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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Dq98wtTwXXbkmjTqVYtCz3j</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400621</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000600021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o rob&#243;tica da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita por esternotomia mediana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#234;go-Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anbar</surname>
            <given-names>Ramez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiotto</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barduco</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>139</fpage>
      <lpage>142</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sistemas rob&#243;ticos em cirurgia card&#237;aca visa &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do trauma operat&#243;rio. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio totalmente endosc&#243;pica, assistida por rob&#244; DaVinci (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia) &#233; fact&#237;vel e seu aprendizado deve ser realizado em etapas. O primeiro passo &#233; o preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, j&#225; por via totalmente endosc&#243;pica. O caso apresentado prop&#245;e a dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita por esternotomia completa. Prop&#245;e um novo passo rumo ao procedimento completamente endosc&#243;pico, visando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es decorrentes da curva de aprendizado.The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Rob&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos minimamente invasivos</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dissec&#231;&#227;o rob&#243;tica da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita por esternotomia mediana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Paulo Manuel P&#234;go-Fernandes; Ramez Anbar; F&#225;bio Antonio Gaiotto; Marcello S. Barduco; Roberto Kalil Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sistemas rob&#243;ticos em cirurgia card&#237;aca visa &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do trauma operat&#243;rio. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio totalmente endosc&#243;pica, assistida por rob&#244; DaVinci (<italic>Intuitive Surgical</italic>, Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia) &#233; fact&#237;vel e seu aprendizado deve ser realizado em etapas. O primeiro passo &#233; o preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, j&#225; por via totalmente endosc&#243;pica. </p>
    <p> O caso apresentado prop&#245;e a dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita por esternotomia completa. Prop&#245;e um novo passo rumo ao procedimento completamente endosc&#243;pico, visando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es decorrentes da curva de aprendizado.<italic>The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma.</italic></p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave:</bold> Rob&#243;tica, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos/m&#233;todos, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos minimamente invasivos, art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos e tecnologias tem contribu&#237;do para a diminui&#231;&#227;o do trauma cir&#250;rgico na &#225;rea da cirurgia cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de hemoderivados e o melhor resultado est&#233;tico s&#227;o exemplos de importantes benef&#237;cios proporcionados pelos procedimentos minimamente invasivos.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos toracosc&#243;picos em cirurgia cardiovascular come&#231;aram a ser publicados no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990. Inicialmente eram videoassistidos sem o aux&#237;lio rob&#243;tico<sup>2,3</sup>. Progressivamente, a tecnologia computadorizada foi sendo incorporada pelos cirurgi&#245;es e o aux&#237;lio rob&#243;tico tornou-se realidade. De apenas um &#250;nico bra&#231;o mec&#226;nico controlado pela voz e que suportava apenas o v&#237;deo, passamos &#224; disponibilidade da telecirurgia totalmente assistida por um rob&#244;, dotado de console com vis&#227;o tridimensional e quatro bra&#231;os mec&#226;nicos (DaVinci Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0139-00021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rios os procedimentos cardiovasculares pass&#237;veis de assist&#234;ncia rob&#243;tica. O reparo da comunica&#231;&#227;o atrial, da valva mitral e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o os procedimentos com maior n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A curva de aprendizado para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia rob&#243;tica compreende etapas<sup>7-10</sup>. O treinamento exaustivo em modelos experimentais &#233; fundamental e marca o in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia da equipe<sup>9,10</sup>. A dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda &#233; o primeiro passo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o totalmente endosc&#243;pica assistida pelo rob&#244;<sup>7,8</sup>. Habitualmente, inicia-se diretamente com a dissec&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica, entretanto, dificuldades no manuseio do equipamento podem acontecer, traduzindo-se em trauma e les&#227;o do principal enxerto para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho prop&#245;e uma etapa anterior ao preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda totalmente endosc&#243;pica. Relatamos a dissec&#231;&#227;o completa da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita, utilizando-se como a via de acesso a esternotomia mediana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em dezembro de 2008, paciente do sexo masculino, 54 anos, portador de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica, com angina est&#225;vel e candidato &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Como antecedentes, apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia. A cineangiocoronariografia revelava les&#245;es graves no ramo interventricular anterior, ramo diagonalis e ramo marginal esquerdo. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal.</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o proposta foi a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do ramo interventricular anterior com a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda; do ramo diagonalis com a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita e ponte de safena da aorta para o ramo marginal esquerdo, em posi&#231;&#227;o retroa&#243;rtica. A dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita foi realizada totalmente pelo rob&#244;</p>
