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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G5zL6qsVvHzvRq4TRsqVw7R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no adulto: perfil cl&#237;nico ambulatorial no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Granzotti</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Villela de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>707</fpage>
      <lpage>713</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Experi&#234;ncias de servi&#231;os em adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas n&#227;o t&#234;m sido relatadas no nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil cl&#237;nico b&#225;sico de adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas atendidos ambulatorialmente em centro terci&#225;rio. M&#201;TODOS: Anotaram-se dados referentes a idade, sexo, proced&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico principal e diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios de 413 pacientes atendidos durante sete anos. RESULTADOS: G1 (n&#227;o tratados): 195 pacientes, 51% mulheres, 57% entre 14 e 30 anos, 80% residentes na regi&#227;o. As cardiopatias mais frequentes foram comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) (31%), comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) (29%) e estenose pulmonar (7%). Os diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios predominantes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (9%) e arritmias (5%). G2 (tratados): 218 pacientes, 56% mulheres, 57% entre 14 e 30 anos, 81% residentes na regi&#227;o. As cardiopatias mais frequentemente tratadas foram CIA (36%), tetralogia de Fallot (14%), coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (12%) e CIV (11%). Sessenta e nove (32%) pacientes foram operados na idade adulta. Dezesseis (7%) foram submetidos a um cateterismo intervencionista. Os diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios predominantes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (18%) e arritmias (8%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na casu&#237;stica, predominaram pacientes tratados invasivamente, residentes na regi&#227;o e a maioria com idade abaixo de 40 anos. Defeitos como CIA, CIV e estenose pulmonar predominaram no grupo n&#227;o tratado, ao passo que, nos tratados, a maioria tinha sido submetida &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA, tetralogia de Fallot, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta e CIV. Hipertens&#227;o arterial e arritmias foram relevantes em ambos os grupos, sendo tamb&#233;m registrada grande diversidade de outras comorbidades.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>pacientes ambulatoriais</kwd>
        <kwd>perfil de sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ribeir&#227;o Preto (SP)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA PEDI&#193;TRICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no adulto: perfil cl&#237;nico ambulatorial no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Amaral; Paulo Henrique Manso; Jo&#227;o Antonio Granzotti; Walter Villela de Andrade Vicente; Andre Schmidt</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Experi&#234;ncias de servi&#231;os em adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas n&#227;o t&#234;m sido relatadas no nosso meio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever o perfil cl&#237;nico b&#225;sico de adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas atendidos ambulatorialmente em centro terci&#225;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Anotaram-se dados referentes a idade, sexo, proced&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico principal e diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios de 413 pacientes atendidos durante sete anos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> G1 (n&#227;o tratados): 195 pacientes, 51% mulheres, 57% entre 14 e 30 anos, 80% residentes na regi&#227;o. As cardiopatias mais frequentes foram comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) (31%), comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) (29%) e estenose pulmonar (7%). Os diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios predominantes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (9%) e arritmias (5%). G2 (tratados): 218 pacientes, 56% mulheres, 57% entre 14 e 30 anos, 81% residentes na regi&#227;o. As cardiopatias mais frequentemente tratadas foram CIA (36%), tetralogia de Fallot (14%), coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (12%) e CIV (11%). Sessenta e nove (32%) pacientes foram operados na idade adulta. Dezesseis (7%) foram submetidos a um cateterismo intervencionista. Os diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios predominantes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (18%) e arritmias (8%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Na casu&#237;stica, predominaram pacientes tratados invasivamente, residentes na regi&#227;o e a maioria com idade abaixo de 40 anos. Defeitos como CIA, CIV e estenose pulmonar predominaram no grupo n&#227;o tratado, ao passo que, nos tratados, a maioria tinha sido submetida &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA, tetralogia de Fallot, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta e CIV. Hipertens&#227;o arterial e arritmias foram relevantes em ambos os grupos, sendo tamb&#233;m registrada grande diversidade de outras comorbidades.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, pacientes ambulatoriais, perfil de sa&#250;de, tetralogia de Fallot, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, Ribeir&#227;o Preto (SP), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A excepcional evolu&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas verificada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas possibilitou a sobrevida de um n&#250;mero importante de crian&#231;as que, outrora com poucas perspectivas, necessitam de aten&#231;&#227;o diferenciada para apoiar sua integral inser&#231;&#227;o na comunidade ao atingir a idade adulta. Particularmente marcantes foram os avan&#231;os registrados em rela&#231;&#227;o a diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo, cirurgia card&#237;aca e cateterismo intervencionista<sup>1</sup>. Esses recursos, dispon&#237;veis na maioria dos Estados do pa&#237;s, constituem a ess&#234;ncia do tamb&#233;m not&#225;vel desenvolvimento da especialidade em nosso meio. O sucesso terap&#234;utico, o que permite o crescimento desses pacientes e seu seguimento sistematizado, propiciou o aparecimento de uma nova popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Estima-se que essa popula&#231;&#227;o, acrescida pelos pacientes com defeitos card&#237;acos sem necessidade terap&#234;utica e que naturalmente adentram a idade adulta, tenha sido de aproximadamente 800 mil indiv&#237;duos em 2000 nos Estados Unidos<sup>2</sup>. Considerando uma perspectiva de crescimento de 5% ao ano<sup>3</sup>, &#233; prov&#225;vel que esse n&#250;mero tenha atingido um milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em 2005.</p>
