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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6Bckh5cDCGgBktWVdQSXdKB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Validade de um monitor digital de pulso para mensura&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana M. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dumith</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noal</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Cora L. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duval</surname>
            <given-names>Marta A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caruso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hallal</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>365</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Medidas v&#225;lidas da press&#227;o arterial, em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e na comunidade, s&#227;o essenciais para a monitora&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel em n&#237;vel populacional. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade de um monitor digital de pulso para mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. M&#201;TODOS: Um estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o foi realizado na cidade de Pelotas, regi&#227;o sul do Brasil. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida duas vezes, utilizando-se dois esfigmoman&#244;metros diferentes: um aparelho digital de pulso OMRON e um aparelho de mesa BD de merc&#250;rio. Metade da amostra foi medida primeiro atrav&#233;s do man&#244;metro digital e depois pelo de merc&#250;rio, enquanto a outra metade foi avaliada na ordem inversa. A concord&#226;ncia entre as duas medidas foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Bland &amp; Altman. RESULTADOS: 120 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 15 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (50% de cada sexo). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia entre os meninos foi de 113,7 mmHg (DP 14,2) usando o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 115,5 mmHg (DP 15,2) usando o aparelho digital. Os valores equivalentes para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram 61,5 mmHg (DP 9,9) e 69,6 mmHg (10,2), respectivamente. Entre as meninas, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia foi de 104,7 mmHg (DP 10,1) usando o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 102,4 mmHg (DP 11.9) usando o aparelho digital. Os valores equivalentes para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram 60,0 mmHg (DP 10,4) e 65,7 mmHg (DP 7,7), respectivamente. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O man&#244;metro digital apresentou alta concord&#226;ncia com o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio para medir a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. A concord&#226;ncia foi menor para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. O uso de equa&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma alternativa para estudos utilizando esse monitor digital de pulso em adolescentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Monitores de press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>esfigmoman&#244;metros</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EPIDEMOLOGIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Validade de um monitor digital de pulso para mensura&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana M. B. Menezes; Samuel C. Dumith; Ricardo B. Noal; Ana Paula Nunes; Fernanda I. Mendon&#231;a; Cora L. P. Ara&#250;jo; Marta A. Duval; Paulo E. Caruso; Pedro C. Hallal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Medidas v&#225;lidas da press&#227;o arterial, em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e na comunidade, s&#227;o essenciais para a monitora&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel em n&#237;vel populacional. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a validade de um monitor digital de pulso para mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o foi realizado na cidade de Pelotas, regi&#227;o sul do Brasil. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida duas vezes, utilizando-se dois esfigmoman&#244;metros diferentes: um aparelho digital de pulso OMRON e um aparelho de mesa BD de merc&#250;rio. Metade da amostra foi medida primeiro atrav&#233;s do man&#244;metro digital e depois pelo de merc&#250;rio, enquanto a outra metade foi avaliada na ordem inversa. A concord&#226;ncia entre as duas medidas foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Bland &amp; Altman. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> 120 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 15 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (50% de cada sexo). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia entre os meninos foi de 113,7 mmHg (DP 14,2) usando o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 115,5 mmHg (DP 15,2) usando o aparelho digital. Os valores equivalentes para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram 61,5 mmHg (DP 9,9) e 69,6 mmHg (10,2), respectivamente. Entre as meninas, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia foi de 104,7 mmHg (DP 10,1) usando o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 102,4 mmHg (DP 11.9) usando o aparelho digital. Os valores equivalentes para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram 60,0 mmHg (DP 10,4) e 65,7 mmHg (DP 7,7), respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O man&#244;metro digital apresentou alta concord&#226;ncia com o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio para medir a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. A concord&#226;ncia foi menor para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. O uso de equa&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma alternativa para estudos utilizando esse monitor digital