<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TrqcMWQ4jStwmmxbCZHnPrK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400319</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tecnologias para investiga&#231;&#227;o da DAC: rela&#231;&#227;o entre publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Schiavom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>401</fpage>
      <lpage>405</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Apesar de algumas evid&#234;ncias sugerirem associa&#231;&#227;o entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o de uma tecnologia na literatura cient&#237;fica e sua difus&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, poucos estudos avaliaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar se o padr&#227;o de publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica sobre duas tecnologias competitivas utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) reflete o que ocorre na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliou-se o n&#250;mero de artigos cient&#237;ficos publicados anualmente na literatura m&#233;dica (interesse cient&#237;fico global na tecnologia) sobre duas tecnologias utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: tomografia computadorizada por feixe de el&#233;trons e tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores. Foi tamb&#233;m analisado o n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses que publicam anualmente artigos cient&#237;ficos sobre essas tecnologias (interesse geogr&#225;fico na tecnologia). RESULTADOS: A tomografia computadorizada por feixe de el&#233;trons (electron beam computed tomography - EBCT) apresentou &#225;pice de "interesse cient&#237;fico global" em 2001, com 127 artigos publicados. Ap&#243;s esse &#225;pice, o "interesse cient&#237;fico global" diminuiu cerca de 50% em 2008. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, o "interesse cient&#237;fico global" pela tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores (multidetector computed tomography - MDCT) aumentou progressivamente at&#233; 2007, com 454 artigos publicados nesse ano. O "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" pela EBCT teve &#225;pice em 2002, com 14 pa&#237;ses publicando sobre essa tecnologia. Ap&#243;s esse &#225;pice, "o interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" declinou em quase 25% at&#233; 2008, com 11 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos sobre essa tecnologia. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, o "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" pela MDCT aumentou progressivamente at&#233; 2008, com 37 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos sobre ela. CONCLUS&#195;O: A literatura cient&#237;fica m&#233;dica &#233; compat&#237;vel com a substitui&#231;&#227;o da EBCT pela MDCT na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>tecnologia de equipamentos e provis&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e t&#233;cnicas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> TOMOGRAFIA/RESSON&#194;NCIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tecnologias para investiga&#231;&#227;o da DAC - rela&#231;&#227;o entre publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Apesar de algumas evid&#234;ncias sugerirem associa&#231;&#227;o entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o de uma tecnologia na literatura cient&#237;fica e sua difus&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, poucos estudos avaliaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar se o padr&#227;o de publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica sobre duas tecnologias competitivas utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) reflete o que ocorre na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Avaliou-se o n&#250;mero de artigos cient&#237;ficos publicados anualmente na literatura m&#233;dica (interesse cient&#237;fico global na tecnologia) sobre duas tecnologias utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: tomografia computadorizada por feixe de el&#233;trons e tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores. Foi tamb&#233;m analisado o n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses que publicam anualmente artigos cient&#237;ficos sobre essas tecnologias (interesse geogr&#225;fico na tecnologia). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A tomografia computadorizada por feixe de el&#233;trons (<italic>electron beam computed tomography</italic> - EBCT) apresentou &#225;pice de "interesse cient&#237;fico global" em 2001, com 127 artigos publicados. Ap&#243;s esse &#225;pice, o "interesse cient&#237;fico global" diminuiu cerca de 50% em 2008. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, o "interesse cient&#237;fico global" pela tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores (<italic>multidetector computed tomography</italic> - MDCT) aumentou progressivamente at&#233; 2007, com 454 artigos publicados nesse ano. O "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" pela EBCT teve &#225;pice em 2002, com 14 pa&#237;ses publicando sobre essa tecnologia. Ap&#243;s esse &#225;pice, "o interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" declinou em quase 25% at&#233; 2008, com 11 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos sobre essa tecnologia. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, o "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" pela MDCT aumentou progressivamente at&#233; 2008, com 37 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos sobre ela. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A literatura cient&#237;fica m&#233;dica &#233; compat&#237;vel com a substitui&#231;&#227;o da EBCT pela MDCT na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias, tecnologia de equipamentos e provis&#245;es, publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e t&#233;cnicas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As imagens do cora&#231;&#227;o utilizando tomografia computadorizada tiveram como grande impulso inicial a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos dotados da t&#233;cnica de tomografia computadorizada por feixe de el&#233;trons (electron beam computed tomography - EBCT)<sup>1</sup> que tem como principal caracter&#237;stica uma alta resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal (&lt;100 ms). A EBCT permite estimar n&#227;o invasivamente os dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio ao longo das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<sup>2</sup>, e, uma vez que essa deposi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada biologicamente &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>3</sup>, essa t&#233;cnica pode ser utilizada na investiga&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC).</p>