    <p>A primeira institui&#231;&#227;o a disponibilizar esse tipo de atendimento localiza-se em Toronto, no Canad&#225;, em 1959, dando continuidade assistencial ao tradicional servi&#231;o de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica local. Outros centros surgiram progressivamente na Inglaterra (1975) e nos Estados Unidos (1976), respondendo &#224;s suas necessidades e refletindo inovadora capacidade de iniciativa institucional<sup>4</sup>. No nosso meio, o atendimento sistematizado ao adulto com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita est&#225; restrito a poucos centros, onde a assist&#234;ncia &#224; crian&#231;a &#233; integralmente oferecida h&#225; algumas d&#233;cadas. Apesar de sua reconhecida atividade, estudos referentes &#224; experi&#234;ncia global desses centros s&#227;o escassos. Revisando os artigos publicados neste peri&#243;dico nos &#250;ltimos dez anos e excluindo relatos de casos, assim como de pacientes englobados em investiga&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea pedi&#225;trica, encontramos somente quatro trabalhos abordando especificamente adultos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita<sup>5-8</sup>. Essa experi&#234;ncia pequena, por&#233;m digna de nota, revela, por um lado, o despertar de uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o atual com esse tipo de paciente e, por outro, a necessidade de incrementar a discuss&#227;o desse interessante t&#243;pico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil cl&#237;nico b&#225;sico dos pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no adulto do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto no per&#237;odo de 2 de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro 2007.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram revistos os prontu&#225;rios de 413 pacientes atendidos nesse per&#237;odo, divididos em um grupo n&#227;o tratado (G1) e outro submetido a uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica invasiva pr&#233;via (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) (G2). Anotaram-se dados relativos a idade, sexo, proced&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico principal e diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios. Nos pacientes com mais de uma les&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico principal coube ao da cardiopatia hemodinamicamente mais importante. Alguns pacientes eram portadores de mais de um diagn&#243;stico secund&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupo 1 (N = 195)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes estava na terceira (n = 60) e segunda (n = 50) d&#233;cadas de vida, com preval&#234;ncia gradativamente menor nas d&#233;cadas subsequentes. Constatou-se o seguinte: 110 (57%) pacientes tinham idade entre 14 e 30 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>); 99 (51%) eram mulheres e 96 (49%) homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>); e 42 (21%) viviam na cidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 115 (59%) em cidades da regi&#227;o, 27 (14%) em Minas Gerais e 6 (3%) em outros Estados. N&#227;o havia informa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; proced&#234;ncia de cinco (3%) pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Sessenta (31%) pacientes tinham uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV), quatro deles com s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger; 56 (29%) tinham uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA), quatro deles com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar importante; e 14 (7%) tinham estenose pulmonar valvar leve (EP). Outros diagn&#243;sticos foram:</p>
    <p>&#149; Estenose a&#243;rtica: 11 (6%), cinco delas subvalvar;</p>
    <p>&#149; Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta: 8 (4%);</p>
    <p>&#149; Doen&#231;a de Ebstein: 6 (3%);</p>
    <p>&#149; Defeito do septo atrioventricular: 5 (2%), dois deles na forma completa.</p>
    <p>Outros defeitos foram transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida dos grandes vasos, bloqueio atrioventricular cong&#234;nito total e ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico: 4 pacientes cada (6%); canal arterial patente, valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide e for&#226;men oval patente: 3 pacientes cada (5%). Em 7% de entidades raras, registraram-se:</p>
    <p>&#149; Insufici&#234;ncia valvar pulmonar, drenagem venosa parcial an&#244;mala de veias pulmonares e tronco arterial comum com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave: 2 pacientes cada.</p>
    <p>&#149; Tetralogia de Fallot, s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, doen&#231;a de Uhl, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria, doen&#231;a de Takayasu, f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pulmonar, miocardiopatia dilatada e prolapso valvar mitral: 1 paciente cada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Desses pacientes, 148 (75%) eram portadores de les&#245;es discretas e sem necessidade terap&#234;utica, 34 (17%) aguardavam interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no momento do estudo, 7 (4%) eram portadores da s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger e sem possibilidade cir&#250;rgica, e 6 (4%) recusaram a proposta de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Observamos 95 diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios: hipertens&#227;o arterial: 17 (9%); arritmia: 10 (5%); valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular e s&#237;ndrome de Down: 6 pacientes cada (6%); obesidade e sequela de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC): 5 pacientes cada (3%); coronariopatia: 4 (2%); depress&#227;o, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica e hipotiroidismo: 3 pacientes cada (6%); CIV, dislipidemia, leucemia, s&#237;ndrome da rub&#233;ola cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;a de Chagas, diabete e s&#237;ndrome de Turner: 2 pacientes cada (7%). Talassemia, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hemofilia, surdez, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, gota, s&#237;ndrome de Rendu-Weber-Osler, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, asma br&#244;nquica, amaurose, estenose supravalvar pulmonar, hemangioma, estenose de es&#244;fago, abscesso cerebral operado, n&#243;dulo mam&#225;rio, ansiedade, s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White, epilepsia e Aids foram encontrados em um paciente cada (5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupo 2 (N = 218)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes estava na terceira (n = 78) e segunda (n = 48) d&#233;cadas de vida, com preval&#234;ncia gradativamente menor nas d&#233;cadas subsequentes. Constatou-se o seguinte: 123 pacientes (57%) tinham idade entre 14 e 30 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>); 123 (56%) eram mulheres e 95 (44%) homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>); 55 (25%) viviam na cidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 123 (56%) em cidades da regi&#227;o, 28 (13%) em Minas Gerais e 7 (4%) em outros Estados. N&#227;o havia informa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; proced&#234;ncia de 5 (2%) pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos mais comuns foram: oclus&#227;o de CIA: 78 (36%); corre&#231;&#227;o de tetralogia de Fallot: 30 (14%); al&#237;vio