de pulso em adolescentes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Monitores de press&#227;o arterial, determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, esfigmoman&#244;metros, estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o, adolescente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa da press&#227;o arterial &#233; muito importante para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. A import&#226;ncia de fazer o diagn&#243;stico da press&#227;o arterial elevada e sua cont&#237;nua monitora&#231;&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida. Por essa raz&#227;o, v&#225;rios equipamentos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), n&#227;o apenas para serem usados por indiv&#237;duos especialistas, mas tamb&#233;m pela pr&#243;pria popula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, os monitores digitais de pulso t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizados, ao inv&#233;s dos dispositivos de merc&#250;rio e aner&#243;ides, que requerem um profissional treinado<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da grande facilidade de uso dos monitores digitais em compara&#231;&#227;o com os esfigmoman&#244;metros de merc&#250;rio, &#233; essencial estabelecer sua confiabilidade e validade. H&#225; evid&#234;ncia na literatura de que os monitores de pulso sejam confi&#225;veis e acurados em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros equipamentos, tais como os dispositivos aner&#243;ides e de merc&#250;rio<sup>3,4</sup>. Parece que esse tipo de equipamento pode substituir os outros em alguns contextos, tais como no lar ou em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos na comunidade<sup>5</sup>. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos at&#233; agora incluiu somente adultos, e assim, a validade desses m&#233;todos em adolescentes n&#227;o &#233; clara.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a validade de uma monitor digital de pulso contra um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio - o padr&#227;o-ouro - em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de adolescentes residentes em Pelotas, regi&#227;o sul do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma amostra de 120 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 15 anos de cinco escolas p&#250;blicas da cidade de Pelotas teve sua press&#227;o arterial medida com dois man&#244;metros diferentes - um man&#244;metro de mesa BD de merc&#250;rio e um man&#244;metro de pulso digital (OMRON HEM 629, Beijing, China) - por dois t&#233;cnicos treinados. Um estetosc&#243;pio Tycos foi usado com o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. Os alunos repousaram por 10 minutos antes das mensura&#231;&#245;es. A altura foi medida duas vezes atrav&#233;s de um estadi&#244;metro com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm (Seca, Birmingham). Todos os adolescentes estavam sentados em uma cadeira com apoio para costas e bra&#231;os, com as pernas n&#227;o-cruzadas, e o bra&#231;o e pulso direitos foram usados para a mensura&#231;&#227;o. Cada adolescente teve sua PA medida duas vezes, com um minuto de diferen&#231;a entre cada medida; assim, a congest&#227;o venosa foi evitada e a variabilidade da PA foi mantida ao m&#237;nimo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para metade da amostra, o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio foi usado primeiro; para a outra metade, a ordem inversa foi usada. Essa sele&#231;&#227;o foi feita aleatoriamente. Os t&#233;cnicos utilizaram ambos os man&#244;metros (merc&#250;rio e digital) alternadamente, o que impediu que o primeiro e o segundo observador vissem as medidas um do outro. O monitor digital foi usado de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante no manual do usu&#225;rio, tomando-se especial cuidado com a posi&#231;&#227;o do monitor, que deve ficar &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>; o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio foi utilizado de acordo com as t&#233;cnicas recomendadas pela American Heart Association<sup>8</sup>. A m&#233;dia das medidas de cada t&#233;cnico foi calculada e esse valor foi considerado para as an&#225;lises; o mesmo foi realizado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; altura.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu uma descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis da press&#227;o arterial usando percentis, m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foram calculados para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o dos man&#244;metros de merc&#250;rio e digital. A concord&#226;ncia foi medida atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Bland &amp; Altman<sup>9</sup>. As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias e os desvios-padr&#227;o foram calculados. Tamb&#233;m fizemos an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos e de kappa para o desfecho categ&#243;rico "pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o", definido de acordo com o Quarto Relat&#243;rio sobre o Diagn&#243;stico, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento de Press&#227;o Arterial Elevada em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes<sup>10</sup>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas para meninos e meninas separadamente, exceto para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, porque os resultados foram muito similares nos dois sexos.</p>
