<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XxRjGzwwqmDMSKXG4DkNCgb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com a press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Goretti Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Alagoas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>714</fpage>
      <lpage>719</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Excessos de peso e de gordura corporal s&#227;o atualmente reconhecidos como os maiores determinantes da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. OBJETIVO: Identificar associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade - identificada por meio da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT) e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) - press&#227;o arterial elevada (PAE) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico transversal, de base populacional escolar, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 17 anos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Protocolo: question&#225;rio estruturado; medidas de peso, altura, espessura da prega tricipital, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, press&#227;o arterial; diagn&#243;stico de obesidade por meio de IMC, PCT e CC; diagn&#243;stico de PAE. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos), e identificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (IMC, PCT, CC), respectivamente, de 13,7%, 14,8% e 9,3%. A PAE foi identificada em 7,7% dos jovens. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante de obesidade (IMC, PCT, CC) com PAE (*p &lt; 0,0001). Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o forte (*p &lt; 0,01) entre CC e IMC; moderada entre CC e PCT, CC e PAS, IMC e PAS (*p &lt; 0,01); fraca entre PAD e CC, PCT e IMC, e entre PAS e PCT (*p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: A associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o significantes entre PAE e excesso de gordura corporal por qualquer dos m&#233;todos utilizados estabelecem a import&#226;ncia de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com vistas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS nessa faixa et&#225;ria, sugerindo-se, para isso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IMC associado a, pelo menos, um outro m&#233;todo antropom&#233;trico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA PEDI&#193;TRICA</p>
    <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com a press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza<sup>I</sup>; Ivan Romero Rivera<sup>I</sup>; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Excessos de peso e de gordura corporal s&#227;o atualmente reconhecidos como os maiores determinantes da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade - identificada por meio da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT) e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) - press&#227;o arterial elevada (PAE) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico transversal, de base populacional escolar, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 17 anos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Protocolo: question&#225;rio estruturado; medidas de peso, altura, espessura da prega tricipital, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, press&#227;o arterial; diagn&#243;stico de obesidade por meio de IMC, PCT e CC; diagn&#243;stico de PAE. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: qui-quadrado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos), e identificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (IMC, PCT, CC), respectivamente, de 13,7%, 14,8% e 9,3%. A PAE foi identificada em 7,7% dos jovens. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante de obesidade (IMC, PCT, CC) com PAE (*p &lt; 0,0001). Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o forte (*p &lt; 0,01) entre CC e IMC; moderada entre CC e PCT, CC e PAS, IMC e PAS (*p &lt; 0,01); fraca entre PAD e CC, PCT e IMC, e entre PAS e PCT (*p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o significantes entre PAE e excesso de gordura corporal por qualquer dos m&#233;todos utilizados estabelecem a import&#226;ncia de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com vistas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS nessa faixa et&#225;ria, sugerindo-se, para isso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IMC associado a, pelo menos, um outro m&#233;todo antropom&#233;trico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, crian&#231;a, adolescente, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) prim&#225;ria, fator de risco independente para as duas causas mais frequentes de morte em adultos no Brasil (acidente vascular cerebral e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica)<sup>1</sup>, tem as suas ra&#237;zes na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>2</sup>, e in&#250;meros estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial nessa faixa et&#225;ria s&#227;o preditores de HAS em adultos jovens<sup>3,4</sup>, um fen&#244;meno denominado <italic>tracking</italic>.</p>
    <p>Em sua forma prim&#225;ria (aquela sem causa detect&#225;vel), a HAS na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia parece resultar da intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais, tais como ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS nos pais<sup>5-7</sup>, ingest&#227;o de sal e de calorias<sup>8,9</sup> e grau de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica<sup>10-12</sup>, os quais contribuem para o aparecimento de outros determinantes individuais da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>13</sup> e o excesso de peso ou de gordura corporal<sup>14-17</sup>. Nesse aspecto, Rosa e Ribeiro<sup>14</sup> , em revis&#227;o sobre os determinantes da press&#227;o arterial na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia, enfatizam que a deposi&#231;&#227;o central de gordura parece comportar-se como verdadeiro fator de risco para a HAS, enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os n&#237;veis iniciais de press&#227;o arterial nos percentis mais elevados podem ser &#250;teis como marcadores de HAS na vida adulta.</p>
    <p>Estudos populacionais brasileiros envolvendo a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, nos quais se utilizou o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) como par&#226;metro, demonstram que a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e de obesidade vem aumentando nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>18</sup>. Nas investiga&#231;&#245;es realizadas em 1974-1975 (Endef-IBGE), 1989 (PNSN-Inan), 1996 (POF-IBGE) e 2002-2003 (POF-IBGE), observou-se que, em adolescentes, o excesso de peso corporal subiu de 5,7% para 16,7%, enquanto a obesidade subiu de 0,4% para 2,4%<sup>18</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade nos adolescentes (de 10 a 19 anos) portadores de HAS cadastrados no sistema Hiperdia/Datasus variou de 41,09% a 67,33%<sup>18</sup>, demonstrando a importante associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e HAS nesse grupo.</p>