    <p>O preparo anest&#233;sico n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; anestesia habitualmente empregada para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica foi institu&#237;da sem a necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal seletiva. Na sala operat&#243;ria, o rob&#244; foi posicionado &#224; direita do paciente, objetivando a entrada dos bra&#231;os e do v&#237;deo para o acesso &#224; art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0139-00021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A esternotomia mediana foi a via de acesso utilizada. O preparo da veia safena magna direita, removida da coxa direita, foi atrav&#233;s de mini-incis&#245;es. Ap&#243;s a abertura do saco peric&#225;rdico e explora&#231;&#227;o da cavidade, a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda foi preparada, de maneira esqueletizada e sem abertura pleural. Reposicionado o afastador, agora para a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita, aproximou-se o rob&#244;. A mesa operat&#243;ria recebeu dec&#250;bito lateral direito de 30 graus.</p>
    <p>Foram empregados tr&#234;s bra&#231;os mec&#226;nicos, a saber: v&#237;deo, eletrocaut&#233;rio (EndoWrist - Intuitive Surgical) e pin&#231;a de apreens&#227;o (EndoWrist deBakey - Intuitive Surgical) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O quarto bra&#231;o permaneceu inativo. A dissec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada sob os mesmos princ&#237;pios empregados no preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda: esqueletizada e sem abertura da cavidade pleural. O eletrocaut&#233;rio (Valleylab Force II). permaneceu o tempo todo sob baix&#237;ssima voltagem.</p>
    <p>O tempo de preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita totalmente assistida com o rob&#244; e atrav&#233;s de esternotomia foi de 50 minutos. O trecho dissecado foi desde a emerg&#234;ncia na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita at&#233; a sua bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Os ramos menores foram cauterizados e os maiores clipados sob vis&#227;o direta. Ao t&#233;rmino do preparo, n&#227;o foram observados hematomas ou les&#245;es decorrentes de tra&#231;&#227;o ou pin&#231;amento. A hepariniza&#231;&#227;o plena foi realizada e a art&#233;ria, cortada. O fluxo foi considerado &#243;timo.</p>
    <p>A seguir, o circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi instalado. A opera&#231;&#227;o transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, sendo realizada a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o previamente proposta. O tempo cir&#250;rgico total foi de 5 horas.</p>
    <p>A alta hospitalar foi no s&#233;timo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em excelentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O equipamento utilizado (DaVinci Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif&#243;rnia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) apresenta alta resolu&#231;&#227;o de imagem, visualiza&#231;&#227;o tridimensional satisfat&#243;ria, controle para diminui&#231;&#227;o de tremores e liberdade de movimenta&#231;&#227;o com grande amplitude. S&#227;o vantagens que favorecem e estimulam o seu emprego em procedimentos minimamente invasivos.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rios os relatos de preparo das art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, de maneira totalmente endosc&#243;pica. Entretanto, a curva de aprendizado pode ser longa e, eventualmente, les&#245;es podem ocorrer<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rios os modelos experimentais propostos para o treinamento em cirurgia rob&#243;tica<sup>9,10</sup>. Simula&#231;&#245;es em modelos n&#227;o vivos introduzem o cirurgi&#227;o &#224; tecnologia rob&#243;tica. Modelos experimentais em animais permitem aproxima&#231;&#227;o da realidade e s&#227;o fundamentais antes da opera&#231;&#227;o em seres humanos. A dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita com o rob&#244; e por esternotomia mediana pode ser o primeiro passo.</p>
    <p>Empregando-se a esternotomia mediana, o acesso dos bra&#231;os do rob&#244; &#224; art&#233;ria &#233; facilitado, comparando-se ao t&#243;rax fechado. A possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o imediata em casos de sangramento transmite seguran&#231;a e tranquilidade ao cirurgi&#227;o, em adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica. Um cirurgi&#227;o assistente permanece em frente aos bra&#231;os do rob&#244; com facilidade para agir.</p>
    <p>A atividade do cirurgi&#227;o &#233; id&#234;ntica &#224;quela realizada quando do preparo totalmente endosc&#243;pico da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda. O campo visual &#233; o mesmo e os movimentos dos bra&#231;os tamb&#233;m s&#227;o iguais. O avan&#231;o para o preparo totalmente endosc&#243;pico torna-se natural.</p>
