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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SH9Xx5tPFHK4mXJH9bdCfyR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400325</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; prote&#237;na C ativada e doen&#231;a arterial isqu&#234;mica em jovem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romani</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aoki</surname>
            <given-names>Yuki Schneider</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e91</fpage>
      <lpage>e93</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C ativada (rPCA), causada por muta&#231;&#227;o no fator V (fator V de Leiden), &#233; fator de risco importante para tromboembolia venosa, cujo papel como geradora de obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais in situ &#233; um tema ainda controverso. O caso cl&#237;nico de um jovem com hist&#243;ria de coronariopatia, m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica &#233; relatado. A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica apontou a rPCA como poss&#237;vel etiologia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trombofilia</kwd>
        <kwd>fator V</kwd>
        <kwd>coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>resist&#234;ncia a prote&#237;na C</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriopatias oclusivas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; prote&#237;na C ativada e doen&#231;a arterial isqu&#234;mica em jovem</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de Menezes<sup>I</sup>; Rafael Fernandes Romani<sup>I</sup>; Yuki Schneider Aoki<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Caetano Abdo<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Carvalho<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C ativada (rPCA), causada por muta&#231;&#227;o no fator V (fator V de Leiden), &#233; fator de risco importante para tromboembolia venosa, cujo papel como geradora de obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais <italic>in situ</italic> &#233; um tema ainda controverso. O caso cl&#237;nico de um jovem com hist&#243;ria de coronariopatia, m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica &#233; relatado. A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica apontou a rPCA como poss&#237;vel etiologia. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Trombofilia, fator V, coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, resist&#234;ncia a prote&#237;na C, arteriopatias oclusivas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombofilias podem ser conceituadas como defeitos da hemostasia, herdados ou adquiridos, que ocasionam hipercoagulabilidade. Dentre os mais citados, destacam-se o anticorpo anticardiolipina, o anticoagulante l&#250;pico, as defici&#234;ncias de prote&#237;nas C e S, o fator V de Leiden (FVL) e a muta&#231;&#227;o G20210A do gene da protrombina.</p>
    <p>O FVL prov&#233;m da muta&#231;&#227;o do fator V, que leva &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C ativada (rPCA) e &#224; consequente maior forma&#231;&#227;o de trombina<sup>1</sup>. &#201; considerado uma das anormalidades mais comuns do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o, com preval&#234;ncia de 3%-5% na popula&#231;&#227;o caucasiana<sup>2</sup>. Sua detec&#231;&#227;o &#233; obtida idealmente por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e polimorfismo de restri&#231;&#227;o. Pode tamb&#233;m ser avaliado por m&#233;todo coagulom&#233;trico, mais dispon&#237;vel clinicamente e com excelente sensibilidade e especificidade, quando comparado &#224; t&#233;cnica de PCR<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos comprovaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da rPCA com o embolismo venoso. Entretanto, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com eventos arteriais isqu&#234;micos ainda &#233; bastante controversa, apesar de muitos pesquisadores se debru&#231;arem sobre o tema h&#225; mais de 10 anos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; relatar o caso cl&#237;nico de um paciente com eventos arteriais isqu&#234;micos m&#250;ltiplos (coronariopatia, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), sem fatores de risco tradicionais e com rPCA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vigilante de 38 anos, casado, pardo, natural de Iguatu, munic&#237;pio do Cear&#225;, e procedente de Curitiba, Paran&#225;, subitamente apresentou, em 1999, aos 29 anos de idade, dificuldade de fala, queda para o lado esquerdo do corpo, tonturas e desorienta&#231;&#227;o. Foi tratado como portador de acidente vasculoencef&#225;lico criptog&#234;nico, com recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica total. Em 2005, realizou tomografia de cr&#226;nio que revelou &#225;reas hipodensas em cerebelo, lobo occipital, c&#225;psula interna e regi&#227;o tal&#226;mica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e91-00025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico at&#233; abril de 2007, quando apresentou dor tor&#225;cica retroesternal intensa e queima&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizada cinecoronariografia, que demonstrou les&#227;o cr&#237;tica no primeiro ramo diagonal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, sendo submetido &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>. Em novembro de 2007, o paciente fez ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que revelou prolapso de valva mitral e tric&#250;spide com refluxo m&#237;nimo, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com relaxamento, dimens&#227;o interna, contratilidade segmentar e global normais. Um teste perfusional ecocardiogr&#225;fico com microbolhas foi realizado. Na prepara&#231;&#227;o do contraste, juntou-se 9 ml de &#225;gua destilada a 1 ml de ar ambiente em uma seringa, cujo conte&#250;do, ap&#243;s ser agitado, foi injetado no acesso venoso. O teste foi considerado negativo, j&#225; que n&#227;o houve o aparecimento de microbolhas dentro de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos no interior do &#225;trio direito ou esquerdo ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em agosto de 2008, foi detectada uma assimetria de pulsos em membros superiores e inferiores, sendo o paciente, ent&#227;o, internado no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;. Relatava hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia diagnosticadas h&#225; 4 meses, controladas com captopril e sinvastatina, respectivamente. O paciente usava tamb&#233;m AAS e propranolol.</p>