de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta: 26 (12%); oclus&#227;o de CIV: 23 (11%); oclus&#227;o de PCA: 9 (4%); corre&#231;&#227;o de defeito do septo atrioventricular: 8 (4%); al&#233;m de al&#237;vio de estenose a&#243;rtica, interven&#231;&#227;o em transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida e cirurgia de Fontan como palia&#231;&#227;o de atresia tric&#250;spide: 4 pacientes cada (5%). Em 16 (7%), realizaram-se: cirurgia de Glenn: 3; bandagem de art&#233;ria pulmonar, reimplante na aorta de origem an&#244;mala da coron&#225;ria esquerda do tronco pulmonar, corre&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a de Ebstein, cirurgia de Senning e corre&#231;&#227;o de conex&#227;o an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares: 2 pacientes cada. A cirurgia de Ross, a comissurotomia pulmonar e a vegetectomia secund&#225;ria &#224; endocardite foram realizadas em um paciente cada. Em 16 (7%) pacientes, o cateterismo intervencionista foi empregado: valvotomia pulmonar em 10, al&#237;vio de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta em 4 e abla&#231;&#227;o de feixe an&#244;malo em 2 casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">fig. 5</xref>). Sessenta e nove (32%) pacientes tinham sido operados na idade adulta.</p>
    <fig id="f5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observamos 152 diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios: hipertens&#227;o arterial: 40 (18%); arritmia: 18 (8%); estenose pulmonar leve: 11 (5%); doen&#231;as neuropsiqui&#225;tricas: 10 (5%); CIV pequena: 8 (4%); VAB: 8 (4%); obesidade: 7 (3%); s&#237;ndrome de Down: 6 (3%); e hipotiroidismo: 5 (2%). Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, estenose a&#243;rtica leve e coronariopatia foram encontradas em 4 pacientes cada (6%). Insufici&#234;ncia mitral, cirrose hep&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar, prolapso valvar mitral e s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger foram encontradas em 2 pacientes cada (4%). Diabete, sequela de AVC, nefropatia cr&#244;nica, s&#237;ndrome de Williams, doen&#231;a de Chagas, c&#226;ncer de mama, s&#237;ndrome da rub&#233;ola cong&#234;nita, obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica, s&#237;ndrome de Holt-Oram, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica leve, CIA pequena, gastrite cr&#244;nica, s&#237;ndrome de Turner, forma leve de doen&#231;a de Ebstein, lues, hepatite cr&#244;nica e dupla les&#227;o mitral leve foram encontrados em 1 paciente cada (8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo n&#227;o tratado, 79% tinham CIV, CIA, estenose pulmonar, estenose a&#243;rtica, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta e forma parcial de defeito do septo atrioventricular, sendo a CIV a mais frequente (31%). No grupo tratado, 81% tinham sido operados para tratamento de CIA, tetralogia de Fallot, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, CIV, PCA e defeito do septo atrioventricular, sendo a oclus&#227;o de CIA o procedimento mais frequente (36%).</p>
    <p>Entre os 95 diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios nos pacientes n&#227;o operados, 17 (9%) tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial e 10 (5%) apresentavam alguma forma de arritmia, ao passo que, naqueles tratados, esses n&#250;meros foram respectivamente 40 (18%) e 18 (8%) entre 156 diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A assist&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica pedi&#225;trica, cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, foi iniciada h&#225; aproximadamente quatro d&#233;cadas. No entanto, os casos mais complexos passaram a ser tratados, em maior n&#250;mero, nos &#250;ltimos vinte anos, e h&#225; somente dez anos constituiu-se um grupo multidepartamental, com grande incremento no tratamento invasivo neonatal. Esses pacientes, seguidos na pediatria, eram transferidos para o ambulat&#243;rio cardiol&#243;gico aos 16 anos, o que persiste at&#233; hoje. O in&#237;cio do atendimento com sala e agenda espec&#237;fica come&#231;ou h&#225; cerca de dez anos (Prof. Jos&#233; Antonio Marin Neto, comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal), denotando preocupa&#231;&#227;o da divis&#227;o de cardiologia com esses pacientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter um perfil cl&#237;nico b&#225;sico dos pacientes atendidos nos &#250;ltimos sete anos, per&#237;odo de maior atividade desse ambulat&#243;rio, com o prop&#243;sito de elaborar um mapeamento da casu&#237;stica como processo inicial para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Verificamos, inicialmente, que a maioria dos pacientes tinha idade inferior a 40 anos, tanto no grupo n&#227;o tratado (68%) quanto no tratado (73%). Nos dois grupos, foi notada uma maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes na terceira d&#233;cada de vida. Esses n&#250;meros revelam uma popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente nova, obviamente relacionada ao tempo de atividade dos servi&#231;os de cardiologia e cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>Notamos propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante quanto ao sexo entre os casos n&#227;o tratados. No entanto, naqueles tratados, a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres foi maior (56%), possivelmente relacionada ao grande n&#250;mero de pacientes portadores de CIA.</p>
    <p>Constatou-se que 80% dos pacientes estudados moravam na regi&#227;o de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, particularmente nas cidades pr&#243;ximas, num raio aproximado de 200 km, por&#233;m n&#227;o necessariamente pertencente ao diret&#243;rio regional. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o interessantes porque podem provocar discuss&#227;o quanto ao padr&#227;o de encaminhamento sugerido pelo Estado e, consequentemente, &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos. Deve ser enfatizada a tend&#234;ncia de esses pacientes serem encaminhados para ambulat&#243;rios cardiol&#243;gicos regionais onde assist&#234;ncia especializada ao adulto com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita habitualmente n&#227;o existe, diminuindo, assim, a possibilidade de orienta&#231;&#227;o adequada<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os 195 pacientes n&#227;o tratados, a CIV (31%) e a CIA (29%) predominaram. Estenoses pulmonares e a&#243;rticas, coarcta&#231;&#227;o e cardiopatias complexas foram menos frequentes, constituindo amostra semelhante &#224; de outros servi&#231;os<sup>10</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que 148 (75%) desses casos eram portadores de les&#245;es discretas que permitiram o desenvolvimento normal do paciente, sem que houvesse necessidade de terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica, e que 34 (17%) apresentavam les&#245;es com repercuss&#227;o importante e aguardavam interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no momento do estudo. Desses pacientes, 7 (4%) eram portadores da s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger secund&#225;ria ao defeito card&#237;aco de base e sem possibilidade cir&#250;rgica, enquanto 6 (4%) tinham uma les&#227;o importante e recusaram a proposta de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Entre