    <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o da tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores (multidetector computed tomography - MDCT) no final dos anos 1990<sup>4</sup>, a utilidade da EBCT na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da DAC passou a ser sobrepujada. Dessa forma, as imagens card&#237;acas utilizando a MDCT passaram a substituir aquelas realizadas com a EBCT<sup>5</sup>, que rapidamente tornou-se uma tecnologia obsoleta.</p>
    <p>Os sinais dessa obsolesc&#234;ncia podem ser inferidos do fato de a Imatron<sup>&#174;</sup> (&#250;nica companhia a fabricar a EBCT) ter vendido apenas 150 equipamentos, e de a General Electric<sup>&#174;</sup>, que comprou a Imatron<sup>&#174;</sup> em 2001, ter interrompido a produ&#231;&#227;o da EBCT alguns anos ap&#243;s<sup>6</sup>. Outro sinal da obsolesc&#234;ncia da EBCT adv&#233;m da pr&#243;pria trajet&#243;ria da tecnologia no Brasil. O &#250;nico servi&#231;o a adquirir a EBCT no Brasil foi o Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, em 1998<sup>7</sup>. Com a posterior desativa&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia cerca de quatro anos ap&#243;s - parte da experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein com a EBCT foi publicada em dezembro de 2003 nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em dire&#231;&#227;o oposta &#224; EBCT, a MDCT tem conquistado cada vez mais espa&#231;o na pr&#225;tica clinica. Em relat&#243;rio recente apresentado pela empresa de avalia&#231;&#227;o de mercado de imagens diagn&#243;sticas IMV<sup>&#174;9</sup>, constatou-se que a ado&#231;&#227;o de equipamento de tomografia computadorizada de 64 canais por servi&#231;os de cardiologia dobrou nos &#250;ltimos dois anos.</p>
    <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que a exposi&#231;&#227;o de uma tecnologia na literatura cient&#237;fica est&#225; associada &#224; difus&#227;o dessa tecnologia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Hillman<sup>10</sup> sugere que a curva sigmoide da difus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; precedida por outra curva sigmoide representativa da dissemina&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o que impele o interesse comercial pela tecnologia. Segundo Greer<sup>11</sup>, h&#225; quatro maneiras principais pelas quais se adquire interesse por uma inova&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica na &#225;rea m&#233;dica. A maneira mais tradicional e convencional &#233; pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a inova&#231;&#227;o em congresso e pela publica&#231;&#227;o em revistas cient&#237;ficas, visto que estas &#250;ltimas s&#227;o consideradas as fontes mais confi&#225;veis de informa&#231;&#227;o, em decorr&#234;ncia da revis&#227;o por pares.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, existem poucos trabalhos que efetivamente relacionam a trajet&#243;ria de tecnologias m&#233;dicas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com sua exposi&#231;&#227;o na literatura cient&#237;fica. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar se o padr&#227;o de publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica sobre duas tecnologias competitivas utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC reflete o que ocorre na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A base de dados escolhida para a busca dos artigos relacionados &#224;s duas tecnologias (EBCT e MDCT) foi o PubMed - um banco de dados da U. S. National Library of Medicine - que permite pesquisas bibliogr&#225;ficas em mais de 17 milh&#245;es de refer&#234;ncias na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de publicadas em cerca de 5.200 revistas cient&#237;ficas, tanto nos Estados Unidos como em mais de 70 pa&#237;ses, desde 1949. O PubMed &#233; mantido pela Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline<sup>&#174;</sup>) e est&#225; dispon&#237;vel na internet (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/</ext-link>). Para efetuar a busca no PubMed, utilizou-se o programa Reference Manager<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 20 de junho 2009, fizemos a busca dos artigos cient&#237;ficos publicados sobre as duas tecnologias (EBCT e MDCT). As estrat&#233;gias de busca utilizadas foram as seguintes:</p>
    <p>&#149; Tecnologia: MDCT.</p>
    <p>&#149; Estrat&#233;gia: [(multidetector computed tomography) OR (MDCT) OR (multidetector CT) OR (multidetector computerized tomography) OR (MSCT) OR (multislice spiral computed tomography) OR (multislice CT) OR (multislice computed tomography) OR (multislice computerized tomography) OR (multi-slice computed tomography) OR (multi-slice computerized tomography)] AND (coronary).</p>
    <p>&#149; Tecnologia: EBCT.</p>
    <p>&#149; Estrat&#233;gia: [(electron beam computed tomography) OR (electron beam tomography) OR (electron beam computerized tomography) OR (electron beam CT) OR (imatron)] AND (coronary).</p>
    <p>Os artigos obtidos nas buscas foram posteriormente separados pelo ano de publica&#231;&#227;o e pelo pa&#237;s que publicou o artigo, derivado da avalia&#231;&#227;o do endere&#231;o de publica&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no PubMed. Alguns artigos que n&#227;o possu&#237;am o endere&#231;o de publica&#231;&#227;o foram posteriormente exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, foi poss&#237;vel obter o n&#250;mero de artigos publicados anualmente sobre as duas tecnologias ("interesse cient&#237;fico global" na tecnologia) e o n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses que publicaram sobre as tecnologias a cada ano ("interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" na tecnologia).</p>
