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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5BMngJ8YDm5NJFj6Rn38qYq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evid&#234;ncia de melhora na qualidade do cuidado assistencial no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Volscham</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>726</fpage>
      <lpage>729</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A monitora&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores de qualidade no cuidado com a sa&#250;de (IQS) &#233; um processo de fundamental import&#226;ncia na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a monitora&#231;&#227;o dos IQS e a an&#225;lise da causa-raiz melhoram a qualidade do cuidado no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal e comparativa dos IQS em pacientes com IAM nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Dos 1.461 pacientes admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica, 172 (11,7%) tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de IAM e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. RESULTADOS: A taxa de angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi 8,47% maior em 2007 (97,3%) do que em 2006 (89,7%), mas esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,35). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (4 vs 5 dias, p = 0,15) e na mortalidade intra-hospitalar (7,8% vs 5,1%, p = 0,67) entre 2007 e 2006, respectivamente. No entanto, o tempo at&#233; o resultado da primeira troponina foi 27% menor em 2007 (69 min.; IC 95% = 44-94 min.) do que em 2006 (95 min.; 53-136 min.) (p = 0,025). O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi 12% menor (72 &#177; 29 min. vs 109 &#177; 85 min.; p = 0,03), a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina na alta foi 35% maior (94,7% vs 70,3%; p = 0,002) e a taxa de APCP, menor do que 90 minutos, foi 52% maior (78,3 vs 51,4%; p = 0,03) em 2007, quando comparada a 2006. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos resultados sugerem que a estrat&#233;gia de monitorar os IQS e a de implementa&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de an&#225;lise da causa-raiz melhora o processo de cuidado com a sa&#250;de no IAM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia centrada no paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>indicadores de qualidade em assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> CORONARIOPATIA AGUDA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evid&#234;ncia de melhora na qualidade do cuidado assistencial no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha; M&#244;nica Peres de Ara&#250;jo; Andr&#233; Volscham; Luiz Antonio Ferreira Carvalho; Ary Ribeiro; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A monitora&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores de qualidade no cuidado com a sa&#250;de (IQS) &#233; um processo de fundamental import&#226;ncia na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a monitora&#231;&#227;o dos IQS e a an&#225;lise da causa-raiz melhoram a qualidade do cuidado no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal e comparativa dos IQS em pacientes com IAM nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Dos 1.461 pacientes admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica, 172 (11,7%) tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de IAM e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A taxa de angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi 8,47% maior em 2007 (97,3%) do que em 2006 (89,7%), mas esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,35). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (4 <italic>vs</italic> 5 dias, p = 0,15) e na mortalidade intra-hospitalar (7,8% <italic>vs</italic> 5,1%, p = 0,67) entre 2007 e 2006, respectivamente. No entanto, o tempo at&#233; o resultado da primeira troponina foi 27% menor em 2007 (69 min.; IC 95% = 44-94 min.) do que em 2006 (95 min.; 53-136 min.) (p = 0,025). O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi 12% menor (72 &#177; 29 min. <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 85 min.; p = 0,03), a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina na alta foi 35% maior (94,7% <italic>vs</italic> 70,3%; p = 0,002) e a taxa de APCP, menor do que 90 minutos, foi 52% maior (78,3 <italic>vs</italic> 51,4%; p = 0,03) em 2007, quando comparada a 2006. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nossos resultados sugerem que a estrat&#233;gia de monitorar os IQS e a de implementa&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de an&#225;lise da causa-raiz melhora o processo de cuidado com a sa&#250;de no IAM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Assist&#234;ncia centrada no paciente, qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, indicadores de qualidade em assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As pesquisas em melhora da qualidade do cuidado com sa&#250;de tentam reduzir a dist&#226;ncia ou estabelecer uma ponte no vazio existente entre o cuidado ideal e o praticado<sup>1</sup>. Nos EUA, entre 1980 e 2000, foi constatada uma queda de mais de 40% na mortalidade cardiovascular &#224; custa de melhora no controle dos fatores de risco e no tratamento - com alicerce na medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncia - do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2</sup>. Apesar disso, muitos americanos n&#227;o recebem o cuidado ideal. Desse modo, &#233; essencial a exist&#234;ncia de indicadores do processo de cuidado com a sa&#250;de dos pacientes para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. A monitora&#231;&#227;o desses indicadores fornece &#224;s institui&#231;&#245;es a possibilidade de an&#225;lises, em longo prazo, do processo de cuidado e o estabelecimento de medidas corretivas para melhor&#225;-lo<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, ainda &#233; incipiente a cultura para investigar se estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas ou terap&#234;uticas melhoram a sa&#250;de ou o bem-estar da popula&#231;&#227;o, ou se est&#227;o sendo conduzidas de acordo com as melhores pr&#225;ticas, evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas ou diretrizes. Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, ag&#234;ncias governamentais ou n&#227;o est&#227;o desenvolvendo h&#225; d&#233;cadas indicadores de qualidade para o cuidado com a sa&#250;de (IQS) que podem ser utilizados pelas institui&#231;&#245;es no sentido de melhorar este cuidado<sup>3-5</sup>. No Brasil, onde as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade, organiza&#231;&#245;es governamentais e n&#227;o governamentais tamb&#233;m est&#227;o promovendo programas de acredita&#231;&#227;o institucional, que visam melhorar a qualidade dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de oferecidos &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>6-8</sup>. Dentro desse contexto, o IAM &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o ideal para essa iniciativa, por conta dos benef&#237;cios reais e potenciais que as medidas diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas podem trazer aos pacientes<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar se o monitoramento dos IQS e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de medidas corretivas baseadas na an&#225;lise da causa-raiz em pacientes com IAM melhoram a qualidade do cuidado assistencial ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal dos IQS no IAM, durante os anos de 2006 e 2007, e comparados os indicadores de 2007 com os de 2006. Durante esses dois anos, de um total de 1.461 pacientes consecutivos admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o traum&#225;tica no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, 172 (11,7%) tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de IAM e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Desses pacientes, 94 (54,7%) foram admitidos em 2006 e 78 (45,3%) em 2007. O IAM com supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMCST) foi diagnosticado em 94 pacientes (43%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Havia 112 homens (59,3%) e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 68 &#177; 14 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Treze pacientes (7,5%) foram transferidos para outras institui&#231;&#245;es e seus dados foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise at&#233; a transfer&#234;ncia. Os dados desses pacientes n&#227;o diferiam dos n&#227;o transferidos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico do IAMCST foi estabelecido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>10</sup>. Para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM, o limite superior do normal para a troponina I foi de 0,16 ng/dl.</p>
    <p>Os IQS utilizados foram: taxa de angioplastia percut&#226;nea coronariana prim&#225;ria (APCP); tempo porta-bal&#227;o (TPB) e taxa de APCP menor do que 90 minutos (APCP <underline>&lt;</underline> 90) para o IAMCST; tempo para o resultado da primeira troponina (TTPN) em minutos; tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (TH); mortalidade intra-hospitalar (MH); taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de AAS na alta (AAS) em ambos IAMCST; e IAM sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSST).</p>
