<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KJQ9Rw3T9jXrrt558FmrpbS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400317</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores cl&#237;nicos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>385</fpage>
      <lpage>393</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Identifica&#231;&#227;o e impacto cl&#237;nico da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em desfechos intra-hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada permanecem pouco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Descrever preditores cl&#237;nicos e desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com IC descompensada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, e desenvolver um escore preditivo baseado em dados cl&#237;nicos obtidos no momento da admiss&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas devido a IC descompensada (n=721) em um hospital terci&#225;rio foram acompanhadas at&#233; a alta ou &#243;bito. Mais de 80 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram avaliadas para identificar os preditores da FEVE preservada no momento da admiss&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se FEVE preservada (&gt;50%) em 224 (31%) interna&#231;&#245;es. Os preditores cl&#237;nicos de FEVE preservada foram: idade &gt;70 anos (p= 0,04); sexo feminino (p&lt;0,001); etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (p&lt;0,001); fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial (p=0,001); anemia (p=0,001); press&#227;o de pulso &gt;45 mmHg (p&lt;0,001); e aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular verificadas no eletrocardiograma (p&lt;0,001). Um escore cl&#237;nico baseado nessas vari&#225;veis foi capaz de predizer com acur&#225;cia a presen&#231;a de FEVE preservada no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,76). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada na taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar ou de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de acordo com os quintis de FEVE. CONCLUS&#195;O: A FEVE preservada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente e m&#243;rbida entre pacientes hospitalizados por IC. Dados cl&#237;nicos simples obtidos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o podem ser utilizados para predizer FEVE preservada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores cl&#237;nicos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Livia Goldraich<sup>I</sup>; Nadine Clausell<sup>I, II</sup>; Andr&#233;ia Biolo<sup>I, II</sup>; Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva<sup>I, II</sup>; Lu&#237;s Eduardo Rohde<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Identifica&#231;&#227;o e impacto cl&#237;nico da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em desfechos intra-hospitalares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) descompensada permanecem pouco conhecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever preditores cl&#237;nicos e desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com IC descompensada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, e desenvolver um escore preditivo baseado em dados cl&#237;nicos obtidos no momento da admiss&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas devido a IC descompensada (n=721) em um hospital terci&#225;rio foram acompanhadas at&#233; a alta ou &#243;bito. Mais de 80 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram avaliadas para identificar os preditores da FEVE preservada no momento da admiss&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Identificou-se FEVE preservada (<underline>&gt;</underline>50%) em 224 (31%) interna&#231;&#245;es. Os preditores cl&#237;nicos de FEVE preservada foram: idade &gt;70 anos (p= 0,04); sexo feminino (p&lt;0,001); etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (p&lt;0,001); fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (p=0,001); anemia (p=0,001); press&#227;o de pulso &gt;45 mmHg (p&lt;0,001); e aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular verificadas no eletrocardiograma (p&lt;0,001). Um escore cl&#237;nico baseado nessas vari&#225;veis foi capaz de predizer com acur&#225;cia a presen&#231;a de FEVE preservada no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,76). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada na taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar ou de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de acordo com os quintis de FEVE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A FEVE preservada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente e m&#243;rbida entre pacientes hospitalizados por IC. Dados cl&#237;nicos simples obtidos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o podem ser utilizados para predizer FEVE preservada.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) persiste como um problema de sa&#250;de de grande relev&#226;ncia no Brasil e no mundo<sup>1-4</sup>. A IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada &#233; reconhecida h&#225; mais 30 anos, mas somente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada &#233; que se obteve uma maior compreens&#227;o de sua epidemiologia, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stico<sup>5-8</sup>. Atualmente, reconhece-se que uma grande quantidade de pacientes que apresentam sintomas de IC possui fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) normal ou ligeiramente reduzida. A preval&#234;ncia da FEVE preservada em coortes com IC, contudo, pode variar bastante, dependendo dos crit&#233;rios adotados para o diagn&#243;stico, configura&#231;&#227;o e delineamento do estudo. Estima-se que aproximadamente 30-50% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares atribu&#237;das &#224; IC descompensada ocorrem em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>9-12</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devido a IC com FEVE preservada tornaram-se cada vez mais freq&#252;entes nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios adotados para o diagn&#243;stico de IC associada &#224; FEVE normal n&#227;o s&#227;o universalmente aceitos e podem ser confuso e pouco pr&#225;ticos para os m&#233;dicos que avaliam pacientes com IC descompensada<sup>14</sup>. Na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, a r&#225;pida identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada &#233; particularmente importante, tendo em vista que as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento podem-se alterar consideravelmente de acordo com as diferentes categorias de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>15</sup>. Dados diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos derivados de an&#225;lises <italic>post-hoc</italic> de ensaios cl&#237;nicos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes ambulatoriais com FEVE preservada podem n&#227;o se aplicar a este cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico<sup>16-19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, dados prospectivos que avaliaram o impacto da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em desfechos intra-hospitalares s&#227;o escassos e conflitantes<sup>5,20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo desse estudo transversal prospectivo foi</p>
    <p>I) descrever a preval&#234;ncia e os preditores cl&#237;nicos independentes de FEVE preservada em pacientes admitidos por IC descompensada em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio;</p>
    <p>II) desenvolver um escore preditivo simples para IC com FEVE preservada baseado em dados cl&#237;nicos obtidos nas primeiras horas da interna&#231;&#227;o; e</p>
    <p>III) comparar desfechos intra-hospitalares clinicamente relevantes de pacientes com FEVE preservada &#224;queles de indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cen&#225;rio do estudo e identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo do estudo foi conduzido no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, um hospital universit&#225;rio de atendimento terci&#225;rio situado no sul do Brasil, com 749 leitos. Pacientes consecutivos que foram admitidos com suspeita de ICAD entre agosto de 2000 e janeiro de 2004 foram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o, independentemente do destino intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia (enfermarias, centro de terapia intensiva ou alta hospitalar diretamente do departamento de emerg&#234;ncia). O protocolo desse registro foi previamente descrito<sup>22</sup>. Resumidamente, um investigador do estudo ou um assistente de pesquisa treinado pela equipe de IC abordou diariamente membros de equipes m&#233;dicas para identificar pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis. O diagn&#243;stico de IC e a inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos basearam-se nos crit&#233;rios de Boston<sup>23</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de Boston baseiam-se em hist&#243;ricos cl&#237;nicos (m&#225;ximo de 4 pontos: dispn&#233;ia em repouso [4 pontos], ortopn&#233;ia [4 pontos], dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna [3 pontos], dispn&#233;ia ao caminhar em &#225;rea plana [2 pontos] ou dispn&#233;ia ao caminhar em aclives [3 pontos]), exame f&#237;sico (m&#225;ximo de 4 pontos: anormalidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca [1-2 pontos], press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada [2-3 pontos], crepitantes pulmonares [1-2 pontos], sibilos [3 pontos] ou terceira bulha card&#237;aca [3 pontos] e radiografia do t&#243;rax (m&#225;ximo de 4 pontos: edema pulmonar alveolar [4 pontos], edema pulmonar intersticial [3 pontos], derrame pleural bilateral [3 pontos], &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico superior a 0.50 [3 pontos], ou redistribui&#231;&#227;o de fluxo na regi&#227;o superior [2 pontos]). Pacientes internados com escore de Boston igual ou superior a 8 pontos (IC definitiva) foram considerados para inclus&#227;o caso n&#227;o houvesse evid&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico alternativo ao qual o quadro cl&#237;nico apresentado pudesse ser atribu&#237;do. As condi&#231;&#245;es de exclus&#227;o mais relevantes foram doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria, doen&#231;as