    <p>O projeto teve financiamento do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq - n&#186; 402491/2007-6), o que possibilitou a aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos computadores utilizados na an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As buscas realizadas no PubMed resultaram em 1.122 (1.052 com endere&#231;o de publica&#231;&#227;o) artigos publicados sobre a EBCT e 1.983 (1.806 com endere&#231;o de publica&#231;&#227;o) sobre a MDCT at&#233; 2008. O primeiro artigo sobre EBCT obtido utilizando essa estrat&#233;gia de busca foi publicado em 1992, e o primeiro artigo sobre MDCT, em 1999, o que mostra que a EBCT como t&#233;cnica da avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o antecedeu em sete anos a t&#233;cnica por MDCT.</p>
    <p>Os <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">2</xref> apresentam a quantidade de publica&#231;&#245;es anuais sobre as duas tecnologias e os pa&#237;ses que publicaram anualmente artigos sobre elas.</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0401-00019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0401-00019-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nesses gr&#225;ficos, observa-se que a EBCT apresentou um &#225;pice de "interesse cient&#237;fico global" em 2001 (127 artigos publicados), dois anos ap&#243;s o surgimento da MDCT na literatura cient&#237;fica (1999), e, &#224; medida que o interesse por esta aumentou, o interesse pela EBCT foi diminuindo gradualmente at&#233; 2008, com a publica&#231;&#227;o de somente 60 artigos. J&#225; o "interesse cient&#237;fico global" na MDCT aumentou progressivamente desde a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o na literatura em 1999, com 454 artigos publicados em 2007. J&#225; o "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" na EBCT teve um &#225;pice em 2002, com 14 pa&#237;ses publicando sobre essa tecnologia. Ap&#243;s esse &#225;pice, "o interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" tamb&#233;m declinou at&#233; 2008, com 11 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos sobre essa tecnologia. Em oposi&#231;&#227;o, o "interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" na MDCT aumentou progressivamente at&#233; 2008, com 37 pa&#237;ses publicando artigos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve um aumento significativo no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de e, consequentemente, uma crescente utiliza&#231;&#227;o delas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>12</sup>. Nesse contexto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias na &#225;rea de diagn&#243;stico por imagem tem se expandido muito, apresentando taxa de crescimento da ordem de 10% ao ano nos Estados Unidos<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>No que tange especificamente &#224; DAC, &#233; natural que o interesse pelo desenvolvimento de novos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos para a detec&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento dessa patologia seja grande, uma vez que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a &#233; bastante elevada, al&#233;m de esta ser a principal causa de mortalidade em alguns grupos populacionais<sup>14</sup>. Dessa forma, novos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o frequentemente desenvolvidos com o prop&#243;sito de detectar a DAC, desde o eletrocardiograma simples (ECG) at&#233;, mais recentemente, a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a pr&#243;pria tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>No entanto, enquanto algumas tecnologias se difundem em uma velocidade expressiva, podendo modificar os paradigmas na aten&#231;&#227;o a determinadas doen&#231;as, nem sempre as tecnologias desenvolvidas t&#234;m um papel cl&#237;nico relevante, e algumas simplesmente n&#227;o apresentam aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica significativa e passam rapidamente da fase de difus&#227;o para a fase de obsolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Fica evidente, portanto, como o tema "difus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica" &#233; importante nos dias atuais, e o uso de tecnologia em sa&#250;de de maneira adequada constitui um grande desafio para as sociedades modernas. No entanto, avaliar os padr&#245;es de difus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica n&#227;o &#233; tarefa f&#225;cil em decorr&#234;ncia da exiguidade de dados nessa &#225;rea e da pouca disponibilidade desses dados em diversos pa&#237;ses.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tecnologia tem sido descrita. Bruce J. Hillman<sup>10</sup>, como j&#225; citado, sugere que a curva de difus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica &#233; precedida por curva similar, representando a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento sobre a tecnologia em quest&#227;o. Em an&#225;lise recente, apresentada no congresso da Society of Nuclear Medicine, em Toronto<sup>16</sup>, observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de artigos cient&#237;ficos publicados sobre um grupo de tecnologias utilizadas em medicina nuclear e o uso dessas tecnologias na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Em 2005, por exemplo, constatou-se &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson de 0,99 (p &lt; 0,01) entre o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das tecnologias.</p>