    <p>No final de 2005, foram estabelecidas as metas a serem alcan&#231;adas para cada um dos IQS, onde foram consideradas as diretrizes das sociedades de cardiologia americanas para o IAM<sup>11</sup>. Cada par&#226;metro era verificado mensalmente e, dependendo dos resultados, a implementa&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de an&#225;lise da causa-raiz era desencadeada para corre&#231;&#227;o de falhas identificadas. As metas eram: taxa de APCP <underline>&gt;</underline> 75%; TPB <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 min.; taxa de APCP <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 min. rate <underline>&gt;</underline> 85%; TTPN <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 min; MH <underline>&lt;</underline> 8%; TH <underline>&lt;</underline> 5 dias; AAS = 100%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos por suas medianas e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a ou por suas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos por propor&#231;&#245;es. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cont&#237;nuos, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> ou o teste de Wilcoxon rank-sum. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre dados categ&#243;ricos, foi usado o teste exato de Fisher ou o de Mann-Whitney. Os valores de p bicaudais aceitos foram iguais ou menores do que 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A taxa de APCP global (2006 e 2007 juntos) foi de 93,5% (IC 95% = 85,3%-97,5%); o tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi de 82 &#177; 54 min.; a taxa de APCP <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 minutos foi de 66,2% (54,6%-76,1%); o TTPN foi de 79 min. (53-104 min.); o TH foi de 5 dias (3-6 dias); a MH foi de 7% (2,6%-15,8%); e a taxa de AAS na alta foi de 89,2% (81,5%-94%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A taxa de APCP foi 8,47% menor em 2007 (97,3%; IC95% = 85,3%-99%) do que em 2006 (89,7%; IC 95% = 75,8%-96,5%), mas sem alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,35). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante no TH, que foi de 4 dias (IC 95% = 3-6 dias) em 2007 e de 5 dias (IC 95% = 3-7 dias) em 2006 (p = 0,15), e na MH foi de 7,8% (IC 95% = 2,9%-21,5%) em 2007 e 5,1% (IC 95% = 0,5%-17,7%) em 2006 (p = 0,67). No entanto, o TTPN foi 27% menor em 2007 (69 min.; IC 95 % = 44-94 min.) do que em 2006 (95 min.; IC 95% = 53-136 min.) (p = 0,025). Do mesmo modo, o TPB foi 12,7% menor em 2007 (67 min.; IC 95% = 58-76 min.) em compara&#231;&#227;o a 2006 (76 min.; IC 95% = 40-112 min.) (p = 0,014). A taxa de AAS na alta foi 35% maior (94,7%; IC 95% = 81,8%-99,4% versus 70,3%; IC 95% = 51,3%-84,3%; p = 0,002) e a taxa de APCP <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 foi 52% maior (78,3%; IC 95% = 60,5%-87,2% versus 51,4%; IC 95% = 36,2%-66,1%; p = 0,03) em 2007, comparado a 2006, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo a respeito da monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua dos indicadores de qualidade de cuidado com a sa&#250;de em pacientes com IAM sugerem que houve uma melhora na maioria dos indicadores de 2006 para 2007. Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 12% no tempo porta-bal&#227;o, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 27% no tempo at&#233; o resultado da primeira troponina, um incremento de 52% na taxa de angioplastia percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria menor do que 90 minutos e um aumento de 35% na taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de AAS na alta hospitalar. Tamb&#233;m foi observado um aumento na taxa de angioplastia percut&#226;nea coronariana prim&#225;ria, cuja diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O estabelecimento de objetivos a serem alcan&#231;ados de acordo com os tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios da qualidade, tais como estrutura, processo e resultados, foram ferramentas fundamentais para o sucesso desse processo em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Adotou-se a metodologia de an&#225;lise da causa-raiz, na qual &#233; realizada uma descri&#231;&#227;o do evento ou problema, seguida pela elucida&#231;&#227;o desta causa-raiz, com implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas corretivas para a melhora do processo existente e nova avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, ao mesmo tempo fechando e iniciando um novo ciclo<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos EUA, tem havido um esfor&#231;o nacional crescente, promovido pelo <italic>Medicaid</italic>, <italic>Medicare</italic> e <italic>Joint Commission on Accreditation,</italic> entre outras institui&#231;&#245;es, no sentido de monitorar e tornar p&#250;blico o desempenho dos hospitais que lidam com pacientes atendidos com IAM<sup>5</sup>. De acordo com Bradley e cols.