    <p>Alguns outros estudos realizados no Brasil com crian&#231;as e adolescentes demonstraram que o IMC, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e as pregas cut&#226;neas (par&#226;metros utilizados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do excesso de gordura corporal) t&#234;m forte influ&#234;ncia sobre os valores da press&#227;o arterial<sup>19-22</sup>; apenas um estudo n&#227;o conseguiu demonstrar tal associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; identificar, em amostra populacional escolar, a associa&#231;&#227;o e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade - identificada por meio da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT) e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) - e press&#227;o arterial elevada (PAE) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica do presente estudo &#233; composta de uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o escolar matriculada nas escolas de ensinos fundamental e m&#233;dio da rede de ensino p&#250;blico (municipal, estadual e federal) e particular da cidade de Macei&#243;, no ano letivo de 2001, integrantes do estudo "Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da cidade de Macei&#243;"<sup>24</sup>. Trata-se de 1.253 estudantes, de ambos os sexos, com idades de 7 a 17 anos, selecionados aleatoriamente, nos sistemas de ensino p&#250;blico e privado, dos n&#237;veis fundamental e m&#233;dio da cidade de Macei&#243;<sup>24</sup>. Essa amostra &#233;, portanto, representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o escolar dos n&#237;veis fundamental e m&#233;dio, expressando a sua distribui&#231;&#227;o por idade, sexo, classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica e distribui&#231;&#227;o por escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria estudada, a PAE foi considerada como a m&#233;dia (de duas medidas) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica no percentil 95 para a idade e sexo, ajustadas para o percentil de altura<sup>25-27</sup>. Utilizaram-se man&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, de marca Tycos, com bra&#231;adeiras de tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es diferentes (adulto, adolescente, crian&#231;a) e estetosc&#243;pio pedi&#225;trico de marca Littman. Todas as medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo pesquisador m&#233;dico, ap&#243;s receber treinamento espec&#237;fico. Foram adotadas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas do Update on the <italic>Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent</italic>, resumidas por Koch<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso, altura, espessura da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura) foram realizadas utilizando-se balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica de marca Filizola, estadi&#244;metro de prancha, plic&#244;metro da marca Lange e fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica. </p>
    <p>Peso e altura foram aferidos por membros da equipe, ap&#243;s treinamento espec&#237;fico, sob a supervis&#227;o de um mesmo pesquisador m&#233;dico; utilizou-se a m&#233;dia de duas medidas da altura. A espessura da PCT foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o acr&#244;mio e o olecrano na face posterior do bra&#231;o direito, por um &#250;nico pesquisador, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas. A medida da CC foi realizada, pelo mesmo pesquisador, no ponto m&#233;dio entre a por&#231;&#227;o inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a borda superior da crista il&#237;aca, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia de duas medidas. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) no percentil maior ou igual a 85, identificado em tabela popula&#231;&#227;o-espec&#237;fica e em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, foi utilizado para definir obesidade<sup>29</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de obesidade foi tamb&#233;m realizado por meio da medida da prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps (PCT), utilizando os par&#226;metros de Must e cols.<sup>29</sup> que estabelecem que a PCT no percentil igual ou acima de 85, identificado em tabelas derivadas do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I </italic>(Nhanes I), identifica indiv&#237;duos obesos. Tamb&#233;m foi utilizada a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) no percentil acima de 75 para defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade central, segundo proposto por Fernandez e cols.<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, e estabeleceu-se o n&#237;vel de 5% para a rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade. A correla&#231;&#227;o linear foi utilizada no estudo das rela&#231;&#245;es entre os percentis de IMC, PCT, CC e press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi inicialmente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio e depois pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra do presente trabalho foi constitu&#237;da por 547 estudantes do sexo masculino (43,7%) e 706 do sexo feminino (56,3%), com idade de 7 a 17 anos, m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) de 12,4 &#177; 2,9 anos.</p>
    <p>Os valores de m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, prega cut&#226;nea do tr&#237;ceps, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A PAE identificada como a m&#233;dia (de duas medidas) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica no percentil 95 para a idade e sexo, ajustadas para o percentil de altura<sup>25-28</sup>, foi detectada em 97 (7,7%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao IMC, identificaram-se 172 crian&#231;as e adolescentes (13,7%) no percentil igual ou acima de 85, classificados como obesos<sup>29</sup>. Quanto &#224; PCT, identificaram-se 185 (14,8%) crian&#231;as e adolescentes no percentil igual ou acima de 85 (portadores de obesidade)<sup>29</sup>. A CC no percentil acima de 75 identificou 117 (9,3%) jovens com obesidade<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de PAE nos jovens com PCT, IMC e CC elevados, considerados isoladamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com valores normais desses par&#226;metros foi de 16,8%, 17,4% e 19,7%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Pelos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos, 92/1.253 jovens apresentaram simultaneamente obesidade pelo IMC (53,5% daqueles com IMC elevado), excesso de gordura corporal (49,7% daqueles com PCT elevada) e deposi&#231;&#227;o central de gordura (78,6% daqueles com CC elevada). A preval&#234;ncia de PAE nesse grupo foi de 21,7% (20/92). </p>
    <p>O IMC e a PCT elevados estiveram presentes simultaneamente em 37/1.253 estudantes, IMC e CC em 14/1.253, e PCT e CC em 4/1.253. O IMC, a PCT e a CC, isolados, estiveram presentes, respectivamente, em 29, 52 e 7/1.253 investigados. Em conjunto ou isoladamente, os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros identificaram excesso gordura corporal em 235/1.253 jovens; nesse grupo, a preval&#234;ncia de PAE foi de 16,6%. </p>
    <p>Utilizando o IMC como refer&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de obesidade<sup>31</sup>, a PCT e a CC apresentaram, respectivamente, sensibilidade de 75% e 61%, e especificidade de 95% e 99%. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos jovens com PAE, 20/97 (20,6%) apresentaram IMC, PCT e CC elevados; 1 apresentou CC e IMC elevados, 5 apresentaram IMC e PCT elevados, 2 CC elevada, 6 PCT elevada e 4 IMC elevado. Dessa forma, a PAE em 38/97 (39,2%) jovens pode ser relacionada ao excesso de peso e/ou de gordura corporal. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o demonstrou signific&#226;ncia (*p &lt; 0,0001) entre a obesidade, diagnosticada pelos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos utilizados, e a press&#227;o arterial elevada, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Na mesma tabela, observa-se que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre CC e IMC (*p &lt; 0,0001), CC e PCT (*p &lt; 0,0001) e IMC e PCT (*p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e PCT e entre IMC e CC; h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre CC e PCT (*p &lt; 0,01). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o forte com IMC e CC (*p &lt; 0,01), e fraca com PCT (*p &lt; 0,05). A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o fraca com IMC, CC (*p &lt; 0,01) e PCT (*p &lt; 0,05). Esses resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O reconhecimento de que a presen&#231;a e a gravidade das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas correlacionam-se positiva e significativamente com os fatores de risco cardiovascular presentes na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>2,31,32</sup> e de que tais les&#245;es t&#234;m maior progress&#227;o a partir dos 15 anos<sup>26</sup> justifica a import&#226;ncia de trabalhos que demonstrem a preval&#234;ncia, associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o desses fatores nas popula&#231;&#245;es, como ocorre no presente estudo. Nele, pode-se constatar o impacto desfavor&#225;vel do excesso de gordura corporal (presente na amostra em 13,7%, segundo o IMC, e em 14,8%, segundo a PCT), bem como da deposi&#231;&#227;o central da gordura (9,3%), na eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (7,7%) de crian&#231;as e adolescentes da cidade de Macei&#243;, por meio da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica obtida nas an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o realizadas. </p>