    <p>A fim de aprofundar as evid&#234;ncias dessa rela&#231;&#227;o entre produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tecnologia, no presente trabalho analisamos o padr&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o na literatura cient&#237;fica de duas tecnologias utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (EBCT e MDCT), e os dados existentes sugerem que a EBCT entrou em obsolesc&#234;ncia porque os fabricantes cessaram a sua produ&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>. Os achados da literatura cient&#237;fica sobre essas tecnologias foram compat&#237;veis com a substitui&#231;&#227;o da EBCT pela MDCT na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, visto que tanto o n&#250;mero de artigos publicados sobre a EBCT ("interesse cient&#237;fico global" na tecnologia) quanto como o n&#250;mero de pa&#237;ses que anualmente publicam sobre o assunto ("interesse cient&#237;fico geogr&#225;fico" na tecnologia) come&#231;aram a decrescer poucos anos ap&#243;s o aparecimento da MDCT na literatura cient&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>Os motivos dessa substitui&#231;&#227;o devem ser os mais diversos. Apesar de os desempenhos dessas tecnologias na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos escores de c&#225;lcio serem bastante compar&#225;veis<sup>17</sup>, no caso da angiotomografia de coron&#225;ria, que fornece avalia&#231;&#227;o da luz e estenose coron&#225;ria, n&#227;o h&#225; igualdade tecnol&#243;gica. Embora a EBCT possa realizar tamb&#233;m angiotomografia com contraste para visualiza&#231;&#227;o da luz coron&#225;ria, a qualidade da imagem &#233; degradada por causa das limita&#231;&#245;es na espessura do corte<sup>18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, essa limita&#231;&#227;o na espessura do corte torna a EBCT inferior &#224; MDCT na avalia&#231;&#227;o de outras estruturas n&#227;o card&#237;acas<sup>18</sup>. Dessa forma, a EBCT &#233; praticamente exclusiva para avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio, caracter&#237;stica particularmente problem&#225;tica em servi&#231;os que n&#227;o apresentam muitos exames card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>Independentemente das causas que levaram &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da EBCT pela MDCT, os resultados aqui apresentados corroboram a hip&#243;tese feita por outros autores<sup>10,11</sup> de que a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica sobre determinada tecnologia est&#225; associada &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, refor&#231;ando, portanto, a ideia de que a an&#225;lise da literatura cient&#237;fica possa servir como indicador da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de determinada tecnologia da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A observa&#231;&#227;o dessa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; bastante interessante, uma vez que medir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma tecnologia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; tarefa &#225;rdua em decorr&#234;ncia da pouca disponibilidade dos dados sobre esse uso. Ao contr&#225;rio, a medi&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia na literatura cient&#237;fica pode ser realizada de maneira simples, utilizando-se bases de dados amplamente dispon&#237;veis na internet (PubMed, Lilacs e Embase, ISI, entre outras).</p>
    <p>Considerando que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da difus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; bastante importante em decorr&#234;ncia dos custos crescentes que envolvem essa pr&#225;tica, m&#233;todos que permitam estimar de maneira simples o comportamento da difus&#227;o das diferentes tecnologias poder&#227;o ser &#250;teis para dirigir os investimentos a serem feitos pelos prestadores de servi&#231;o em sa&#250;de e, dessa feita, para evitar investimentos em tecnologias em vias de obsolesc&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, poder&#227;o tamb&#233;m ser &#250;teis para auxiliar os pr&#243;prios pagadores do sistema (gestores de conv&#234;nios e seguros sa&#250;de) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de quais tecnologias m&#233;dicas t&#234;m o potencial para representar aumentos expressivos dos custos da aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em curto e m&#233;dio prazos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o das tecnologias m&#233;dicas na literatura cient&#237;fica parece servir como uma estimativa dos padr&#245;es de difus&#227;o dessas tecnologias na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e, no presente trabalho, &#233; compat&#237;vel com a substitui&#231;&#227;o da EBCT pela MDCT na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Schiavom Duarte </p>
        <p> Av. Ang&#233;lica 2389 ap. 111-B - Consola&#231;&#227;o </p>
        <p> 01227-200 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="psduarte@usp.br">psduarte@usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="psduarte@hotmail.com">psduarte@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/05/09; revisado recebido em 15/07/09; aceito em 07/08/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Lipton MJ, Higgins    CB, Farmer D, Boyd DP. Cardiac imaging with a high-speed Cine-CT Scanner: preliminary    results. Radiology. 1984; 152 (3): 579-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac imaging with a high-speed Cine-CT Scanner: preliminary results</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lipton</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farmer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyd</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Guerci AD, Spadaro    LA, Popma JJ, Goodman KJ, Brundage BH, Budoff M, et al. Relation of coronary    calcium score by electron beam computed tomography to arteriographic findings    in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79 (2): 128-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of coronary calcium score by electron beam computed tomography to arteriographic findings in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guerci</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brundage</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budoff</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Janowitz WR,    Agatston AS, Viamonte M Jr. Comparison of serial quantitative evaluation of    calcified coronary artery plaque by ultrafast computed tomography in persons    with and without obstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68    (1): 1-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of serial quantitative evaluation of calcified coronary artery plaque by ultrafast computed tomography in persons with and without obstructive coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janowitz</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agatston</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viamonte M</surname>