<sup>12</sup>, em uma pesquisa envolvendo 962 hospitais inclu&#237;dos no registro nacional americano de IAM realizada em 2002 e 2003, o tempo de reperfus&#227;o adequado s&#243; foi alcan&#231;ado em 54,5% dos casos e a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de AAS na alta em 79,6%, com taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de 6,8%<sup>12</sup>. Nossos n&#250;meros s&#227;o um pouco melhores do que esses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a taxa de APCP menor do que 90 minutos foi de 78,3%, a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de AAS foi de 94,7% e a mortalidade hospitalar ficou em 7,8% no ano de 2007. No entanto, o fato da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o ter um pequeno volume anual de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM pode criar a ilus&#227;o de um desempenho similar ou superior &#224;s institui&#231;&#245;es com volumes maiores de pacientes<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi observado que n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de mortalidade e a melhora no processo de qualidade de cuidado aos pacientes, o que pode ser explicado pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos envolvidos no estudo. Na verdade, Bradley e cols.<sup>12</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre o desempenho hospitalar e a mortalidade hospitalar ou em at&#233; 30 dias<sup>12</sup>. Por outro lado, Peterson e cols., apesar de terem demonstrado haver correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre aquelas duas vari&#225;veis, exclu&#237;ram da an&#225;lise os pacientes transferidos para outros hospitais, aumentando a estimativa da associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>. Em nosso estudo, 7,5% dos pacientes foram transferidos para outras institui&#231;&#245;es depois de firmado o diagn&#243;stico de IAM. No entanto, as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes n&#227;o diferiram dos demais pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, no qual somente hospitais com tempo porta-bal&#227;o com menos de 90 minutos foram inclu&#237;dos, foi verificado que esse intervalo de tempo variou de 55,5 minutos a 89 minutos<sup>16</sup>. Esse tempo, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, foi de 82 minutos, variando entre 61 e 87 minutos.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo sugere que a monitora&#231;&#227;o de indicadores de cuidado com a sa&#250;de e a implementa&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de an&#225;lise da causa-raiz resultam em melhora no processo de cuidado com a sa&#250;de no IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo realizado em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o, com pessoal treinado e longa experi&#234;ncia em interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria, trabalhando em regime de plant&#227;o di&#225;rio, 7 dias por semana, e cuja equipe de emerg&#234;ncia tem mais de 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia em unidade de dor tor&#225;cica. Por tais motivos, todos os pacientes admitidos na sala de emerg&#234;ncia com o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCST e eleg&#237;veis para reperfus&#227;o percut&#226;nea coronariana s&#227;o encaminhados para o laborat&#243;rio de cardiologia intervencionista, um cen&#225;rio bastante incomum no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Dois anos n&#227;o &#233; um tempo longo o suficiente para prover evid&#234;ncia definitiva de que o processo de qualidade assistencial realmente melhorou. No entanto, nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foi acreditada recentemente pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Acredita&#231;&#227;o (ONA)<sup>8</sup>, o que significa que estamos intrinsecamente comprometidos com o processo de qualidade assistencial.</p>
    <p>N&#243;s n&#227;o medimos alguns dados igualmente importantes que refletem a qualidade do cuidado no IAM, como a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o do AAS na admiss&#227;o dos pacientes, a taxa de administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador na admiss&#227;o e na alta hospitalar, a taxa de aconselhamento para interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e a taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina na alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Antonio Sergio Cordeiro da Rocha </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Mariana, 219 - Botafogo </p>
        <p> 22280-020 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ntqa@procardiaco.com.br">ntqa@procardiaco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/05/09; revisado recebido em 08/08/09; aceito em 28/08/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evidence of healthcare quality improvement in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The monitoring of healthcare quality indicators (HCQI) is a process of utmost importance in patient healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the monitoring of HCQI and the root-cause analysis improve the healthcare quality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: A cross-sectional and comparative analysis of HCQI was performed in patients with AMI in the years 2006 and 2007. Of the 1,461 patients admitted with chest pain, 172 (11.7%) had a diagnosis of AMI and were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The rate of primary angioplasty was 8.47% higher in 2007 (97.3%) when compared to that in 2006 (89.7%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). Moreover, there was no difference regarding the time of hospitalization (4 vs 5 days, p = 0.15) and the in-hospital mortality (7.8% vs 5.1%, p = 0.67) between 2007 and 2006, respectively. However, the time to the first troponin level was 27% shorter in 2007 (69 min.; 95%CI = 44-94 min.) when compared to 2006 (95 min.; 53-136 min.) (p = 0.025). The door-to-balloon time was 12% shorter (72 &#177; 29 min. vs 109 &#177; 85 min.; p = 0.03), the rate of ASA prescription at hospital discharge was 35% higher (94.7% vs 70.3%; p = 0.002) and the rate of PCA shorter than 90 minutes was 52% higher (78.3 vs 51.4%; p = 0.03) in 2007, when compared to 2006. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the strategy of monitoring the HCQI and the implementation of the root-cause analysis methodology can improve the healthcare process in patients with AMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Patient-centered care</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of health care</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>quality indicators, health care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Evidence of healthcare quality improvement in acute myocardial infarction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha; M&#244;nica Peres de Ara&#250;jo; Andr&#233; Volscham; Luiz Antonio Ferreira Carvalho; Ary Ribeiro; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> The monitoring of healthcare quality indicators (HCQI) is a process of utmost importance in patient healthcare services.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To evaluate whether the monitoring of HCQI and the root-cause analysis improve the healthcare quality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional and comparative analysis of HCQI was performed in patients with AMI in the years 2006 and 2007. Of the 1,461 patients admitted with chest pain, 172 (11.7%) had a diagnosis of AMI and were included in the analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The rate of primary angioplasty was 8.47% higher in 2007 (97.3%) when compared to that in 2006 (89.7%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). Moreover, there was no difference regarding the time of hospitalization (4 <italic>vs</italic> 5 days, p = 0.15) and the in-hospital mortality (7.8% <italic>vs</italic> 5.1%, p = 0.67) between 2007 and 2006, respectively. However, the time to the first troponin level was 27% shorter in 2007 (69 min.; 95%CI = 44-94 min.) when compared to 2006 (95 min.; 53-136 min.) (p = 0.025). The door-to-balloon time was 12% shorter (72 &#177; 29 min. <italic>vs</italic> 109 &#177; 85 min.; p = 0.03), the rate of ASA prescription at hospital discharge was 35% higher (94.7% <italic>vs</italic> 70.3%; p = 0.002) and the rate of PCA shorter than 90 minutes was 52% higher (78.3 <italic>vs</italic> 51.4%; p = 0.03) in 2007, when compared to 2006.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Our results suggest that the strategy of monitoring the HCQI and the implementation of the root-cause analysis methodology can improve the healthcare process in patients with AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Patient-centered care; quality of health care; myocardial infarction; quality indicators, health care.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The research on healthcare quality improvement tries to reduce the distance or establish a bridge between the ideal and the actual healthcare<sup>1</sup>. A decrease of more than 40% in cardiovascular mortality was observed in the USA between 1980 and 2000, due to the improvement in risk factor control and treatment - supported by evidence-based Medicine - of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of that, many North-Americans do not receive the ideal healthcare. Therefore, the existence of patients' healthcare process indicators is essential for the comparison between healthcare institutions. The monitoring of these indicators provides the institutions with the possibility of analyzing, in the long term, the healthcare process and the establishment of corrective measures to improve it<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the routine investigation of whether the diagnostic or therapeutic strategies are improving the population's health and well-being, or if they are being carried out according with the best practices, scientific evidence or guidelines, is still incipient. In developed countries, governmental and non-governmental agencies have been developing healthcare quality indicators (HCQI) for decades, which can be used by the institutions to improve healthcare services<sup>3-5</sup>. In Brazil, where cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality and morbidity, governmental and non-governmental agencies are also promoting institutional accreditation programs, aimed at improving the quality of healthcare services offered to the population<sup>6-8</sup>. Within this context, the AMI is an ideal condition to assess such initiative, due to the actual and potential benefits that diagnostic and therapeutic measures can bring to patients<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to analyze whether the monitoring of the HCQI and the use of corrective measures based on the root-cause analysis in patients with AMI can improve healthcare quality throughout time.