os 218 pacientes tratados, deve ser notado o n&#250;mero expressivo de cirurgias para oclus&#227;o de CIA (36%). Considerada a cirurgia mais frequente ap&#243;s a idade pedi&#225;trica, &#233; importante lembrar a tend&#234;ncia atual da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea<sup>11</sup>. Esse defeito &#233; frequentemente diagnosticado no adulto<sup>12</sup>, e, apesar de sua oclus&#227;o ser discut&#237;vel nos casos assintom&#225;ticos<sup>13</sup>, a maioria daqueles com "repercuss&#227;o significante" continuam sendo tratados com bons resultados<sup>14</sup>, principalmente se operados antes dos 40 anos<sup>15</sup>. Em menor propor&#231;&#227;o, apareceram pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de tetralogia de Fallot (14%), coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (12%) e CIV (11%), constatando a relativa "benignidade", se assim podemos nos expressar, dessa casu&#237;stica, apesar da reconhecida necessidade de orienta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica a esses pacientes<sup>2</sup>. Destaca-se a baixa ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiopatias complexas nesse grupo, devendo ser lembrado que, na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a maioria desses pacientes encontra-se ainda sob os cuidados do ambulat&#243;rio pedi&#225;trico. Espera-se um aumento progressivo em m&#233;dio prazo desses casos, trazendo junto um potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es preocupantes. Um dado interessante que deve ser salientado &#233; que, nesse grupo, 69 (32%) pacientes tinham sido tratados na idade adulta. Esse &#233; um aspecto peculiar entre as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas que se constata em virtude da expressiva frequ&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es e mesmo de diagn&#243;sticos tardios, justificando, a nosso ver, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos aspectos relacionados ao defeito card&#237;aco <italic>per se</italic>, chamam bastante a aten&#231;&#227;o, nesse material, os diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios encontrados. A hipertens&#227;o arterial e as arritmias foram frequentes, al&#233;m da j&#225; descrita<sup>16</sup> ampla variedade de outras comorbidades e apontam para a necessidade de atendimento multidisciplinar em centro terci&#225;rio. Essas entidades, al&#233;m de necessitarem de terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica, podem comprometer hemodinamicamente a evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia de base, como no caso da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e das arritmias, al&#233;m de outras como doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica e diabete.</p>
    <p>Assim, nossa casu&#237;stica, composta por n&#250;mero discretamente maior de pacientes submetidos a uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e a maioria vivendo na regi&#227;o, pode ser considerada relativamente jovem e com pequena preponder&#226;ncia do sexo feminino no grupo tratado. A CIA e CIV formam a maioria dos casos n&#227;o tratados, ao passo que, nos tratados, a grande maioria tinha sido submetida &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA, tetralogia de Fallot, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta e CIV<sup>17</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial e as arritmias s&#227;o relevantes em ambos os grupos, sendo tamb&#233;m importante notar a grande diversidade de outras entidades nosol&#243;gicas.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o desses dados com informa&#231;&#245;es de outros servi&#231;os no pa&#237;s &#233; dif&#237;cil, pois publica&#231;&#245;es com essas caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no nosso meio, o que seria extremamente desej&#225;vel. No entanto, experi&#234;ncias ambulatoriais de outros centros j&#225; publicadas<sup>18,19</sup> permitem esse tipo de an&#225;lise. Notamos, inicialmente, que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo feminino operadas &#233; um pouco maior (56%) quando comparada com as experi&#234;ncias anteriormente mencionadas (47% e 49%, respectivamente), provavelmente em raz&#227;o do grande n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidas &#224; oclus&#227;o de CIA entre os nossos casos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o operados e operados, muito semelhante nos nossos casos, os n&#250;meros s&#227;o diferentes. A experi&#234;ncia de Gatzoulis e cols.<sup>18</sup> do Toronto Hospital revela que 27% dos pacientes n&#227;o operados foram atendidos ambulatorialmente, o que est&#225; certamente relacionado &#224; grande atividade cir&#250;rgica pedi&#225;trica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Por sua vez, os n&#250;meros disponibilizados por Shirodaria e cols.<sup>19</sup>, que anotaram 66% de pacientes n&#227;o operados atendidos em seu ambulat&#243;rio, caracterizam a experi&#234;ncia de um centro distrital menor. Entre nossos casos, notamos tamb&#233;m semelhan&#231;a no que concerne aos diagn&#243;sticos principais na an&#225;lise das tr&#234;s experi&#234;ncias, exceto por um n&#250;mero um pouco menor de pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e com cardiopatias complexas.</p>
    <p>Estudos interessantes t&#234;m procurado dimensionar a perspectiva de crescimento de um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no adulto, indicando que, para cada 100 mil nascimentos vivos, dever&#227;o surgir 200 casos novos anuais<sup>20</sup>. Extrapolando para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e obedecendo ao padr&#227;o de encaminhamento mencionado anteriormente, que engloba uma popula&#231;&#227;o aproximada de quatro milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com &#237;ndice anual de 54 mil nascimentos vivos<sup>21</sup>, estimamos um aumento de 109 casos/ano. Esses n&#250;meros preocupam, pois a grande maioria desses pacientes n&#227;o ter&#225; alta ambulatorial, esperando-se um aumento linear no n&#250;mero de atendimentos<sup>22</sup>. Para atender a essa crescente demanda, recursos humanos e treinamento especializado s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A conhecida trajet&#243;ria pedi&#225;trica dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita &#233; habitualmente marcada pelo esfor&#231;o consider&#225;vel das fam&#237;lias e da comunidade m&#233;dica, incluindo administradores de recursos da sa&#250;de. Esses custos s&#227;o altos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cardiopatias complexas, necessitando de reopera&#231;&#245;es e interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas. As consequ&#234;ncias sociais e psicol&#243;gicas das sequelas desses tratamentos na idade pedi&#225;trica podem ter repercuss&#245;es adversas no adulto<sup>23</sup>. Acreditamos que esses fatores devam servir de est&#237;mulo para que uma assist&#234;ncia adequada seja proporcionada aos adultos sobreviventes. A identifica&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes e seu encaminhamento para centros especializados devem ser vistos como essencial<sup>24,25</sup>, sendo importante enfatizar que a grande maioria dos procedimentos realizados &#233; paliativa, tornando o seguimento de rotina especialmente importante.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a organiza&#231;&#227;o de um servi&#231;o de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no adulto com garantia de acesso e disponibilidade integral de recursos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos deve ser basicamente espelhada em modelos institucionais reconhecidos<sup>4</sup> e servir como elemento importante para a total reintegra&#231;&#227;o desses indiv&#237;duos na comunidade. A assist&#234;ncia deve ser regionalmente centralizada e oferecida por equipe treinada e associada a um grupo pedi&#225;trico ativo e que tenha bom relacionamento com cardiologistas e hospitais da regi&#227;o<sup>25</sup>. O seguimento em longo prazo desses pacientes deve fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis &#224; equipe cir&#250;rgica pedi&#225;trica na sua pr&#225;tica futura, no que diz respeito &#224; efic&#225;cia das interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas.</p>