    <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Pelotas aprovou o protocolo do estudo e o consentimento livre e informado foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 120 adolescentes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 60 eram do sexo masculino. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 14,7 anos (DP 0,46), variando de 14,0 a 15,9 anos. A altura m&#233;dia foi de 1,64 m (DP 0,8) na amostra como um todo, 1,67 m (DP 0,8) entre os meninos e 1,61 m (DP 0,6) entre as meninas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados descritivos sobre a PA. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia para os meninos foi de 113,7 mmHg (DP 14,2) com o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 115,5 mmHg (DP 15,2) com o dispositivo digital. Valores equivalentes para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram 61,5 mmHg (DP 9,9) e 69,6 mmHg (10.2), respectivamente. Para as meninas, a PAS m&#233;dia foi de 104,7 mmHg (DP 10,1) usando o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio e 102,4 mmHg (DP 11,9) com o dispositivo digital. Valores para a PAD foram 60,0 mmHg (DP 10.4) e 65,7 mmHg (DP 7,7), respectivamente. Os valores de mediana (percentil 50) foram muito similares para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mas substancialmente diferentes para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois dispositivos para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da PAS na amostra como um todo. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi 0,74. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (digital - merc&#250;rio) foi -0,3 mmHg (DP 9,2), e n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente de zero (P=0,75). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> apresentam esses dados para meninos e meninas, separadamente. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi positiva para os meninos (1,8 mmHg; P=0,15) e negativa para as meninas (-2,3 mmHg; P=0,03).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> apresenta a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois man&#244;metros na mensura&#231;&#227;o da PAD na amostra como um todo. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi de 0,47. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de 6,9 mmHg (DP 9,8) e foi altamente significante estatisticamente (P&lt;0,001). Quando os resultados s&#227;o estratificados por sexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6</xref>), eles s&#227;o consistentes com aqueles observados na amostra como um todo; a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia foi de 8,0 mmHg (DP 10,4) entre os meninos e 5,8 mmHg (DP 9,2) entre as meninas.</p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 120 adolescentes avaliados, 21 foram classificados como pr&#233;-hipertensos, de acordo com o man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio. Desses, 17 (81.0%) foram corretamente classificados de acordo com o dispositivo digital (sensibilidade). Dos 99 adolescentes que estavam abaixo do ponto de corte da pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, 88 (88,9%) foram corretamente identificados pelo dispositivo digital (especificidade). Valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram, respectivamente, 60,7% e 95,7%. A porcentagem geral de concord&#226;ncia foi de 87,5%, e o valor de kappa foi 0,62. Devido ao fato de apenas 5 adolescentes terem sido classificados como hipertensos pelo man&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, optamos por n&#227;o apresentar an&#225;lises para essa vari&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Baseados nos resultados de validade desse estudo, as seguintes equa&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o foram criadas para serem aplicadas quando o monitor digital &#233; utilizado em adolescentes de 14 a 15 anos:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Testamos a aplicabilidade dessas equa&#231;&#245;es em um banco de dados da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas (Brasil) de 1993, na qual mais de 4.000 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 15 anos foram entrevistados em 2008 e sua PA foi medida usando-se o dispositivo digital. Fizemos a regress&#227;o da PAS e PAD medidas pelo dispositivo digital sobre o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Depois, fizemos a regress&#227;o dos valores corrigidos da PA usando as equa&#231;&#245;es propostas. A magnitude das associa&#231;&#245;es entre a PA e IMC foi atenuada de forma consistente quando a corre&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada. Por exemplo, na amostra total, o coeficiente de regress&#227;o para a PAS foi 1,08, enquanto esse valor foi 0,76 quando a corre&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada. Os valores equivalentes para a PAD foram 0,73 e 0,45.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A monitora&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial &#233; essencial, no ambiente cl&#237;nico e a n&#237;vel populacional. Se os valores da press&#227;o arterial est&#227;o sob controle, h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de morbidade e mortalidade devido &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, a monitora&#231;&#227;o da PA tem sido um desafio, porque os man&#244;metros aner&#243;ides e de merc&#250;rio s&#227;o caros e requerem a presen&#231;a de um profissional de sa&#250;de treinado para utiliz&#225;-los<sup>12</sup>. Como alternativa, os dispositivos digitais t&#234;m recebido cada vez mais aten&#231;&#227;o e associa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de de renome est&#227;o recomendando seu uso<sup>13-15</sup>. A despeito das recomenda&#231;&#245;es, a validade dos monitores digitais precisa ser confirmada antes de seu uso se tornar comum.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o de monitores digitais realizados at&#233; agora foram restritos a indiv&#237;duos adultos<sup>6,7,12,14,16</sup>. Entretanto, a hipertens&#227;o na adolesc&#234;ncia, uma das poss&#237;veis consequ&#234;ncias da epidemia de obesidade, &#233; uma crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Em uma amostra de adolescentes residentes na regi&#227;o sul do Brasil, objetivamos ajudar a preencher esse vazio na literatura. Em resumo, nossos dados mostram que o monitor digital fornece dados precisos sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mas superestima a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Isso &#233; diferente da maioria dos estudos realizados em adultos, nos quais a PAS tende a ser mais superestimada quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo digital, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a PAD.</p>
