizado para definir uma pessoa como ansiosa ou emocionalmente estressada foi totalmente subjetivo: considerou-se a pr&#243;pria avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>Um grupo multiprofissional, constitu&#237;do por cardiologistas, enfermeiras, nutricionistas, assistentes sociais, psic&#243;logos e psiquiatras, foi treinado para fornecer em 15-20 minutos as informa&#231;&#245;es e orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre os principais fatores de risco, visando a uma informa&#231;&#227;o objetiva, pr&#225;tica e clara, poupando desperd&#237;cio de tempo dos pacientes. Tamb&#233;m foram condensadas as visitas m&#233;dicas e as coletas de exames, objetivando a redu&#231;&#227;o de gastos pelos pacientes, evitando-se, por exemplo, muitos deslocamentos e perda de horas de trabalho. Esse grupo foi orientado a n&#227;o utilizar certos termos, como "&#233; proibido" e "n&#227;o pode", abolindo ao m&#225;ximo qualquer car&#225;ter repressor, dando prefer&#234;ncia a outros termos, tais como "diminuir", "evitar" e "cortar os excessos". A &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o foi em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, que foi veementemente combatido.</p>
    <p>Procurou-se difundir intensamente o conceito da melhoria dos h&#225;bitos de vida, viabilizando a informa&#231;&#227;o e o acesso a fatos plenamente consagrados pela ci&#234;ncia. Todo o processo foi baseado numa linguagem f&#225;cil, acess&#237;vel e com um enfoque otimista e n&#227;o punitivo. Os pacientes receberam uma agenda com a programa&#231;&#227;o, contendo as datas das palestras, seus temas, os dias que deveriam apresentar-se em jejum de 12-14 horas para coleta de exames e um folheto explicativo a respeito de sua doen&#231;a e do significado de cada um dos principais fatores de risco para aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>O fluxograma/programa utilizado no estudo est&#225; descrito no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05110e01">Esquema 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05110e01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram considerados para fins de an&#225;lise somente os dados referentes aos pacientes que participaram de todo um ciclo de palestras e que tiveram ao menos duas dosagens dos l&#237;pides, sendo uma necessariamente ao entrar para o grupo e outra ap&#243;s ser completado todo o ciclo de orienta&#231;&#245;es. Durante o programa os pacientes continuaram sendo acompanhados e medicados paralelamente por seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, que apesar de fazerem parte do corpo cl&#237;nico de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, n&#227;o estavam obtendo o &#234;xito desejado no controle dos fatores de risco destes indiv&#237;duos. Findo o per&#237;odo de 120 dias, os pacientes passaram a ser seguidos somente por seus m&#233;dicos, mas continuaram sendo monitorados &#224; dist&#226;ncia pelo grupo do estudo e convidados para reuni&#245;es peri&#243;dicas, em grupos maiores com a equipe multiprofissional, realizadas no audit&#243;rio do hospital a fim de refor&#231;ar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es e responder &#224;s d&#250;vidas. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de pelo menos 12 meses, fomos informados da evolu&#231;&#227;o do controle dos seus fatores de risco pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio aplicado pela assistente social e desenvolvido pela institui&#231;&#227;o para ser facilmente compreendido por indiv&#237;duos de diferentes n&#237;veis socioculturais, realizou-se uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o sobre o comportamento dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mudan&#231;a nos h&#225;bitos de vida e como o programa influenciou seu comportamento e o de sua fam&#237;lia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de sua doen&#231;a. Foram avaliados tamb&#233;m o grau de compreens&#227;o das palestras, a clareza da informa&#231;&#227;o prestada por cada profissional e os eventuais benef&#237;cios pr&#225;ticos por terem acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es, neste caso atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio escrito e sem identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para verificar a varia&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233; para a p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o em vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> pareado ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, quando a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre dois grupos foi aplicado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. J&#225; na compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos foi realizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) ou a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia de Kruskal-Wallis para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco entre os sexos (ou faixas et&#225;rias) foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>). O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SAS System.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o da amostra inicial (2.337 paciente) e do perfil dos pacientes que participaram do estudo (513) foi a seguinte, respectivamente: idade m&#233;dia 62,7 &#177; 9,9 (26-89) e 62,5 &#177; 9,5 (29-87); sexo masculino: 60,8% e 67,8%; cine: 59,5% e 100%; IAM: 57,4% e 11,7%; angina: 17,2% e 41,8%; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica: 17,2% e 21,1%; ATC: 9,6% e 17,1%: IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>: 66% e 56%; uso de AAS: 83,4% e 87,6%; uso de hipolipemiante: 14,8% e 19,1%; sob orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional: 65% e 72,6%.</p>
    <p>A amostra deste estudo foi considerada representativa do corte transversal inicial.</p>
    <p>O percentual de pacientes com colesterol total (Col.) &gt; 200 mg/dl ou LDL &gt; 100 mg/dl logo na primeira dosagem laboratorial foi de 91,6%.</p>