    <p>O IMC, a PCT e a CC s&#227;o medidas de adiposidade comumente usadas nos estudos cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>29,30,33</sup>. No que diz respeito &#224; PCT, apesar de mencionar as limita&#231;&#245;es do seu uso (pela possibilidade de grande varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservador e custo do equipamento), a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de orienta a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, desde que a medida seja utilizada por profissional com treinamento espec&#237;fico, como ocorreu na realiza&#231;&#227;o da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>34</sup>. Em nosso estudo, observaram-se associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o significantes do IMC (que, segundo alguns autores, identifica o excesso de peso corporal, mas n&#227;o necessariamente o excesso de gordura), da PCT (marcador do excesso de gordura corporal) e da CC (marcador da deposi&#231;&#227;o central do excesso de gordura corporal) entre si e com a press&#227;o arterial. Correla&#231;&#245;es fortes entre IMC e PCT<sup>20,29</sup> e entre IMC e CC j&#225; foram descritas<sup>22,23</sup>, corroborando os achados do presente estudo no que diz respeito a essas vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Apesar da forte correla&#231;&#227;o existente entre os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos antropom&#233;tricos, eles identificaram, simultaneamente, no presente estudo, a presen&#231;a de obesidade em 50% dos obesos da amostra. As diferen&#231;as observadas entre os m&#233;todos s&#227;o esperadas e espelham as caracter&#237;sticas individuais de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, mas demonstram que, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, provavelmente ser&#225; necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos dois desses par&#226;metros para amplia&#231;&#227;o da abrang&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica da obesidade. Nesse aspecto, quando utilizamos o IMC como m&#233;todo padr&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico da obesidade<sup>34</sup>, a PCT e a CC exibiram, no presente estudo, elevada especificidade diagn&#243;stica. Dessa forma, podemos enfatizar, como em outros estudos, que, na investiga&#231;&#227;o da obesidade em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, &#233; necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IMC associado a outro m&#233;todo antropom&#233;trico para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as que se apresentam sob maior risco da obesidade e de suas consequ&#234;ncias. </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista populacional, o impacto do excesso de peso ou da gordura corporal, medidos pelo IMC, na eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, foi bem demonstrado por Muntner e cols.<sup>33</sup>, que compararam os dados de press&#227;o arterial e IMC de 3.496 jovens de 8 a 17 anos, avaliados em 1988-1994 (Nhanes III), com os de 2.086 jovens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, avaliados em 1999-2000 (Nhanes 1999-2000). Esses autores conclu&#237;ram que houve aumento da press&#227;o arterial na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada e que esse desfecho pode ser parcialmente atribu&#237;do ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso corporal, tamb&#233;m observado na mesma popula&#231;&#227;o. No Brasil, in&#250;meros estudos t&#234;m demonstrado resultado semelhante. Ribeiro e cols.<sup>21</sup>, ao avaliarem 1.450 estudantes de 6 a 18 anos, demonstraram que os indiv&#237;duos com IMC elevado apresentam 3,6 e 2,7 vezes mais risco de ter press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) elevadas, respectivamente. Monego e Jardim<sup>35</sup>, ao estudarem 3.169 escolares, observaram associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre excesso de peso e HAS. Guimar&#227;es e cols.<sup>19</sup>, ao avaliarem dados de press&#227;o arterial e IMC de 536 adolescentes de 11 a 18 anos, conclu&#237;ram que o aumento percentual de PAS e PAD elevadas acompanhou a eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC e que cada aumento no IMC aumentaria a PAS em 1,198 mmHg. </p>
    <p>Utilizando a PCT, mais comumente aceita como um marcador do excesso de gordura corporal, Silva e Lopes<sup>20</sup>, ao avaliarem 1.570 escolares de 7 a 12 anos, identificaram associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre excesso de gordura corporal e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica). Ribeiro e cols.<sup>21</sup>, ao utilizarem o somat&#243;rio de pregas cut&#226;neas (que incluiu a PCT), demonstraram maior risco de press&#227;o arterial elevada naqueles com excesso de gordura corporal. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; CC, medida aceita como um marcador da deposi&#231;&#227;o central (visceral) de gordura, Guimar&#227;es e cols.<sup>19</sup>, ao utilizarem o mesmo par&#226;metro do presente estudo<sup>30</sup>, conclu&#237;ram que a CC tem forte influ&#234;ncia sobre a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes. Rosa e cols.<sup>23</sup>, tamb&#233;m utilizando o mesmo par&#226;metro<sup>30</sup>, avaliaram 456 estudantes de 12 a 17 anos e demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre HAS e medida elevada da CC.</p>
    <p>Apesar de identificarem uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre CC, IMC e outros par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos, Sarni e cols.<sup>22</sup>, ao avaliarem 65 pr&#233;-escolares com m&#233;dia de idade de 5,8 anos, n&#227;o conseguiram estabelecer associa&#231;&#227;o ou rela&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e obesidade. Esses autores explicaram esse resultado em fun&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria e do limitado tamanho da amostra, com o que concordamos.</p>
    <p>Assim como em adultos, uma combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores, como hiper-reatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, resist&#234;ncia a insulina e anormalidades na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, parece contribuir para a ocorr&#234;ncia da HAS associada &#224; obesidade, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>36</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, a HAS prim&#225;ria tem import&#226;ncia por in&#250;meras raz&#245;es. A primeira, por determinar les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo em seus portadores, sendo a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda a evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica mais importante dessa complica&#231;&#227;o<sup>27</sup>. A segunda, pela tend&#234;ncia, ao longo da vida, da persist&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis elevados da press&#227;o arterial identificados na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, o que transforma esse comportamento (<italic>tracking</italic>) em um dos principais marcadores de HAS precoce na vida adulta<sup>3,4,27</sup>. E por &#250;ltimo, pela associa&#231;&#227;o frequente, em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo, da press&#227;o arterial elevada com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>17,26,27,36</sup>, o que propicia o aparecimento precoce e a r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas<sup>37,38</sup>, determinantes da causa mais frequente de morte no Brasil<sup>1</sup> e em v&#225;rias outras partes do mundo.</p>
