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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XHFysMKJpgLTSPrYVMb6grd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400326</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Telangiectasia heredit&#225;ria hemorr&#225;gica: causa rara de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Provid&#234;ncia</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cachulo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela Ver&#237;ssimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Gra&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o-Marques</surname>
            <given-names>A.M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e94</fpage>
      <lpage>e96</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Uma mulher de 73 anos foi admitida ao Pronto-Socorro com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita e anemia. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e imagenol&#243;gica, um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) associado com telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria (THH) foi confirmado. A resposta inicial &#224; terapia com bosentan mais sildenafil foi boa, incluindo melhora na Classe Funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o do edema, permitindo que ela recebesse alta hospitalar. Infelizmente, a paciente faleceu devido &#224; sua condi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, antes que o efeito do tratamento combinado pudesse ser completamente avaliado. A HP deve ser considerada em pacientes com THH e o screening para HP deve ser conduzido nesses pacientes e em seus familiares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>epistaxe</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as vasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Telangiectasia heredit&#225;ria hemorr&#225;gica: causa rara de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar? </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rui Provid&#234;ncia; Maria do Carmo Cachulo; Gisela Ver&#237;ssimo Costa; Joana Silva; Carlos Gra&#231;a Lemos; A.M. Leit&#227;o-Marques</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Coimbra's Hospital Center, Cardiology Department, Coimbra - Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma mulher de 73 anos foi admitida ao Pronto-Socorro com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita e anemia. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e imagenol&#243;gica, um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) associado com telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria (THH) foi confirmado. A resposta inicial &#224; terapia com bosentan mais sildenafil foi boa, incluindo melhora na Classe Funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o do edema, permitindo que ela recebesse alta hospitalar. Infelizmente, a paciente faleceu devido &#224; sua condi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, antes que o efeito do tratamento combinado pudesse ser completamente avaliado. A HP deve ser considerada em pacientes com THH e o screening para HP deve ser conduzido nesses pacientes e em seus familiares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, epistaxe, doen&#231;as vasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber, tamb&#233;m conhecida como telangiectasia hemorr&#225;gica heredit&#225;ria (THH), foi primeiramente descrita por Osler, Rendu e Hanes no s&#233;culo 19<sup>1-4</sup>. &#201; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, com uma preval&#234;ncia de &lt; 5 em 8,000<sup>5</sup> e &#233; causada por muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes que codificam os receptores de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do fator beta de transforma&#231;&#227;o do crescimento (TGF-&#223;), endoglina e da activina receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome &#233; caracterizada por telangiectasias que afetam a pele e as membranas mucosas, mais frequentemente as m&#227;os, os p&#233;s, l&#225;bios, l&#237;ngua e conjuntiva. Epistaxes espont&#226;neas e de repeti&#231;&#227;o frequentemente est&#227;o presente, bem como hemorragias gastrointestinais que causam anemia ferropriva. As t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas de imagem tamb&#233;m revelaram anomalias arteriovenosas pulmonares (30% dos pacientes), hep&#225;ticas (&lt;30%) ou cerebrais (10-20%)<sup>6,7</sup>. A defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de Shovin e cols.<sup>8</sup> de THH requer a presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes: epistaxe, telangiectasias, anomalias vasculares viscerais ou hist&#243;rico familiar da doen&#231;a<sup>8</sup>. Alguns pacientes com THH tamb&#233;m apresentam complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares tais como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Essas s&#227;o mais comuns em pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>ALK-1</italic><sup>9</sup>- tamb&#233;m associadas com outras formas gen&#233;ticas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria - embora a preval&#234;ncia precisa n&#227;o seja conhecida.</p>