    <p>O controle anest&#233;sico do paciente em nada diferiu da anestesia rotineira para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o houve necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal seletiva e nem redu&#231;&#227;o do volume ventilat&#243;rio. O sangramento foi desprez&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>O tempo de preparo foi satisfat&#243;rio, considerando-se a curva de aprendizado. Seguramente, seria maior se o preparo escolhido fosse o totalmente endosc&#243;pico.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram notadas les&#245;es decorrentes da dissec&#231;&#227;o com o rob&#244;. Estima-se em 6% as les&#245;es na fase de aprendizado e o valor de 2% &#233; aceit&#225;vel ap&#243;s amplo treinamento<sup>7,8</sup>. O aprendizado empregando-se a esternotomia convencional pode diminuir estes valores, principalmente na fase inicial.</p>
    <p>A curva de aprendizado deve ser considerada em todas as &#225;reas cir&#250;rgicas, principalmente quando as inova&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas s&#227;o incorporadas. Acreditamos que o preparo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita, via esternotomia mediana, pode ser um importante passo inicial. &#201; uma maneira segura de se iniciar a cirurgia card&#237;aca totalmente endosc&#243;pica assistida por rob&#244;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Drs. Paulo Chap-Chap, Ricardo Abdalla e Marcelo Cerdan Torres, pelo suporte para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> F&#225;bio Biscegli Jatene </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 5&#186; andar - bloco 2 - sala 7 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="fbjatene@cardiol.br">fbjatene@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fabiojatene@incor.usp.br">fabiojatene@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/02/09; revisado recebido em 07/04/09; aceito em 21/08/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Robotic dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through median sternotomy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma. The totally endoscopic myocardial revascularization, assisted by the DaVinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California) is feasible and the learning process must be carried out in steps. The first step is the preparation of the left internal thoracic artery, through the totally endoscopic approach. The case presented here proposes the dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through complete sternotomy. It proposes a new step directed at the totally endoscopic procedure, aiming at decreasing the injuries caused by the learning curve.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Robotics</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac surgical procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>surgical procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>minimally invasive</kwd>
        <kwd>mammary arteries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Robotic dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through median sternotomy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Paulo Manuel P&#234;go-Fernandes; Ramez Anbar; F&#225;bio Antonio Gaiotto; Marcello S. Barduco; Roberto Kalil Filho</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma. The totally endoscopic myocardial revascularization, assisted by the DaVinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California) is feasible and the learning process must be carried out in steps. The first step is the preparation of the left internal thoracic artery, through the totally endoscopic approach.</p>
      <p> The case presented here proposes the dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through complete sternotomy. It proposes a new step directed at the totally endoscopic procedure, aiming at decreasing the injuries caused by the learning curve.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Robotics; cardiac surgical procedures/methods; surgical procedures, minimally invasive; mammary arteries.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of new equipment and technologies has contributed to the decrease in surgical trauma in the area of cardiovascular surgery<sup>1</sup>. The decreased hospitalization time, less frequent use of blood derivatives and better esthetic results are examples of important benefits resulting from minimally invasive procedures.</p>
      <p>The thoracoscopic procedures in cardiovascular surgery started to be published in the beginning of the 1990s. Initially, they were video-assisted without robotic help<sup>2,3</sup>. Progressively, the computed technology started to be incorporated by surgeons and robotic help became a reality. From a single mechanical arm controlled by voice and that supported only video, the telesurgery became available, completely assisted by a robot equipped with a three-dimensional console and four mechanical arms (DaVinci Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0139-00021-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There are several cardiovascular procedures that can be performed with robotic assistance. The atrial communication and mitral valve repair, the myocardial revascularization are the procedures with the highest number of publications<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The learning curve for the use of robotic assistance consists of steps<sup>7-10</sup>. The exhausting training in experimental models is crucial and establishes the beginning of the team's experience<sup>9,10</sup>. The dissection of the left internal thoracic artery is the first step to perform the robot-assisted totally endoscopic revascularization<sup>7,8</sup>. Usually, one starts directly with the endoscopic dissection; however, difficulties in handling the equipment can happen, resulting in trauma and injury to the main graft used for the myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>The present study proposes a former step when preparing the totally endoscopic left internal thoracic artery. We report the complete dissection of the right internal thoracic artery using the median sternotomy approach.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In December 2008, a 54-year-old male patient with chronic coronary insufficiency, stable angina and candidate to myocardial revascularization was assessed. He had a history of arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The coronary angiography disclosed severe lesions in the anterior interventricular branch, diagonal branch and left marginal branch. The left ventricular function was normal.</p>