    <p>Essas s&#227;o as raz&#245;es pelas quais &#233; necess&#225;rio incentivar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos como o ora apresentado. Primeiro, para que, no Brasil, a magnitude do problema relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco cardiovascular para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, na faixa pedi&#225;trica, seja identificada. E tamb&#233;m para que se possa, cada vez mais, ampliar a proposta de preven&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a cardiovascular em nosso pa&#237;s<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza </p>
        <p> Cond. Aldebaram Omega Qd. F N. 04 - Jardim Petr&#243;polis </p>
        <p> 57080-900 - Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mgoretti@cardiol.br">mgoretti@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gorettib@uol.com.br">gorettib@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 17/06/09; revisado recebido em 15/11/09; aceito em 23/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Sa&#250;de Brasil 2006. Uma an&#225;lise da desigualdade em sa&#250;de. Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de. Bras&#237;lia (DF); 2006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Sa&#250;de Brasil 2006: Uma an&#225;lise da desigualdade em sa&#250;de.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kahonen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Maki-Torkko N, et al. Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood. JAMA. 2003; 290 (17): 2277-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2277</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>290</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raitakari</surname>
              <given-names>OT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juonala</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahonen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taittonen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laitinen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maki-Torkko</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1995; 8 (7): 657-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>657</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Threefoot</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 1989; 84 (4): 633-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Lauer RM. Role of family history and family testing in cardiovascular risk assessment. Am J Med. 1999; 107 (2A): 14S-15-S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Role of family history and family testing in cardiovascular risk assessment.</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>14S</fpage>
          <issue>2A</issue>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Munger RG, Prineas RJ, Gomes-Marin O. Persistent elevation of blood pressure among children with a family history of hypertension: the Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study. J Hypertens. 1998; 6: 647-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Persistent elevation of blood pressure among children with a family history of hypertension: the Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>647</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munger</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prineas</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes-Marin</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Brand&#227;o AP, Brand&#227;o AA, Ara&#250;jo EMM. The significance of physical development on blood pressure curve of children between 6 and 9 years of age and its relationship with familial aggregation. J Hypertens. 1998; 7 (Suppl I): S37-S39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The significance of physical development on blood pressure curve of children between 6 and 9 years of age and its relationship with familial aggregation</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S37</fpage>
          <lpage>S39</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>EMM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Berenson GS, Srinivisan SR, Hunter SM, Nicklas TA, Freedman DS, Shear CL, et al. Risk factors in early life as predictors of adult disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Med Sci. 1989; 298 (3): 141-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk factors in early life as predictors of adult disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>298</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivisan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicklas</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shear</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Dahl LK, Heine M, Tassinari L. High salt content of western's infant diet: possible relationship to hypertension in the adult. Nature. 1963; 198: 1204-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>High salt content of western's infant diet: possible relationship to hypertension in the adult</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <date>
            <year>1963</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1204</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>198</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dahl</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heine</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tassinari</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Grobee DE, Vanhooft IMS, de Man SA. Determinants of blood pressure in the first decades of life. J Cardiovas Pharmacol. 1990; 16 (Suppl 7): S71-S74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determinants of blood pressure in the first decades of life</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovas Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S71</fpage>
          <lpage>S74</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grobee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhooft</surname>
              <given-names>IMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Man</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Hansen HS, Hyldebrandt N, Nielsen JR. A longitudinal study of blood pressure measured in children at rest and during exercise: preliminary results of The Odense Study. Acta Med Scand. 1986; 714 (Suppl): 153-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A longitudinal study of blood pressure measured in children at rest and during exercise: preliminary results of The Odense Study</article-title>
          <source>Acta Med Scand</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>714</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hyldebrandt</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Hofman A, Walter HJ, Conelly PA, Vaughan RD. Blood pressure and physical fitness in children. Hypertension. 1987; 9 (2): 188-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood pressure and physical fitness in children</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conelly</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaughan</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Rosa AA. Press&#227;o arterial numa popula&#231;&#227;o escolar: estudo de sua associa&#231;&#227;o com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e principais componentes do tamanho corporal. [ Tese ]. Porto Alegre: Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul; 1994.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>Press&#227;o arterial numa popula&#231;&#227;o escolar: estudo de sua associa&#231;&#227;o com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e principais componentes do tamanho corporal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Rosa AA. Ribeiro JP. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia: fatores determinantes. J Pediatr (Rio J). 