              <given-names>Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Ohnesorge B,    Flohr T, Schaller S, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Becker C, Schopf UJ, et al. The technical    bases and uses of multi-slice CT. Radiologe. 1999; 39 (11): 923-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The technical bases and uses of multi-slice CT</article-title>
          <source>Radiologe</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>923</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ohnesorge</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flohr</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klingenbeck-Regn</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schopf</surname>
              <given-names>UJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Becker A, Leber    A, White CW, Becker C, Reiser MF, Knez A. Multislice computed tomography for    determination of coronary artery disease in a symptomatic patient population.    Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007; 23 (3): 361-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multislice computed tomography for determination of coronary artery disease in a symptomatic patient population</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leber</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiser</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Retsky M. Electron    beam computed tomography: challenges and opportunities. Physics Procedia. 2008;    1: 149-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Electron beam computed tomography: challenges and opportunities</article-title>
          <source>Physics Procedia</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Retsky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Imatron announces first ultrafast CT scanner sale in South America; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Business Wire. 1998 Nov 30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Imatron announces first ultrafast CT scanner sale in South America</source>
          <date>
            <month>11</month>
            <year>1998</year>
            <day>30</day>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Meneghelo RS,    Santos RD, Almeida B, Hidal J, Martinez T, Moron R, et al. Distribution of coronary    artery calcium scores determined by ultrafast computed tomography in 2.253 asymptomatic    white men. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 81 (Suppl): 27-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Distribution of coronary artery calcium scores determined by ultrafast computed tomography in 2.253 asymptomatic white men</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hidal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moron</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. IMV Medical Information Division Present, practices and future directions in cardiac imaging: the cardiologist's perspective, 2008-2001. Des Plaines (Illinois); 2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>practices and future directions in cardiac imaging: the cardiologist's perspective</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Hillman BJ.    The diffusion of new imaging technologies: a molecular imaging prospective.    J Am Coll Radiol. 2006; 3 (1): 33-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The diffusion of new imaging technologies: a molecular imaging prospective</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Radiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hillman</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Greer AL. Advances    in the study of diffusion of innovation in health care organizations. Milbank    Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1977; 55 (4): 505-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Advances in the study of diffusion of innovation in health care organizations</article-title>
          <source>Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greer</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Gelijns A,    Rosenberg N. The dynamics of technological change in medicine. Health Aff (Millwood).    1994; 13 (3): 28-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The dynamics of technological change in medicine</article-title>
          <source>Health Aff (Millwood)</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>28</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gelijns</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Iglehart JK.    The new era of medical imagingprogress and pitfalls. N Engl J Med. 2006;    354 (26): 2822-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The new era of medical imaging-progress and pitfalls</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2822</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <volume>354</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iglehart</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Shaw LJ, Bairey    Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kelsey SF, et al. Insights from the    NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender    differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized    diagnostic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47 (3 Suppl): S4-S20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S4</fpage>
          <lpage>S20</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bairey Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pepine</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelsey</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Sanz J, Fayad    ZA. Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2008; 451 (7181):    953-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>953</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>7181</issue>
          <volume>451</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fayad</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Duarte PS,    Buchpiguel CA, Pereira JCR. The scientific interest in nuclear medicine procedures    as predictive of clinical use [abstract]. J Nucl Med. 2009; 50 (Suppl    2): 267.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The scientific interest in nuclear medicine procedures as predictive of clinical use [abstract]</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchpiguel</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>JCR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Becker CR,    Kleffel T, Crispin A, Knez A, Young J, Schoepf UJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium    measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol.    2001; 176 (5): 1295-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1295</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>176</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleffel</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crispin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoepf</surname>