    <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico inicial (pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o) quando comparado com ap&#243;s o ciclo de palestras (p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o) pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. O comportamento do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea tamb&#233;m apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel, diminuindo de 27,17 para 26,80 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,0001), bem como a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, 93,9 cm (desvio-padr&#227;o 11 cm) em m&#233;dia na medi&#231;&#227;o inicial e 93,07 cm (desvio-padr&#227;o 10,90 cm), alcan&#231;ando alta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,001). A press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m mostrou bom desempenho, mas n&#227;o ser&#225; objeto deste estudo.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Do total, 137 indiv&#237;duos (26,7%) fizeram uso continuado de hipolipemiante e 51% nunca o fizeram por motivos diversos. Por&#233;m, avaliando-se isoladamente esse grupo, notou-se haver melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico, mesmo naqueles que n&#227;o estavam em uso desse tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o, colaborando para demonstrar a efetividade do programa. No entanto, vale ressaltar que os resultados foram mais contundentes e intensos naqueles que estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao colesterol total e ao LDL colesterol, onde se notou um benef&#237;cio significativamente maior.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos alimentares, ao final do ciclo de palestras, 72% dos que n&#227;o tinham aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua alimenta&#231;&#227;o passaram a ter quando avaliados por seus recordat&#243;rios alimentares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05110f02">Figura 2</xref>). J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, somente 36% tinham atividade regular ao menos tr&#234;s vezes na semana ao entrar no programa, na avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o ciclo de palestras - dos 55% que n&#227;o se exercitavam, 71% passaram a exercitar-se tr&#234;s ou mais vezes na semana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05110f03">Figura 3</xref>). Mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil lip&#237;dico ou ao IMC quando comparado a se o paciente manteve sua atividade f&#237;sica, passou a praticar ou continuou sedent&#225;rio.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05110f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05110f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, 47% dos indiv&#237;duos eram ex-fumantes e 9% ainda mantinham este h&#225;bito (apesar de alertados e acompanhados por cardiologistas) - destes, 60% interromperam o v&#237;cio estimulados pelo programa. Apesar de numericamente o grupo fumante inicial ser pequeno, os resultados sem o uso de medicamentos foi altamente relevante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_aop05110f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_aop05110f04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Finalmente, quando os pacientes foram consultados a respeito da qualidade do programa, 84,3% responderam &#243;timo/muito bom. Quanto ao benef&#237;cio encontrado, 89,9% consideraram muito ben&#233;fico. Quando perguntamos para aqueles que iniciaram a atividade f&#237;sica qual o benef&#237;cio encontrado, 70,1% alegaram ter se sentido muito melhor. Quanto &#224; compreens&#227;o, 92,6% responderam n&#227;o ter tido dificuldades. E quanto &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o dos familiares no tratamento, em 70,2% dos casos passou a ser muita. No quesito grau de estresse emocional, 59,3% dos pacientes alegou ter melhorado muito ao utilizar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es feitas nas palestras.</p>
    <p>Adiante, apresentamos os n&#237;veis de l&#237;pides observados ao longo do per&#237;odo de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nessa terceira an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico, notou-se retrocesso estatisticamente significativo dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de sua fra&#231;&#227;o LDL em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ganho inicial. As perdas no n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos analisados foram ocasionadas pela n&#227;o solicita&#231;&#227;o por parte do m&#233;dico assistente ou n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame pelo paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o multiprofissional j&#225; comprovou seus benef&#237;cios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica isolada, com 4,4 vezes mais pacientes na meta de l&#237;pides, 2,7 vezes na meta da press&#227;o arterial, 1,9 vezes mais pacientes em atividade f&#237;sica e 1,3 vezes seguindo dieta pobre em gordura, o que foi acompanhado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 24% em eventos cardiovasculares<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na nossa amostra, n&#227;o foi encontrada varia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos l&#237;pides e ao IMC, quando comparados &#224;queles que continuaram com sua dieta alimentar e os que a iniciaram, estimulados pelo programa. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os que j&#225; faziam atividade f&#237;sica regular, os que a iniciaram e os que permaneceram sedent&#225;rios, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; l&#237;pides e IMC. O estudo <italic>West of Scotland Coronary Prevention</italic><sup>13</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou melhora significativa nos n&#237;veis lip&#234;micos no grupo controle, que n&#227;o utilizou qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante.</p>
    <p>Os resultados aqui apresentados n&#227;o tiveram a mesma performance que Ornish e cols.<sup>3</sup> obtiveram sem o uso de medicamentos para melhorar os n&#237;veis lip&#234;micos somente com a melhora dos h&#225;bitos de vida. Nesse caso, os dados foram significativos tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano como na de 5 anos<sup>14</sup>. &#192;s mesmas conclus&#245;es chegaram Rutledge e cols.<sup>15</sup> na avalia&#231;&#227;o, por dois anos, de 43 homens e mulheres coronariopatas que aderiram a um programa de modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, comparados com 28 que abandonaram o programa, apontando queda dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL como efeitos do controle alimentar. Nesse caso, as condi&#231;&#245;es foram bastante semelhantes &#224;s que foram utilizadas neste estudo, pois os pacientes n&#227;o foram retirados do seu <italic>habitat</italic> natural, como no caso estudado por Ornish e cols., em que os indiv&#237;duos foram confinados em um hotel. Os pacientes aqui apresentados foram avaliados no mundo real. Tamb&#233;m no estudo STARS<sup>16</sup>, o grupo que fez dieta mostrou bons resultados na diminui&#231;&#227;o do LDL colesterol.</p>