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a retrospective assessment, a cross-sectional analysis of the HCQI in AMI was carried out during the years 2006 and 2007 and the indicators of the year 2007 were compared to those of 2006. During these two years, of a total of 1,461 consecutive patients admitted with non-traumatic chest pain at the Emergency Department, 172 (11.7%) had a confirmed diagnosis of AMI and were included in the study. Of these 172 patients, 94 (54.7%) were admitted in 2006 and 78 (45.3%) in 2007. The ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was diagnosed in 94 patients (43%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). A total of 112 patients were males and the mean age was 68 &#177; 14 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Thirteen patients (7.5%) were transferred to other institutions and their data were included in the analysis up to the time of transference. These patients' data did not differ from those who were not transferred (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). Patients with cardiogenic shock were not excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The diagnosis of STEMI was established according to the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association<sup>10</sup>. For the diagnosis of AMI, the upper limit of the normal range for troponin I was 0.16 ng/dl.</p>
      <p>The HCQI used were: rate of primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PPCA); door-to-balloon time (DBT) and PPCA &gt; 90 minutes (PPCA &lt; 90) for the STEMI; time until the result of the first troponin level (TTPN) in minutes; time of hospitalization (TH); in-hospital mortality (HM); rate of prescription of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at hospital discharge in both STEMI and non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).</p>
      <p>At the end of 2005, the goals to be attained for each of the HCQI were established, considering the guidelines of the American Societies of Cardiology for AMI<sup>11</sup>. Each parameter was verified monthly and depending on the results, the implementation of the methodology of the root-cause analysis was triggered for the correction of identified flaws. The goals were: PPCA <underline>&gt;</underline> 75%; DBT <underline>&lt;</underline> 70 min.; rate of PPCA <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 min <underline>&gt;</underline> 85%; TTPN <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 min; HM <underline>&lt;</underline> 8%; TH <underline>&lt;</underline> 5 days; ASA = 100%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The continuous data were expressed by medians and their respective confidence intervals or by their means and standard deviations. The categorical data were expressed by proportions. The Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the continuous data. Fisher Exact test or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the categorical data. The two-tailed p values were set at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The global PPCA rate (considering the years 2006 and 2007 together) was 93.5% (95%CI = 85.3%-97.5%); the door-to-balloon time was 82 &#177; 54 min.; PPCA rate <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 minutes was 66.2% (54.6%-76.1%); TTPN was 79 min. (53-104 min.); TH was 5 days (3-6 days); HM was 7% (2.6%-15.8%); the rate of ASA prescription at hospital discharge was 89.2% (81.5%-94%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0726-00047-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The PPCA rate was 8.47% lower in 2007 (97.3%; 95%CI = 85.3%-99%) when compared to 2006 (89.7%; 95%CI = 75.8%-96.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the TH, which was 4 days (95%CI = 3-6 days) in 2007 and 5 days (95%CI = 3-7 days) in 2006 (p = 0.15); the HM was 7.8% (95%CI = 2.9%-21.5%) in 2007 and 5.1% (95%CI = 0.5%-17.7%) in 2006 (p = 0.67). However, the TTPN was 27% shorter in 2007 (69 min.; 95%CI = 44-94 min.) when compared to 2006 (95 min.; 95%CI = 53-136 min.) (p = 0.025). Similarly, the DBT was 12.7% shorter in 2007 (67 min.; 95%CI = 58-76 min.) when compared to 2006 (76 min.; 95%CI = 40-112 min.) (p = 0.014). The rate of prescription of ASA at hospital discharge was 35% higher (94.7%; 95%CI = 81.8%-99.4% <italic>versus</italic> 70.3%; 95%CI = 51.3%-84.3%; p = 0.002) and the rate of PPCA <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 was 52% higher (78.3%; 95%CI = 60.5%-87.2% <italic>versus</italic> 51.4%; 95%CI = 36.2%-66.1%; p= 0.03) in 2007, when compared to 2006, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of