              <given-names>UJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Flohr TG, Ohnesorge    BM. Imaging of the heart with computed tomography. Basic Res Cardiol. 2008;    103 (2): 161-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Imaging of the heart with computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Basic Res Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flohr</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohnesorge</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Technologies for the investigation of CAD: association between scientific publications and clinical use</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Although some evidence suggests an association between a technology exposure in the literature and its dissemination in clinical practice, few studies have evaluated such association. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the pattern of scientific publication on two competitive technologies used in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) reflects what occurs in clinical practice. METHODS: The number of scientific articles published annually in the medical literature (global scientific interest in technology) on two technologies used in the assessment of CAD was evaluated: electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The number of countries that annually publish scientific articles about these technologies (geographic interest in the technology) was also analyzed. RESULTS: The EBCT showed a peak of "global scientific interest" in 2001, with 127 published articles. After this peak, the "global scientific interest" decreased by around 50% in 2008. In opposition, the "global scientific interest" for MDCT progressively increased up to 2007, with 454 articles published in that year. The "geographic scientific interest" by EBCT showed a peak in 2002, with 14 countries publishing about this technology. After this peak, the "geographic scientific interest" decreased by almost 25% up to 2008, with 11 countries publishing about this technology. In opposition, the "geographic scientific interest" by MDCT progressively increased up to 2008, with 37 countries publishing articles about it. CONCLUSION: The medical scientific literature is compatible with the substitution of EBCT by MDCT in the assessment of CAD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>equipment and supplies technology</kwd>
        <kwd>scientific and technical publications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Technologies for theinvestigation of CAD - association between scientific publications and clinical use</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Although some evidence suggests an association between a technology exposure in the literature and its dissemination in clinical practice, few studies have evaluated such association.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze whether the pattern of scientific publication on two competitive technologies used in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) reflects what occurs in clinical practice.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The number of scientific articles published annually in the medical literature (global scientific interest in technology) on two technologies used in the assessment of CAD was evaluated: electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The number of countries that annually publish scientific articles about these technologies (geographic interest in the technology) was also analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The EBCT showed a peak of "global scientific interest" in 2001, with 127 published articles. After this peak, the "global scientific interest" decreased by around 50% in 2008. In opposition, the "global scientific interest" for MDCT progressively increased up to 2007, with 454 articles published in that year. The "geographic scientific interest" by EBCT showed a peak in 2002, with 14 countries publishing about this technology. After this peak, the "geographic scientific interest" decreased by almost 25% up to 2008, with 11 countries publishing about this technology. In opposition, the "geographic scientific interest" by MDCT progressively increased up to 2008, with 37 countries publishing articles about it.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The medical scientific literature is compatible with the substitution of EBCT by MDCT in the assessment of CAD. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 94(3):379-382)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary disease; equipment and supplies technology; scientific and technical publications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The images of the heart generated by computed tomography had as the great initial impulse the use of equipment that had the electron beam computed tomography (EBCT)<sup>1</sup> technology, which has as the main characteristic a high temporal resolution (&lt;100 ms). The EBCT allows the noninvasive estimation of the calcium deposits along the coronary arteries<sup>2</sup>, and when this deposition is biologically associated with the atherosclerotic disease<sup>3</sup>, this technique can be used in the investigation of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p>With the introduction of the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) at the end of the 90s<sup>4</sup>, the usefulness of the EBCT in the noninvasive assessment of CAD started to be surpassed. Thus, the heart images using the MDCT started to substitute those acquired through the EBCT<sup>5</sup>, which rapidly became an obsolete technology.</p>