    <p>Desde os relatos iniciais abordando especificamente cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas no adulto, in&#250;meras t&#234;m sido as contribui&#231;&#245;es nessa &#225;rea de crescente atividade ambulatorial. Parece-nos importante, no nosso meio, a forma&#231;&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o de centros regionais, tendo como objetivos compartilhar experi&#234;ncias, fornecer subs&#237;dios para que quest&#245;es ainda sem resposta possam ser solucionadas pela casu&#237;stica combinada dos servi&#231;os e estabelecer normas diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas nas diversas entidades. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa nessa &#225;rea &#233; particularmente interessante e necess&#225;ria no nosso meio, em virtude da absoluta escassez de publica&#231;&#245;es. Centros mais avan&#231;ados t&#234;m produzido conhecimento de grande valia no manejo desses pacientes, frequentemente por meio de estudos multic&#234;ntricos<sup>26</sup>, o que, acreditamos, deve ser uma meta a ser alcan&#231;ada no nosso meio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica apresentada n&#227;o corresponde ao n&#250;mero total de pacientes atendidos na institui&#231;&#227;o, no per&#237;odo analisado. Dificuldades foram encontradas na obten&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es dos casos mais antigos, no entanto esse n&#250;mero &#233; provavelmente pequeno e n&#227;o dever&#225; mudar substancialmente os resultados. A previs&#227;o do n&#250;mero anual de novos pacientes foi estimada considerando-se as regi&#245;es habitualmente envolvidas no processo de encaminhamento, por&#233;m deve ser lembrado que esse encaminhamento n&#227;o &#233; compuls&#243;rio e esse n&#250;mero pode variar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fernando Tadeu Vasconcelos Amaral </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Padovan, 195 - Jardim Canad&#225; </p>
        <p> 14024-030 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ftamaral@cardiol.br">ftamaral@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/05/09; revisado recebido em 09/11/09; aceito em 18/12/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital heart disease in adults: outpatient clinic profile at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of Ribeir&#227;o Preto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Service experiences for adults with congenital heart disease have not been reported in our country. OBJECTIVE: To describe the basic clinical profile of adults with congenital heart disease in an outpatient tertiary care center. METHODS: We compiled data on age, gender, place of residence, primary diagnosis, and secondary diagnoses of 413 patients treated for seven years. RESULTS: G1 (untreated): 195 patients, 51% women, 57% between 14 and 30 years, 80% living in the region. The most frequent heart diseases were ventricular septal defect (VSD) (31%), atrial septal defect (ASD) (29%), and pulmonary stenosis (7%). The predominant secondary diagnoses were hypertension (9%) and arrhythmias (5%). G2 (treated): 218 patients, 56% women, 57% between 14 and 30 years, 81% living in the region. The most frequently treated heart diseases were: ASD (36%), tetralogy of Fallot (14%), coarctation of the aorta (12%), and VSD (11%). Sixty-nine (32%) patients were operated on for congenital heart diseases in adulthood. Sixteen (7%) underwent an interventional catheterization. The predominant secondary diagnoses were hypertension (18%) and arrhythmias (8%). CONCLUSION: In the study, most patients were treated invasively, all of them were residents in the region, and most of them were under 40 years of age. Defects such as ASD, VSD, and pulmonary stenosis predominated in the untreated group, whereas in the treated group, most patients had undergone surgical correction of ASD, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, and VSD. Hypertension and arrhythmias were relevant in both groups, and a large variety of other comorbidities were also observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>outpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>health profile</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>heart septal defects, ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>heart septal defects, atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ribeir&#227;o Preto (SP)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Congenital heart disease in adults: outpatient clinic profile at the <italic><bold>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</bold></italic> of Ribeir&#227;o Preto </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Amaral; Paulo Henrique Manso; Jo&#227;o Antonio Granzotti; Walter Villela de Andrade Vicente; Andre Schmidt</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Service experiences for adults with congenital heart disease have not been reported in our country.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the basic clinical profile of adults with congenital heart disease in an outpatient tertiary care center.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We compiled data on age, gender, place of residence, primary diagnosis, and secondary diagnoses of 413 patients treated for seven years.