    <p>No entanto, cabe lembrar os resultados obtidos pelo <italic>The Lyon Diet Heart Study</italic>, que comparou a evolu&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de 302 pacientes ap&#243;s IAM, fazendo uso de uma dieta mediterr&#226;nea, com outros 303 pacientes que fizeram a dieta usual recomendada ap&#243;s IAM. Esses coronariopatas utilizaram menos gorduras saturadas, colesterol e &#225;cido linoleico e consumiram mais os &#225;cidos oleico e alfalinoleico que seus controles. Comparados ap&#243;s 27 meses e tamb&#233;m aos 46 meses, constatou-se uma significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade geral e de morte card&#237;aca combinada com morte por IAM. Tais resultados n&#227;o corresponderam a diferen&#231;as significativas na diminui&#231;&#227;o do IMC, l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos ou da press&#227;o arterial entre os dois grupos. Esse fato levantou a hip&#243;tese de que a dieta mediterr&#226;nea tenha um efeito ben&#233;fico, acima de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo podemos destacar que foi realizado em bases reais da vida dos pacientes, com estes permanecendo nas suas casas e desempenhando suas atividades di&#225;rias normalmente. Todos os dados compilados, portanto, partiram das informa&#231;&#245;es prestadas por cada paciente, a n&#227;o ser a dosagem dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos lip&#237;deos, peso corporal, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, e podem gerar distor&#231;&#245;es da realidade. O tempo entre a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos iniciais e a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o pode ter sido pequeno para que efeitos mais contundentes da atividade f&#237;sica, dieta, melhor controle do estresse mental e a interrup&#231;&#227;o do fumo pudessem ter sido comprovados. Alguns pacientes, especialmente os mais graves, quando opinaram sobre a efic&#225;cia do programa, o fizeram sem levar em conta a gravidade de sua patologia. Talvez, no que concerne aos resultados relacionados com a queda dos n&#237;veis de HDL colesterol, ou mesmo &#224; a&#231;&#227;o somente da dieta, atividade f&#237;sica, interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e diminui&#231;&#227;o do grau de ansiedade n&#227;o tenham sido mais impactantes pelo fato do per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o ter sido entre 3-6 meses, tempo insuficiente para que conclus&#245;es mais expressivas fossem feitas. A n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de um grupo controle deve-se a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas. N&#227;o seria &#233;tico deixar de alertar e recomendar adequadamente o controle dos fatores de risco, mas a an&#225;lise dos dados destes mesmos pacientes antes, durante e um ano ap&#243;s o programa podem validar a interven&#231;&#227;o, considerando-se que estavam e continuaram sendo tratados por cardiologistas de um centro de excel&#234;ncia e refer&#234;ncia nacional em cardiologia. Este estudo n&#227;o teve por objetivo relacionar os achados com desfechos cl&#237;nicos ou an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica, como em alguns exemplos anteriores. Foi considerado que esses dados j&#225; mostraram sua efic&#225;cia e aqui somente tentamos mostrar a viabilidade do programa e seus efeitos. S&#227;o tamb&#233;m da maior relev&#226;ncia os resultados obtidos em uma terceira dosagem dos l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos em 149 desses pacientes. O intervalo de tempo entre a primeira dosagem e essa terceira foi em torno de um ano: na ocasi&#227;o, os pacientes j&#225; tinham voltado aos cuidados de seus m&#233;dicos assistentes integralmente. Nessa etapa, foi utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas e o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. Da segunda para a terceira avalia&#231;&#227;o houve um aumento significativo dos n&#237;veis do colesterol total, LDL colesterol, &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II, como tamb&#233;m do HDL colesterol, sem varia&#231;&#227;o para os triglicer&#237;deos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Apesar desse retrocesso, os valores da terceira avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o chegaram a alcan&#231;ar os n&#237;veis iniciais. Tais dados representam, no nosso entender, a necessidade permanente do combate aos fatores de risco, n&#227;o se podendo deixar de esclarecer e lembrar aos pacientes da import&#226;ncia da manuten&#231;&#227;o de bons h&#225;bitos de vida. N&#227;o se pode esquecer tamb&#233;m que esses pacientes estavam sendo tratados num centro cardiol&#243;gico sem obter &#234;xito esperado na melhoria dos fatores de risco e que sem o est&#237;mulo do grupo pesquisador os &#237;ndices voltaram a piorar.</p>
    <p>Verifica-se, em pesquisa no PUBMED, que existem poucos dados brasileiros a respeito do controle dos fatores de risco na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a coronariana, o que corrobora com as afirma&#231;&#245;es feitas neste estudo. Uma das pesquisas consultadas, de autoria de Ladeia e Guimar&#227;es<sup>20</sup>, demonstrou o prec&#225;rio controle desse tipo de paciente: 58% com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, 62,5% com IMC maior que 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e somente 8,1% com LDL colesterol menor que 100 mg/dl, como tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado pelos dados iniciais deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Outro estudo, realizado em pa&#237;ses de baixo ou m&#233;dio poder econ&#244;mico - dentre os quais o Brasil -, que contribuiu com 836 pacientes coronariopatas, mostrou que 12,5% ainda eram fumantes, 25% n&#227;o sabiam dos benef&#237;cios da atividade f&#237;sica e 47,5% eram sedent&#225;rios, al&#233;m de uma significante propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o informados sobre os fatores de risco, embora atendidos por profissionais de sa&#250;de, incluindo m&#233;dicos<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma proposta como essa, de grande efetividade, que pode ser executada em unidades de perfis diversos e que disp&#244;s de baixa tecnologia, tem papel social fundamental, diminuindo custos, sofrimento e possivelmente a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es maiores. Al&#233;m disso, tem a vantagem de poder ser adaptado para realidades diversas no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Reunindo os pacientes em pequenos grupos pode-se otimizar o tempo de todos e tamb&#233;m concentrar as visitas dos pacientes, diminuindo os gastos com deslocamentos e perdas de horas de trabalho. O custo desse programa foi exclusivamente o do tempo para treinar os profissionais (uma nutricionista, um psiquiatra, uma enfermeira, um assistente social e 4 cardiologistas), durante seu hor&#225;rio de trabalho, em torno de duas horas no total, complementadas por constantes questionamentos do coordenador aos profissionais das diversas &#225;reas no sentido de cada vez mais facilitar a compreens&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Nas unidades que n&#227;o contam com a disponibilidade de um trabalho multiprofissional, esse programa tamb&#233;m ser&#225; fact&#237;vel