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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Jn9NwqDF4hPHQRX7tyk3yzf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400324</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Derrame isqu&#234;mico como a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o de hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jaramillo</surname>
            <given-names>Arturo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ram&#237;rez</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galleguillos</surname>
            <given-names>Lorna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vallejos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Illanes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Chile</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Chile</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="CL">Chile</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e88</fpage>
      <lpage>e90</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Um raro defeito cong&#234;nito do mioc&#225;rdio, conhecido como hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HTVE/NCVE) tem sido ocasionalmente descrito em associa&#231;&#227;o com a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos com um potencial risco emb&#243;lico sist&#234;mico, mas sua associa&#231;&#227;o com derrames isqu&#234;micos permanece controversa. Reportamos o caso de um derrame isqu&#234;mico em paciente com grave (HTVE/NCVE) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica etiol&#243;gica. Na aus&#234;ncia de outras fontes emb&#243;licas, uma grave HTVE/NCVE associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular poderia constituir uma fonte potencial de embolismo cerebral, especialmente em pacientes com alta suspeita de um mecanismo emb&#243;lico de derrame sist&#234;mico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>embolia cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente vascular cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Derrame isqu&#234;mico como a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o de hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Arturo Jaramillo<sup>I</sup>; Alfredo Ram&#237;rez<sup>II</sup>; Lorna Galleguillos<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Vallejos<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Illanes<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas e Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Chile</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas e Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Chile, Chile</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um raro defeito cong&#234;nito do mioc&#225;rdio, conhecido como hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HTVE/NCVE) tem sido ocasionalmente descrito em associa&#231;&#227;o com a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos com um potencial risco emb&#243;lico sist&#234;mico, mas sua associa&#231;&#227;o com derrames isqu&#234;micos permanece controversa. </p>
    <p> Reportamos o caso de um derrame isqu&#234;mico em paciente com grave (HTVE/NCVE) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica etiol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p> Na aus&#234;ncia de outras fontes emb&#243;licas, uma grave HTVE/NCVE associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular poderia constituir uma fonte potencial de embolismo cerebral, especialmente em pacientes com alta suspeita de um mecanismo emb&#243;lico de derrame sist&#234;mico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, embolia cerebral, acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HTVE/NCVE) &#233; uma rara cardiomiopatia cong&#234;nita caracterizada por m&#250;ltiplas e proeminentes trabecula&#231;&#245;es e profundos recessos intertrabeculares comunicando-se com a cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; cerca de 0,05%/ano a 0,24%/ano em s&#233;ries de Ecocardiografia<sup>1</sup>. Alguns estudos de necr&#243;psia e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mostraram que co&#225;gulos podem se formar em HTVE/NCVE com risco potencial de embolismo secund&#225;rio<sup>2,3</sup>. Reportamos um caso de infarto cerebral isqu&#234;mico associado com grave HTVE/NCVE associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como um poss&#237;vel mecanismo cardioemb&#243;lico sin&#233;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso cl&#237;nico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um homem de 56 anos com hist&#243;rico isolado de hipertens&#227;o apresentou uma abrupta e grave fraqueza do lado esquerdo. O exame f&#237;sico identificou um terceiro som card&#237;aco (S3) sem sopro. O exame neurol&#243;gico mostrou que o paciente apresentava-se desorientado no espa&#231;o e deu resposta incorreta sobre sua idade, apresentava hemianopsia direita, leve disartria, leve fraqueza e perda sensorial no lado esquerdo e extin&#231;&#227;o sensorial do lado esquerdo (NIHSS basal =7). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) inicial mostrou uma extensa &#225;rea de hipodensidade no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral superficial direita e da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia (ACM) profunda. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) mostrou uma les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica no mesmo territ&#243;rio arterial com uma pequena transforma&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica nos g&#226;nglios basais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) sugeriu hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou uma grave cardiomegalia sem derrame pleural. Uma ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler e uma ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) (Ecocardi&#243;grafo Vivid 7 Dimension, General Electric) mostraram uma grave miocardiopatia dilatada com hipocinesia difusa do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 20% e grave hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Nenhum trombo card&#237;aco foi detectado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). Ent&#227;o, uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) card&#237;aca foi realizada para avaliar o dano &#224; parede ventricular, a qual mostrou uma imagem ventricular caracter&#237;stica de grave n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (NCVE) nas paredes lateral, septal e apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). A raz&#227;o entre as camadas de endomioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-compactadas/compactadas era 3,0, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de NCVE/HTVE pela ecocardiografia bidimensional. Foi observada uma hipocinesia global associada nas regi&#245;es afetadas, especialmente na parede anteroseptal, com 18% de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi demonstrado atraso no aparecimento de contraste no mioc&#225;rdio. Um estudo da car&#243;tida por Doppler n&#227;o mostrou qualquer anormalidade. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi encontrada no sangue (incluindo enzimas card&#237;acas) que pudessem configurar etiologias potenciais para esse derrame isqu&#234;mico. Finalmente, um tratamento com Warfarina (INR 2-3), carvedilol, espironolactona e furosemida foi iniciado e mantido at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e88-00024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e88-00024-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o desenvolvimento embrion&#225;rio do mioc&#225;rdio, as trabecula&#231;&#245;es emergem da regi&#227;o apical dos ventr&#237;culos primitivos por volta do dia 32 e ent&#227;o involui atrav&#233;s de um processo de reabsor&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento. Depois disso, o mioc&#225;rdio se condensa gradualmente e os grandes espa&#231;os dentro da trama trabecular achatam-se ou desaparecem<sup>4</sup>. Uma falha nesse processo resulta em trabecula&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas e recessos intertrabeculares no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, um fen&#244;meno conhecido como hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o/n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HTVE/NCVE)<sup>5</sup>. Aparentemente, ambos os sexos s&#227;o afetados de forma similar. A HTVE pode se manifestar da inf&#226;ncia ao in&#237;cio da idade adulta, com alta taxa de mortalidade na maioria dos casos<sup>1</sup>. Em crian&#231;as, pode estar associada &#224; diferentes anormalidades neurol&#243;gicas, afetando nervos e/ou m&#250;sculo estriado<sup>6</sup>. Ainda h&#225; controv&#233;rsias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu papel emb&#243;lico como um defeito mioc&#225;rdico isolado, quando comparada com uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada, considerando que a relevante hipocinesia mioc&#225;rdica constitui, por si s&#243;, uma fonte emb&#243;lica reconhecida, de crian&#231;as do sexo masculino<sup>7</sup> a mulheres adultas<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso paciente n&#227;o apresentava um hist&#243;rico familiar de cardiopatia ou doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas e o derrame isqu&#234;mico foi a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O espectro cl&#237;nico da HTVE ainda n&#227;o foi bem estabelecido na literatura atual. Desde a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o em 1990<sup>4</sup>, a HTVE tem sido associada &#224; tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia card&#237;aca, depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e derrame isqu&#234;mico ou embolismo perif&#233;rico<sup>9</sup>. Embolismo cerebral tem sido reportado em 38% de HTVE em diferentes s&#233;ries<sup>2,4</sup>. Em um estudo retrospectivo de necr&#243;psias<sup>2</sup>, de 6 crian&#231;as inclu&#237;das no estudo, 3 apresentavam embolismo sist&#234;mico, 2 delas afetando o c&#233;rebro. No estudo de Chin<sup>4</sup>, 3 de 10 pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam embolismo cerebral, que foi a causa direta da morte em um deles<sup>2</sup>. Os recessos intertrabeculares no &#225;pice card&#237;aco e/ou nas paredes ventriculares lateral e inferior, que tem sido considerados como os segmentos mais frequentemente afetados<sup>3</sup>, t&#234;m uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos com risco potencial de embolismo sist&#234;mico secund&#225;rio<sup>8</sup>. Dessa forma, no estudo de Chin<sup>4</sup>, trombos murais do VE foram identificados em 2 pacientes, um deles atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia e o outro na necr&#243;psia, com um co&#225;gulo dentro dos recessos intertrabeculares neste &#250;ltimo caso. N&#227;o encontramos nenhum co&#225;gulo intertrabecular atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia ou estudo por RM card&#237;aca, mas o fluxo sangu&#237;neo entre os recessos trabeculares foi detectado na ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O infarto cerebral hemorr&#225;gico, em contraste com a forma p&#225;lida, resulta da reperfus&#227;o do leito vascular do infarto ap&#243;s al&#237;vio da oclus&#227;o, com fragmenta&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o distal de um &#234;mbolo<sup>10</sup>. Essa hip&#243;tese tem sido apoiada pela maior frequ&#234;ncia de infartos hemorr&#225;gicos secund&#225;rios a mecanismos cardioemb&#243;licos. Baseado na experi&#234;ncia acumulada, &#233; prov&#225;vel encontrar-se uma fonte cardioemb&#243;lica quando um infarto cerebral ocorreu, como suspeitado em nosso paciente que apresentava pequena transforma&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Uma fonte cardioemb&#243;lica cl&#225;ssica, tal como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, aneurisma ventricular, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ou v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca prot&#233;tica, entre outras, foi exclu&#237;da em nosso paciente.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HTVE &#233; geralmente baseado na ecocardiografia bi-dimensional<sup>4,9,11</sup>. O crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico na ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler consiste no c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o das camadas endomioc&#225;rdicas n&#227;o-compactada/compactada (N/C), que foi definida como sendo N/C &gt; 2<sup>11</sup>. Nosso paciente satisfazia tal crit&#233;rio, com uma raz&#227;o N/C = 3,0, o que sugeria HTVE. Uma angiografia do VE com contraste iodado (gadol&#237;nio) mostrou uma parede inferior disfuncional e uma regi&#227;o apical com m&#250;ltiplos recessos trabeculares. Seguindo nosso algoritmo institucional, decidimos realizar uma nova ecocardiografia usando um contraste s&#244;nico (microc&#225;psulas de albumina s&#233;rica cheias de ar, Quantison&#153;) que demonstraram numerosos, excessivamente proeminentes trabecula&#231;&#245;es e profundos recessos intertrabeculares, concordantes com HTVE, nas mesmas regi&#245;es disfuncionais evidenciadas na angiografia ventricular, com aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades card&#237;acas estruturais co-existentes. Um estudo por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) card&#237;aca foi realizado, que ajudou-nos a confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de HTVE.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, baseados nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e aqueles da RM card&#237;aca, consideramos que nosso paciente provavelmente apresentava um derrame isqu&#234;mico cardioemb&#243;lico, onde a HTVE localizada associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram os &#250;nicos achados card&#237;acos relevantes observados.</p>
    <p>Propomos que ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es possam agir como um mecanismo cardioemb&#243;lico sin&#233;rgico, mas essa proposi&#231;&#227;o precisa ser confirmada em estudos futuros, O uso combinado de ecocardiografia com Doppler colorido e RM card&#237;aca em pacientes sem doen&#231;a coronariana pode ajudar a confirmar esse dist&#250;rbio card&#237;aco n&#227;o-usual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Arturo Jaramillo </p>
        <p> Departamento de Neurolog&#237;a y Neurocirug&#237;a </p>
        <p> Hospital Cl&#237;nico de la Universidad of Chile </p>
        <p> Santos Dumont 999 </p>
        <p> Independencia, Santiago, Chile </p>
        <p>Email: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="arturo.jaramillo@gmail.com">arturo.jaramillo@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/09/08; revisado recebido em 11/12/08; aceito em 02/02/09.:</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of severe ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A rare congenital myocardial defect, known as left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction (LVHT), has been occasionally described associated with thrombus formation with a potential systemic embolic risk, but its association with ischemic strokes remains controversial. We report a case of ischemic stroke in a patient with severe LVHT and ventricular dysfunction as a possible etiologic synergistic association. In absence of other embolic sources, a severe LVTH associated with ventricular dysfunction could constitute a potential source of brain embolism, especially in patients with high suspicion of an embolic mechanism of ischemic stroke.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction, left</kwd>