do peric&#225;rdio, obesidade, falta de condicionamento f&#237;sico, ansiedade, infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias ativas ou tromboembolismo pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;am hist&#243;rico de eventos card&#237;acos agudos (s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou cirurgia card&#237;aca) nos 3 meses anteriores &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o-&#237;ndice por IC e incapacidade de fornecer o consentimento informado. O protocolo de pesquisa foi estruturado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes da inclus&#227;o. Os dados da presente an&#225;lise refletem interna&#231;&#245;es individuais e interna&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas do mesmo paciente, que foram inseridas como registros separados. O registro completo inclui 779 interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas por IC descompensada, mas apenas 721 apresentavam avalia&#231;&#227;o recente de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda por ecocardiograma, constituindo, portanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o, os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou o &#243;bito. Um hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico completo foi obtido de todos os pacientes. Investigadores treinados abordaram os pacientes na admiss&#227;o e durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o para coletar dados como demografia, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial (anamnese, exame f&#237;sico e dados laboratoriais), capacidade funcional, manejo intra-hospitalar e desfechos intra-hospitalares. Ap&#243;s o &#243;bito ou a alta, os dados pendentes foram obtidos diretamente a partir de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modos M, bi-dimensional e Doppler, foram realizados a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente e interpretados por cardiologistas experientes da institui&#231;&#227;o. O laborat&#243;rio de m&#233;todos cardiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o-invasivos da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia para estimativas de FEVE<sup>24</sup>. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas no presente estudo foram obtidas a partir do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, com a finalidade de reproduzir dados tipicamente dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina. Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada foi definida como FEVE igual ou superior a 50% na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a valvar ou peric&#225;rdica relevante. A f&#243;rmula de Devereaux foi utilizada para estimar a massa ventricular esquerda, enquanto a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi definida a partir de crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padronizados<sup>25</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi realizada na maioria dos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o-&#237;ndice; para aqueles que n&#227;o realizaram tal avalia&#231;&#227;o, a ecocardiografia mais recente dispon&#237;vel foi obtida atrav&#233;s do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto que as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartis. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos como n&#250;meros absoluto e percentual. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos foram comparados entre os diferentes quintis de FEVE. Mais de 80 vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas baseadas em hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, exame f&#237;sico, exames laboratoriais e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram avaliadas para determinar preditores independentes de FEVE preservada. O teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson (ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme aplic&#225;vel) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos dados categ&#243;ricos. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes e do teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme aplic&#225;vel. Para examinar a signific&#226;ncia das compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis entre os quintis de FEVE, foram utilizados o teste de ANOVA para linearidade e o teste de Mantzel-Haenzel para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e qualitativas, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar preditores independentes de FEVE preservada entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas apresentadas. Apenas as vari&#225;veis com menos de 5% de dados indispon&#237;veis e com valor de p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado (idade &gt;70 anos, sexo feminino, etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, press&#227;o de pulso &gt;45 mmHg, aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo ou atraso inespec&#237;fico da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, hemoglobina &lt;11,5 mg/dl, ritmo n&#227;o-sinusal no eletrocardiograma, s&#243;dio, balan&#231;o ureico nitrogenado no sangue (BUN) e terceira bulha card&#237;aca). As vari&#225;veis consideradas como potencialmente colineares foram exclu&#237;das do modelo. Os pontos de corte de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas associadas &#224; FEVE preservada na an&#225;lise univariada foram determinados a partir do melhor valor discriminat&#243;rio nas curvas <italic>receiver operator characteristic</italic> (ROC). Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, foi criado um escore cl&#237;nico utilizando estimativas baseadas nos coeficientes de regress&#227;o para os preditores independentes de FEVE preservada identificados pelo modelo selecionado. Subseq&#252;entemente, as propriedades diagn&#243;sticas (sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos) foram calculados para as diferentes faixas do escore utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson. Finalmente, a acur&#225;cia global do escore foi estimada atrav&#233;s da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC. Um valor de p bicaudal inferior a 0,05 foi considerado como indicativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do software SPSS 12.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o global</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na presente an&#225;lise, foram estudadas 721 interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas por IC descompensada (idade m&#233;dia de 66 &#177; 13 anos). A FEVE apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), com m&#233;dia de 42 &#177; 17% (mediana= 39%). Cerca de 50% dos pacientes eram homens, e as etiologias predominantes foram isqu&#234;mica e hipertensiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (aproximadamente 23%) possu&#237;a hist&#243;ria de pelo menos 3 interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias por IC. Al&#233;m disso, como esperado, mais de 90% encontravam-se em classes funcionais III e IV pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> no momento da admiss&#227;o. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 67% dos pacientes receberam inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina I (IECA), por&#233;m apenas 21% utilizaram betabloqueadores. &#211;bitos intra-hospitalares ocorreram em 71 pacientes (10%), sendo a maioria devido &#224; progress&#227;o da IC e choque cardiog&#234;nico (41 [58%]). Entre os demais &#243;bitos, as principais causas foram sepse, eventos cerebrovasculares e eventos coronarianos agudos. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, a maioria dos pacientes foi manejada na enfermaria cl&#237;nica, com uso intermitente ou cont&#237;nuo de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a por via intravenosa e doses incrementais de vasodilatadores. Suporte inotr&#243;pico foi utilizado em menos de 5% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>FEVE preservada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta coorte de IC descompensada, identificou-se FEVE preservada em 223 (31%) interna&#231;&#245;es. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas entre os diferentes quintis de FEVE. Pacientes com FEVE mais elevada possu&#237;am idade mais avan&#231;ada e eram predominante do sexo feminino (p&lt;0,001). A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes e de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, assim como o &#237;ndice de comorbidades de Charlson, n&#227;o diferiram entre os quintis de FEVE. Pacientes com FEVE mais elevada demonstraram-se mais propensos a apresentar etiologia hipertensiva para a IC, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e de pulso basais mais elevadas. Entre os sinais cl&#237;nicos e sintomas tradicionais de IC, apenas a presen&#231;a de terceiro bulha card&#237;aca foi significantemente diferente entre as categorias de FEVE (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram identificadas mais freq&#252;entemente em pacientes com FEVE preservada, por&#233;m anormalidades da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular verificadas por eletrocardiograma (bloqueio do ramo esquerdo e bloqueio inespec&#237;fico da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular) demonstraram-se mais comuns em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (55[36%] versus 11[8%] em compara&#231;&#227;o dos quintis inferior e superior de FEVE, respectivamente; p&lt;0.001). Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina s&#233;rica e de s&#243;dio tamb&#233;m se demonstraram significativamente diferentes de acordo com quintis de FEVE, enquanto que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi similar em pacientes com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tratados com diur&#233;ticos e betabloqueadores antes da interna&#231;&#227;o por IC foi semelhante nas diferentes categorias de FEVE, por&#233;m o uso de IECA e de digoxina aumentou &#224; medida que a FEVE diminuiu (p&lt;0,01).