    <p>Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente idosa com THH e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma mulher de 73 anos foi levada duas vezes ao Pronto-Socorro com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita. Ela tamb&#233;m apresentava edema dos membros inferiores, sinal de Godet, dispn&#233;ia grave ap&#243;s pequenos esfor&#231;os (classe funcional III da New York Heart Association - NYHA) e ortopn&#233;ia quando colocada em um &#226;ngulo de 45&#186;. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a anemia (devido &#224; angiodisplasias gastroduodenais), frequentes e abundantes epistaxes por um per&#237;odo de mais de 20 anos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a venosa dos membros inferiores. Ela havia sido submetida a uma histerectomia cinco anos antes devido &#224; presen&#231;a de miomas. Um estudo endosc&#243;pico anterior havia indicado a presen&#231;a de angiodisplasias fri&#225;veis no corpo g&#225;strico e duodeno, devido &#224;s quais a paciente havia recebido terapia de coagula&#231;&#227;o com plasma de arg&#244;nio. N&#227;o havia registro de doen&#231;a parenquimatosa pulmonar, apn&#233;ia do sono ou uso de qualquer substancia anorex&#237;gena.</p>
    <p>Sinais de THH (isto &#233;, angiodisplasias da l&#237;ngua, membrana mucosa oral e membros) tamb&#233;m tinham estado presente em seu pai, uma tia paterna e primo paterno. Durante o exame f&#237;sico, a paciente estava consciente, orientada e cooperativa. Ela estava eupn&#233;ica e n&#227;o mostrava sinais vis&#237;veis de s&#237;ndrome de ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria. A oximetria de pulso mostrava n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 96%. &#192; ausculta cardiopulmonar, os sons respirat&#243;rios eram sim&#233;tricos, com alguns estertores inspirat&#243;rios basais ouvidos em ambos os lados. Um sopro sist&#243;lico foi detectado na regi&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar. N&#227;o havia nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o abdominal aparente. A pele e membranas mucosas estavam hidratadas, mas p&#225;lidas. Telangiectasias eram vis&#237;veis na l&#237;ngua, membrana mucosa oral e pele (face e bra&#231;os).</p>
    <p>Um eletrocardiograma mostrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com resposta ventricular controlada e altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-espec&#237;ficas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o anterolateral. Remodelamento card&#237;aco foi demonstrado atrav&#233;s de um radiograma tor&#225;cico p&#243;stero-anterior e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. A ultrassonografia por Doppler mostrou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada a grave, o que tornou poss&#237;vel estimar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) em 76 mmHg (56 gradiente VD/AD + 20mmHg para aus&#234;ncia total de colapso da veia cava inferior). A presen&#231;a de shunt card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito foi exclu&#237;da atrav&#233;s de um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. Um angio-TC pulmonar mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco pulmonar e seus principais ramos, com abundante vasculatura at&#233; a periferia dos campos pulmonares, mas n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de trombos ou f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Testes laboratoriais mostraram valores de &lt;0,3mg/dL e 2941,3pg/mL para prote&#237;na C-reativa e pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, respectivamente. Malforma&#231;&#245;es dos sistemas arterial e venoso hep&#225;tico (aumento de calibre dos vasos, aspecto tortuoso e taxas de fluxo turbulentas e r&#225;pidas) foram sugeridas pelo ultrassonografia por Doppler e confirmadas pela angio-TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise cuidadosa de todos os dados cl&#237;nicos, anal&#237;ticos e de imagem, um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associada com THH foi sugerido. Foi proposto que shunts hepatovenosos haviam levado &#224; condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, o que por sua vez havia resultado no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e94-00026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e94-00026-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Uma cateteriza&#231;&#227;o posterior indicou press&#227;o m&#233;dia na art&#233;ria pulmonar de 56 mmHg (74/40/56), aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (5,1 unidades de Wood), com press&#227;o capilar pulmonar normal e elevado &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (5,3 L.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>). A coronariografia mostrou que a art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o apresentavam dano, mas tinham colora&#231;&#227;o exagerada. Inicialmente, a paciente foi tratada com digoxina intraduodenal (0,25 mg), maleato de enalapril (5 mg), daflon (500 mg), furosemida (2 mg/kg), ranitidina (300 mg) e um suplemento de ferro e folato; entretanto, a condi&#231;&#227;o da paciente n&#227;o melhorou. Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico da HP, ela iniciou a terapia com bosentan mais sildenafil. Isso trouxe uma melhora gradual &#224; sua condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Durante sua estadia no hospital, a paciente adquiriu pneumonia nosocomial devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Klebsiella pnemoniae</italic>, que foi tratada com piperacilina + tazobactam por duas semanas e apresentou v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de epistaxe e hemat&#234;mese, necessitando de endoscopia alta, retomada da terapia de arg&#244;nio, e varias transfus&#245;es (total: 14 unidades de c&#233;lulas vermelhas) e posterior tratamento com esomeprazole intravenoso e sucralfato, folato oral, ferro e vitamina B12.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 65 dias, a condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da paciente havia claramente melhorado (para Classe Funcional II da NYHA); ela n&#227;o apresentava edema dos membros inferiores e podia caminhar pequenas dist&#226;ncias sem ajuda, de forma que recebeu alta. Uma semana depois, ela foi novamente admitida ao Pronto-Socorro com melena e anemia. Ela recebeu uma transfus&#227;o de 2 unidades de c&#233;lulas vermelhas e terapia de plasma de arg&#244;nio, para o tratamento das displasias gastroduodenais. Uma semana depois ela foi readmitida com dispn&#233;ia devido &#224; pneumonia bilateral (causada por um microorganismo n&#227;o-identificado) e anemia grave, para as quais ela recebeu duas unidades de c&#233;lulas vermelhas e antibi&#243;ticos intravenosos. Ela recebeu alta quando os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina aumentaram de 5,2 g/dL para 9,2g/dL, mas faleceu alguns dias depois devido a uma hemorragia alta incontrol&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o e conclus&#244;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Essa paciente apresentava doen&#231;a vascular bem desenvolvida que afetava m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os (f&#237;gado, pulm&#245;es e trato gastrointestinal). A despeito de uma boa resposta &#192; terapia combinada com bosentan e sildenafil para a HP, ela eventualmente morreu como consequ&#234;ncia de sua doen&#231;a de base, tornando dif&#237;cil avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o funcional hemodin&#226;mica da paciente durante o tratamento. H&#225; poucos relatos de HP associada com THH na literatura; a taxa de desenvolvimento de HP nesses pacientes &#233; desconhecida e pouco se sabe sobre o tratamento mais adequado. Em um estudo de caso anterior, Schlag e cols.<sup>10</sup> relataram que o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de epistaxe pode aumentar com prostan&#243;ides, enquanto uma boa resposta ao bosentan foi observada.</p>
    <p>As raz&#245;es pelas quais alguns pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene <italic>ALK</italic>-<italic>1</italic> desenvolvem apenas THH, enquanto outros desenvolvem apenas HP idiop&#225;tica e ainda outros desenvolvem ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas. Para diagnosticar a HP associada com THH, deve-se considerar o hist&#243;rico do paciente cuidadosamente e confirmar os sinais e sintomas da condi&#231;&#227;o utilizando-se v&#225;rios procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos de imagem. Como a THH apresenta uma forma de transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante, recomendamos que os membros das fam&#237;lias dos pacientes com THH sejam submetidos a exames peri&#243;dicos atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com Doppler (a cada tr&#234;s anos), a fim de avaliar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rui Andr&#233; Quadros Bebiano da Provid&#234;ncia e Costa </p>
        <p> Coura&#231;a de Lisboa n&#186;22 </p>
        <p> 3000-434 - Coimbra - Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rui_providencia@yahoo.com">rui_providencia@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/05/09; revisado recebido em 11/07/09; aceito em 06/08/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: rare cause of pulmonary hypertension?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency room with predominantly right-sided heart failure and anemia. Following clinical and imagiological evaluation, a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) was confirmed. The initial response to bosentan plus sildenafil was good, including improvement in functional class and reduction of edema, allowing her to be discharged. Unfortunately, the patient died, due to her underlying condition, before the effects of the combination treatment could be fully assessed. PH should be considered in patients with HTT and screening for pulmonary hypertension should be performed in these patients and their relatives.