    <p>A fim de corrigir os valores obtidos com o dispositivo digital, propusemos quatro equa&#231;&#245;es separadas (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica, meninos e meninas). Isso &#233; essencial porque a magnitude da superestima&#231;&#227;o na PAD foi considerada relevante no contexto da sa&#250;de publica. H&#225; uma concord&#226;ncia sobre qual &#233; o limite a ser considerado aceit&#225;vel para dispositivos digitais. Alguns autores tem proposto que erros m&#233;dios &lt; 5 mmHg com DP &lt; 8 mmHg s&#227;o aceit&#225;veis para adultos. Em nossa amostra, o erro m&#233;dio foi de apenas 0,3 mmHg para PAS, mas 6,9 mmHg para a PAD. Por essa raz&#227;o, acreditamos que o uso de equa&#231;&#245;es de corre&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio em estudos com adolescentes dentro da faixa et&#225;ria do presente estudo. Deve-se notar, entretanto, que os fatores de corre&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o popula&#231;&#227;o-espec&#237;ficos, e dessa forma, os autores devem testar a aplicabilidade de nossas equa&#231;&#245;es para outras faixas et&#225;rias e popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Quando as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o utilizadas a fim de definir hipertens&#227;o ou pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, a concord&#226;ncia entre os dispositivos deveria ser verificada novamente. Em nossa amostra, como a hipertens&#227;o foi muito rara, n&#227;o fomos capazes de explorar mais essa quest&#227;o. Entretanto, para a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, mostramos que o dispositivo digital tem uma especificidade pr&#243;xima de 90% e uma sensibilidade pr&#243;xima de 80%. Esses valores s&#227;o aceit&#225;veis para prop&#243;sito de pesquisa. Obviamente, em ambientes cl&#237;nicos, esses valores n&#227;o s&#227;o aceit&#225;veis e dessa forma, o uso de monitores aner&#243;ides &#233; recomendado.</p>
    <p>O crescente uso de man&#244;metros digitais para a medida da PA &#233; positivo em termos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Esses dispositivos podem trazer a monitora&#231;&#227;o da PA para mais perto da popula&#231;&#227;o. Eles tamb&#233;m podem ser uma ferramenta excelente para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, particularmente em ambientes de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde a maior parte das pesquisas &#233; realizada em n&#237;vel de domic&#237;lio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#245;es dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ana M. B. Menezes teve a id&#233;ia original, e foi respons&#225;vel pela prepara&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito. Samuel C Dumith realizou a maior parte das an&#225;lises, com a supervis&#227;o de Pedro C. Hallal. Ricardo B. Noal foi respons&#225;vel pelo treinamento dos t&#233;cnicos que fizeram a mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, e foi respons&#225;vel pelo planejamento do estudo. Ana Paula Nunes, Fernanda Mendon&#231;a, Marta A. Duval e Paulo E. Caruso fizeram o trabalho de campo e inser&#231;&#227;o de dados. Cora L. Araujo, Ana M. B. Menezes e Pedro C. Hallal s&#227;o os coordenadores do Estudo de Coorte de Nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas (Brasil). Todos os autores contribu&#237;ram para as vers&#245;es iniciais do manuscrito e aprovaram sua vers&#227;o final.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ana M. B. Menezes </p>
        <p> Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160, 3 piso </p>
        <p> 96020-220 - Pelotas, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anamene@terra.com.br">anamene@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/03/09; revisado recebido em 30/03/09; aceito em 24/07/09</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Validity of a wrist digital monitor for blood pressure measurement in comparison to a mercury sphygmomanometer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Valid measurements of blood pressure, both at clinical and community settings, are essential for monitoring this variable at the population level. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a wrist digital monitor for measuring blood pressure among adolescents in comparison to a mercury sphygmomanometer. METHODS: A validation study was carried out in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Blood pressure was measured twice using two different sphygmomanometers; an OMRON wrist digital and a desktop BD mercury one. Half of the sample was measured first with the digital manometer and subsequently with the mercury one, whereas the remaining half was evaluated in the opposite order. Agreement between both measures was evaluated using the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS: 120 adolescents aged 14 to 15 years were included (50% of each sex). Mean systolic blood pressure among boys was 113.7 mmHg (SD 14.2) when using the mercury manometer and 115.5 mmHg (SD 15.2) when using the digital one. Equivalent values for diastolic blood pressure were 61.5 mmHg (SD 9.9) and 69.6 mmHg (10.2), respectively. Among girls, the mean systolic blood pressure was 104.7 mmHg (SD 10.1) when using the mercury manometer and 102.4 mmHg (SD 11.9) when using the digital device. Values for diastolic blood pressure were 60.0 mmHg (SD 10.4) and 65.7 mmHg (SD 7.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The digital device showed a high level of agreement with the mercury manometer when measuring systolic blood pressure. The level of agreement was lower for diastolic blood pressure. The use of correction equations may be an alternative for studies using this wrist digital monitor in adolescent patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure monitors</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure determination</kwd>