1999; 75 (2): 75-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ribeiro JP. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia: fatores determinantes</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Gutin B, Basch C, Shea S, Contento I, Delozier M, Rips J, et al. Blood pressure, fitness, and fatness in 5 and 6-year old children. JAMA. 1990; 264 (9): 1123-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood pressure, fitness, and fatness in 5 and 6-year old children</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>264</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gutin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shea</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contento</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delozier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rips</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J, Hinderliter J, Becque D, Martin M, et al. Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss. Pediatrics. 1988; 82 (1): 16-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rocchini</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katch</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hinderliter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becque</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Mark AL, Correia M, Morgan DA, Shaffer RA, Haynes WG. Obesity-induced hypertension: New concepts from the emerging biology of obesity. Hypertension. 1999; 33 (part II): 537-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity-induced hypertension: New concepts from the emerging biology of obesity</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaffer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haynes</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Pol&#237;ticas nacionais para a promo&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Panorama epidemiol&#243;gico e nutricional do Brasil. Semin&#225;rio Internacional sobre Rotulagem e Propaganda de Alimentos. Bras&#237;lia. 2006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Pol&#237;ticas nacionais para a promo&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel: Panorama epidemiol&#243;gico e nutricional do Brasil.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Guimar&#227;es ICB, Almeida AM, Santos AS, Barbosa DBV, Guimar&#227;es AC. Press&#227;o arterial: efeito do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal em adolescentes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 90 (6): 293-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial: efeito do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal em adolescentes</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>ICB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>DBV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Silva KS, Lopes AS. Excesso de peso, press&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento &#224; escola. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91 (2): 93-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Excesso de peso, press&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento &#224; escola</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Ribeiro RQC, Lotufo PA, Lamounier JA, Oliveira RG, Soares JF, Botter DA. Fatores adicionais de risco cardiovascular associados ao excesso de peso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes: o estudo do cora&#231;&#227;o de Belo Horizonte. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 86 (6): 408-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fatores adicionais de risco cardiovascular associados ao excesso de peso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes: o estudo do cora&#231;&#227;o de Belo Horizonte</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>408</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>RQC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamounier</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Botter</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Sarni RS, Souza FIS, Schoeps DO, Catherino P, Oliveira MCCP, Pessotti CFX, et al. Rela&#231;&#227;o da cintura abdominal com a condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato econ&#244;mico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87 (2): 153-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da cintura abdominal com a condi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, perfil lip&#237;dico e press&#227;o arterial em pr&#233;-escolares de baixo estrato econ&#244;mico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarni</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>FIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoeps</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catherino</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>MCCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessotti</surname>
              <given-names>CFX</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET, Rocha ERR, Fonseca VM. &#205;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura como marcadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (5): 573-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>&#205;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura como marcadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial em adolescentes</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>573</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>MLG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>ERR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Silva MAM, Rivera IR, Ferraz MRMT, Pinheiro AJT, Carvalho ACC, Alves SW, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Macei&#243;. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84 (5): 387-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Macei&#243;</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>MRMT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
              <given-names>AJT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>ACC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Mion Jr D, Kohlmann Jr O, Amodeo C, Gomes MAM, Nobre F, Brand&#227;o A/ Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o / Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. V Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial. [Acesso em 2009 8]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/">http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mion Jr</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohlmann Jr</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amodeo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobre</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Available at:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/">link</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Giuliano ICB, Caramelli B, Pellanda L, Duncan B, Mattos S, Fonseca FH/ Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85 (supl 6): 1-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>I Diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giuliano</surname>