com um coordenador m&#233;dico orientando enfermeiras e assistentes sociais e mesmo nos casos em que s&#243; existe o m&#233;dico seria poss&#237;vel desenvolver a&#231;&#245;es semelhantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve uma melhora significativa nos fatores de risco avaliados. Observamos uma maior ader&#234;ncia a uma dieta saud&#225;vel, diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de tabagistas, maior n&#250;mero de pacientes praticando atividades f&#237;sicas regularmente (no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes por semana) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do grau de estresse emocional (segundo avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pr&#243;prios pacientes). Foi detectada diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do colesterol total, LDL colesterol, triglic&#233;rides, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e nos &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II, todos com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Ainda h&#225; uma grande dist&#226;ncia, como verificado entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e a ader&#234;ncia a estas por parte de especialistas e pacientes, que pode ser melhorada a partir da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de um programa multidisciplinar como o aqui proposto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carlos Scherr pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Carlos Scherr </p>
        <p> Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 595 Sl. 1204 - Ipanema </p>
        <p> 22410-003 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cscherr@cardiol.br">cscherr@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="scherr@all.com.br">scherr@all.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/11/08; revisado recebido em 15/07/09; aceito em 03/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Life-habit intervention in a public institution</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Coronary disease is the major worldwide cause of death, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the second in Brazil. Sudden death occurs 4 to 6 times more frequently in those who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); within 6 years, 18% of the men and 35% of the women will have a new AMI. The secondary prevention, of which effectiveness has been previously demonstrated, is of utmost importance. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of a multiprofessional program that aims at modifying risk factors for atherosclerosis in the public health system. METHODS: Of the 2,337 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing outpatient treatment, 513 with a coronary angiography study agreed to participate in the present study, which used lectures on how and why to control risk factors as therapeutic tool. Statistical analysis: significant variation pre and post-intervention; paired Student's t test or Wilcoxon's test ; existence of a significant difference between the two groups; Student's t test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney test. Comparison among three groups: analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTS: Cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, body mass index, Castelli indexes I and II and waist circumference showed a significant decrease, even in patients without hypolipemiant treatment. The assessment of the diet impact showed that 72% of the patients that did not follow a diet, started to do so. Physical activity: of the 55% sedentary patients, 71% started to exercise three or more times a week. Smoking: of the smokers, 60% (9% of the total) stopped smoking and 32% decreased the number of cigarettes. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the programs to improve life habits when applied to the units of the public health system. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Secondary prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>atheroclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary heart disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Life-habit intervention in a public institution</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Carlos Scherr; Ademir Batista da Cunha; Chyntia Karla Magalh&#227;es; Rafael Aron Abitibol; Marcelo Barros; Ivan Cordovil</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Coronary disease is the major worldwide cause of death, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the second in Brazil. Sudden death occurs 4 to 6 times more frequently in those who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); within 6 years, 18% of the men and 35% of the women will have a new AMI. The secondary prevention, of which effectiveness has been previously demonstrated, is of utmost importance.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To test the effectiveness of a multiprofessional program that aims at modifying risk factors for atherosclerosis in the public health system.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Of the 2,337 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing outpatient treatment, 513 with a coronary angiography study agreed to participate in the present study, which used lectures on how and why to control risk factors as therapeutic tool. Statistical analysis: significant variation pre and post-intervention; paired Student's t test or Wilcoxon's test; existence of a significant difference between the two groups; Student's t test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney test. Comparison among three groups: analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, body mass index, Castelli indexes I and II and waist circumference showed a significant decrease, even in patients without hypolipemiant treatment. The assessment of the diet impact showed that 72% of the patients that did not follow a diet, started to do so. Physical activity: of the 55% sedentary patients, 71% started to exercise three or more times a week. Smoking: of the smokers, 60% (9% of the total) stopped smoking and 32% decreased the number of cigarettes.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the programs to improve life habits when applied to the units of the public health system.