    <p>O homem negava ter casos semelhantes ou outras doen&#231;as familiares, tabagismo ou uso de drogas il&#237;citas. Apresentava-se em bom estado geral, com IMC de 24, press&#227;o arterial de 110/60 mmHg e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 72 bpm. O exame do prec&#243;rdio foi normal. Havia diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude do pulso braquial e aus&#234;ncia de pulso radial e pedioso &#224; esquerda. O enchimento capilar estava lentificado em m&#227;o e p&#233; esquerdos. O exame neurol&#243;gico demonstrava altera&#231;&#245;es campim&#233;tricas nasais do olho direito e temporais do olho esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Hemograma, dosagem de eletr&#243;litos, creatinina e enzimas hep&#225;ticas foram realizados, apresentando-se dentro da normalidade. O colesterol total, HDL, LDL e os triglicer&#237;dios foram, respectivamente, de 143, 38, 83 e 109 mg/dL. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada arteriografia cerebral e detectou-se estenose cr&#237;tica de art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). O US vascular mostrou discreto hipofluxo em art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via, braquial e ulnar &#224; esquerda e aus&#234;ncia de fluxo em ter&#231;os m&#233;dio e distal de art&#233;rias radial e tibial anterior esquerdas, sugestivos de oclus&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e91-00025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Pesquisa de anticoagulante l&#250;pico, antitrombina III, anticardiolipina, crioglobulinas, dosagem de fibrinog&#234;nio, prote&#237;na C, prote&#237;na S, homociste&#237;na e teste de falciza&#231;&#227;o foram solicitadas, apresentando resultados negativos ou normais, sem exce&#231;&#227;o. A pesquisa de rPCA foi realizada com teste de ensaio funcional coagulom&#233;trico (<italic>Coatest APC Resistance</italic>, Diapharma, E.U.A.), com dilui&#231;&#227;o em plasma deficiente em FV, e foi considerado positivo. O resultado observado foi maior do que 120 segundos.</p>
    <p>O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo com varfarina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a do FVL e consequente rPCA aumenta muito o risco de eventos tromb&#243;ticos venosos. Tal impacto foi, primeiramente, demonstrado no <italic>Leiden Thrombophilia Study</italic>, que revelou risco quase 7 vezes maior de trombose venosa. A confirma&#231;&#227;o veio em outro estudo prospectivo, com 14.916 pacientes, que apurou risco relativo de 2,7 para tromboses venosas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como em outras trombofilias, a rPCA desencadeia quadros veno-obstrutivos em concomit&#226;ncia a cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, tais como p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, trauma, gravidez/puerp&#233;rio ou queimaduras<sup>1,2</sup>. O tabagismo e os anticonceptivos orais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m se mostrado fatores coadjuvantes importantes. Nenhum fator ou cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico desencadeante foi identificado no caso do paciente aqui relatado.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de dois casos de IAM em pacientes jovens, homozig&#243;ticos para o FVL, e outros casos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a cerebrovascular<sup>1</sup>, diversos investigadores sugeriram a associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos tromb&#243;ticos arteriais.</p>
    <p>Um estudo experimental demonstrou que animais homozig&#243;ticos e heterozig&#243;ticos para o FVL apresentavam aumento significativo de trombose carot&#237;dea ap&#243;s inj&#250;ria f&#237;sico-qu&#237;mica<sup>4</sup>. Gluek e cols.<sup>5</sup>, em estudo caso-controle, sugeriram associa&#231;&#227;o entre trombofilia e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos arteriais, com maior preval&#234;ncia nos homens. Van de Water e cols.<sup>6</sup> encontraram maior preval&#234;ncia de FVL em pacientes infartados, com menos de 50 anos de idade e com coron&#225;rias normais ou pr&#243;ximas do normal, quando comparados a pacientes que apresentavam estenose grave de coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>&#201; sugerido ainda que a rPCA, concomitante a situa&#231;&#245;es como hiper-homocisteinemia<sup>7</sup> ou diabetes<sup>8</sup>, pode ser fator de risco para isquemia cerebral<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; foram relatados casos de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica isqu&#234;mica em pacientes com FVL.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, grandes estudos, como o <italic>Copenhagen City Heart Study</italic><sup>1</sup>, n&#227;o evidenciaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre rPCA e IAM ou doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. Da mesma maneira, Ercan e cols.<sup>9</sup> n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre IAM e FVL, ao avaliar uma popula&#231;&#227;o com maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose. Por fim, um recente estudo prospectivo, que acompanhou 542 pacientes durante 11 anos, demonstrou n&#227;o haver rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a do FVL e o aumento no risco de eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes ap&#243;s IAM<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de dados definitivos da associa&#231;&#227;o FVL-rPCA, como etiologia de doen&#231;a arterial isqu&#234;mica <italic>in situ,</italic> prejudica o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre o curso natural da doen&#231;a e a busca por tratamentos efetivos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a tromboses venosas, existe benef&#237;cio comprovado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com cumar&#237;nicos, com aproximadamente 90% de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>11</sup>. O tratamento de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos geralmente n&#227;o &#233; indicado.</p>