        <kwd>intracranial embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of severe ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Arturo Jaramillo<sup>I</sup>; Alfredo Ram&#237;rez<sup>II</sup>; Lorna Galleguillos<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Vallejos<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Illanes<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Chile</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A rare congenital myocardial defect, known as left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction (LVHT), has been occasionally described associated with thrombus formation with a potential systemic embolic risk, but its association with ischemic strokes remains controversial.</p>
      <p> We report a case of ischemic stroke in a patient with severe LVHT and ventricular dysfunction as a possible etiologic synergistic association.</p>
      <p> In absence of other embolic sources, a severe LVTH associated with ventricular dysfunction could constitute a potential source of brain embolism, especially in patients with high suspicion of an embolic mechanism of ischemic stroke.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; ventricular dysfunction, left; intracranial embolism; stroke.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation/non-compaction (LVHT) is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by a multiple, prominent myocardial trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses communicating with the left ventricular cavity. Its prevalence is about 0.05%/y to 0.24%/y in echocardiographic series<sup>1</sup>. Some necropsy and echocardiographic studies have shown that clots can be formed in LVHT with a potential secondary embolism risk<sup>2,3</sup>. We report a case of ischemic cerebral infarction associated with severe LVHT associated to ventricular dysfunction as a possible synergistic cardioembolic mechanism. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical case </bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 56-year-old man with an isolated history of hypertension presented a sudden and severe weakness of the left side. Physical examination found a S3 without murmurs. The neurological examination showed that the patient was spatially-disoriented and gave a wrong answer about his age; he also presented right hemianopsia, mild dysarthria, mild weakness and sensory loss on the left side and sensory extinction on the left side (basal NIHSS=7). The initial CT scan showed an extensive area of hypodensity in the right superficial and deep middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. The MRI showed an ischemic lesion in the same artery territory with a small hemorrhagic transformation in the basal ganglia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The electrocardiogram suggested left ventricular hypertrophy. The chest radiography showed severe cardiomegaly without pleural effusion. A two-dimensional Doppler color-flow echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography (Vivid 7 Dimension Echocardiograph, General Electric), showed severe dilated myocardiopathy with a diffuse hypokinesia of the left ventricle, ejection fraction &lt; 20% and severe pulmonary hypertension. No cardiac thrombus was detected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2A</xref>). Subsequently, a cardiac MRI was performed to evaluate the damage to the ventricular wall, which showed a characteristic ventricular image of severe non-compacted left ventricle (LVHT) in the lateral, septal and apical walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2B</xref>). The ratio between the non-compacted/compacted (N/C) endomyocardium layers was 3.0, according with the LVHT TTE diagnostic criteria. An associated global hypokinesia in the affected regions was observed, especially in the anteroseptal wall, with 18% of ejection fraction. Not myocardial delayed enhancement was demonstrated. A carotid Doppler study failed to show any abnormality. No other associated blood abnormalities (including cardiac enzymes) were found as potential etiologies for the ischemic stroke. Finally, a regimen of warfarin (INR 2-3), carvedilol, spironolactone and furosemide was started and maintained until hospital discharge.