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Secondary prevention; atheroclerosis; risk factors; coronary heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that coronary disease is the major single cause of death worldwide (12.4%), followed by cerebrovascular accidents (9.1%), totaling 21.5% of total deaths<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, according to data from the Ministry of Health (2005), the circulatory system accounted for 31.46% of the deaths and the incidence of the major cause of death is higher than the sum of the two second major causes (neoplasia and external causes)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies have demonstrated that risk factor control programs decrease hospital admissions, improve quality of life and the functional capacity of patients with coronary atherosclerosis, with great impact on survival and infarction prevention<sup>3,4</sup>. The underuse of these programs seems to be related to cultural values and the lack of perception of their effectiveness. Neither the population nor the politicians seem to be aware that life habit improvement helps to reduce healthcare-related costs<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1990, Ornish et al<sup>6</sup> demonstrated, using coronary angiography, the regression of the degree of coronary stenosis in 82% of the cases, after one year of vegetarian diet, discontinuation of the habit of smoking, emotional stress control techniques and moderate physical activity, without the use of hypolipemiant drugs. Other secondary prevention studies<sup>7-10</sup> have also demonstrated the effectiveness of risk factor control, mainly of dyslipidemia, in the morbimortality of coronary disease. In all of them, in addition to drug therapy, the patients were also encouraged to practice regular physical activity, choose a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and stop smoking.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the EUROASPIRE III European survey showed that this type of patient does not benefit from these changes without changing the prevalence of smoking, the increase in the tendency to obesity and central obesity and the onset of diabetes and concludes that "a handful of pills" is not enough<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed at demonstrating the clinical-evolution and socioeconomic impact of the intervention on risk factors for coronary disease in a public healthcare unit, using a low-cost social program based on raising mass awareness and the teaching of effectiveness concepts that have previously demonstrated improvement in the evolution of this pathology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present cross-sectional study evaluated 2,337 patients with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease from a tertiary public hospital specialized in cardiology and cardiac surgery, who were being followed by the Department of Heart Diseases during this period; the patients were invited to participate in a group where they would be followed, would attend lectures on risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis and would keep regular control of the lipid profile, blood pressure, weight and abdominal circumference measurement.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: age older than 18 years, presence of obstructive coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography and patient compliance to attend the lectures scheduled by the social service group. The exclusion criteria were: cardiomyopathy of non-ischemic origin, concomitant orovalvular disease of rheumatic origin and other comorbidities that impaired the patient's attendance or adherence to the program, such as living in another city/town or state.</p>
      <p>The inclusion period ranged from August 13 1997 to December 2002. Of the 2,337 individuals who came to consultation during this period, 513 patients who had been previously submitted to coronary angiography, participated in the entire program by means of voluntary adhesion and who had at least two measurements of their lipid profile performed were included in this prospective study. Their family members were also invited to attend the lectures, as well as watch a video, shown continuously at the waiting room of the outpatient clinic, which covered the same subjects.</p>
      <p>During a consultation with a specialist in nutrition (dietitian or nutritionist) and a nurse, the anthropometric data - including weight and height - were obtained and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated, as well as the waist (measured at the midpoint between the lower costal border and the iliac crest), hip (measured at its widest point with the measurement tape placed over the greater trochanters) and blood pressure measurements.</p>
      <p>Two questionnaires were applied, one to be answered by the assistant physician (on the risk profile, medications, last examinations and diagnoses) and another by the patients (on their life habits and family history).</p>
      <p>The analyzed risk factors were: level of physical activity, dietary habits, blood pressure, body weight, abdominal circumference, lipid profile, smoking status and level of emotional stress.</p>
      <p>The lectures were given to small groups of patients who, in some cases, came accompanied by family members and included the following themes:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#149; <italic>Coronary disease -</italic> what is it? Risk factors: what are they? What is their evidence in relation to coronary disease? What risks do they represent? How to control them? What are the benefits?</p>
        <p>&#149; <italic>Arterial hypertension -</italic> what is it? What is its association with AMI and CVA? What is the possibility of symptom absence and the importance of adhering to medication? What are the deleterious effects of smoking and what is its association with coronary disease? The importance of quitting smoking and tips to successfully accomplish it. Physical activity: its importance; modalities of physical activity; how and when to practice; the immediate and late benefits; precautions and quantification.</p>
        <p>&#149; <italic>Healthy diet -</italic> its association with cardiovascular diseases: how and what to eat without forgoing the pleasure of eating; tips to manipulate foods and the most recommended foods; emotional stress: its profound association with cardiovascular diseases; the difficulty in eliminating stress from modern life and how to minimize it (halfway from the start of the intervention period, eastern relaxation techniques were ministered by a specialist).</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The national official metric units were used for the measurements, such as height in meters and centimeters and weight in kilograms. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height squared (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was used as parameter for obesity and &gt; 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> as excess weight.</p>
      <p>The measurement of the abdominal circumference was considered normal up to 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women, as recommended by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).</p>