              <given-names>ICB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caramelli</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellanda</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. National High Blood Pressure Education. Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment oh High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114 (2 Suppl 4th Report): 555-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.: The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment oh High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>555</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <volume>114</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Koch VH. Press&#227;o arterial em pediatria: aspectos metodol&#243;gicos e normatiza&#231;&#227;o. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2000; 1: 71-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial em pediatria: aspectos metodol&#243;gicos e normatiza&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obesity: 85<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th </sup>percentiles of body mass index (wh/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 53 (4): 839-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wh/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Must</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallal</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allisson DB. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European- American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004; 145 (4): 439-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European- American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redden</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietrobelli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allisson</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338 (23): 1650-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1650</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>338</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wattigney</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, Newman WP3rd, Herderick EE, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinant s of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999; 281 (8): 727-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinant s of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>727</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strong</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malcom</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMahan</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>WP3rd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herderick</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA. 2004; 291 (17): 2107-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2107</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muntner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cutler</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wildman</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whelton</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995; 854: 1-452.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee</article-title>
          <source>World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>452</lpage>
          <volume>854</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Monego ET, Jardim PCBV. Determinantes de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em escolares. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87 (1): 37-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determinantes de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em escolares</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monego</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>PCBV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension. 2002; 40 (4): 441-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorof</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, Lauer RM. Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation. 2001; 104 (23): 2815-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2815</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawson</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riley</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, Tang R, Urbina EM, et al. Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. JAMA. 2003; 290 (17): 2271-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2271</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>290</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bond</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Urbina</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship of obesity with high blood pressure in children and adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Excess weight and body fat are currently recognized as the major determinants of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between obesity - identified by waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and body mass index (BMI) - high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study based on school population in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged between 7 and 17 years, randomly selected. Protocol: a structured questionnaire; measures of weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, waist circumference, blood pressure, diagnosis of obesity through BMI, TSF thickness and waist circumference; diagnosis of HBP. Statistical analysis: Chi-square. RESULTS: A total of 1,253 students (547 males, mean age 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years), were assessed. A prevalence of obesity (BMI, TSF thickness, WC) of 13.7%, 14,8% and 9.3% respectively were identified. HBP was identified in 7.7% of young people. There was a significant association between obesity (BMI, TSF thickness, WC) with HBP (*p &lt; 0.0001). There was a strong correlation (*p &lt; 0.01) between WC and BMI, a moderate correlation between WC and TSF thickness, WC and SBP, BMI and SBP (*p &lt; 0.01); weak correlation between DBP and WC, TSF thickness and BMI, and between SBP and TSF thickness (*p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The significant correlation and association between HBP and excess body fat by any of the methods used establish the importance of its use in evaluating children and adolescents, aiming at preventing hypertension in this age group, suggesting, for this, the use of BMI associated to at least another anthropometric method.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>waist circumference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Relationship of obesity with high blood pressure in children and adolescents</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza<sup>I</sup>; Ivan Romero Rivera<sup>I</sup>; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Faculdade de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Excess weight and body fat are currently recognized as the major determinants of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To identify the relationship between obesity - identified by waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and body mass index (BMI) - high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A cross-sectional epidemiological study based on school population in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged between 7 and 17 years, randomly selected. Protocol: a structured questionnaire; measures of weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, waist circumference, blood pressure, diagnosis of obesity through BMI, TSF thickness and waist circumference; diagnosis of HBP. Statistical analysis: Chi-square.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> A total of 1,253 students (547 males, mean age 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years), were assessed. A prevalence of obesity (BMI, TSF thickness, WC) of 13.7%, 14,8% and 9.3% respectively were identified. HBP was identified in 7.7% of young people. There was a significant association between obesity (BMI, TSF thickness, WC) with HBP (*p &lt; 0.0001). There was a strong correlation (*p &lt; 0.01) between WC and BMI, a moderate correlation between WC and TSF thickness, WC and SBP, BMI and SBP (*p &lt; 0.01); weak correlation between DBP and WC, TSF thickness and BMI, and between SBP and TSF thickness (*p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The significant correlation and association between HBP and excess body fat by any of the methods used establish the importance of its use in evaluating children and adolescents, aiming at preventing hypertension in this age group, suggesting, for this, the use of BMI associated to at least another anthropometric method.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; obesity; child; adolescent; body mass index; waist circumference.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is evidence that primary high blood pressure (HBP), independent risk factor for the two most common causes of death among adults in Brazil (stroke and heart disease)<sup>1</sup>, has its roots in childhood or adolescence<sup>2</sup>, and several studies have shown that high levels of blood pressure at this age are predictors of hypertension in young adults<sup>3,4</sup>, a phenomenon known as tracking.</p>