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores cl&#237;nicos da FEVE preservada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, 7 preditores independentes permaneceram significativamente associados &#224; FEVE igual ou superior a 50%, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Idade mais avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, aus&#234;ncia de ritmo sinusal, menores n&#237;veis de hemoglobina, n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o de pulso e a aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular estiveram independentemente associados &#224; FEVE preservada. Foi elaborado um escore cl&#237;nico (variando de 0 - 6 pontos) baseado nos coeficientes de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do modelo multivariado. As propriedades diagn&#243;sticas do escore cl&#237;nico para a predi&#231;&#227;o da FEVE preservada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Escores iguais ou inferiores a 1 ponto demonstraram um valor preditivo negativo de 100% para a presen&#231;a de FEVE preservada, enquanto que escores superiores a 5 pontos determinaram uma especificidade m&#237;nima de 97%. Cada incremento de 1 ponto no escore determinou aumento de 2,5 vezes na chance de identificar FEVE preservada em um paciente com IC (IC 95% 2,1 - 2,9; p &lt; 0,001). A acur&#225;cia global do escore para predi&#231;&#227;o de FEVE preservada foi de 76% (IC 95% 72% -79%; p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos intra-hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares demonstraram-se semelhantes entre os diferentes quintis de FEVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). Esses achados n&#227;o se alteraram substancialmente ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade e sexo. Tanto as taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar quanto as de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares permaneceram-se estatisticamente semelhantes ao se considerar FEVE igual ou superior a 40% (11,5% para FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline>40% <italic>versus</italic> 8% para FEVE&lt; 40%, p= 0,1 para mortalidade intra-hospitalar; e 45,5% para FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline>40% <italic>versus</italic> 38,5% para FEVE &lt;40%, p= 0,06 para complica&#231;&#245;es) ou 50% (10,5% para FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline>50% <italic>versus</italic> 9,5% para FEVE &lt;50%, p= 0,7; e 44% para FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline>50% <italic>versus</italic> 41% para FEVE &lt;50%, p= 0,4, respectivamente) como valores de corte para a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar entre os pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar vivos tamb&#233;m se demonstrou semelhante entre as categorias de FEVE (mediana de 11 dias; intervalo interquartil: 6-19 dias). Arritmias card&#237;acas e febre ou evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o durante a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foram mais freq&#252;entemente observadas em pacientes com valores maiores de FEVE, por&#233;m sangramento gastrointestinal ou comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o diferiram de acordo com a FEVE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, demonstramos que FEVE preservada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente e m&#243;rbida entre pacientes hospitalizados por IC em um hospital universit&#225;rio no Brasil. Pacientes com IC descompensada e FEVE preservada apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas distintas: idade mais avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, anemia, press&#227;o de pulso elevada e complexos QRS estreitos. Um escore cl&#237;nico simples baseado nesses achados foi desenvolvido para auxiliar a r&#225;pida identifica&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos de pacientes com maior e menor probabilidade de possu&#237;rem fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada ao se apresentarem com IC descompensada. Por fim, pacientes com FEVE preservada demonstraram taxas de morbidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalares semelhantes &#224;s dos indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Diversos relatos demonstraram que IC com FEVE preservada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente tanto em coortes comunit&#225;rias como hospitalares. Esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas semelhantes &#224;s dos pacientes t&#237;picos que apresentam IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, embora nem sempre com a mesma gravidade<sup>4,5,7,14</sup>. O progn&#243;stico desses pacientes, embora provavelmente melhor do que daqueles com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, &#233;, no entanto, muito pior do que o de indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, embora a mortalidade por IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tenha diminu&#237;do dos &#250;ltimos 15 anos, as taxas de desfechos fatais para casos de IC com FEVE preservada permanecem est&#225;veis<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre pacientes hospitalizados por IC descompensada, dados sobre o curso cl&#237;nico e desfechos de indiv&#237;duos com FEVE preservada s&#227;o limitados. Relatos anteriores demonstraram achados conflitantes sobre o impacto cl&#237;nico em desfechos em longo prazo, e h&#225; poucos dados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas de eventos intra-hospitalares<sup>10,11</sup>. Uma coorte canadense de pacientes internados por IC n&#227;o observou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as taxas de morte durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ou ap&#243;s o seguimento de 1 ano entre pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (4,9% e 3,8%, respectivamente, para &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares)<sup>26</sup>. Contudo, uma an&#225;lise recente do Registro ADHERE, que incluiu mais de 100.000 interna&#231;&#245;es por IC, demonstrou que as taxas de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares eram significativamente menores entre pacientes com FEVE preservada (2,8% vs. 3,9%; p= 0,005), embora a dura&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo e o tempo total de perman&#234;ncia hospital tenham sido semelhantes<sup>27</sup>. Considerando esses &#250;ltimos resultados, &#233; razo&#225;vel supor que diferen&#231;as em alguns desfechos cl&#237;nicos possam estar presentes em pacientes com diferentes graus de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mas a magnitude dessas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o parece ser t&#227;o significativa como considerado anteriormente. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados corroboram o conceito de que pacientes com FEVE preservada internados com IC descompensada apresentam uma condi&#231;&#227;o consideravelmente m&#243;rbida, associada a altas taxas de eventos cl&#237;nicos e mortalidade intra-hospitalar durante a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. As taxas de &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o demonstraram-se significativamente maiores, independente da categoria de FEVE, quando comparadas a dados j&#225; publicados em outros pa&#237;ses, principalmente em relatos norte-americanos<sup>28,29</sup>. Nossos dados derivam de uma coorte de pacientes com IC consecutivamente diagnosticados por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, representando o t&#237;pico paciente do ''mundo real'' que procura atendimento hospitalar. Embora amplamente aceito para diagnosticar IC no contexto ambulatorial, nem os crit&#233;rios de Framingham nem os de Boston podem diferenciar pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica daqueles com FEVE preservada<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, embora extensamente validados como ferramentas diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica em IC descompensada, encontram-se elevados em pacientes com estado congestivo independentemente da FEVE<sup>30</sup>. Todos os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos atuais propostos para identificar IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada incorporam modalidades de imagem para definir de forma objetiva a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, uma etapa bastante limitadora nos casos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o<sup>14</sup>. Neste cen&#225;rio, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas simples que sugiram a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda podem ser essenciais para m&#233;dicos que enfrentam o dilema de tratar pacientes com sintomas de IC nos departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos procuraram identificar vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que poderiam estar associadas &#224; FEVE preservada e, portanto, auxiliar na sua identifica&#231;&#227;o antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagem dos par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos<sup>11,19-21,27</sup>. Algumas dessas caracter&#237;sticas foram sistematicamente relatadas em coortes de pacientes internados por IC, como idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino e menor preval&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ricos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria entre pacientes com FEVE preservada<sup>11,20,21,29</sup>. Mais recentemente, demonstrou-se que a anemia e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial s&#227;o mais comuns em pacientes internados com IC sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>27,31</sup>. Por outro lado, bloqueios de ramo esquerdo s&#227;o significativamente mais freq&#252;entes na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>21,31</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, valores elevados de press&#227;o de pulso, conforme identificados no presente estudo, estiveram associados &#224; FEVE mais elevada tanto em pacientes ambulatoriais como em indiv&#237;duos com IC descompensada<sup>32,33</sup>. No presente estudo, propomos um escore preditivo simples para identificar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com base em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas facilmente obtidas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente. O desempenho diagn&#243;stico desse escore cl&#237;nico demonstrou-se adequado, com uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,76. Por exemplo, pacientes com escore <underline>&lt;</underline>2 pontos representam um subgrupo com alta probabilidade de ter disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE &lt;50%). Nossos dados corroboram as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que definem este perfil em uma coorte de pacientes com IC descompensada fora da Am&#233;rica do Norte. As implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas desses resultados merecem ser destacadas. Collins e colaboradores recentemente sugeriram diversos alvos espec&#237;ficos para se ter em mente ao tratar pacientes com IC descompensada<sup>34</sup>. Por exemplo, o uso de f&#225;rmacos inotr&#243;pico-negativos para controlar a press&#227;o arterial e a frequ&#234;ncia ventricular &#233; um dilema cl&#237;nico di&#225;rio no manejo da IC descompensada, que pode ser altamente influenciado pela fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo devem ser destacadas. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi "altamente selecionada" para evitar a inclus&#227;o incorreta de outros diagn&#243;sticos que poderiam simular sintomas de IC, utilizando pontos de corte relativamente altos para os crit&#233;rios de Boston (<underline>&gt;</underline> 8 pontos). Essa estrat&#233;gia de inclus&#227;o foi definida <italic>a priori</italic> e escolhida para evitar a "contamina&#231;&#227;o" da amostra estudada. Reconhecemos que esta possa ser uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o e que nossos resultados s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis apenas a um grupo selecionado de pacientes com IC descompensada. N&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de que os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o usados no presente protocolo (escore de Boston elevado) tenham exclu&#237;do de forma desproporcional alguns pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, que possam apresentar IC menos grave e, portanto, menores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es. O escore proposto &#233; proveniente de uma coorte de pacientes consecutivos com IC, representando indiv&#237;duos t&#237;picos do "mundo real" que procuram atendimento hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, demonstramos anteriormente que diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o similares entre pacientes hospitalizados com IC em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e em um hospital universit&#225;rio de atendimento terci&#225;rio nos EUA<sup>28</sup>. Reconhecemos que a valida&#231;&#227;o externa prospectiva &#233; necess&#225;ria para que o escore proposto tamb&#233;m apresente um desempenho apropriado em diferentes coortes de IC; esse aspecto representa uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A FEVE preservada &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum em pacientes internados por IC descompensada e est&#225; associada a taxas substanciais de mortalidade em curto prazo e de eventos m&#243;rbidos intra-hospitalares clinicamente relevantes. Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas simples foram &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes perfis de pacientes que pudessem predizer a categoria de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com uma precis&#227;o razo&#225;vel. Este escore preditivo, contudo, necessita de subsequente valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva em diferentes coortes de pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de L&#237;via Goldraich pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da UFRGS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (Fapergs) e Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (Fipe-HCPA).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lu&#237;s Eduardo Paim Rohde </p>
        <p> Rua Gen. Oscar Miranda, 160/1001 -Bela Vista </p>
        <p> 90440-160 -Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="leprohoe@cardiol.br">leprohoe@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lerohde@terra.com.br">lerohde@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/02/09; revisado recebido em 20/07/09; aceito em 19/08/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Rohde LE. O    progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil: a busca    de dados confi&#225;veis e representativos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84: 281-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>O progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil: a busca de dados confi&#225;veis e representativos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Barreto AC,    Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Morgado PC, Munhoz RT, Eid MO, et al. Hospital admissions    and death rate from heart failure: rates still alarming. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;    91: 335-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hospital admissions and death rate from heart failure: rates still alarming</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgado</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eid</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Mangini S, Silveira    FS, Silva CP, Grativvol PS, Seguro LF, Ferreira SM, et al. Decompensated heart    failure in the emergency department of a cardiology hospital. Arq Bras Cardiol.    2008; 90: 400-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Decompensated heart failure in the emergency department of a cardiology hospital</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>400</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grativvol</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seguro</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Moutinho MA,    Colucci FA, Alcoforado V, Tavares LR, Rachid MB, Rosa ML, et al. Heart failure    with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community.    Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 90: 132-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moutinho</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alcoforado</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rachid</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Hogg K, Swedberg    K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function:    epidemiology, clinical characteristics and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;    43: 317-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and prognosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hogg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Muller JE, Brendorp    B, Ottesen M, Kober L, Egstrup K, Poulsen SH, et al. Bucindolol evaluation in    acute myocardial infarction trail group. Congestive heart failure with preserved    left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction: clinical    and prognostic implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003; 5 (6): 811-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Bucindolol evaluation in acute myocardial infarction trail group: Congestive heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction: clinical and prognostic implications</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muller</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brendorp</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottesen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kober</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egstrup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulsen</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Lenzen MJ, Scholte    op Reimer WJ, Boersma PJ, Vantrimpont PJ, Follath F, Swedberg K, et al. Differences    between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function:    a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25 (14): 1214-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Differences between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1214</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lenzen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholte op Reimer</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vantrimpont</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Pedersen F,    Raymond I, Madsen LH, Mehlsen J, Atar D, Hildebrandt P. Echocardiographic indices    of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in 647 individuals with preserved    left ventricular systolic function. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004; 6: 439-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in 647 individuals with preserved left ventricular systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raymond</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madsen</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehlsen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildebrandt</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Peyster E, Norman    J, Domanski M. Prevalence and predictors of heart failure with preserved systolic    function: community hospital admissions of a racially and gender diverse elderly    population. J Card Fail. 2004; 10: 49-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and predictors of heart failure with preserved systolic function: community hospital admissions of a racially and gender diverse elderly population</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peyster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domanski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Dauterman KW,    Go AS, Rowell R, Gebretsadik T, Gettner S, Massie BM. Congestive heart failure    with preserved systolic function in a statewide sample of community hospitals.    J Card Fail. 2001; 7: 211-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure with preserved systolic function in a statewide sample of community hospitals</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>211</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dauterman</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebretsadik</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gettner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massie</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Ahmed A, Roseman    JM, Duxbury AS, Allman RM, DeLong JF. Correlates and outcomes of preserved left    ventricular systolic function among older adults hospitalized with heart failure.    