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Telangiectasia, hereditary hemorrhagic</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension, pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>epistaxis</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: rare cause of pulmonary hypertension?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rui Provid&#234;ncia; Maria do Carmo Cachulo; Gisela Ver&#237;ssimo Costa; Joana Silva; Carlos Gra&#231;a Lemos; A.M. Leit&#227;o-Marques</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Coimbra's Hospital Center, Cardiology Department, Coimbra - Portugal</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency room with predominantly right-sided heart failure and anemia. Following clinical and imagiological evaluation, a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) was confirmed. The initial response to bosentan plus sildenafil was good, including improvement in functional class and reduction of edema, allowing her to be discharged. Unfortunately, the patient died, due to her underlying condition, before the effects of the combination treatment could be fully assessed. PH should be considered in patients with HTT and screening for pulmonary hypertension should be performed in these patients and their relatives.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Telangiectasia, hereditary hemorrhagic; hypertension, pulmonary; epistaxis; vascular diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), was first described by Osler, Rendu and Hanes in the 19<sup>th</sup> century<sup>1-4</sup>. It is a dominant autosomal disease, with a prevalence of &lt;5 in 8,000<sup>5</sup>, and it is caused by mutations in the genes codifying for transforming growth factor &#946; (TGF-&#946;) signaling receptors, endoglin and activin receptor-like kinase type-1 (<italic>ALK-1</italic>)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The syndrome is characterized by telangiectasias affecting the skin and mucous membranes, most frequently the hands, feet, lips, tongue and conjunctiva. Spontaneous and repeated epistaxis is often present, as well as gastrointestinal hemorrhages causing ferropenic anemia. Diagnostic imaging techniques have also revealed pulmonary (30% of patients), hepatic (&lt;30%) or brain (10-20%) arteriovenous anomalies<sup>6,7</sup>. Shovin et al<sup>8</sup> diagnostic definition of HHT requires the presence of at least three of the following: epistaxis, telangiectasias, visceral vascular anomalies, or a family history of the disease<sup>8</sup>. Some HHT patients also present pulmonary complications such as pulmonary hypertension. These are more common in patients with <italic>ALK-1</italic> mutations<sup>9</sup> - also associated with other inherited forms of primary pulmonary hypertension - although the precise prevalence is not known.</p>
      <p>Here we describe the case of an elderly woman with HTT and severe pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 73-year-old woman presented twice at the Emergency Room with mainly right-sided heart failure. She also had edema of the lower limbs, Godet sign, severe dyspnea after brief exercise (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III) and orthopnea when placed at a 45&#186; angle. Her medical history included chronic anemia (due to gastro-duodenal angiodysplasias), frequent and abundant epistaxis over a period of more than 20 years, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension and venous disease of the lower limbs. She had had a total hysterectomy five years previously due to the presence of myomas. A previous endoscopic study had also indicated friable angiodysplasias in the gastric body and duodenum, for which the patient had received argon plasma coagulation therapy. There was no record of pulmonary parenchymatous disease, sleep apnea or use of any anorexigenic substance.</p>
      <p>Signs of HHT (i.e. angiodysplasias in the tongue, oral mucous membrane and limbs) had also been present in her father, as well as in a paternal aunt and cousin. During physical examination, the patient was conscious, oriented and cooperative. She was eupneic and showed no visible signs of respiratory distress syndrome. Pulse oximetry showed O<sub>2</sub> saturation levels of 96%. On cardiopulmonary auscultation, breath sounds were symmetric, with some inspiratory basal rales heard on both sides. A systolic murmur was detected in the pulmonary valve region. No abdominal alterations were apparent. Her skin and mucous membranes were hydrated, but pale. Telangiectasias were visible in her tongue, oral mucous membrane and skin (face and arms).</p>