      <p>In its primary form (the one with no detectable cause), hypertension in childhood and adolescence seems to result from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, such as HBP in parents<sup>5-7</sup>, salt and calorie intake<sup>8,9</sup> and degree of physical fitness<sup>10-12</sup>, all contributing to the emergence of other individual determinants of high blood pressure, such as heart rate<sup>13</sup> and over-weight or body fat<sup>14-17</sup>. In this respect, Rosa and Ribeiro<sup>14</sup>, in a review on the determinants of blood pressure in childhood and adolescence, emphasize that the central fat deposit appears to behave as an actual risk factor for hypertension while heart rate and initial levels of blood pressure at higher percentiles may be useful as hypertension markers in adulthood.</p>
      <p>Brazilian population studies involving the pediatric population using the body mass index (BMI) as a parameter, show that the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in recent decades in children and adolescents<sup>18</sup>. In research conducted in 1974-1975 (Endef-IBGE), 1989 (PNSN-Inan), 1996 (POF-IBGE) and 2002-2003 (POF-IBGE), it was found that in adolescents, excess body weight increased from 5.7% to 16.7%, while obesity increased from 0.4% to 2.4%<sup>18</sup>. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents (10 to 19 years) with hypertension enrolled in the Hiperdia Datasus system ranged from 41.09% to 67.33%<sup>18</sup>, showing a significant association between overweight and hypertension in this group.</p>
      <p>Some other studies conducted in Brazil with children and adolescents showed that BMI, waist circumference and skinfold thickness (parameters used for the identification of excess body fat) have a strong influence on blood pressure values<sup>19-22</sup>. Only one study failed to demonstrate such association<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this research is to identify, in a school population sample, the association and correlation between obesity - identified through waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and body mass index (BMI) - and high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample of this study is composed of a representative sample of school pupils enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools (municipal, state and federal schools), particularly from the city of Macei&#243;, in 2001 school year, members of the study "Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents in the city of Macei&#243;"<sup>24</sup>. This included 1,253 students of both sexes, aged 7 to 17, randomly selected from public and private schools, from primary and secondary levels in the city of Macei&#243;<sup>24</sup>. Therefore, this sample represents the school population of primary and secondary levels, expressing their distribution by age, gender, economic status and distribution over public and private schools<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the age group studied, the HBP was regarded as the average (from two measurements) of systolic and/or diastolic pressure at the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for age and gender, adjusted to height percentile<sup>25-27</sup>. We used a Tycos sphygmomanometer, clamps with three different sizes (adult, adolescent, child) and Littman pediatric stethoscope. All measurements were performed by the same medical researcher after receiving specific training. We adopted the methodological recommendations of the Update on the Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescent, summarized by Koch<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference) were performed using a Filizola-branded electronic scale, board stadiometer, Lange skinfold caliper and inelastic tape.</p>
      <p>Weight and height were measured by team members, after specific training under the supervision of a medical researcher using the average of the two height measurements. The TSF thickness was measured at the midpoint between the acromion and olecranon on the back of the right arm by a single researcher, using the average of these three measures. WC measurement was performed by the same researcher at the midpoint between the lower portion of the last rib and the upper edge of the iliac crest, using the average of two measures.</p>
      <p>The body mass index (BMI) on the percentile greater than or equal to 85, identified on a population-specific table based on age was used to define obesity<sup>29</sup>. Obesity diagnosis was also performed by measuring the triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) using the parameters of Must et al<sup>29</sup>, which establish that the TSF thickness on a percentile equal to or greater than 85, identified on tables derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I), identifies obese individuals. We also used waist circumference (WC) on the percentile above 75 to define central obesity, as proposed by Fernandez et al<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>For association analyses, we used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to establish the 5% level to reject the nullity hypothesis. The linear correlation was used in the study of the relationship between BMI, TSF, WC and blood pressure percentiles.</p>
      <p>The research project was initially approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital and later by the Ethics Committee on Research of the Federal University of Alagoas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample of this study consisted of 547 male students (43.7%) and 706 females (56.3%), aged 7 to 17, mean (&#177; SD) 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years.</p>
      <p>The mean values, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum for continuous variables (age, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>HBP identified as the average (of two measures) of systolic and/or diastolic pressure at the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for age and sex adjusted for height percentile<sup>25-28</sup>, was detected in 97 (7.7%) children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>As for BMI, we identified 172 children and adolescents (13.7%) on the percentile equal to or above 85 classified as obese<sup>29</sup>. As for TSF, we identified 185 (14.8%) children and adolescents on the percentile equal to or above 85 (obese patients)<sup>29</sup>. WC on the percentile above 75 identified 117 (9.3%) young people with obesity<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of HBP in young people with TSF, high BMI and WC, considered in isolation against those with normal values of these parameters was 16.8%, 17.4% and 19.7%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Using the three methods, 92/1,253 juveniles presented obesity simultaneously by BMI (53.5% of those with high BMI), excess body fat (49.7% from those with high TSF) and abdominal obesity (78.6% of those with high WC). The prevalence of HBP in this group was 21.7% (20/92).</p>
      <p>High BMI and TSF were simultaneously present in 37/1,253 students, BMI and WC in 14/1,253, and TSF and WC 4/1,253. BMI, TSF and WC alone were present, respectively, in 29, 52 and 7/1,253 patients investigated. Together or separately, the three parameters identified excess body fat in 235/1,253 people. In this group, the prevalence of HBP was 16.6%.</p>
      <p>Using BMI as a reference in the diagnosis of obesity<sup>31</sup>, TSF and WC had, respectively, sensitivity of 75% and 61% and specificity of 95% and 99%.</p>