Am Heart J. 2002; 144: 365-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlates and outcomes of preserved left ventricular systolic function among older adults hospitalized with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roseman</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duxbury</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allman</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeLong</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Cohen-Solal    A, Desnos M, Delahaye F, Emeriau JP, Hanania G. A national survey of heart failure    in French hospitals. The Myocardiopathy and Heart Failure Working Group of the    French Society of Cardiology, the National College of General Hospital Cardiologists    and the French Geriatrics Society. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 763-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A national survey of heart failure in French hospitals: The Myocardiopathy and Heart Failure Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology, the National College of General Hospital Cardiologists and the French Geriatrics Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desnos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delahaye</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emeriau</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanania</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Owan TE, Hodge    DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Trends in prevalence and    outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Eng J Med. 2006;    355: 251-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Owan</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herges</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Yturralde FR,    Gaasch WH. Diagnostic criteria for diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc    Dis. 2005; 47: 314-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnostic criteria for diastolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>314</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yturralde</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaasch</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Little WC,    Brucks S. Therapy for diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2005; 47:    380-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Therapy for diastolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brucks</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Pocock SJ,    Wang D, Pfeffer MA, Yusuf S, McMurray JJ, Swedberg KB, et al. Predictors of    mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J.    2006; 27: 65-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Solomon SD,    Anavekar N, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, et al. Influence of ejection    fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients.    Circulation. 2005; 112: 3738-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of ejection fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3738</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anavekar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skali</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Jones RC, Francis    GS, Lauer MS. Predictors of mortality in patients with heart failure and preserved    systolic function in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial. J Am Coll Cardiol.    2004; 44: 1025-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictors of mortality in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1025</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Philbin EF,    Hunsberger S, Garg R, Lader E, Thadani U, McSherry F, et al. Usefulness of clinical    information to distinguish patients with normal from those with low ejection    fractions in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 89: 1218-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of clinical information to distinguish patients with normal from those with low ejection fractions in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1218</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Philbin</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunsberger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lader</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thadani</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McSherry</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Malki Q, Sharma    ND, Afzal A, Ananthsubramaniam K, Abbas A, Jacobson G, et al. Clinical presentation,    hospital length of stay and readmission rate in patients with heart failure    with preserved and decreased left ventricular systolic function. Clin Cardiol.    2002; 25: 149-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical presentation, hospital length of stay and readmission rate in patients with heart failure with preserved and decreased left ventricular systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malki</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afzal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ananthsubramaniam</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Mac&#237;n    SM, Perna ER, Canella JP, Cimbaro Canella JP, Alvarenga P, Pantich R, et al.    Differences in clinical profile and outcome in patients with decompensated heart    failure and systolic dysfunction or preserved systolic function. Rev Esp Cardiol.    2004; 57: 45-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Differences in clinical profile and outcome in patients with decompensated heart failure and systolic dysfunction or preserved systolic function</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mac&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perna</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canella</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cimbaro Canella</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvarenga</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pantich</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Rohde L, Goldraich    L, Polanczyk C, Borges AP, Biolo A Rabelo E, et al. A simple clinically-based    predictive rule for heart failure in-hospital mortality. J Card Fail. 2006;    12: 587-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A simple clinically-based predictive rule for heart failure in-hospital mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>587</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldraich</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biolo A Rabelo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Remes J, Miettinen    H, Reunanen A, Pyorala K. Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in    primary health care. Eur Heart J. 1991; 12: 315-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary health care</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>315</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Remes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miettinen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reunanen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pyorala</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Lang RM, Bierig    M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf EA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations    for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's    Guidelines and the Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing    Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography,    a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;    18: 1440-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and the Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1440</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Foppa M, Duncan    BB, Rohde LE. Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation: how should    we define hypertrophy? Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005; 3:17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation: how should we define hypertrophy?</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Bhatia RS,    Tu JV, Lee DS, Austin PC, Fang J, Haouzi A, et al. Outcome of heart failure    with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Eng J Med. 2006;    355: 260-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>N Eng J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatia</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tu</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haouzi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Yancy CW, Lopatin    M, Stevenson LW, De Marco T, Fonarow GC. Clinical presentation, management and    in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure    with preserved systolic function. A report from the Acute Decompensated Heart    Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Database. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47: 76-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical presentation, management and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved systolic function: A report from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) Database</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopatin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Rohde LE, Clausell    N, Ribeiro JP, Goldraich L, Netto R, William Dec G, et al. Health outcomes in    decompensated congestive heart failure: a comparison of tertiary hospitals in    Brazil and United States. Int J Cardiol. 2005; 102: 71-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Health outcomes in decompensated congestive heart failure: a comparison of tertiary hospitals in Brazil and United States</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldraich</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Netto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>William Dec</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Komajda M,    Follath F, Swedberg K, Cleland J, Aguilar JC, Cohen-Solal A, et al. The EuroHeart    Failure survey programme- a survey on the quality of care among patients with    heart failure: Part 2. Treatment. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24: 464-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The EuroHeart Failure survey programme- a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure: Part 2. Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>464</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Maisel AS,    McCord J, Nowak RM, Hollander JE, Wu AH, Duc P, et al. Bedside B-type natriuretic    peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved    ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study.    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 2018-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Bedside B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction: Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2018</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maisel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCord</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nowak</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollander</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duc</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Latado AL,    Passos LCS, Darz&#233; ES, Lopes AA. Comparison of the effect of anemia on    in-hospital mortality in patients with versus without preserved left ventricular    ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98: 1631-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of the effect of anemia on in-hospital mortality in patients with versus without preserved left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1631</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latado</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>LCS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Beck-da-Silva    L, Goldraich L, Bonzanini L, Rossi G, Nuernberg G, Camey SA, et al. Pulse pressure    and QRS width evaluation as an inexpensive tool for heart failure assessment.    Congest Heart Fail. 2009; 15 (5): 222-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulse pressure and QRS width evaluation as an inexpensive tool for heart failure assessment</article-title>
          <source>Congest Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldraich</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonzanini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuernberg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camey</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Aronson D,    Burger AJ. Relation between pulse pressure and survival in patients with decompensated    heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93: 785-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation between pulse pressure and survival in patients with decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>785</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aronson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burger</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Collins S,    Storrow SB, Kirk JD, Pang PS, Diercks DB, Gheorghiade M. Beyond pulmonary edema:    diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment challenges of acute heart failure    management in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 51: 45-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beyond pulmonary edema: diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment challenges of acute heart failure management in the emergency department</article-title>
          <source>Ann Emerg Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Storrow</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirk</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pang</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diercks</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical predictors of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Identification and clinical impact of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical predictors and in-hospital outcomes of acute decompensated HF patients and preserved LVEF, and to develop a clinically-based predictive rule based on data acquired on admission. METHODS: Consecutive admissions for HF (n=721) at a tertiary care hospital were followed up to discharge or death. More than 80 clinical variables were evaluated to identify predictors of preserved LVEF upon admission. RESULTS: Preserved LVEF (&gt;50%) was identified in 224 (31%) hospitalizations. Clinical predictors of preserved LVEF were age &gt; 70 years old (p=0.04), female gender (p&lt;0.001), non-ischemic etiology (p&lt;0.001), atrial fibrillation or flutter (p=0.001), anemia (p=0.001), pulse pressure &gt; 45 mmHg (p&lt;0.01) and absence of EKG conduction abnormalities (p&lt;0.001). A clinical score based on these variables was accurate to predict preserved LVEF upon hospital admission (area under ROC curve of 0.76). No significant differences were observed on in-hospital mortality or clinical complications according to quintiles of LVEF. CONCLUSION: Preserved LVEF is a prevalent and morbid condition among hospitalized HF patients. Simple clinical data obtained on admission might be useful for predicting preserved LVEF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute decompensated heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>preserved ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Clinical predictors of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in decompensated heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Livia Goldraich<sup>I</sup>; Nadine Clausell<sup>I, II</sup>; Andr&#233;ia Biolo<sup>I, II</sup>; Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva<sup>I, II</sup>; Lu&#237;s Eduardo Rohde<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Identification and clinical impact of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) remain poorly defined.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe clinical predictors and in-hospital outcomes of acute decompensated HF patients and preserved LVEF, and to develop a clinically-based predictive rule based on data acquired on admission.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Consecutive admissions for HF (n=721) at a tertiary care hospital were followed up to discharge or death. More than 80 clinical variables were evaluated to identify predictors of preserved LVEF upon admission.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Preserved LVEF (<underline>&gt;</underline>50%) was identified in 224 (31%) hospitalizations. Clinical predictors of preserved LVEF were age &gt; 70 years old (p=0.04), female gender (p&lt;0.001), non-ischemic etiology (p&lt;0.001), atrial fibrillation or flutter (p=0.001), anemia (p=0.001), pulse pressure &gt; 45 mmHg (p&lt;0.01) and absence of EKG conduction abnormalities (p&lt;0.001). A clinical score based on these variables was accurate to predict preserved LVEF upon hospital admission (area under ROC curve of 0.76). No significant differences were observed on in-hospital mortality or clinical complications according to quintiles of LVEF.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Preserved LVEF is a prevalent and morbid condition among hospitalized HF patients. Simple clinical data obtained on admission might be useful for predicting preserved LVEF.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Acute decompensated heart failure, preserved ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) remains a major health care problem in Brazil and worldwide<sup>1-4</sup>. Heart failure (HF) with preserved systolic function has been recognized for more than 30 years, but it was only in the last decade that a broader understanding of its epidemiology, clinical presentation and prognosis has emerged<sup>5-8</sup>. It is now well recognized that a significant number of patients presenting HF symptoms have a normal or only mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Prevalence of preserved LVEF in HF cohorts, however, may vary greatly, depending on diagnostic criteria, study setting and design. It is estimated that approximately 30-50% of hospital admissions attributed to decompensated HF occur in patients without systolic dysfunction<sup>9-12</sup>. Furthermore, hospitalizations for HF with preserved LVEF have become increasingly more frequent in the last two decades<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diagnostic criteria for HF associated with normal LVEF are not universally accepted and may be confusing and unpractical for clinicians evaluating patients with decompensated HF<sup>14</sup>. In the emergency department, rapid identification of HF patients with preserved LFEF is particularly important, as treatment strategies may change dramatically according to different classes of left ventricular function<sup>15</sup>. Diagnostic and prognostic data derived from post-hoc analysis of clinical trials that enrolled HF outpatients with preserved LVEF may not be applicable to this specific clinical scenario<sup>16-19</sup>. Furthermore, prospective data evaluating the impact of left ventricular function on in-hospital outcomes are scarce and conflicting<sup>5,20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this prospective cross-sectional study was to</p>
      <p>I) describe the prevailing and independent clinical predictors of preserved LVEF in patients admitted for decompensated HF at a tertiary teaching hospital;</p>
      <p>II) develop a simple clinically-based predictive rule of HF with preserved LVEF based on a set of clinical features acquired within the first hours from hospital admission; and</p>