      <p>The proposed surgery was the revascularization of the anterior interventricular branch to the left internal thoracic artery; of the diagonal branch to the right internal thoracic artery and an aortic bypass surgery to the left marginal branch, in retro-aortic position. The dissection of the right internal thoracic artery was totally robot-assisted. The anesthesia preparation did not differ from the one routinely used for on-pump myocardial revascularization surgery. Mechanical ventilation was established without the need for selective orotracheal intubation. At the operating room, the robot was positioned to the patient's right, aiming at establishing the access of the arms and the video to the right internal thoracic artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0139-00021-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The median sternotomy was the chosen approach. The preparation of the right magna saphenous vein, removed from the right thigh, was carried out through mini-incisions. After the opening of the pericardial sac and exploration of the cavity, the left internal thoracic artery was prepared, through a skeletonized approach, without pleural opening. After the retractor was positioned, now to the right internal thoracic artery, the robot was brought closer. The operating table was placed in a 30-degree right lateral decubitus position.</p>
      <p>Three mechanical arms were employed, as follows: the video, the electrocauterizer (EndoWrist - Intuitive Surgical) and forceps (EndoWrist deBakey - Intuitive Surgical) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The fourth arm remained inactive. The dissection was carried out under the same principles employed in the preparation of the left internal thoracic artery: skeletonized approach and with no opening of the pleural cavity. The electrocauterizer (Valleylab Force II) was kept at very low voltage throughout the entire procedure.</p>
      <p>The robot-assisted right internal thoracic artery preparation time through the sternotomy was 50 minutes. The artery was dissected from its subclavian artery emergence to its bifurcation. The smaller branches were cauterized and the larger ones were clipped under direct vision. At the end of the preparation, no hematomas or lesions caused by traction or pinching were observed. The complete heparinization was carried out and the artery was cut. The flow was considered to be excellent.</p>
      <p>Subsequently, the extracorporeal circulation circuit was installed. The surgery was uneventful and the proposed revascularization was carried out. The total surgical time was 5 hours. The hospital discharge occurred seven days after the surgery, under excellent clinical conditions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The equipment used in the present case (DaVinci Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>) presents high image resolution, satisfactory three-dimensional visualization, control for vibration decrease and allows free maneuvers with a broad range of movements. These are advantages that encourage and stimulate its use in minimally invasive procedures.</p>
      <p>There are several reports on the preparation of internal thoracic arteries for totally endoscopic myocardial revascularization. However, the learning curve can be long and injuries can eventually occur<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several experimental models have been proposed for the training in robotic surgery<sup>9,10</sup>. Simulations with non-living models present the robotic technology to the surgeon. Experimental animal models allow a closer approach to reality and are crucial before surgical procedures are performed in humans. The robot-assisted dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through median sternotomy can be the first step. When the median sternotomy is employed, the robotic arm access to the artery is facilitated, compared to the closed thorax. The possibility of immediate intervention in case of bleeding provides the surgeon with reassurance and tranquility, in adaptation to the technique. An assistant surgeon remains opposite the robot arms and has prompt access to the surgical field. The surgeon's activity is identical to that performed when the totally endoscopic left internal thoracic artery preparation is carried out. The visual field is the same and the arms' movements are also the same. The progress to the totally endoscopic preparation becomes natural.</p>
      <p>tranquilidade The anesthesia control of the patient did not differ from the routine anesthesia used for myocardial revascularization. There was no need for selective orotracheal intubation or decrease in ventilatory volume. Bleeding was negligible.</p>
      <p>The time of preparation was satisfactory, considering the learning curve. Definitely, it would have been longer if the chosen preparation had been the totally endoscopic procedure.</p>
      <p>No injuries caused by the robot-assisted dissection were observed. The incidence of lesions during the learning phase is estimated at 6% and 2% is considered acceptable after long training<sup>7,8</sup>. The learning process using the conventional sternotomy can decrease these figures, especially at the initial phase.</p>
      <p>The learning curve must be considered in all surgical areas, mainly when the technological innovations are incorporated. We believe that the preparation of the right internal thoracic artery through median sternotomy can be an important initial step. It is a safe way to start the robot-assisted totally endoscopic cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Dr. Paulo Chap-Chap, Dr. Ricardo Abdalla and Dr. Marcelo Cerdan Torres, for their support of this procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