      <p>The cholesterol goal was a TC level <underline>&lt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 100 mg/dl, taxa de triglycerides <underline>&lt;</underline> 150 mg/dl and HDL cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mg/dl for men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 mg/dl for women, as recommended by the IV Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention of the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</p>
      <p>The plasma levels of total cholesterol were measured by an enzymatic method (Mega-Merck, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). HDL cholesterol was measured by selective inhibition.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured, whenever possible, in the right upper limb, with the patient relaxed and in the sitting position. An adequately calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer was used and the blood pressure was measured by a well-trained professional. The diagnosis of arterial hypertension was attained when the BP levels were &gt; 140/90 mmHg - 130/80 mmHg for diabetic patients - or when the patient was being treated for arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>Subjects were considered sedentary if they did not engage in regular physical activity at least three times a week, for at least 30 minutes a day.</p>
      <p>As for the habit of smoking, the criterion used was that of the regular and daily habit of cigarette smoking, regardless of the number of cigarettes smoked and individuals were considered ex-smokers when they had not smoked for at least 30 days.</p>
      <p>The criterion used to define a person as being anxious or emotionally stressed was totally subjective: the patient's own evaluation was taken into account.</p>
      <p>A multiprofessional group, comprising cardiologists, nurses, nutritionists/dietitians, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists was trained to give, during a 15-20 minute lecture, the information and advice on the main risk factors, aiming at providing objective, clear and practical data in order to prevent time-wasting. The medical consultations and blood collections were also grouped, in order to spare the patients unnecessary costs, by preventing many visits to the outpatient clinic and loss of work hours. This group was advised not to use certain terms such as "it is prohibited to" and "You cannot", abolishing any repressive elements as much as possible and giving emphasis to other terms such as "decrease", "avoid" and "cut down the excesses". The only exception concerned smoking, which was greatly discouraged.</p>
      <p>The objective was to disseminate the concept of improving life habits, providing information and access to scientifically-proven facts. The entire process was created using easy, accessible language and had an optimistic, rather than punitive, emphasis. The patients received a diary that contained the program schedule, the dates and themes of the lectures, the days when they had to fast for 12-14 hours prior to the consultation for blood collection and an explanatory folder on the disease and the meaning of each one of the main risk factors for atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>The flowchart/program schedule used in the study is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop05110s01-body2">Scheme 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop05110s01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Scheme Study flowchart, after the patient agreed to participate in the program.</p>
      <p>Only data regarding the patients that participated in the entire lecture schedule and had at least two laboratory assessments - one at the start of the study and one after the lectures were given - were considered for the analysis. During the program, the patients continued to be followed and treated by the assistant physicians, who, in spite of being part of the clinical staff of a cardiology reference hospital, had not been successful in achieving control of the risk factors in these patients. After the 120-day period, the patients started to be followed only by their own physicians, but were still monitored at distance by the study group and invited to occasional meetings in larger groups with the multiprofessional team, carried out at the hospital amphitheater in order to reinforce the recommendations and answer questions. After a period of at least 12 months, the study authors received information on the risk factor control evolution, provided by the assistant physicians.</p>
      <p>Through a questionnaire applied by the social worker and developed by the institution to be easily understood by individuals from different socio-cultural levels, a new evaluation was carried out on the patients' behavior regarding the change in life habits and how the program influenced their behavior and that of their families regarding the participation in the treatment of the disease. The degree of understanding regarding the lectures, the intelligibility of the information provided by each professional and the eventual practical benefits due to access to information were also assessed, in this case through a written questionnaire that did not require patient identification.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test or the non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to assess the variation between pre and post-intervention numerical variables, when the variable did not present a normal distribution. The assessment of the means between the two groups was carried out with the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The comparison of the three groups was carried out using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance for data without normal distribution. The Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) was used for the comparison of the proportions of the risk factors between the sexes (or age ranges). The criterion for statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out using the statistical software SAS System.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The comparison between the initial sample (2,337 patients) and the patients that participated in the study (513) showed the following results, respectively: mean age 62.7 &#177; 9.9 (26-89) and 62.5 &#177; 9.5 (29-87); smale sex: 60.8% and 67.8%; ccoronary angiography: 59.5% and 100%; AMI: 57.4% and 11.7%; angina: 17.2% and 41.8%; surgical revascularization: 17.2% and 21.1%; ATC: 9.6% and 17.1%: BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>: 66% and 56%; ASA use: 83.4% and 87.6%; use of hypolipemiant agents: 14.8% and 19.1%; sundergoing nutritional therapy: 65% and 72.6%.</p>
      <p>The present study sample was considered representative of the initial cross-sectional design. The percentage of patients with total cholesterol (TC) t &gt; 200 mg/dl or LDL &gt; 100 mg/ dl at the first laboratory assessment was 91.6%.</p>