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> G1 (untreated): 195 patients, 51% women, 57% between 14 and 30 years, 80% living in the region. The most frequent heart diseases were ventricular septal defect (VSD) (31%), atrial septal defect (ASD) (29%), and pulmonary stenosis (7%). The predominant secondary diagnoses were hypertension (9%) and arrhythmias (5%). G2 (treated): 218 patients, 56% women, 57% between 14 and 30 years, 81% living in the region. The most frequently treated heart diseases were: ASD (36%), tetralogy of Fallot (14%), coarctation of the aorta (12%), and VSD (11%). Sixty-nine (32%) patients were operated on for congenital heart diseases in adulthood. Sixteen (7%) underwent an interventional catheterization. The predominant secondary diagnoses were hypertension (18%) and arrhythmias (8%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the study, most patients were treated invasively, all of them were residents in the region, and most of them were under 40 years of age. Defects such as ASD, VSD, and pulmonary stenosis predominated in the untreated group, whereas in the treated group, most patients had undergone surgical correction of ASD, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, and VSD. Hypertension and arrhythmias were relevant in both groups, and a large variety of other comorbidities were also observed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; outpatients; health profile; tetralogy of Fallot; heart septal defects, ventricular; heart septal defects, atrial; Ribeir&#227;o Preto (SP); Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The extraordinary development in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease which occurred in recent decades allowed the survival of a large number of children who previously had little chance to live, and now require special attention to support their full integration into the community when reaching adulthood. Particularly striking were the advancements in non-invasive diagnosis, cardiac surgery, and interventional catheterization<sup>1</sup>. These resources, available in most states across the country, are the essence of the equally remarkable development of the specialty in our country. The therapeutic success, which allows these patients to reach adulthood, and its systematic follow-up facilitated the emergence of a new population of adults with congenital heart disease. It is estimated that this population, combined with heart defect patients with no treatment indication who naturally reach adulthood, comprised approximately 800 thousand individuals, in 2000, in the United States of America<sup>2</sup>. Considering a 5% annual growth forecast<sup>3</sup>, it is likely that this number reached one million individuals by 2005.</p>
      <p>The first institution to offer this type of care was located in Toronto, Canada, in 1959, providing continuing assistance to the local traditional pediatric cardiology service. Other centers have emerged gradually in England (1975) and in the United States (1976), responding to the needs of these countries and reflecting innovative institutional initiative capacity<sup>4</sup>. In our country, the systemized care offered to adults with congenital heart disease is restricted to a few centers, in which complete child care has been offered for several decades. Despite its recognized activity, studies on the overall experience of these centers are scarce. Reviewing the articles published in this journal in the last ten years, excluding case reports, as well as patients involved in pediatric studies, we found only four studies dealing specifically with adult congenital heart disease<sup>5-8</sup>. This small but notable experience shows, first, the awakening of a current concern with this type of patient and, second, the need for more discussion of this interesting topic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the basic clinical profile of patients treated in the outpatient service for adult congenital heart disease patients, at the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the Medical School of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, from January 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2000 to December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2007.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We reviewed the medical records of 413 patients treated during this period, divided into an untreated group (G1) and a group of patients who had undergone a previous invasive therapeutic intervention (surgical or percutaneous) (G2). We collected data on age, gender, place of residence, primary diagnosis, and secondary diagnoses. In patients with more than one lesion, the primary diagnosis was the most hemodynamically important heart disease. Some patients had more than one secondary diagnosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Group 1 (N = 195)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most patients were in the third (n = 60) or second (n = 50) decades of life, with a progressively lower prevalence in subsequent decades. We observed the following: 110 (57%) patients were aged between 14 and 30 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), 99 (51%) were women and 96 (49%) were men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>); 42 (21%) lived in the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 115 (59%) in cities of the region, 27 (14%) in Minas Gerais, and 6 (3%) in other states. There was no information on the city or state of residence of five (3%) patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Sixty (31%) patients had a ventricular septal defect (VSD); four of them with Eisenmenger syndrome; 56 (29%) had an atrial septal defect (ASD); four of them with significant pulmonary hypertension; and 14 (7%) had mild pulmonary valve stenosis (PS). Other diagnoses were:</p>
      <p>&#149; Aortic stenosis: 11 (6%), five of them subvalvular;</p>
      <p>&#149; Coarctation of the aorta: 8 (4%);</p>
      <p>&#149; Ebstein's disease: 6 (3%);</p>
      <p>&#149; Atrioventricular septal defect: 5 (2%), two of them in complete form.</p>
      <p>Other defects were: corrected transposition of the great arteries, congenital complete atrioventricular block, and single ventricle: 4 patients each (6%); patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, and patent foramen ovale: 3 patients each (5%). In 7% rare entities, there were:</p>
      <p>&#149; Severe pulmonary valve regurgitation; partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage; and common arterial trunk with severe pulmonary hypertension: 2 patients each.</p>
      <p>&#149; Tetralogy of Fallot; Marfan syndrome; Uhl's disease; primary pulmonary hypertension; Takayasu disease; pulmonary arteriovenous fistula; dilated cardiomyopathy; and mitral valve prolapse: 1 patient each (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of these patients, 148 (75%) had mild lesions that required no treatment; 34 (17%) waited for cardiovascular intervention at the time of the study; 7 (4%) patients had Eisenmenger's syndrome in which surgery was not possible; and 6 patients (4%) refused the proposed surgery.</p>
      <p>We observed 95 secondary diagnoses - hypertension: 17 patients (9%); arrhythmia: 10 patients (5%); bicuspid aortic valve and Down's syndrome: 6 patients each (6%); obesity and sequelae of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): 5 patients each (3%); coronary artery disease: 4 patients (2%); depression, chronic lung disease and hypothyroidism: 3 patients each (6%); VSD, dyslipidemia, leukemia, congenital rubella syndrome, Chagas disease, diabetes, and Turner syndrome: 2 patients each (7%). Thalassemia; chronic renal failure; hemophilia; deafness; myocardial infarction; gout; Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome; aortic regurgitation; bronchial asthma; blindness; pulmonary supravalvar stenosis; hemangioma; stenosis of the esophagus; brain abscess surgery; breast lump; anxiety; Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; epilepsy; and AIDS were found in one patient each (5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Group 2 (N = 218)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most patients were in the third (n = 78) and second (n = 48) decades of life, with a progressively lower prevalence in subsequent decades. We observed the following: 123 patients (57%) were aged between 14 and 30 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>); 123 (56%) were women and 95 (44%) were men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>); 55 (25%) lived in the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto; 123 (56%) lived in cities of the region; 28 (13%) lived in Minas Gerais; and 7 (4%) in other states. There was no information on the city or state of residence of 5 (2%) patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The most common procedures were:</p>