our study on the continuous monitoring of healthcare quality indicators in patients with acute myocardial infarction suggest that there was an improvement in most indicators from 2006 to 2007. There was a significant 12% decrease in door-to-balloon time, a 27% decrease in the time till the first troponin level, a 52% increase in the rate of primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty &lt; 90 minutes and a 35% increase in the rate of prescription of ASA at hospital discharge. An increase in the rate of PPCA was also observed; however, the difference was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The definition of the goals to be attained according to the three quality domains, such as structure, process and results, were essential tools for the successful implementation of this process in our institution. The root-cause analysis methodology was adopted, in which a description of the event or problem is carried out, followed by the elucidation of this root-cause, by implementing corrective measures to improve the existing process and a new assessment of the results, simultaneously closing a cycle and opening a new one<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the USA, an increasing national effort has been carried out by Medicaid, Medicare and the Joint Commission on Accreditation, among other institutions, to monitor and disclose information on the performance of hospitals that treat patients with AMI<sup>5</sup>. According to Bradley et al<sup>12</sup>, in a study of 962 hospitals included in the USA national registry of AMI, carried out in 2002 and 2003, the adequate time of reperfusion was attained in only 54.5% of the cases and the rate of prescription of ASA at hospital discharge was 79.6%, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 6.8%<sup>12</sup>. Our results are slightly better when compared to those (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>In our study, the rate of PPCA &lt; 90 minutes was 78.3%, the rate of prescription of ASA was 94.7% and the in-hospital mortality was 7.8% in the year 2007. However, the fact that our institution has, annually, a small number of patients with a diagnosis of AMI can create the illusion of a similar or better performance, when compared to institutions with a larger number of patients<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>No association was observed between the rate of mortality and the improvement in the healthcare quality process, which can be explained by the small sample size. In fact, Bradley et al<sup>12</sup> did not find a correlation between the hospital performance and the in-hospital mortality or up to 30 days<sup>12</sup>. On the other hand, even though Peterson and cols. demonstrated a significant correlation between those two variables, they excluded patients transferred to other hospitals from the analysis, increasing the estimate of the association<sup>15</sup>. In our study, 7.5% of the patients were transferred to other institutions after the diagnosis of AMI was established. However, the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients did not differ from those of the other patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Another study, which included only hospitals with a door-to-balloon time &lt; 90 minutes, demonstrated that this time interval varied from 55.5 to 89 minutes<sup>16</sup>. This time interval in our institution was of 82 minutes, varying from 61 and 87 minutes.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, our study suggests that the monitoring of HCQI and the implementation of the root-cause analysis methodology result in the improvement of the healthcare quality process in acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out in a single institution, with a trained team that has broad experience in percutaneous coronary intervention, working daily shifts, seven days a week, of which emergency team has more than 10 years of experience in a Chest Pain Unit. For these reasons, all patients admitted at the Emergency Room with a diagnosis of STEMI, eligible for percutaneous coronary reperfusion, are referred to the Interventionist Cardiology Laboratory, a very unusual scenario in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Two years are not enough to provide definitive evidence that the process of healthcare quality has really improved. However, our institution was recently accredited by the National Accreditation Organization (ONA)<sup>8</sup>, which means that we are intrinsically committed with the healthcare quality process.</p>
      <p>Some equally important data, which reflect the healthcare quality in AMI, such as the rate of ASA prescription at hospital admission, rate of beta-blocker administration at hospital admission and discharge, rate of advice to stop smoking and the rate of prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor at hospital discharge, were not assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