      <p>For young people with HBP, 20/97 (20.6%) had high BMI, TSF and WC; 1 presented high WC and BMI, 5 had high BMI and TSF, 2 with high WC, 6 with high TSF and high BMI. Thus, HBP in 38/97 (39.2%) young people can be related to overweight and/or body fat.</p>
      <p>The association analysis showed significance (*p &lt; 0.0001) between obesity diagnosed by three anthropometric parameters used, and high blood pressure, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. The same table shows a significant association between WC and BMI (*p &lt; 0.0001), WC and TSF (* p &lt; 0.0001) and BMI and TSF (*p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A strong correlation between BMI and TSF and between BMI and WC was found; there is a moderate correlation between WC and TSF (* p &lt; 0.01). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed strong correlation with BMI and WC (*p &lt; 0.01), and weak correlation with TSF (*p &lt; 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) presented a weak correlation with BMI, WC (*p &lt; 0.01) and TSF (*p &lt; 0.05). These results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0714-00039-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The recognition that the presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions are positively and significantly linked with cardiovascular risk factors present in childhood and adolescence<sup>2,31,32</sup> and that such lesions are more often found from the age of 15<sup>26</sup> it is important to conduct studies showing the prevalence, association and correlation of these factors in populations, as the case of this study. This study found the adverse impact of excess body fat (present in the sample in 13.7%, according to BMI, and 14.8%, according to TSF) and the central deposition of fat (9.3%), high blood pressure (7.7%) of children and adolescents in the city of Macei&#243;, through the statistical significance obtained in association analyses and correlations made.</p>
      <p>BMI, TSF and WC are adiposity measures commonly used in clinical and epidemiological studies<sup>29,30,33</sup>. Although this study mentions the limitations in using the TSF (due to the possibility of large intra and inter-observer variation and cost of equipment), the World Health Organization directs its use to the diagnosis of obesity in children and adolescents, provided that the measure is used by a professional with specific training, as the case of this research<sup>34</sup>. In our study, we observed a significant association and correlation of BMI (according to some authors, it identifies excess weight, but not necessarily excess fat), TSF (a marker of excess body fat) and WC (marker of central deposition of excess body fat) among themselves and with blood pressure. Strong correlations between BMI and TSF<sup>20,29</sup> and between BMI and WC have been described<sup>22,23</sup>, supporting the findings of this study with respect to these variables.</p>
      <p>Despite the strong correlation between the three anthropometric methods, they identified, simultaneously, in this study, the presence of obesity in 50% of the obese sample. The differences between the methods are expected and reflect the individual characteristics of body fat distribution, but show that in clinical practice, at least two of these parameters will be probably necessary to expand the diagnostic scope of obesity. In this respect, when we use BMI as the standard method for diagnosing obesity<sup>34</sup>, TSF and WC exhibited a high diagnostic specificity in this study. Thus, we can emphasize, as in other studies, that the investigation of obesity in children and adolescents requires the use of BMI associated with another anthropometric method to identify children who present a greater risk of obesity and its consequences.</p>
      <p>From the point of view of population, the impact of excess weight or body fat, measured by BMI, high blood pressure in childhood has been well demonstrated by Muntner et al<sup>33</sup>, who compared pressure data and IMC in 3,496 juveniles aged 8 to 17, assessed in 1988-1994 (NHANES III), with 2086 people of the same age group, assessed in 1999-2000 (NHANES 1999-2000). These authors concluded that there was an increase in blood pressure in the last decade and that this outcome can be partly attributed to the increasing prevalence of excess body weight, also observed in the same population. In Brazil, several studies have demonstrated similar results. Ribeiro et al<sup>21</sup>, by assessing 1,450 students aged 6 to 18 have shown that individuals with high BMI are 3.6 and 2.7 times more likely to have high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively. Monego and Jardim<sup>35</sup>, by studying 3,169 schoolchildren, found a significant association between overweight and hypertension. Guimar&#227;es et al<sup>19</sup>, by assessing data from blood pressure and BMI of 536 adolescents aged 11 to 18, concluded that the increased percentage of high SBP and DBP followed an increased BMI and each BMI increase would increase SBP by 1.198 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Using the TSF, more commonly accepted as a marker of excess body fat, Silva and Lopes<sup>20</sup>, by assessing 1,570 students aged 7 to 12, identified a significant association between excess body fat and high blood pressure (systolic and diastolic). Ribeiro et al<sup>21</sup>, using the sum of skin folds (including the TSF), showed demonstrated a greater risk of high blood pressure in those with excess body fat.</p>
      <p>As for the WC, accepted as a marker of central deposition (visceral) of fat, Guimar&#227;es et al<sup>19</sup>, by using the same parameter of this study<sup>30</sup>, concluded that the WC has a strong influence on high blood pressure in adolescents. Rosa et al<sup>23</sup>, also using the same parameter<sup>30</sup>, evaluated 456 students aged 12 to 17 and demonstrated a significant association between hypertension and high WC.</p>
      <p>Despite a strong correlation between WC, BMI and other anthropometric parameters, Sarni et al<sup>22</sup>, by assessing 65 preschool children with mean age of 5.8, failed to establish an association or relationship between hypertension and obesity. These authors explained this result as a function of age and limited sample size, and we agree with such explanation.</p>
      <p>As in adults, a combination of factors, such as overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, insulin resistance and abnormalities in vascular structure and function, seem to contribute to the occurrence of hypertension associated with obesity in children and adolescents<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>In children, primary hypertension is important for several reasons. Firstly, because it determines damage in target organs. Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most important clinical evidence of this complication<sup>27</sup>. Secondly because there is a trend over life of the persistence of high blood pressure in childhood and adolescence, which makes this behavior (tracking) one of the main markers of hypertension early in adult life<sup>3,4,27</sup>. Finally, because of the frequent association, in the same individual, of high blood pressure with other cardiovascular risk factors<sup>17,26,27,36</sup>, which triggers the early appearance and the rapid development of atherosclerotic lesions<sup>37,38</sup>, which determine the most frequent cause of death in Brazil<sup>1</sup> and in several other parts of the world.</p>
      <p>These are the reasons why it is necessary to encourage studies such as this one. Firstly, to enable that, in Brazil, the magnitude of the problem related to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerotic disease among children be identified. Besides this, to make it possible to expand the number of proposals for early prevention of cardiovascular disease in Brazil<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPEAL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza, from <italic>Universidade Federal de Alagoas</italic> and <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