      <p>III) compare clinically relevant in-hospital outcomes of patients with preserved LVEF to those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study setting and identification of cases</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study protocol was conducted at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, a tertiary care teaching hospital located in the South Region of Brazil, with 749 beds. Consecutive patients admitted to our institution with suspected acute decompensated HF between August 2000 and January 2004 were eligible for enrollment, irrespective of their subsequent in-hospital destination (whether clinical wards, intensive care units or discharged directly from the emergency department). The protocol of this registry has been previously reported<sup>22</sup>. In brief, a study investigator or a trained research assistant from the HF team inquired members of medical teams about potentially eligible patients on a daily basis. HF diagnosis and inclusion of individuals were based on the Boston criteria<sup>23</sup>. Boston criteria are based on clinical history findings (maximum of 4 points: dyspnea at rest [4 points], orthopnea [4 points], paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea [3 points], dyspnea while walking on level area [2 points] or dyspnea while climbing [3 points]), physical examination (maximum 4 points: heart rate abnormality [1-2 points], high jugular venous pressure [2-3 points], lung crackles [1-2 points], wheezing [3 points] or third heart sound [3 points] and <italic>chest radiography</italic> (maximum 4 points: alveolar pulmonary edema [4 points], interstitial pulmonary edema [3 points], bilateral pleural effusion [3 points], cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.50 [3 points], or upper zone flow redistribution [2 points]). Patients admitted with a Boston score equal or greater than 8 points (definite HF) were considered for inclusion if there was no evidence of an alternative medical diagnosis to which the clinical picture presented could be attributed. Most relevant exclusion conditions were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, primary pulmonary hypertension, pericardial disease, obesity, physical deconditioning, anxiety, active respiratory infections or pulmonary emboli. In addition, exclusion criteria included history of an acute cardiac event (acute coronary syndrome, myocardial revascularization or cardiac surgery) within a 3-month period from index HF admission and inability to give written informed consent. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Committee from our institution and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment. This investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Registry entries from the current analysis reflect that individual admissions and multiple hospitalizations of the same patients may be entered into the registry as separated records. The complete registry includes 779 consecutive admissions for decompensated HF, but only 721 had a recent evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiography and constituted the study population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After inclusion, patients were followed throughout hospital stay until discharge or death. A complete medical history was obtained from all patients. Trained investigators inquired the patients on admission and daily during hospitalization in order to collect data including demographics, past medical history, initial presentation (clinical, physical examination and laboratory data), functional capacity, hospital management and hospital outcomes. After death or discharge, missing data were reviewed directly from electronic charts.</p>
      <p>Standard M-mode, two-dimensional, and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography were performed at the discretion of the patients' physicians and were interpreted by experienced staff cardiologists. The non-invasive cardiac laboratory of our institution follows the current recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography for LVEF estimations<sup>24</sup>. Echocardiographic data analyzed in the present study were obtained directly from electronic reports, in order to reproduce data typically available in routine clinical practice. Preserved systolic function was defined as LVEF equal or above 50% in the absence of significant valvular or pericardial disease. Devereaux formula was used to estimate left ventricular mass, while diastolic dysfunction was defined by standardized echocardiographic criteria<sup>25</sup>. Most patients had an assessment of left ventricular function performed during index admission; for those who did not, the most recent assessment was recorded from the hospital chart.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean standard-deviation, while those with non-normal distribution were described as median and interquartile ranges. Categorical data were described as number and percentages. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared among different quintiles of LVEF. More than 80 clinical variables based on medical history, physical examination, laboratory and echocardiographic data were evaluated to determine independent predictors of preserved LVEF. Pearson chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test when appropriate) was used for categorical data analysis. Comparisons among continuous variables were performed using unpaired Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, as appropriate. To examine the significance of overall comparisons of groups regarding LVEF quintiles, ANOVA test for linearity and Mantzel-Haenzel test were used for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of preserved LVEF among the clinical characteristics presented. Only variables with less than 5% missing data and with a p value &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis were accepted for multivariate model (age &gt; 70 years, female gender, non-ischemic etiology, pulse pressure &gt; 45 mm Hg, absence of left bundle branch block or non-specific intratraventricular conduction delay, hemoglobin &lt; 11.5 mg/dl, non-sinus rhythm on EKG, sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and third heart sound). Variables considered to represent potential colinearity were excluded from the model. Cut-off points from continuous variables associated with preserved LVEF in univariate analysis were determined by looking for the best discriminatory value in individual receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. After multivariate analysis, a clinical score was created using the regression coefficient estimates for those independent predictors of preserved LVEF identified by logistic regression selected model. Its diagnostic properties (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) were then calculated for different score ranges using Pearson chi-squared test. Finally, score global accuracy was estimated by the area under the ROC curve. A two-sided p value smaller than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 12.0 software program for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Overall population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present analysis, 721 consecutive admissions for decompensated HF were studied (mean age of 66 &#177; 13 years old). LVEF was normally distributed as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_17f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, with mean LVEF of 42 &#177; 17% (median = 39%). Overall, 50% of patients were male and the predominant etiologies were ischemic and hypertensive (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_17t01-body2">Table 1</xref>). A substantial proportion of the study population (approximately 23%) had a history of more than 3 previous HF hospitalizations. Also, as expected, more than 90% of them were in NYHA functional classes III and IV at admission. At hospital admission, 67% of patients were taking ACEIs (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), but only 21% were on beta-blockers. In-hospital deaths occurred in 71 patients (10%), mostly due to progression of HF and cardiogenic shock (41[58%]). The majority of the remaining deaths were due to sepsis, acute cerebral and coronary events. During hospitalization, most patients were treated in the regular clinical ward, with intermittent or continuous use of intravenous loop diuretics and incremental doses of vasodilators. Inotropic support was used in less than 5% of admitted patients.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_17f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_17t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Preserved LVEF</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this cohort of acute decompensated HF, preserved LVEF was observed in 223 (31%) admissions. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_17t01-body2">Table 1</xref> demonstrates demographic and clinical characteristics among different LVEF quintiles. Patients with higher LVEF were older and predominantly female (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the Charlson comorbidity index, did not differ across LVEF quintiles. Patients with higher LVEF were more likely to have hypertension as HF etiology, atrial fibrillation and higher baseline systolic and pulse pressure. Among traditional clinical signs and symptoms of HF, only the presence of third heart sound was significantly different among LVEF categories (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction was more frequently reported in patients with preserved LVEF, but electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities (left-bundle branch block and intraventricular conduction delay) were far more common in those with LV systolic dysfunction (55[36%] versus 11[8%] comparing the lowest and highest quintiles of LVEF, p&lt;0.001). Serum hemoglobin and sodium levels were also significantly different according to LVEF quintiles, whereas renal function was similar in patients with or without systolic dysfunction. The proportion of patients treated with diuretics and beta-blockers before HF admission was similar in different LVEF categories, but ACEIs and digoxin use increased as LVEF decreased (p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical predictors of preserved LVEF</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In multivariate analysis, 7 independent predictors remained significantly associated with a LVEF greater or equal to 50%, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_17t02-body2">Table 2</xref>. Older age, female gender, non-ischemic etiology, non-sinus rhythm, lower hemoglobin levels, higher pulse pressure levels and the absence of electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities were significantly and independently associated with preserved LVEF. A clinical score (ranging from 0 - 6 points) based on logistic regression coefficients of the multivariate model was built. Diagnostic properties of the clinical score rule for prediction of preserved LVEF are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_17t03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Scores equal or lower than 1 point showed a negative predictive value of 100% for the presence of preserved LVEF, while scores higher than 5 points determined a specificity of at least 97%. Each 1-point increment in the score increased 2.5 times the chance of