      <p>ASD occlusion: 78 patients (36%); repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 30 patients (14%); relief of coarctation of the aorta: 26 patients (12%); VSD occlusion: 23 patients (11%); PDA occlusion: 9 patients (4%); correction of atrioventricular septal defects: 8 patients (4%); in addition to relief of aortic stenosis, surgical intervention in corrected transposition of great arteries, and Fontan palliative surgery for tricuspid atresia: 4 patients each (5%). In 16 patients (7%) the following procedures were performed: Glenn surgery: 3 patients; pulmonary artery banding; aortic reimplantation of the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery; correction of Ebstein disease; Senning operation; and correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: 2 patients each. Ross procedure, pulmonary commissurotomy, and vegetectomy secondary to endocarditis were performed in one patient each. In 16 (7%) patients, interventional catheterization was performed: pulmonary valvotomy in 10 patients; relief of coarctation of the aorta in 4 patients; and ablation of anomalous bundle in 2 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>). Sixty-nine (32%) patients had been operated on for congenital heart disease in adulthood.</p>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We observed 152 secondary diagnoses: hypertension: 40 (18%); arrhythmia: 18 (8%); pulmonary stenosis: 11 (5%); neuropsychiatric disorders: 10 (5%); small VSD: 8 (4%); bicuspid aortic valve: 8 (4%); obesity: 7 (3%); Down syndrome: 6 (3%); and hypothyroidism: 5 (2%). Pulmonary hypertension, mild aortic stenosis, and coronary artery disease were found in 4 patients each (6%). Mitral insufficiency; liver cirrhosis; pulmonary insufficiency; mitral valve prolapsed; and Eisenmenger syndrome were found in 2 patients each (4%). Diabetes; sequelae of stroke; chronic kidney disease; Williams syndrome; Chagas' disease; breast cancer; congenital rubella syndrome; peripheral arterial obstruction syndrome; Holt-Oram syndrome; mild aortic regurgitation; small ASD; chronic gastritis; Turner syndrome; mild form of Ebstein disease; syphilis; chronic hepatitis; and mild mitral stenosis were found in 1 patient each (8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0707-00053-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the untreated group, 79% had VSD; ASD; pulmonary stenosis; aortic stenosis; coarctation of the aorta; and a partial form of atrioventricular septal defect, the most frequent condition being ventricular septal defect (31%). In the treated group, 81% were operated for ASD; tetralogy of Fallot; coarctation of the aorta; VSD; PDA; and atrioventricular septal defect, the most common procedure being ASD occlusion (36%).</p>
      <p>Among the 95 secondary diagnoses in non-operated patients, 17 (9%) had hypertension and 10 (5%) had some form of arrhythmia, whereas among treated patients, these figures were 40 (18%) and 18 (8%) of 156 diagnoses, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinic and surgery center for pediatric cardiac care at the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the School of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto was established nearly four decades ago. However, the more complex cases started being treated, in greater numbers, in the last twenty years, and a multidepartmental group was established only ten years ago, with a marked increase in neonatal invasive treatment. These patients were followed up in pediatrics and transferred to the cardiology clinic at 16, a practice still in use today. Specialized medical consultation with a specific agenda began about ten years ago (Prof. Jos&#233; Antonio Marin Neto, personal communication), showing the concern of the division of cardiology with these patients. The objective of this study was to obtain a basic clinical profile of the patients seen in the last seven years, a period of increased activity at the clinic, in order to elaborate a mapping of cases as the initial process for future research.</p>
      <p>Initially, we noted that most patients were older than 40 years, both in the untreated group (68%) and in the treated group (73%). In both groups, a higher concentration of patients in the third decade of life was observed. These numbers reveal a relatively young population, a fact obviously related to the period of time since the cardiology and pediatric cardiac surgery services became available.</p>
      <p>We noted a similar gender proportion among the untreated cases. However, in the treated group, the proportion of women was higher (56%), and this was possibly related to the large number of patients with ASD.</p>
      <p>We found that 80% of the patients lived in the region of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, particularly in nearby towns within a radius of approximately 200 km, but not necessarily belonging to the regional board. This information is interesting because it may raise questions about the referral pattern suggested by the government authorities and, therefore, the allocation of resources. It should be emphasized that there is a tendency to refer these patients to regional cardiological outpatient clinics, in which usually there is no specialized care for adults with congenital heart disease, thus reducing the possibility of adequate guidance<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the 195 untreated patients, VSD (31%) and ASD (29%) predominated. Pulmonary and aortic stenosis, coarctation, and complex congenital heart disease were less frequent, and the sample was similar to those of other services<sup>10</sup>. Importantly, 148 (75%) of these cases presented small lesions which permitted the normal development of the patient and did not require specific therapy, and 34 (17%) patients presented lesions of considerable impact and were waiting for cardiovascular intervention at the time of the study. Of these patients, 7 (4%) had Eisenmenger syndrome secondary to the original heart defect, which rendered surgery impossible, whereas 6 (4%) had a significant lesion and rejected the surgery.</p>
