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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J3Z4VC7hxWgk45XKSJdHPNq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000600020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400620</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000600020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3: Mulher idosa com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio apresentou choque s&#250;bito durante administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>132</fpage>
      <lpage>138</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMO-CL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 3 - Mulher idosa com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio apresentou choque s&#250;bito durante administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt; Henrique Lane Staniak; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>),Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, choque, fibrinol&#237;ticos/administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino de 72 anos de idade procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por dor precordial de duas horas de dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A paciente sabia ser portadora de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o havia 10 anos. Foi submetida &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio em 1991, n&#227;o sabendo informar maiores detalhes sobre o tratamento realizado ou os enxertos que foram feitos. Cinco anos depois da opera&#231;&#227;o, apresentou epis&#243;dio de dor precordial prolongada. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico, sendo diagnosticadas altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular no eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Fig. 1</xref>) sem altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores s&#233;ricos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu assintom&#225;tica por mais 5 anos, quando apresentou epis&#243;dios recorrentes de dor precordial, di&#225;rios, por uma semana at&#233; que a dor tornou-se intensa, prolongada e acompanhada de dispneia e sudorese intensa. Procurou ent&#227;o atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia, na vig&#234;ncia de dor de uma hora de dura&#231;&#227;o (7 mar 2001). Sabia ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes melito.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou paciente com f&#225;cies de sofrimento, pulso 63 batimentos por minuto, press&#227;o arterial de 130/80 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar revelou estertores em 1/3 inferior de ambos os hemit&#243;rax, bulhas card&#237;acas hipofon&#233;ticas, sem sopro ou atrito peric&#225;rdico. O exame do abdome n&#227;o demonstrou altera&#231;&#245;es. Havia edema discreto de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (7 abr 2001; 12h) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia 63 batimentos por minuto, complexos QS em deriva&#231;&#227;o I e de V<sub>3</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, III, aVF e de V<sub>2</sub> a V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Fig 2</xref>). As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o regrediram depois do uso de nitrato sublingual.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: ureia 68 mg/dl, creatinina 1,2 mg/dl, glicemia 189 mg/dl e creatinofosfoquinase 42 U/l.</p>
    <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o e administrado TNK-tPA (Tecneplase - combina&#231;&#227;o de 3 altera&#231;&#245;es na mol&#233;cula do tPA, com aumento da resist&#234;ncia ao PAI-1, maior especificidade &#224; fibrina e maior meia vida) em bolus de 40 mg e heparina n&#227;o fracionada com bolus de 60 UI/kg, seguida de 1000 UI/h IV. Permaneceu dor retroesternal residual.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma hora de in&#237;cio do tratamento a paciente apresentou dor em hipoc&#244;ndrio direito seguida de choque cardiog&#234;nico. Foram administrados reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica e dopamina. O eletrocardiograma de controle revelou (7 abr 2001: 14:17) taquicardia sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia de 110 bpm, complexos QS com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em I, III, aVF, e de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">fig 3</xref>). Foi indicada a angioplastia de resgate. Contudo a paciente apresentou parada card&#237;aca com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso que n&#227;o respondeu &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diante do caso como este, de paciente acima de 75 anos, sexo feminino, com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e cirurgia de revascularizac&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica h&#225; mais de 10 anos, que procura atendimento de PS por quadro de dor precordial t&#237;pica, a conduta inicial deve sempre incluir um eletrocardiograma (ECG). Um ECG normal ou com altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas ou com sinais de isquemia levaria a uma abordagem inicial diferente da descrita. O ECG de entrada dessa paciente documentava um supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>Levando-se em conta que a paciente j&#225; apresentava cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) pr&#233;via, a correla&#231;&#227;o dos achados diagn&#243;sticos do ECG merece especial aten&#231;&#227;o. Primeiramente, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica de longa data, assim como a RM sem a apropriada descri&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos realizados dificulta a correla&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com a art&#233;ria culpada tanto pela presen&#231;a de pontes quanto pela poss&#237;vel exist&#234;ncia de extensa rede de colaterais. Tamb&#233;m vale lembrar que, apesar das les&#245;es em art&#233;rias nativas, a probabilidade de les&#245;es em pontes &#233; de 38%<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de longa data em mulheres diab&#233;ticas idosas e de QS em parede anterior levanta a possibilidade de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio em parede anterior, e por consequ&#234;ncia a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o dos supra de ST correspondentes com a presen&#231;a de aneurisma da mesma parede. Ainda assim, a exist&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento em parede inferior associada a dor precordial t&#237;pica justifica a abordagem de terapia de reperfus&#227;o qu&#237;mica ou mec&#226;nica conforme descrito no caso.