        <kwd>sphygmomanometers</kwd>
        <kwd>validation studies</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Validity of a wrist digital monitor for blood pressure measurement in comparison to a mercury sphygmomanometer</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana M. B. Menezes; Samuel C. Dumith; Ricardo B. Noal; Ana Paula Nunes; Fernanda I. Mendon&#231;a; Cora L. P. Ara&#250;jo; Marta A. Duval; Paulo E. Caruso; Pedro C. Hallal</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Corespond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Valid measurements of blood pressure, both at clinical and community settings, are essential for monitoring this variable at the population level.</p>
      <p> OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a wrist digital monitor for measuring blood pressure among adolescents in comparison to a mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A validation study was carried out in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Blood pressure was measured twice using two different sphygmomanometers; an OMRON wrist digital and a desktop BD mercury one. Half of the sample was measured first with the digital manometer and subsequently with the mercury one, whereas the remaining half was evaluated in the opposite order. Agreement between both measures was evaluated using the Bland and Altman method.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 120 adolescents aged 14 to 15 years were included (50% of each sex). Mean systolic blood pressure among boys was 113.7 mmHg (SD 14.2) when using the mercury manometer and 115.5 mmHg (SD 15.2) when using the digital one. Equivalent values for diastolic blood pressure were 61.5 mmHg (SD 9.9) and 69.6 mmHg (10.2), respectively. Among girls, the mean systolic blood pressure was 104.7 mmHg (SD 10.1) when using the mercury manometer and 102.4 mmHg (SD 11.9) when using the digital device. Values for diastolic blood pressure were 60.0 mmHg (SD 10.4) and 65.7 mmHg (SD 7.7), respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The digital device showed a high level of agreement with the mercury manometer when measuring systolic blood pressure. The level of agreement was lower for diastolic blood pressure. The use of correction equations may be an alternative for studies using this wrist digital monitor in adolescent patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Blood pressure monitors; blood pressure determination; sphygmomanometers; validation studies; adolescent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An accurate assessment of blood pressure is very important for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. The importance of attaining the diagnosis of high blood pressure and its continuous monitoring are well known. Therefore, several equipments have been available for the measurement of blood pressure, not only to be used by specialized individuals, but also by the population itself. In this sense, wrist digital monitors have been increasingly used, instead of mercury and aneroid devices, which require a trained professional to operate them<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although digital monitors are much easier to use when compared to the mercury sphygmomanometers, it is essential to establish their reliability and validity. There is some evidence in the literature that wrist digital monitors are reliable and accurate when compared with other devices, such as the aneroid or mercury devices<sup>3,4</sup>. It seems that this type of equipment can replace the others in some contexts, such as at home or in epidemiological studies within the community<sup>5</sup>. However, most studies so far included only adults, and therefore, the validity of these methods among adolescents in unclear.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to test the validity of a wrist digital monitor against that of a mercury sphygmomanometer - the gold standard - in a convenience sample of adolescents living in Pelotas, southern Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A sample of 120 adolescents aged 14 to 15 years from five public schools of the city had their blood pressure measured with two different sphygmomanometers - a desktop BD mercury and a wrist digital (OMRON HEM 629, Beijing, China) - by two trained technicians. A Tycos stethoscope was used with the mercury sphygmomanometer. The students were allowed to rest for 10 minutes prior to the measurements. Their height was measured twice using a stadiometer accurate to 0.1 cm (Seca, Birminghan). All adolescents were sitting on a chair with support for their backs and arms, with the legs uncrossed, and the right arm and wrist were used for the measurements. Each adolescent had his/her blood pressure measured twice with one minute of difference between each measurement; thus, venous congestion was prevented and the variability of BP was kept to a minimum<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>For half of the sample, the mercury sphygmomanometer was used first; for the remaining half, the opposite order was used. This selection was carried out randomly. The technicians used both sphygmomanometers (mercury and digital) alternatively, which prevented the first and second observer from seeing each other's measurements. The digital monitor was used following the manufacturer's instructions contained in the user's manual and special attention was paid to the position of the monitor, which should be at the level of the heart<sup>7</sup>; the mercury sphygmomanometer was used according to the technique recommended by the American Heart Association<sup>8</sup>. The average of the measurements by each technician was calculated and this value was considered for the analyses; the same was done for height.</p>