      <p>The initial lipid profile (pre-intervention), when compared to that after the lectures were given (post-intervention) can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The behavior of the body mass index also presented a favorable evolution, decreasing from 27.17 to 26.80 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.0001), as well as the measurement of the abdominal circumference, 93.9 cm (SD = 11 cm) on average at the first assessment and 93.07 cm (SD = 10.90), which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). Blood pressure also showed good evolution, but it is not part of the scope of the present study.</p>
      <p>Of the total, 137 individuals (26.7%) were continuously treated with hypolipemiant agents and 51% never used them due to several reasons. However, when this group was evaluated alone, an improvement in the lipid profile was observed, even in those who were not receiving this type of medication, which helps to demonstrate the effectiveness of the program.</p>
      <p>However, it is noteworthy the fact that the most significant and intense results were obtained by those undergoing treatment with specific medication, particularly concerning total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, which showed more significant benefits.</p>
      <p>Regarding the dietary habits, at the end of the lecture schedule, 72% of those who did not follow a healthy diet started to do so, when assessed through their food diaries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop05110f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Regarding the physical activity, only 36% practiced regular physical activity at least three times a week before joining the program; at the assessment after the lecture schedule, of the 55% of those who did not exercise, 71% started to do so three or more times a week (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop05110f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). However, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the lipid profile or BMI when compared to whether the patient maintained his or her level of physical activity, started to practice exercises or continued sedentary.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop05110f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop05110f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>At the start of the study, 47% of the individuals were ex-smokers and 9% were smokers (in spite of advice against it by the cardiologists who followed them) - of these, 60% stopped smoking stimulated by the program. Although the initial number of smokers was small, the results without the use of medications were highly significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop05110f04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop05110f04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Finally, when the patients were asked about the quality of the program, 84.3% of them answered that it was excellent/very good. When we asked those who started to practice physical activities, what benefit was perceived by them, 70.1% declared that they felt much better. As for the comprehension, 92.6% answered that they did not have any difficulties in understanding the program. Concerning the participation of family members in the treatment, 70.2% of the patients said the family members had an active participation in it. As for the degree of emotional stress, 59.3% of the patients declared that they had improved a lot by following the recommendations made during the lectures. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the impact of the intervention on lipid levels observed during the follow-up period.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0730-00058-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The third analysis of the lipid profile showed a statistically significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol and the LDL-cholesterol in relation to the initial gain. The losses regarding the number of analyzed individuals were due to the fact that the assistant physician did not request the examinations or when the patient did not undergo the examination.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The multiprofessional intervention has demonstrated its benefits in relation to the isolated medical practice, with 4.4fold more patients achieving their lipid goals, 2.7-fold more patients achieving BP control, 1.9-fold more patients engaging in physical activity and 1.3-fold more patients following a fat-poor diet, which was accompanied by a 24% decrease in cardiovascular events<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our sample, there was no statistical variation regarding the lipids and BMI when comparing those who maintained their usual diet and the ones who started it, stimulated by the program. The comparison between those who already practiced physical exercises prior to the program, those who started to practice it and the ones who remained sedentary did not show statistical significance either, regarding the lipid profile and BMI. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention<sup>13</sup> study did not show significant improvement in lipid levels in the control group, who was not treated with hypolipemiant agents.</p>
      <p>The outcomes presented here did not show the same performance as those obtained by Ornish et al<sup>3</sup> without the use of medications to improve lipid levels, only with the life habit improvement. In this case, the data were significant at the 1-year, as well as at the 5-year assessment<sup>14</sup>. The same conclusions were drawn by Rutledge et al<sup>15</sup> in their two-year assessment of 43 men and women with coronary disease who adopted a risk factor modification program, when compared to 28 who abandoned the program, presenting decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol as the result of dietary changes. In this case, the conditions were quite similar to those in the present study, as the patients were nor removed from their natural habitat, as in the case studied by Ornish et al, in which the individuals were confined to a hotel. The patients presented here were assessed in the "real world". In the STARS<sup>16</sup> study, the group that went on a diet showed good results regarding LDL-cholesterol decrease.</p>
      <p>However, it is important to consider the results of the Lyon Diet Heart Study, which compared the evolution of a group of 302 patients after AMI, receiving a Mediterranean diet, with other 303 patients who followed the usual diet recommended after an AMI. These patients with coronary disease ate less saturated fats, cholesterol and linoleic acid and consumed more oleic and alpha-linolenic acids than their controls.</p>