</p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o da abordagem inicial do quadro com uso de tenecteplase (TNK) e heparina n&#227;o fracionada pode ser considerada como a abordagem padr&#227;o para um caso como o descrito, j&#225; que a terapia de reperfus&#227;o precoce &#233; o tratamento de escolha para o quadro<sup>2</sup>. A melhora da dor pode ser considerada como um crit&#233;rio de reperfus&#227;o que fala a favor da abertura da art&#233;ria, apesar de seu valor ser incerto<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, a falta de alguns dados na descri&#231;&#227;o dificulta uma an&#225;lise mais completa do quadro clinico da paciente. N&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos ou de raios-X de t&#243;rax que possam descartar a presen&#231;a de aneurisma de aorta tor&#225;cica levando &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o da coron&#225;ria direita, que &#233; a art&#233;ria acometida em 80% dos casos de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta associados &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>O fato que mais chama a aten&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro, e que merece ser mais aprofundado, &#233; a evolu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da piora cl&#237;nica com quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte. O quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico ocorre em 7% dos IAMs<sup>3</sup>. Nesses casos, os principais preditores s&#227;o idade avan&#231;ada, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica na chegada e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip na chegada<sup>4</sup>. O choque cardiog&#234;nico est&#225; presente em menos de 1% dos pacientes na admiss&#227;o. Todavia, mais de 50% dos que ir&#227;o desenvolver choque cardiog&#234;nico o fazem nas primeiras 24 horas, com tempo m&#233;dio de 5 horas<sup>5</sup>. A mortalidade do choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; de 56% a 74%<sup>5</sup>. As causas mais comuns do choque segundo o <italic>Shock Trial</italic><sup>6</sup> foram: disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE em 79% dos casos; insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda em 7%; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 4%; choque isolado de ventr&#237;culo direito 4% e tamponamento card&#237;aco 7%.</p>
    <p>Levando-se em conta que a paciente encontrava-se devidamente monitorizada e que o segundo ECG mostra ritmo sinusal taquic&#225;rdico sem arritmias, o que pode ser secund&#225;rio ao uso de dopamina, as causas arr&#237;tmicas mais comuns no per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-IAM tornam-se improv&#225;veis. Logo, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial restringe-se a outras causas de dor precordial, ao acometimento associado de ventr&#237;culo direito, aos quadros de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas da evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM e a complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; terap&#234;utica de reperfus&#227;o proposta. Discutiremos cada um dos quadros acima separadamente.</p>
    <p>Primeiramente, dentre os quadros de dor precordial associada ao supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o intrinsecamente coronarianas, merece destaque apenas a dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta tor&#225;cica com envolvimento de &#243;stio e dissec&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias. A dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta normalmente envolve pacientes idosos e hipertensos como o descrito no caso. Por outro lado, o envolvimento dos &#243;stios coronarianos &#233; raro; apenas de 1% a 2% dos pacientes apresentam tal complica&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Desses, a imensa maioria tem envolvimento da coron&#225;ria direita, com supra de ST em parede inferior, como o descrito no caso. Nos casos em que a dissec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; percebida e o quadro &#233; tratado com tromb&#243;lise, a mortalidade chega a 71%, pelo risco aumentado de tamponamento card&#237;aco<sup>8</sup>. Como j&#225; citado, a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas de pulsos, sopros e radiografia de t&#243;rax n&#227;o permite confirmar ou descartar o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>O acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) associado ao quadro de IAM de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo deve sempre ser lembrado nos quadro de IAM de parede inferior, como no caso descrito. Como j&#225; citado, a aus&#234;ncia das deriva&#231;&#245;es direitas no ECG de entrada limita o diagn&#243;stico, especialmente levando-se em conta que a presen&#231;a de supra de ST de 1 mm em V4R tem sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 78% para a presen&#231;a ou evolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro para acometimento clinico de VD<sup>9</sup>. Mesmo sem as deriva&#231;&#245;es direitas, s&#227;o contr&#225;rios &#224; hip&#243;tese de acometimento de VD a rela&#231;&#227;o do supra de ST de DII e DIII. A presen&#231;a de supra de DIII maior que supra em DII tem sensibilidade de 97% e especificidade de 56% para IAM de VD; no entanto, a aus&#234;ncia desse em nada elucida essa possibilidade<sup>10</sup>. Ainda, a