      <p>The signs of this obsolescence can be inferred from the fact that Imatron<sup>&#174;</sup> (the only company that manufactures EBCT) has sold only 150 devices, whereas General Electric<sup>&#174;</sup>, which bought Imatron<sup>&#174;</sup> in 2001, interrupted the production of EBCT a few years later<sup>6</sup>. Another sign of the obsolescence of the EBCT originates from the trajectory of the technology in Brazil. The only service that acquired the EBCT in Brazil was Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, in 1998<sup>7</sup>, with the posterior deactivation of this technology around four years later - part of the clinical experience of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein with EBCT was published in December 2003 in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In opposition to the EBCT, the MDCT has been progressively more used in clinical practice. In a recent report presented by the diagnostic imaging market assessment company IMV&#174;<sup>9</sup>, it was observed that the use of 64-channel computed tomography equipment by Cardiology services has increased two-fold in the last two years.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that the exposure of a technology in scientific literature is associated with the dissemination of this technology in clinical practice. Hillman<sup>10</sup> suggests that the sigmoid curve of technological dissemination in clinical practice is preceded by another sigmoid curve representative of the dissemination of the information that impels the commercial interest for the technology. According to Greer<sup>11</sup>, there are four main ways to acquire interest for a technological innovation in the medical area. The most traditional and conventional way is through the presentation of information on the technological innovation in a Congress and through its publication in scientific journals, with the latter being considered the most reliable sources of information, as they are peer-reviewed.</p>
      <p>In spite of this evidence, there have been few studies that effectively associated the trajectory of medical technologies in clinical practice with their exposure in scientific literature. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze whether the pattern of the scientific publication on two competitive technologies used in the assessment of CAD reflects what occurs in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The database chosen for the search of articles related to the two technologies (EBCT and MDCT) was PubMed - a database of the U. S. National Library of Medicine - which allows bibliographic searches in more than 17 million references in the health area published in approximately 5,200 scientific journals, in the United States as well as in more than 70 countries, since 1949. PubMed is maintained by the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline<sup>&#174;</sup>) and is available on the internet at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/</ext-link>. The program Reference Manager11<sup>&#174;</sup> was used to carry out the search in PubMed.</p>
      <p>On June 20, 2009, the search for scientific articles published on the two technologies (EBCT and MDCT) was carried out. The search strategies used were the following:</p>
      <p>&#149; Technology: MDCT.</p>
      <p>&#149; Strategy: [(multidetector computed tomography) OR (MDCT) OR (multidetector CT) OR (multidetector computerized tomography) OR (MSCT) OR (multislice spiral computed tomography) OR (multislice CT) OR (multislice computed tomography) OR (multislice computerized tomography) OR (multi-slice computed tomography) OR (multi-slice computerized tomography)] AND (coronary).</p>
      <p>&#149; Technology: EBCT.</p>
      <p>&#149; Strategy: [(electron beam computed tomography) OR (electron beam tomography) OR (electron beam computerized tomography) OR (electron beam CT) OR (imatron)] AND (coronary).</p>
      <p>The articles obtained through the search were subsequently separated by year of publication and country that published the article, obtained from the address for correspondence available at PubMed. Some articles that did not have the address for correspondence were later excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it was possible to obtain the number of articles published annually on the two technologies ("global scientific interest" in the technology) and the number of countries that published on the technologies at each year ("geographic scientific interest" in the technology).</p>
      <p>The project had financial support from the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico - CNPq - process number 402491/2007-6) which allowed the acquisition of the computers used in the analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The searches carried out in PubMed resulted in 1,122 articles (1,052 with corresponding address) published on EBCT and 1,983 (1,806 with corresponding address) on MDCT until 2008. The first article on EBCT obtained through this search strategy had been published in 1992 and the first article on MDCT, in 1999, which shows that the EBCT, as a heart assessment technique, preceded by seven years the technique by MDCT.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="c2-body2">2</xref> present the number of annual publications on the two technologies and the countries that published articles about them annually.</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0401-00019-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="c2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0401-00019-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The charts show that the EBCT presented a peak of "global scientific interest" in 2001 (127 published articles), two years after the appearance of the MDCT in scientific literature (1999) and, as the interest for the latter increased, the interest for the EBCT gradually decreased until 2008, with the publication of only 60 articles. On the other hand, the "global scientific interest" in the MDCT progressively increased since its introduction in literature in 1999, with 454 articles published in 2007.</p>