      <p>When compared after 27 months and also after 46 months, a significant decrease in general mortality and cardiac death combined with death by AMI was observed. Such results did not correspond to significant differences in the decrease of BMI, serum lipids or blood pressure between the two groups. This fact led to the hypothesis that the Mediterranean diet has a beneficial effect beyond its association with the decrease in total cholesterol levels<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the limitations of the present study is the fact that it was carried out in the "real world", with patients remaining in their homes and carrying out their usual activities of daily living. All collected data, therefore, came from information provided by each patient, except for the serum lipid measurements, body weight, body mass index and abdominal circumference, which can generate distortions. The time between the assessment of the initial serum levels and the second assessment may have been too short to demonstrate more striking effects on the physical activity, diet, better control of mental stress and discontinuation of the smoking habit. Some patients, especially the most severe ones, when giving their opinion on the program effectiveness, did so without taking into account the severity of their disease. Perhaps the results related to the decrease in the HDL-cholesterol levels, or even the isolated effect of the diet, physical activity, discontinuation of the smoking habit and decrease in the degree of anxiety were not more striking due to the fact that the assessment period lasted 3-6 months, which was not sufficient for more significant conclusions to be drawn.</p>
      <p>The non-inclusion of a control group was due to ethical reasons. It would be unethical not to give adequate advice and recommendations on risk factor control, but the analysis of these patients' data, before, during and one year after the program can validate the intervention, considering that the patients were being treated by a cardiologist and continued being treated by one from a national reference center in cardiology.</p>
      <p>This study did not aim at associating the findings with clinical outcomes or the angiographic analysis, as in some previously mentioned studies. The effectiveness of these data have been demonstrated and the present study aimed solely at showing the viability of the program and its effects. The results obtained after the third measurement of the serum lipids in 149 of these patients were also considered of utmost importance. The time interval between the first measurement and the third was around one year; at that time, the patients had already been referred back to the care of their own assistant physicians. At this phase, the Analysis of Variance for repeated measures and Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests were used. From the second to the third assessment, there was a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, as well as of HDL-cholesterol, but no variation in the levels of triglycerides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). In spite of this retrogressive behavior, the values of the third assessment did not reach the initial levels. Such data represent, in our opinion, the permanent need to fight risk factors, by constantly informing and advising the patients on the importance of maintaining good life habits. One cannot forget, as well, that these patients were being treated in a cardiologic center without obtaining the expected improvement of risk factors and that, without the stimulation of the research support group, these indexes started to decline again.</p>
      <p>A research in, PUBMED shows that there are few Brazilian data on the control of risk factors in the secondary prevention of coronary disease, which corroborates the statements made in the present study. One of the analyzed studies, by Ladeia and Guimar&#227;es<sup>20</sup>, demonstrated the poor control of this type of patient: 58% with non-controlled blood pressure, 62.5% with BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and only 8.1% with LDL cholesterol &lt; 100 mg/dl, also demonstrated by the initial data of the present study.</p>
      <p>Another study, carried out in countries with low or middle-economical level - and among them, Brazil - that contributed with 836 patients with coronary disease, showed that 12.5% were still smokers, 25% did not know about the benefits of physical activity and 47.5% were sedentary, in addition to a significant proportion of patients that were not aware of risk factors, although they were treated by health professionals, including physicians<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>A highly effective program like this, which can be carried out in different units and requires low technology, has a crucial social role, decreasing costs, suffering and possibly the need for greater interventions. Moreover, it has the advantage of the possibility of being adapted to different scenarios in the public health system.</p>
      <p>By gathering the patients in small groups, one can optimize everybody's time and also concentrate the patients' visits, decreasing costs with transportation and loss of work hours. The cost of this program was exclusively that of time required to train the professionals (a nutritionist/dietitian, a nurse, a psychiatrist, a social worker and 4 cardiologists) during their working hours, for about two hours, complemented by constant inquiries by the coordinator to the professionals from several areas in order to promote patient understanding and adherence.</p>
      <p>This program can also be carried out with a medical coordinator advising nurses and social workers in units that do not have a multiprofessional team and even in cases where only the physician is available, it should be possible to develop similar actions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was a significant improvement in the assessed risk factors. We observed a higher adherence to a healthy diet, decrease in the number of smokers, a higher number of patients practicing physical activities regularly (at least three times a week) and decrease in the degree of emotional stress (according to the patients' own assessment). A decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as body mass index, abdominal circumference and Castelli indexes II and II was verified, all with statistical significance. There is still much to be improved, however, regarding the secondary prevention recommendations and adherence to the latter, which can be achieved by incorporating a multidisciplinary program such as the one proposed here.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Scherr, from <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense.</italic></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