identifying an HF patient with preserved LVEF (95% CI 2.1 - 2.9; p &lt; 0.001). Overall accuracy of the score for the prediction of preserved LVEF was 76% (95% CI 72% - 79%; p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_17t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_17t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>In-hospital outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In-hospital mortality and in-hospital complications was similar across different LVEF quintiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_17t04-body2">Table 4</xref>). These findings did not change substantially after adjustment for age and gender. Both in-hospital mortality and complications rates were statistically similar when LVEF equal or above 40% (11.5% for LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 40% versus 8% for LVEF &lt; 40%, p= 0.1 for in-hospital mortality; and 45.5% for LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 40% versus 38.5% for LVEF &lt; 40%, p= 0.06 for complications) or 50% (10.5% for LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% versus 9.5% for LVEF &lt; 50%, p= 0.7; and 44% for LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% versus 41% for LVEF &lt; 50%, p= 0.4, respectively) were considered as cut-off values for preserved systolic function. Hospital length-of-stay among patients discharged alive was also similar among LVEF categories (median 11 days; interquartile range: 6-19 days). Cardiac arrhythmias and fever or evidence of infection during hospital-stay was more often observed in patients with higher LVEF values, but GI bleeding or renal function impairment did not differ according to LVEF.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_17t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0385-00017-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we have demonstrated that preserved LVEF is a prevalent and morbid condition among hospitalized HF patients in a Brazilian teaching hospital. Patients with acute decompensated HF and preserved LVEF presenting distinctive clinical characteristics: older age, female gender, non-ischemic etiology, chronic atrial fibrillation, anemia, a large pulse pressure and narrow QRS complexes. A simple clinical score based on these findings was properly performed to rapidly identify subgroups of patients with a higher and lower likelihood of having preserved ejection fraction when presenting acute decompensated HF. Finally, patients with preserved LVEF demonstrated similar in-hospital mortality rates and in-hospital morbidity compared to those with LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Several reports demonstrated that HF with preserved LVEF is a prevalent condition both in community-based and hospital cohorts and that these patients present similar clinical features, although not always as severe, when compared with the typical HF patients with systolic dysfunction<sup>4,5,7,14</sup>. The overall prognosis of these patients, although probably better than that of those with HF and systolic dysfunction, is, nonetheless, far worse when compared to normal individuals<sup>10</sup>. Furthermore, although mortality for HF with systolic dysfunction has decreased over the last 15 years, fatal outcome rates for HF with preserved LVEF have remained stable<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among patients hospitalized due to acute decompensated HF, data on clinical course and outcomes of patients with preserved LVEF is limited. Previous reports demonstrated conflicting findings about the clinical impact on long-term outcomes, and scarce data are available on in-hospital event rates<sup>10,11</sup>. A Canadian cohort of hospitalized HF patients did not observe significant differences for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates between patients with systolic dysfunction and those with preserved ejection fraction (4.9% and 3.8%, respectively, for in-hospital death)<sup>26</sup>. However, recent analysis from the ADHERE Registry, including over 100,000 HF admissions, demonstrated that in-hospital death rates were significantly lower for patients with preserved LVEF (2.8% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.005), although duration of intensive care unit stay and total hospital length-of-stay were similar<sup>27</sup>. Considering these latter findings, it is conceivable to assume that differences in some clinical outcomes may in fact be present in patients with different degrees of LV systolic function, but the magnitude of these differences may not be as great as previously considered. Nonetheless, our data support the concept that patients with preserved LVEF hospitalized with acute decompensated HF have a considerably morbid condition, associated with substantial in-hospital mortality and high clinical event rates during hospital stay. In-hospital death rates in our sample were significantly higher, irrespective of LVEF strata, when compared to data previously published in other countries, particularly in North American reports<sup>28,29</sup>. Our data derive from a cohort of consecutive HF patients diagnosed by clinical criteria, representing the typical ''real-world'' patient that seeks hospital care. Although widely accepted to diagnose HF in the outpatient setting, neither the Framingham nor the Boston criteria can differentiate patients with systolic dysfunction from those with preserved LVEF<sup>14</sup>. In addition, B-type natriuretic peptide levels, which have been extensively validated as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in acute decompensated HF, are high in patients with a congestive state regardless of LVEF status<sup>30</sup>. All current diagnostic criteria proposed to identify HF with preserved systolic function incorporate imaging modalities to objectively define diastolic dysfunction, a rather limiting step in the acute setting<sup>14</sup>. In this scenario, simple clinical characteristics that may suggest the presence of LV dysfunction may be instrumental to physicians facing the clinical dilemma of treating patients with HF symptoms in the emergency department.</p>
      <p>Several studies tried to identify clinical variables that could be associated with preserved LVEF, and therefore help in its identification before imaging assessment of systolic and diastolic parameters<sup>11,19-21,27</sup>. Some of these characteristics have been systematically reported in cohorts of hospitalized HF patients, such as older age, female gender and lower prevalence of previous history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease among subjects with preserved LVEF<sup>11,20,21,29</sup>. More recently, anemia<sup>31</sup> and atrial fibrillation<sup>27</sup> have also been demonstrated to be more common in admitted HF patients without systolic dysfunction. On the contrary, left bundle branch blocks are significantly more frequent in the presence of LV dysfunction<sup>21,31</sup>. Furthermore, high pulse pressure values, as identified in the present study, have been associated to higher LVEF both in outpatients and in acute decompensated HF patients<sup>32,33</sup>. In this study, we proposed a simple predictive rule to identify LV function based on easily obtained clinical characteristics at presentation. The overall diagnostic performance of this clinical score was adequate with an area under ROC curve of 0.76. For instance, patients with a score <underline>&lt;</underline> 2 points represent a subgroup with a very high probability of having LV dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 50%). Our data corroborate the clinical characteristics that define this profile in a cohort of acute decompensated HF patients outside North America. The therapeutic implications of these findings cannot be underscored. Collins et al<sup>34</sup>, in a recent report, elegantly suggested several specific goals to be kept in mind when treating patients with acute decompensated HF<sup>34</sup>. For instance, use of inotropic negative drugs to manage blood pressure and control ventricular rate is an everyday clinical dilemma in the management of acute decompensated HF that might be greatly influenced by left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some potential limitations of our study deserve consideration. Our population was "highly selected" in order to avoid incorrectly including other diagnoses that could simulate HF symptoms, based on relatively high cut-off for Boston criteria (<underline>&gt;</underline>8). Such inclusion strategy was defined a priori and was chosen to avoid "contamination" of the studied sample. We acknowledge that this may be a potential limitation and that our results are applicable only to a selected group of acute decompensated HF patients. We cannot exclude the possibility that the selection criteria used in the present protocol (high Boston score) could have disproportionately exclude some HF patients with preserved ejection fraction, that might have less severe HF burden and therefore lower complication rates. The proposed score derived from a cohort of consecutive HF patients representing typical "real world" patients seeking hospital care. We have previously shown that several clinical characteristics are similar between HF patients admitted to our institution and those admitted to a tertiary-care university hospital in the US<sup>28</sup>. We acknowledge that external prospective validation is warranted to assure that the proposed score also performs adequately in different HF cohorts; this aspect represents a major limitation of our findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients hospitalized for decompensated HF, preserved LVEF is a common finding associated with substantial short-term mortality and high rates of clinically relevant in-hospital morbid events. At clinical presentation, simple clinical characteristics were helpful in identifying distinctive patient profiles that predicted LV function strata with a reasonable accuracy. This predictive rule, however, needs further prospective validation in different cohorts of HF patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq, Fapergs and Fipe-HCPA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by L&#237;via Goldraich, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da UFRGS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