presen&#231;a de estertores crepitantes fala contra o quadro de IAM de VD, j&#225; que o quadro cl&#225;ssico cursa com infarto e choque com ausculta pulmonar limpa. Outros crit&#233;rios que tornam ainda menos prov&#225;vel o quadro de IAM de VD ser o respons&#225;vel pela evolu&#231;&#227;o dram&#225;tica s&#227;o o fato de que o quadro n&#227;o respondeu ao volume ou &#224; dopamina, que fazem parte da terap&#234;utica otimizada do IAM de VD<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de melhora muito r&#225;pida ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o de pacientes com IAM de VD j&#225; nas primeiras horas. H&#225; tamb&#233;m refer&#234;ncia de pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria culpada logo ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise em mais de 75% dos pacientes que fizeram parte do estudo GUSTO-I. Vale lembrar que dos quadros de IAM de VD trombolisados apenas 12% evoluem com choque e apenas 2 % com morte, enquanto que 82% dos n&#227;o trombolisados evoluem para choque e esses chegam a apresentar mortalidade acima de 58% em diversos estudos<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A iatrogenia nunca deve ser deixada de lado como possibilidade diagn&#243;stica secund&#225;ria a quadros onde terap&#234;utica agressiva precoce como a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica fazem parte do arsenal terap&#234;utico de rotina. Em pacientes trobolisados com TNK, como descrito no caso de hoje faz-se necess&#225;rio destacar ser esse um trombol&#237;tico seguro, com incid&#234;ncia de sangramentos menores que a estreptoquinase ou r-TPA, (26 <italic>vs</italic> 29% no estudo ASSENT II que comparou TNK com r-TPA)<sup>13</sup>. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de sangramentos clinicamente significativos &#233; menor que 2% nos estudos onde TNK foi o trombol&#237;tico testado. Por outro lado, a idade avan&#231;ada como no presente caso &#233; um dos fatores que mais se predisp&#245;em a sangramentos maiores. Tamb&#233;m, mulheres t&#234;m maior risco de sangramentos. Ainda, mesmo nos quadros de sangramento maiores p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise, a evolu&#231;&#227;o clinica t&#227;o dram&#225;tica e aus&#234;ncia de resposta a volume s&#227;o bastante improv&#225;veis, deixando tal diagn&#243;stico para segundo plano.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, sempre que nos encontramos frente a um quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico de evolu&#231;&#227;o dram&#225;tica, devemos avaliar atentamente quaisquer sinais que possam ser associados a complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas p&#243;s-IAM. Dentre elas destacam-se insufici&#234;ncia mitral isqu&#234;mica, ruptura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo levando a tamponamento; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) por ruptura de septo e ruptura de aneurisma ou pseudoaneurisma pr&#233;vio.</p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral classicamente cursa com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda aguda com quadro de congest&#227;o pulmonar importante<sup>14</sup>; o que em nada se assemelha &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente, sendo altamente improv&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, com incid&#234;ncia de 2% na era pr&#233;-terap&#234;utica de reperfus&#227;o. Com o uso efetivo das t&#233;cnicas de reperfus&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia de CIV &#233; menor que 0,2%, como descrito no estudo GUSTO-I<sup>15</sup>. Tradicionalmente, a CIV costuma surgir entre o terceiro e quinto dias; podendo, no entanto, estar presente em menos de 24 horas ap&#243;s o evento inicial<sup>15</sup>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cursa com choque por disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular com predom&#237;nio de VD. Mais de 80% dos pacientes apresentam sopro e mais de 50% apresentam fr&#234;mitos. A aus&#234;ncia da descri&#231;&#227;o desses sinais torna tal diagn&#243;stico improv&#225;vel. Apesar disso, favorecem esse diagn&#243;stico a presen&#231;a de supra de parede inferior associado &#224; supra em parede anterior, pela possibilidade de o quadro estar associado a IAM em territ&#243;rio do ramo interventricular anterior (RIA) da coron&#225;ria esquerda que ultrapassa o &#225;pice e, pela aus&#234;ncia de colaterais, leva a isquemia importante do septo e ruptura do mesmo. Por outro lado, a presen&#231;a de QS anterior, conforme descrito previamente, faz a possibilidade de aneurisma de parede anterior mais prov&#225;vel, tornando a hip&#243;tese de IAM por les&#227;o na RIA levando a CIV, improv&#225;vel. Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido realizado ecocardiograma ou introdu&#231;&#227;o de cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar para elucida&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, CIV &#233; um diagn&#243;stico pouco prov&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Os aneurismas de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o mais comuns em parede anterior<sup>16</sup>. Atualmente a incid&#234;ncia de aneurisma em pacientes trombolisados &#233; menor que 10%<sup>16</sup>. Apesar da falta de dados precisos, a presen&#231;a de QS anterior associado ao supra de ST nas mesmas deriva&#231;&#245;es levanta a possibilidade de aneurisma de parede anterior. A &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o associada ao aneurisma verdadeiro que pode cursar com evolu&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o dram&#225;tica como a descrita &#233; a ruptura do mesmo. No entanto, aneurismas verdadeiros s&#227;o cicatrizes fibr&#243;ticas com estrutura est&#225;vel e t&#234;m baixo risco de ruptura. Apesar de tal diagn&#243;stico ser incomum, e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ser compat&#237;vel com o quadro descrito, tal hip&#243;tese n&#227;o pode ser descartada frente aos dados dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Os pseudoaneurismas s&#227;o falsas cavidades que comunicam o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; cavidade peric&#225;rdica. Apesar de serem mais comuns em parede inferior, a presen&#231;a dos mesmos em parede anterior tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel. Apesar de grande parte deles apresentar sopros, sua aus&#234;ncia n&#227;o descarta essa hip&#243;tese. Pseudoaneurismas t&#234;m risco de ruptura de at&#233; 40% e mortalidade acima de 50% quando rompem<sup>17</sup>. Como a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; bastante semelhante &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de nossa paciente, esta hip&#243;tese tamb&#233;m n&#227;o pode ser descartada com base nos dados dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>A &#250;ltima complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica a ser lembrada &#233; a ruptura de parede livre de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que ocorre em at&#233; 1% dos IAMs<sup>18</sup>. Dos IAMs que levam &#224; morte, a ruptura de parede livre de VE &#233; a causa em 12% dos pacientes que s&#227;o trombolisados e em 7% dos que n&#227;o s&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. Dentre os fatores de risco para a ruptura, a paciente do caso cl&#237;nico apresentava: idade acima de 70 anos; sexo feminino; presen&#231;a de supra de ST e onda Q no ECG de entrada</p>
    <p>Apesar de normalmente surgir entre o terceiro e quinto dias p&#243;s-IAM, dados recentes mostram que com o advento da terapia de reperfus&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de ruptura de parede livre tornou-se mais rara, por&#233;m mais precoce, podendo at&#233; mesmo ocorrer nas primeiras horas p&#243;s-IAM<sup>19</sup>. T&#234;m, inclusive, sido descritas duas apresenta&#231;&#245;es distintas dos quadros de ruptura<sup>19</sup>. Uma precoce, de IAMs de parede anterior e com quadro cl&#237;nico abrupto condizente com o descrito. Essa forma ocorre nos primeiros 2 a 3 dias p&#243;s-IAM. A outra forma costuma ocorrer ap&#243;s 4 dias, na forma de evolu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do infarto, e costuma ter evolu&#231;&#227;o mais lenta. A forma precoce costuma evoluir para hemoperic&#225;rdio, levando a tamponamento com clinica preferencial de IAM de VD e ent&#227;o a parada cardiorespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso (AESP). A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de AESP sem cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM tem acur&#225;cia de 95% para ruptura de parede livre<sup>19</sup>. Quando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via incluiu insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a acur&#225;cia da parada em AESP &#233; de apenas 17%. Apesar de n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel excluir totalmente a possibilidade de IAM pr&#233;vio, esses dados colocam a ruptura de parede livre como um diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel do quadro, mesmo n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel assegurar que esse tenha sido o primeiro IAM dessa paciente.</p>
    <p>Dr. M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt </p>
    <p> e Dr. Henrique Lane Staniak</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, complicado por rotura de parede livre e tamponamento.</p>
    <p>Dr. M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt </p>
    <p> e Dr. Henrique Lane Staniak</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necr&#243;psia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O saco peric&#225;rdico estava preenchido por grande quantidade de sangue parcialmente coagulado, configurando quadro de tamponamento card&#237;aco, que foi a causa imediata do &#243;bito. Havia infarto mioc&#225;rdico transmural e roto, com aproximadamente 3 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o, nas paredes anterossuperior e septal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>) comprometendo o &#225;pice. A ruptura aconteceu exatamente no &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o e ocorreu tamb&#233;m infiltra&#231;&#227;o hem&#225;tica da gordura epic&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). O mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era moderadamente hipertr&#243;fico.</p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O estudo das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias revelou trombose recente oclusiva da ponte de safena para o ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Al&#233;m disso, essa veia safena mostrava em seu trajeto placas intimais gordurosas sem oclus&#227;o luminal cr&#237;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>). Histologicamente as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias mostravam placas de ateroma com diversas porcentagens de oclus&#227;o, com grau maior que 70% em ter&#231;os inicial e m&#233;dio do ramo interventricular anterior da coron&#225;ria esquerda e no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da coron&#225;ria direita. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Existia ainda comprometimento ateroscler&#243;tico a&#243;rtico de grau acentuado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 8</xref>), com dilata&#231;&#227;o do segmento ascendente.</p>