      <p>Regarding the "geographic scientific interest", the EBCT had a peak in 2002, with 14 countries publishing articles on this technology. After this peak, the "geographic scientific interest" also decreased until 2008, with 11 countries publishing articles on this technology. In opposition, the "geographic scientific interest" in the MDCT progressively increased until 2008, with 37 countries publishing articles on this technology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the last decades there has been a significant increase in the development of new technologies in the health area and, consequently, an increasing use of these technologies in clinical practice<sup>12</sup>. In this context, the use of technologies in the area of imaging diagnosis has expanded, presenting a growth rate of approximately 10% a year in the United States<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding specifically CAD, it is natural that the interest for the development of new diagnostic methods for the detection and follow-up of this pathology is high, as the prevalence of the disease is quite elevated, in addition to the fact that this is the main cause of mortality in some population groups<sup>14</sup>. Therefore, new diagnostic methods are often developed with the purpose of detecting CAD, from the simple electrocardiogram (ECG) to, more recently, the positron-emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the multiple-detector computed tomography (MDCT) itself<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, while some technologies disseminate at a significant velocity, being capable of modifying the paradigms concerning the attention to certain diseases, the developed technologies do not always have a relevant clinical role and some of them simply do not have significant clinical applicability and thus rapidly pass from the phase of dissemination to the phase of obsolescence.</p>
      <p>It is evident, therefore, that the issue "technological dissemination" is currently very important and that the adequate use of technology in healthcare constitutes a challenge for modern societies. Nonetheless, to evaluate the patterns of technology dissemination is not an easy task due to the scarcity of data in this area and the little availability of these data in several countries.</p>
      <p>The association between the production of knowledge and the use of technology has been described. Bruce J. Hillman<sup>10</sup>, as mentioned before, suggests that the curve of technological dissemination is preceded by a similar curve, representing the dissemination of knowledge on the technology itself. In a recent analysis, presented at the Congress of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, in Toronto<sup>16</sup>, an association between the number of scientific articles published on a group of technologies used in Nuclear Medicine and the use of these technologies in clinical practice was observed. In 2005 for instance, a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p&lt; 0.01) was observed between the number of scientific publications and the clinical use of technologies.</p>
      <p>In order to deepen the evidence of this association between production of knowledge and use of technology, the present study analyzed the pattern of exposure in the scientific literature of two technologies used in the assessment of coronary artery disease (EBCT and MDCT) and the existing data suggested that the EBCT became obsolescent because the manufacturers stopped its production<sup>6</sup>. The literature findings on these technologies were compatible with the substitution of EBCT by MDCT in clinical practice, considering that the number of articles published on EBCT ("global scientific interest" in the technology) as well as the number of countries that annually publish on the subject ("geographic scientific interest" in the technology) started to decrease a few years after the appearance of MDCT in the scientific literature.</p>
      <p>The reasons for this substitution must be diverse. While the performance of these technologies in the assessment of the calcium scores is quite comparable<sup>17</sup>, in the case of the coronary angiotomography, which provides coronary stenosis and lumen assessment, there is no technological equality. Although the EBCT can also perform the angiotomography with contrast, allowing the visualization of the coronary lumen, the image quality is degraded due to the limitations in slice thickness<sup>18</sup>. Moreover, this limitation in slice thickness also makes the EBCT inferior to the MDCT in the assessment of other non-cardiac structures<sup>18</sup>. Thus, the EBCT is practically exclusive for the assessment of calcium score, a characteristic particularly problematic in Services that do not present many cardiac assessments.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the causes that led to the substitution of EBCT by MDCT, the results herein presented corroborate the hypothesis made by other authors<sup>10,11</sup> that the scientific production on a certain technology is associated to the use of this technology in clinical practice, thus reinforcing the idea that the analysis of scientific literature can act as the indicator for the use of a certain technology in clinical practice. The observation of this association is quite interesting, as measuring the use of a technology in clinical practice is a hard task, due to the little availability of data on such use. On the contrary, the assessment of the exposure of the technology in the scientific literature can be carried out easily, through databases that are broadly available on the internet (PubMed, Lilacs and Embase, ISI, among others).</p>
      <p>Considering that the assessment of the technological dissemination in clinical practice is quite important due to the increasing costs involved in this practice, simple methods that allow estimating the behavior of the dissemination of different technologies can be useful to direct the investments to be made by healthcare providers and, therefore, prevent investments in technologies about to become obsolete. Additionally, they can also be useful to help the system payers (health insurance managers and providers) in the assessment of which medical technologies have the potential to represent significant increases in costs of medical attention in the short and medium term.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The exposure of the medical technologies in the scientific literature seems to act as an estimate of the pattern of dissemination of these technologies in clinical practice and, in the present study, it is compatible with the substitution of EBCT by MDCT in the assessment of coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