    <p>No caso relatado, optou-se por anticoagula&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo com varfarina. Contudo, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia da individualiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, avaliando-se os benef&#237;cios e os conhecidos riscos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mauricio Carvalho </p>
        <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFPR </p>
        <p> Rua General Carneiro, 181 </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - 10&#186; andar </p>
        <p> 80060-900 - Curitiba - Paran&#225; - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="carvalho@mais.sul.com.br">carvalho@mais.sul.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/03/09; revisado recebido em 16/06/09; aceito em 17/07/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance to activated protein C and ischemic arterial disease in a young man</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The assessment of activated protein C resistance (APCR) caused by mutations in factor V (factor V Leiden) is an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism, of which role as the originator of arterial obstructions in situ is still a controversial subject. The clinical case of a young patient with history of coronariopathy, multiple cerebrovascular lesions and peripheral artery disease is reported. The diagnostic investigation showed APCR as the possible etiology.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thrombophilia</kwd>
        <kwd>factor V</kwd>
        <kwd>blood coagulation</kwd>
        <kwd>protein C resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial occlusive diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Resistance to activated protein C and ischemic arterial disease in a young man</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Igor Alexandre C&#244;rtes de Menezes<sup>I</sup>; Rafael Fernandes Romani<sup>I</sup>; Yuki Schneider Aoki<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Caetano Abdo<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Carvalho<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The assessment of activated protein C resistance (APCR) caused by mutations in factor V (factor V Leiden) is an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism, of which role as the originator of arterial obstructions in situ is still a controversial subject. The clinical case of a young patient with history of coronariopathy, multiple cerebrovascular lesions and peripheral artery disease is reported. The diagnostic investigation showed APCR as the possible etiology.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Thrombophilia; factor V; blood coagulation; protein C resistance; arterial occlusive diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombophilias can be described as inherited or acquired defects of homeostasis that cause hypercoagulability. Among the most often cited are the anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant, proteins C and S deficiencies, factor V Leiden (FVL) and the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene.</p>
      <p>The FVL comes from the factor V mutation, which leads to activated protein C resistance (APCR) and the consequent higher formation of thrombin<sup>1</sup>. It is considered one of the most common abnormalities of the coagulation system, with a prevalence of 3%-5% among the Caucasian population<sup>2</sup>. Its detection is ideally achieved through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment polymorphism analysis (RFLP). It can also be assessed by a coagulometric method, more easily available clinically and that presents excellent sensitivity and specificity when compared to the PCR technique<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have demonstrated the association between APCR and venous embolism. However, its association with ischemic arterial events is quite controversial, even though many researchers have been studying the subject for more than 10 years<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to report the clinical case of a patient with multiple ischemic arterial events (coronariopathy, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease), without traditional risk factors and with APCR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 38-year-old male, Brazilian mixed race, married patient, who worked as a private security guard, originally from the town of Iguatu, state of Ceara, Brazil, and a resident in the city of Curitiba, state of Parana, Brazil, suddenly presented in 1999, at 29 years of age, speech difficulties, dropping of the left side of the body, dizziness and disorientation. He was treated as presenting a cryptogenic vascular encephalic accident, with total neurological recovery. In 2005, he underwent a head tomography, which showed hypodense areas in the cerebellum, occipital lobe, internal capsule and thalamic region, suggesting ischemias at these levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e91-00025-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient remained asymptomatic until April 2007, when he presented intense retrosternal chest pain and burning sensation. A coronary angiography was carried out, which disclosed a critical lesion in the first diagonal branch of the anterior descending artery and the patient was submitted to stent implantation. In November 2007, the patient underwent a transesophageal echocardiography, which revealed mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse with minimum reflux, left ventricular relaxation and normal internal dimension, segmental and global contractility. A perfusion echocardiography with microbubbles was performed. When preparing the contrast, 9 mL of distilled water was added to 1 mL of ambient air in a syringe, of which content, after being agitated, was injected into the venous access. The test was considered negative, as there were no microbubbles in either the right or left atria after three cardiac cycles post-injection.</p>