    <fig id="f8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Outros achados foram enfisema pulmonar e nefroesclerose benigna associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, com infarto agudo roto do mioc&#225;rdio e tamponamento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ruptura ventricular p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pode acometer a parede livre, o septo ventricular ou os m&#250;sculos papilares. N&#227;o se descreve rela&#231;&#227;o entre tamanho do infarto e risco para a ruptura; n&#227;o &#233; incomum que o infarto seja pequeno. Dados coletados no Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HC FMUSP<sup>20</sup> em casos de necr&#243;psia mostram que a maioria das rupturas ocorre no primeiro infarto (72%), em m&#233;dia com 5,4 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>. O local mais acometido &#233; a parede lateral, como mostram a casu&#237;stica acima citada e tamb&#233;m outras da literatura<sup>20,21</sup>. A ruptura no &#225;pice ventricular &#233; raramente descrita. Uma s&#233;rie de Medicina Legal cita preval&#234;ncia de 6% quanto a este s&#237;tio de ruptura<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existe certa discuss&#227;o a respeito do papel da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no desfecho como ruptura ventricular. Enquanto alguns autores apontam a hipertens&#227;o arterial como indicador de risco para ruptura card&#237;aca<sup>23</sup>, outros mostraram, em casu&#237;stica de pacientes hipertensos infartados, uma menor preval&#234;ncia de ruptura em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes normotensos<sup>24</sup>. Em s&#233;rie anat&#244;mica, Mann e Roberts constataram propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de hipertensos entre pacientes com e sem ruptura card&#237;aca p&#243;s-infarto<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Trabalho de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica em humanos<sup>26</sup> mostrou que os pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que morreram por ruptura t&#234;m menos catenina aE que aqueles que morreram por outra causa. A catenina &#233; uma prote&#237;na de ades&#227;o celular presente nos discos intercalares das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas contr&#225;teis, os cardiomi&#243;citos. O mesmo achado foi descrito tamb&#233;m fora da &#225;rea infartada, o que levantou &#224; hip&#243;tese de que tais indiv&#237;duos teriam defeito ou ao menos polimorfismo gen&#233;tico<sup>25</sup>. Essa hip&#243;tese foi testada, mas n&#227;o foi comprovada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicopathologic Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 3: Elderly female patient with acute myocardial infarction presenting sudden shock during thrombolytic treatment</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 3 - Elderly female patient with acute myocardial infarction presenting sudden shock during thrombolytic treatment</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt; Henrique Lane Staniak; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction; shock/administration &amp; dosage; myocardial ischemia.A 72-year-old female patient sought medical assistance due to precordial pain that had lasted for two hours.</p>
      <p>The patient had received a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease 10 years before. She had been submitted to myocardial revascularization in 1991 and was unable to give any specific details about the treatment or the grafts used at the surgical procedure. Five years after the surgery, she presented an episode of prolonged precordial pain. She sought medical assistance and, at this time, alterations in ventricular repolarization were diagnosed at the electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), whereas the serum markers of myocardial injury remained unaltered.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_20f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient remained asymptomatic for five subsequent years, when she started to present recurrent and daily episodes of precordial pain, which lasted a week, until the pain became intense, prolonged and accompanied by dyspnea and intense diaphoresis. The patient then sought emergency care due to precordial pain that had lasted for one hour (March 7, 2001). The patient knew she had arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>At physical examination, the patient exhibited "pain facies", heart rate (HR) of 63 bpm and blood pressure (BP) of 130/80 mmHg. Pulmonary assessment disclosed rales in the lower third of both hemithoraces, muffled heart sounds without murmurs or pericardial friction rub. Abdominal assessment showed no alterations and the patient presented mild lower-limb edema.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) (April 7, 2001, 12 PM) showed sinus rhythm, HR of 63 bpm, QS complexes in lead I and from V<sub>3</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>, ST-segment elevation in leads uI, II, III, aVF and from V<sub>2</sub> to V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20f01-body2">Fig 1</xref>). The ECG alterations were not reverted by the administration of sublingual nitrate.</p>
      <p>The laboratory assessment disclosed levels of urea: e68 mg/dl, creatinine: 1.2 mg/dl, glycemia: 189 mg/dl and creatine kinase: 42 U/l. A diagnosis of ongoing myocardial infarction was achieved and TNK-tPA (Tecneplase - a genetically modified form of t-PA, with increased PAI-1 resistance, increased fibrin specificity and longer half-life) ficiwas administered as bolus of 40 mg with non-fractionated heparin as bolus of 6,060 UI/kg, followed by 1,000 UI/h IV. A residual retrosternal pain persisted.</p>
      <p>One hour after the start of the treatment, the patient presented right hypochondrial pain, followed by cardiogenic shock. Volume replacement and dopamine were administered. The control electrocardiogram (April 7, 2001, 2: 17 PM) showed sinus tachycardia, HR of 110 bpm, QS complexes with ST-segment elevation in uI, III, aVF, and from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>6</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). A rescue angioplasty was indicated. However, the patient presented cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity, did not respond to the resuscitation maneuvers and died.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_20f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a case such as the one described here, of a 72-year-old female patient, with history of coronary artery disease and myocardial revascularization carried out more than 10 years before, who sought emergency medical assistance due to typical precordial pain, the initial evaluation must always include an electrocardiogram (ECG). A normal ECG or an ECG with non-specific alterations or signs of ischemia would lead to an initial approach that would be different from the one described here. The admission ECG of this patient showed ST-segment elevation.</p>