      <p>Noteworthy among the 218 treated patients is the significant number of ASD occlusion surgeries (36%). This procedure is considered the most common surgery in the nonpediatric population, and it is important to remember the current trend of performing percutaneous occlusion<sup>11</sup>. This defect is often diagnosed in adults<sup>12</sup> and, despite how controversial is its occlusion in the asymptomatic stage<sup>13</sup>, most of the cases of "significant impact" are treated with good results<sup>14</sup>, especially if the patient is operated before reaching 40 years of age<sup>15</sup>. We found fewer patients who underwent surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot (14%), coarctation of the aorta (12%), and VSD (11%), and a relative "benignity", as it were, was observed in this case series, despite the recognized need for offering specific guidance to these patients<sup>2</sup>. Noteworthy is the low occurrence of complex congenital heart disease in this group, but it is important to stress that in our institution, most of these patients are still under the care of the pediatric outpatient clinic. In the medium term a progressive increase in the number of these cases is expected, along with their potential complications. An interesting fact to be stressed is that, in this group, 69 (32%) patients had been treated in adulthood. This is a characteristic aspect of the congenital heart disease that has been frequently observed due to the significant rate of reoperations and even late diagnosis, which, in our opinion, justify a specific investigation.</p>
      <p>In this study, beside the aspects related to the cardiac defect itself, the secondary diagnoses stand out. Hypertension and arrhythmias were common, along with the aforementioned<sup>16</sup> wide variety of other comorbidities, which indicate the need for multidisciplinary care in a tertiary center. These entities, in addition to requiring specific therapy, may hemodynamically affect the evolvement of the underlying heart disease, as in the case of hypertension and arrhythmias, as well as other conditions such as chronic lung disease and diabetes.</p>
      <p>Thus, our sample - which was composed of a slightly greater number of patients who underwent a therapeutic intervention, the majority of them living in the region - may be considered relatively young, with a small preponderance of females in the treated group. ASD and VSD make up the majority of the untreated cases, whereas, among the treated patients, the vast majority had undergone surgical correction of ASD, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, and VSD<sup>17</sup>. Hypertension and arrhythmia were relevant in both groups, but the wide variety of other nosological entities was also noteworthy.</p>
      <p>The comparison of these data with information from other services in the country is difficult, for publications with these characteristics, which would be extremely desirable, are not available in our country. However, experiences from other outpatient centers that have been published<sup>18,19</sup> allowed for this type of analysis. Initially, we noted that our population of operated female patients was slightly larger (56%) compared with the studies mentioned above (47% and 49%, respectively), probably due to the large number of patients who underwent ASD occlusion among our cases. Regarding the proportion of non-operated and operated patients, which were very similar in our cases, the figures differ. The study conducted by Gatzoulis et al<sup>18</sup> of the Toronto Hospital shows that 27% of non-operated patients were outpatients, a fact that certainly is related to the large pediatric surgical activity at the institution. In turn, the figures provided by Shirodara et al<sup>19</sup> who reported that 66% of non-operated patients were treated at his clinic, reflected the experience of a smaller district center. Among our cases, in the analysis of the three experiments, we also noticed similarities regarding the main diagnoses, except for a slightly smaller number of patients with systemic obstruction and complex congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p>Some interesting studies have attempted to scale the growth prospect of a service for congenital heart disease in adults, indicating that for every 100 thousand live births, 200 new cases will occur<sup>20</sup>. Extrapolating this data to our population, and according to the referral pattern mentioned above, which comprises approximately four million people with an annual rate of 54 thousand live births<sup>21</sup>, we estimate an increase of 109 cases per year. These numbers raise concern, because the vast majority of these patients will not be discharged from the outpatient clinic, and a linear increase in the number of clinical visits is expected<sup>22</sup>. To meet this growing demand, human resources and specialized training are needed.</p>
      <p>The well known history of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease is usually marked by considerable efforts of the families and the medical community, including administrators of health care resources. These costs are high, especially in relation to complex heart diseases that require reoperation and prolonged hospital stay. The social and psychological consequences of these treatments in the pediatric population can have adverse effects in adults<sup>23</sup>. We believe that these factors should serve as a stimulus for providing an appropriate assistance to adult survivors. Identifying these patients and referring them to specialized centers should be seen as essential measures<sup>24,25</sup>, and it is important to emphasize that the vast majority of the performed procedures are palliative, rendering the routine follow-up particularly important.</p>
      <p>We believe that the establishment of a congenital heart disease service for adults with guaranteed access and full availability of comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic resources should be basically mirrored in established institutional models<sup>4</sup> and should serve as an important element for the full reintegration of these individuals in the community. Assistance should be regionally centralized, provided by a trained staff and associated with an active pediatric group which has good relationships with cardiologists and hospitals in the region<sup>25</sup>. The long term follow up of these patients should provide the pediatric surgical team with useful information regarding the effectiveness of interventions for their future practice.</p>
      <p>Since the initial reports that specifically addressed congenital heart diseases in adults, numerous contributions have been provided in this area of increasing activity in outpatient clinics. It seems important, in our environment, to establish and integrate regional centers, in order to share experiences, provide support for answering unanswered questions by means of a combination of patient case data collected at the services, and establishing standards for diagnosis and treatment in the various entities. The research development in this area is particularly interesting and necessary in our country, as there is an absolute scarcity of publications on this subject. Some of the more advanced centers have produced information of great value in managing these patients, often by means of multicenter studies<sup>26</sup>, which we believe should be a goal to be achieved in our country.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The case series presented do not match the total number of patients in the institution, in the period analyzed. We had difficulties in obtaining information on the earliest cases, but their number is probably small and should not substantially change the results. The annual forecast number of new patients was estimated by considering the regions usually involved in the referral process, but it must be remembered that this referral is not compulsory, and this number may vary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