      <p>In August 2008, a pulse asymmetry was detected in the upper and lower limbs and the patient was then admitted at the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of the Federal University of Parana. He reported systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia diagnosed 4 months before controlled with captopril and simvastatin, respectively. The patient also used ASA and propranolol.</p>
      <p>The patient denied similar cases in the family or other familial diseases, smoking or illicit drug use. He presented good general state, BMI of 24, blood pressure of 110/60 mmHg and heart rate of 72 bpm. The precordium assessment was normal. He presented decreased brachial pulse amplitude and absence of radial and pedis pulse to the left. The capillary filling was slow in the left hand and foot. The neurological assessment showed nasal campimetric alterations in the right eye and temporal alterations in the left eye.</p>
      <p>Complete blood count, electrolyte, creatinine and liver enzyme measurements were performed and were within the normal range. Total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides were, respectively, 143, 38, 83 and 109 mg/dL. During hospitalization, a brain arteriography was performed and disclosed a critical stenosis of left vertebral artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The vascular US showed a slight hypoflow in the subclavian, brachial and ulnar arteries to the left and absence of flow in the mid and distal thirds of the left anterior tibial and radial arteries, suggestive of occlusion.</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e91-00025-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Lupus anticoagulant, antithrombin III, anticardiolipin, cryoglobulins, fibrinogen measurement, protein C, protein S, homocysteine and falcization tests were performed and al results were negative or within the normal range, without exception. The APCR was tested with a functional coagulometric assay (<italic>Coatest APC Resistance</italic>, Diapharma, U.S.A.), with a dilution in FV-deficient plasma and was considered positive. The observed result was &gt; 120 seconds. The patient was discharged on long-term anticoagulation with warfarin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of FVL and, consequently, APCR, significantly increases the risk of venous thrombotic events. Such impact was first demonstrated by the Leiden Thrombophilia Study, which showed an almost 7-fold higher risk of venous thrombosis. The confirmation was given by another prospective study with 14.916 patients, which observed a 2.7-fold relative risk for venous thromboses<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>As in other types of thrombophilias, the APCR triggers venous-obstructive conditions concomitant to clinical pictures such as postoperative periods, trauma, pregnancy/postpartum or burn wounds<sup>1,2</sup>. Smoking and oral contraceptives have also shown to be important adjuvant factors. No triggering factor or clinical picture was identified in the case of the patient reported here.</p>
      <p>After the publication of two cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young patients who were homozygous for FVL and other cases related to cerebrovascular disease<sup>1</sup>, several investigators suggested an association with arterial thrombotic events.</p>
      <p>An experimental study demonstrated that animals that were homozygous and heterozygous for FVL presented a significant increase in carotid thrombosis after physical-chemical injury<sup>4</sup>. Gluek et al<sup>5</sup>, in a case-control study, suggested an association between thrombophilia and arterial thromboembolic events, with a higher prevalence among men. Van de Water et al<sup>6</sup> found a higher prevalence of FVL in infarcted patients, younger than 50 years and with normal or almost normal coronaries, when compared to patients that presented severe coronary stenosis.</p>
      <p>It is also suggested that the APCR, in concomitance with situations such as hyperhomocysteinemia<sup>7</sup> or diabetes<sup>8</sup> can be a risk factor for brain ischemia<sup>1</sup>. Moreover, cases of ischemic peripheral artery disease have been reported in patients with FVL.</p>
      <p>However, large studies such as the Copenhagen City Heart Study<sup>1</sup>, did not show an association between APCR and AMI or cerebrovascular disease. Similarly, Ercan et al<sup>9</sup> did not find an association between AMI and FVL, when evaluating a population with a higher prevalence of classic risk factors for atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Finally, a recent prospective study that followed 542 patients for 11 years showed no association between the presence of FVL and increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after AMI<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The lack of definitive data on the association between FVL-APCR as the etiology of ischemic arterial disease <italic>in situ</italic> impairs the development of studies on the natural course of the disease and the search for effective treatments. Regarding the venous thrombosis, the benefit of the anticoagulation with coumarins has been demonstrated, with an approximate risk reduction of 90%<sup>11</sup>. The treatment of asymptomatic patients is not indicated.</p>
      <p>In the case reported here, the long-term anticoagulation with warfarin was the chosen treatment. However, it is worth mentioning the importance of individualized therapeutic management, evaluating the benefits and known risks of oral anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