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e88-00024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0e88-00024-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the development of the embryonic myocardium, trabeculations emerge from the apical region of the primitive ventricles at about day 32 and then involutes through a process of resorption and remodeling. Afterwards, the myocardium gradually condenses and the large spaces within the trabecular meshwork flatten or disappear<sup>4</sup>. A failure in this process results in multiple trabeculations and intertrabecular recesses in the left ventricular myocardium, a phenomenon known as LVHT<sup>5</sup>. Apparently, both sexes are similarly affected. The LVHT may manifest from infancy to young adulthood, with a high mortality rate in most cases<sup>1</sup>. In children, it can be associated with different neurological abnormalities, affecting nerves and/or striated muscle<sup>6</sup>. However, controversies still remain about its embolic role as an isolated myocardial defect, when compared with an associated ventricular dysfunction, considering that a relevant myocardial hypokinesia constitutes in itself a recognized embolic source from young boys<sup>7</sup> to adult women<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our patient did not have a family history of cardiopathy or genetic disorders and ischemic stroke was the first clinical manifestation. The current literature shows that the clinical spectrum of LVHT has yet to be established. From the first publication in 1990<sup>4</sup>, LVHT has been associated with systemic thromboembolism, cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmia, depressed left ventricular systolic function and Ischemic stroke or peripheral embolism<sup>9</sup>. Cerebral embolism has been reported at 38% of LVHT in different series<sup>2,4</sup>. In a necropsy retrospective study<sup>2</sup> that included 6 children, 3 had systemic embolism, with 2 of them involving the brain. In the study by Chin<sup>4</sup>, 3 of 10 included patients had cerebral embolism, which was the direct cause of death in one of them<sup>2</sup>. The intertrabecular recesses in the cardiac apex and/or the inferior and lateral left ventricular walls, which have been considered the more frequently affected segments<sup>3</sup>, are prone to thrombus formation with a potential risk of secondary systemic embolism<sup>18</sup>. Thus, in the study by Chin<sup>4</sup>, left ventricular mural thrombi were identified in two patients, one of them by echocardiography and the other one at necropsy, with clots being found within the intertrabecular recesses in the latter one. We failed to find any intertrabecular clots using echocardiography or cardiac MR studies, but blood flow among the trabecular recesses was detected on TTE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction, in contrast to the pale form, results from reperfusion of the vascular bed of the infarction after relief of the occlusion, with fragmentation and distal migration of an embolus<sup>10</sup>. This hypothesis has been supported by the higher frequency of hemorrhagic infarctions secondary to cardioembolic mechanisms. Based on accumulated experience, it is probably to find a cardioembolic source when a hemorrhagic brain infarction has occurred, as it was suspected in our patient who had a small hemorrhagic transformation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Classic cardioembolic sources such as atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysm, rheumatic heart disease or prosthetic cardiac valve, among others, were excluded in our patient. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of LVHT is usually based on two-dimensional echocardiography<sup>4,9,11</sup>. The TTE diagnostic criterion consists in calculating the ratio of non-compacted/compacted (N/C) endomyocardium layers, which has been defined as N/C &gt; 2<sup>11</sup>. In our patient, this criterion was met, with an N/C ratio = 3.0, suggesting LVTH. A contrast left ventricular angiography using an iodine contrast agent (gadolinium) demonstrated a dysfunctional inferior wall and an apical region with multiple trabecular recesses. Following our institutional algorithm, we decided to perform a new echocardiography using a sonic contrast (Air-filled serum albumin microcapsules, Quantison&#153;) which demonstrated numerous, excessively prominent trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses, concordant with LVHT, in the same dysfunctional regions demonstrated at left ventricular angiography, with absence of co-existing cardiac structural abnormalities. A cardiac MR study was performed, which helped us confirm a diagnosis of LVHT. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, based on the echocardiographic and cardiac MRI findings, we considered that our patient probably presented a cardioembolic ischemic stroke, where a severe and localized LVHT associated to ventricular dysfunction were the only relevant cardiac findings observed. We propose that both conditions may act as a synergistic cardioembolic mechanism, but this proposition needs to be confirmed in future studies. The combined use of Doppler color-flow echocardiography and cardiac MRI in patients without coronary disease could help confirm this unusual cardiac disorder.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