      <p>Considering that the patient had been submitted to a previous myocardial revascularization (MR), the correlation of the diagnostic findings of the ECG deserves special attention. First, the presence of chronic coronary artery disease, as well as the previous MR without the appropriate description of the grafts used in the surgery makes it difficult to establish the electrocardiographic correlation with the culprit artery, due both to the presence of bypasses and the possible existence of an extensive collateral network. It is also important to remember that, in spite of the native artery lesions, the probability of lesions in bypasses is of 38%<sup>1</sup>. Additionally, the history of chronic coronary disease in elderly diabetic women and the QS in the anterior wall raises the possibility of previous myocardial infarction in the anterior wall, and, as a consequence, the possible correlation of the ST-segment elevation corresponding with the presence of aneurysm in the same wall. Still, the existence of ST-segment elevation in the inferior wall associated to typical precordial pain justifies the chemical or mechanical reperfusion therapy, as described in the present case.</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20f02-body2">Figura 2</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_20f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The description of the initial approach with the use of tenecteplase (TNK) and non-fractionated heparin can be considered the standard approach for a case as the one described here, as the early reperfusion therapy is the treatment of choice for the condition<sup>2</sup>. The improvement of the pain can be considered a reperfusion criterion that favors the opening of the artery, although its significance is uncertain<sup>2</sup>. However, the lack of some data in the description hinders a more thorough analysis of the patient's clinical condition. There is no description of the pulses or chest x-rays that could rule out the presence of an aneurysm in the thoracic aorta leading to the right coronary artery dissection, which is the culprit artery in 80% of the cases of aorta dissection associated with coronary dissection.</p>
      <p>The most noteworthy fact concerning the patient's evolution and which deserves further investigation is the rapid clinical worsening with the onset of cardiogenic shock and death. Cardiogenic shock occurs in 7% of the cases with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)<sup>3</sup>. In these cases, the main predictors are older age, systolic blood pressure at admission and Killip classification at admission<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiogenic shock is present in less than 1% of the patients at admission. However, more than 50% of those who will develop cardiogenic shock do so within the first 24 hours, with a mean time of 5 hours<sup>5</sup>. Cardiogenic shock mortality is 56% to 74%<sup>5</sup> and the most common causes of shock according to the Shock Trial<sup>6</sup> are: LV dysfunction in 79% of the cases; acute mitral regurgitation in 7%; ventricular septal defect in 4%; isolated right ventricular shock in 4% and cardiac tamponade in 7%.</p>
      <p>Considering that the patient was adequately monitored and that the second ECG showed tachycardic sinus rhythm without arrhythmias, which can be secondary to the use of dopamine, the most common causes of arrhythmia at the initial post-AMI period become unlikely. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is restricted to other causes of precordial pain, to the associated right ventricular involvement, to the mechanical complications of AMI evolution and the complications inherent to the proposed reperfusion therapy. Each one of these possibilities will be discussed separately.</p>
      <p>First, among the clinical pictures of precordial pain associated to ST-segment elevation, which are not basically coronary, only the thoracic aorta dissection with ostium involvement and coronary dissection deserves attention. The acute dissection of the aorta normally affects elderly and hypertensive patients, as the case described here. On the other hand, the involvement of the coronary ostia is rare; only 1% to 2% of the patients present such complication<sup>7</sup>. Of these, the great majority presents right coronary involvement, with ST-segment elevation in the inferior wall, as described in this case. In cases where the dissection goes unnoticed and the case is treated with thrombolysis, mortality reaches 71%, due to the increased risk of cardiac tamponade<sup>8</sup>. As mentioned before, the lack of detailed information on pulses, murmurs and chest x-rays does not allow the diagnosis to be confirmed or ruled out.</p>