      <p>An electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation with controlled ventricular response and non-specific alterations of anterolateral repolarization. Cardiac remodeling was evident in a posterior-anterior (PA) thoracic radiogram, and transthoracic echocardiography. Doppler ultrasonography showed moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation, which made it possible to estimate the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery (SPPA) at 76 mmHg (56 gradient VD/AD plus 20mmHg for total absence of collapse of the inferior vena cava). The presence of congenital cardiac shunt was excluded following a transesophageal echocardiogram. Pulmonary angio-CT showed dilatation of the pulmonary trunk and its main branches, with abundant vasculature up to the periphery of the pulmonary fields, but no thrombi or arteriovenous fistulae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Laboratory tests showed values of &lt;0.3mg/dL and 2941.3pg/mL for C-reactive protein and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, respectively. Malformations of the hepatic arterial and venous systems (increased caliber of vessels, with tortuous aspect and turbulent and rapid flow rates) were suggested by Doppler ultrasonography and confirmed by the abdominal angio-CT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e94-00026-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e94-00026-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After careful analysis of all clinical, analytical and imaging data, a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with HTT was suggested. It was proposed that hepatovenous shunts led to hyperflow conditions in the pulmonary circulation, which, in turn, resulted in the development of pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p>Subsequent catheterization indicated average pressure in the pulmonary artery of 56 mmHg (74/40/56), increased pulmonary vascular resistance (5.1 Wood units), with normal pulmonary capillary pressure and elevated cardiac index - (5.3 L.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>). The coronariography showed the coronary arteries to be undamaged, but with an exaggerated blush. Initially, the patient was treated with intraduodenal digoxin (0.25 mg), enalapril maleate (5 mg), daflon (500 mg), furosemide (2 mg/kg), ranitidine (300 mg) and an iron-folate supplement; however, her condition did not improve. Following the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, she commenced therapy with bosentan plus sildenafil. This brought about a gradual improvement in her condition.</p>
      <p>During her stay in hospital the patient acquired nosocomial pneumonia due to <italic>Klebsiella pnemoniae</italic> infection, which was treated with piperacillin + tazobactam for two weeks and presented several episodes of epistaxis and hematemesis, necessitating an upper endoscopy, resumption of argon therapy, a number of transfusions (total: 14 units of red cells) and further treatment with intravenous esomeprazole and sucralfate, oral folate, iron and vitamin B12.</p>
      <p>After 65 days, the patient's heart condition had clearly improved (to NYHA class II); she had no edema in the lower limbs, and could walk small distances, with assistance, so she was discharged. One week later, she was again admitted to the emergency room with melena and anemia. She was given a transfusion of 2 units of red cells and argon plasma therapy to treat gastroduodenal angiodysplasias. A week later she was admitted again with dyspnea due to bilateral pneumonia (caused by a non-identified micro-organism) and severe anemia, for which she received two units of red cells and intravenous antibiotics. She was discharged when her hemoglobin levels increased from 5.2 g/dL to 9.2g/dL, but died just a few days later, due to an uncontrollable upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion and conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This patient had well-developed vascular disease affecting multiple organ sites (liver, lungs and gastrointestinal tract). Despite a good response to combination therapy with bosentan and sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension, she eventually died as a consequence of her underlying disease, making it difficult to assess the hemodynamic functional evolution of the patient during treatment. There are very few reports of pulmonary hypertension associated with HHT in the literature; the rate of development of pulmonary hypertension in these patients is unknown and little is known regarding optimum treatment. In a previous case study, Schlag et al<sup>10</sup> reported that the number of episodes of epistaxis could increase with prostanoids, whereas a good response to bosentan was observed.</p>
      <p>The reason why some patients with <italic>ALK-1</italic> mutations develop HHT only, whereas others develop only idiopathic pulmonary hypertension and still others develop both conditions is not known. In order to diagnose pulmonary hypertension associated with HHT, one must carefully consider the patient's history and confirm the signs and symptoms of the condition using a number of different diagnostic imaging procedures. As HHT has a dominant autosomal transmission mechanism, we recommend that relatives of patients with HHT undergo periodic transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (every 3 years), in order to assess the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