      <p>The involvement of the right ventricle (RV), associated with the left ventricular AMI condition must always be recalled in cases with AMI of the inferior wall, as the case described here. As mentioned before, the absence of right leads in the admission ECG limits the diagnosis, especially when one considers that the presence of 1-mm ST-segment elevation in V4R has a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 78% for the presence of or clinical picture evolution to RV involvement<sup>9</sup>. Even without the right leads, the association of the ST-segment elevation in DII and DIII are contrary to the hypothesis of RV involvement. The presence of ST-segment elevation in DIII higher than in DII has a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 57% for right ventricular AMI; however, its absence does not help to elucidate this possibility<sup>10</sup>. Moreover, the presence of crackling rales goes against the condition of right ventricular AMI, as the classic clinical picture courses with infarction and shock in the presence of clear pulmonary auscultation. Other criteria, such as the fact that the patient did not respond to volume replacement or dopamine, which are part of the optimized therapeutics for right ventricular AMI, would make it even less likely for a right ventricular AMI to be responsible for the dramatic evolution<sup>11</sup>. Not only that, but there have been descriptions in the literature of rapid improvement after reperfusion in patients with right ventricular AMI within the first hours. Moreover, there have been reports of patency in the culprit artery right after thrombolysis in more than 75% of the patients that were included in the GUSTO-I study. It is worth remembering that, of the thrombolyzed cases of right ventricular AMI, only 12% develop shock and 2% die, whereas 82% of the non-thrombolyzed ones develop shock and these have presented a mortality rate of up to 58% in several studies<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Iatrogenesis must not be ruled out as a diagnostic possibility, secondary to clinical conditions where early aggressive therapy such as chemical thrombolysis is part of the routine therapeutic arsenal. In patients that are thrombolyzed with TNK, as the case described here, it is necessary to emphasize that this is a safe thrombolytic drug, with an incidence of bleeding lower than streptokinase or r-TPA (26 <italic>vs</italic> 29% in the ASSENT II study, which compared TNK with r-TPA)<sup>13</sup>. However, the presence of clinically significant bleedings is lower than 2% in studies that tested TNK. On the other hand, older age, as in the present case, is one of the most important factors that predispose patients to major bleedings. Additionally, women present a higher risk of bleeding than men. Still, even in cases of major bleeding after thrombolysis, the dramatic clinical evolution and the absence of response to volume replacement are very unlikely, causing such diagnosis to be laid aside.</p>
      <p>Finally, in the presence of a picture of cardiogenic shock with a dramatic evolution, one must fully evaluate any signs that can be associated with mechanical complications after the AMI. Among them are: ischemic mitral regurgitation, LV free wall rupture leading to tamponade, ventricular septal defect (VSD) due to septal rupture and previous aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm rupture.</p>
      <p>Mitral regurgitation classically courses with acute left heart failure with important pulmonary congestion<sup>14</sup>, which is very dissimilar from the patient's clinical evolution, being highly unlikely.</p>
      <p>The ventricular septal defect is a rare complication, with an incidence of 2% in the pre-therapeutic era of reperfusion. With the effective use of reperfusion techniques, the incidence of VSD has become lower than 0.2%, as described in the GUSTO-I study<sup>15</sup>. Traditionally, the onset of VSD takes place between the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> days, but it can be present in less than 24 hours after the initial event<sup>15</sup>. The clinical evolution courses with shock due to biventricular dysfunction with a predominance of the RV. More than 80% of the patients present murmurs and more than 50% present thrills.</p>
      <p>The absence of the description of these signs makes such diagnosis unlikely. Nevertheless, the presence of inferior wall ST-segment elevation associated with anterior wall ST-segment elevation favors this diagnosis, due to the possibility that the picture is associated with AMI in the territory of the anterior interventricular branch (AIB) of the left coronary artery that surpasses the apex and due to the absence of collaterals, leading to important ischemia of the septum and its rupture. On the other hand, the presence of anterior QS complexes, as previously described, makes the possibility of anterior wall aneurysm more probable, thus making the hypothesis of AMI due to AIB injury leading to VSD unlikely. Although no echocardiogram or pulmonary artery catheter introduction was carried out for diagnostic clarification, VSD is an unlikely diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular aneurysms are more commonly found in the anterior wall<sup>16</sup>. Currently, the incidence of aneurysms in thrombolyzed patients is less than 10%<sup>16</sup>. In spite of the lack of precise data, the presence of anterior QS complexes associated to the ST-segment elevation in the same leads raises the possibility of anterior wall aneurysm. The only complication associated with the true aneurysm that can course with such a dramatic evolution, as the one described here, is its rupture. However, a true aneurysm is a fibrotic scar with a stable structure and presents low risk of rupture. Although such diagnosis is uncommon and the clinical evolution is compatible with the described clinical picture, such hypothesis cannot be ruled out, considering the available data.</p>
      <p>Pseudoaneurysms are false cavities that establish a communication between the left ventricle and the pericardial cavity. Although they are more common in the inferior wall, their occurrence in the anterior wall is also possible. Although many of them present murmurs, their absence does not rule out this hypothesis. Pseudoaneurysms have a risk of rupture of up to 40% and a mortality rate &gt; 50% when rupture occurs<sup>17</sup>. As the clinical evolution is quite similar to our patient's evolution, this hypothesis cannot be ruled out either, based on the available data.</p>
      <p>The last mechanical complication to be remembered is the LV free wall rupture, which occurs in up to 1% of the cases of AMI<sup>18</sup>. Of the fatal cases of AMI, the LV free wall rupture is the cause of death in 12% of the patients that are thrombolyzed and in 7% of the patients that are not<sup>18</sup>. Among the risk factors for the rupture, the clinical case patient presented: age older than 70 years; female sex; ST-segment elevation and Q wave at the admission ECG.</p>
      <p>Although it normally appears between the third and the fifth days after the AMI, recent data have shown that, with the advent of reperfusion therapy, the occurrence of free wall rupture has become rarer, albeit earlier, and that it can occur within the first hours after the AMI<sup>19</sup>. Two distinctive presentations of rupture have been described<sup>19</sup> - an early one, in cases of anterior wall AMI with a sudden clinical picture, as the one described here. This form occurs within the first 2 or 3 days after the AMI. The other form usually occurs after 4 days, as an evolution of the infarction area and usually has a slower evolution. Cases presenting the early form usually develop hemopericardium, leading to tamponade with a preferential clinical presentation of right ventricular AMI, followed by respiratory arrest with pulseless electrical activity (PEA). The clinical presentation of PEA without a previous clinical picture of heart failure in patients without a previous history of AMI has an accuracy of 95% for free wall rupture<sup>19</sup>. When the previous presentation included heart failure, the accuracy of the arrest with PEA is only 17%. Although it is not possible to completely rule out the possibility of a previous AMI, these data suggest free wall rupture as a probable diagnosis of the clinical picture, even though it is not possible to state that this was the patient's first AMI.</p>
      <p>Dr. M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt</p>
      <p> and Dr. Henrique Lane Staniak</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction, complicated by free wall rupture and tamponade.</p>
      <p>Dr. M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt</p>
      <p> and Dr. Henrique Lane Staniak</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pericardial sac was filled with a large amount of partially coagulated blood, demonstrating the occurrence of cardiac tamponade, which was the immediate cause of death. Transmural myocardial infarction and rupture were observed, with approximately 3 days of evolution, in the anterosuperior and septal walls of the LV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>), including the apical wall. The rupture occurred exactly at the apex of the heart and there was also hematic infiltration of epicardial fat (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The LV myocardium exhibited moderate hypertrophy.</p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The study of the coronary arteries showed recent occlusive thrombosis of the bypass graft to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. Moreover, this saphenous vein also showed the presence of intimal fatty plaques without severe luminal occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-body2">Figure 6</xref>). Histologically, the coronary arteries showed the presence of atheroma plaques, with various degrees of occlusion, being greater than &gt; 70% in the initial and mid-thirds of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery and the mid-third of the right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7-body2">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Advanced aortic atherosclerosis was also observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8-body2">Figure 8</xref>), with dilation of the ascending segment of the aorta. Other necropsy findings were pulmonary emphysema and benign nephrosclerosis associated with systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
      <fig id="f8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-06-0132-00020-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease, with ruptured acute myocardial infarction and cardiac tamponade.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The post-infarction ventricular rupture can affect the free wall, the ventricular septum or the papillary muscles. No association has been described between the size of the infarction and the risk of rupture; and it is not unusual for the infarction to be small. Data collected at the Laboratory of Pathology of the Heart Institute (InCor)<sup>20</sup> in cases of necropsy have shown that most ruptures occur at the first infarction (72%), after an average of 5.4 days of evolution<sup>20</sup>. The most commonly affected site is the lateral wall, as shown in the aforementioned series and also others in the lietarture<sup>20,21</sup>. The rupture of the ventricular apex is rarely described. A Forensic Medicine series reported a prevalence of 6% concerning this rupture site<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is some controversy regarding the role of systemic arterial hypertension in the outcome as ventricular rupture. Whereas some authors indicate arterial hypertension as a risk indicator for cardiac rupture<sup>23</sup>, others have shown, in series of infarcted patients with hypertension, a lower prevalence of rupture in comparison with normotensive patients<sup>24</sup>. Mann and Roberts observed similar proportions of hypertensive patients between those with and without post-infarction cardiac rupture in an anatomical series<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>An immunohistochemical study in humans<sup>26</sup> showed that the patients with myocardial infarction that died due to cardiac rupture had lower levels of catenin alpha-1 than those that died due to other causes. Catenin is a cell adhesion protein present in the intercalated disks of the contractile cardiac cells, the cardiomyocytes. The same finding was also observed outside the infarcted area, which raised the hypothesis that such individuals would carry a genetic defect or at least, a genetic polymorphism<sup>25</sup>. This hypothesis has been tested, but has yet to be proven.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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