      <p>The statistical analyses included a description of blood pressure variables using percentiles, means and standard deviations. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by comparing the digital and mercury manometers. Agreement was measured using the Bland and Altman<sup>9</sup> method. Mean differences and standard deviations were calculated. We also performed sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and kappa analyses for the categorical outcome 'pre-hypertension', defined in accordance with The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents<sup>10</sup>. All analyses were performed for boys and girls separately, except for the categorical analyses, because results were very similar for both sexes.</p>
      <p>The Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Pelotas Medical School approved the study protocol, and informed consents were obtained.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 120 adolescents included in the study, 60 were boys. Mean age was 14.7 years (SD 0.46), ranging from 14.0 to 15.9 years. Mean height was 1.64 m (SD 0.8) in the whole sample, 1.67 m (SD 0.8) among boys and 1.61 m (SD 0.6) among girls. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_14t01-body2">Table 1</xref> presents descriptive data on blood pressure. Mean systolic blood pressure for boys was 113.7 mmHg (SD 14.2) when using the mercury manometer and 115.5 mmHg (SD 15.2) when using the digital one. Equivalent values for diastolic blood pressure were 61.5 mmHg (SD 9.9) and 69.6 mmHg (10.2), respectively. For girls, the mean systolic blood pressure was 104.7 mmHg (SD 10.1) when using the mercury manometer and 102.4 mmHg (SD 11.9) when using the digital device. Values for diastolic blood pressure were 60.0 mmHg (SD 10.4) and 65.7 mmHg (SD 7.7), respectively. Median values (50<sup>th</sup> percentile) were very similar for systolic blood pressure, but substantially different for diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_14t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the agreement between the two devices for measuring systolic blood pressure in the overall sample. Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.74. The mean difference (digital - mercury) was -0.3 mmHg (SD 9.2) and it was not statistically different from zero (P=0.75). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">3</xref> present these data for boys and girls separately. The mean difference was positive for boys (1.8 mmHg; P=0.15) and negative for girls (-2.3 mmHg; P=0.03).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figure 4</xref> presents the agreement between the two manometers when measuring diastolic blood pressure in the whole sample. Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.47. The mean difference was 6.9 mmHg (SD 9.8) and it was highly statistically significant (P&lt;0.001). When results are stratified by sex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">Figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-body2">6</xref>), results are consistent with those observed in the whole sample; the mean difference was 8.0 mmHg (SD 10.4) in boys and 5.8 mmHg (SD 9.2) in girls.</p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 120 adolescents measured, 21 were classified as pre-hypertensive, according to the mercury manometer. Out of these, 17 (81.0%) were correctly classified according to the digital device (sensitivity). Of the 99 adolescents who were below the pre-hypertension cut-off, 88 (88.9%) were correctly identified by the digital device (specificity). Positive and negative predictive values were 60.7% and 95.7%, respectively. The overall percent of agreement was 87.5% and the kappa value was 0.62. Because only five adolescents were classified as hypertensive by the mercury manometer, we chose not to present analyses for this variable.</p>
      <p>Based on the validity results presented in this study, the following correction equations were created to be applied when the digital monitor is used in adolescents aged 14-15 years.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0365-00014-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>We tested the applicability of these equations in a database of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort, in which over 4,000 adolescents aged 14-15 years were interviewed in 2008 and had their blood pressure measured using the digital device. We regressed systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured by the digital device on body mass index (BMI). Afterwards, we regressed the corrected values of blood pressure using the equations proposed. The magnitude of the association between blood pressure and BMI was consistently attenuated when the correction was applied. For instance, in the whole sample, the regression coefficient for systolic blood pressure was 1.08, whereas it was 0.76 when the correction was applied. The equivalent values were 0.73 and 0.45 for diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure monitoring is essential, both at the clinical and at the population level. If blood pressure values are under control, there is a decreased risk of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease<sup>11</sup>. However, blood pressure monitoring has been challenging, because aneroid and mercury manometers are expensive and require a trained health professional to use them<sup>12</sup>. As an alternative, digital devices have received growing attention, and well-known health associations are recommending their use<sup>13-15</sup>. Regardless of the recommendations, the validity of digital monitors needs to be confirmed prior to their widespread utilization.</p>
      <p>Most validation studies of digital monitors carried out so far were restricted to adults<sup>6,7,12,14,16</sup>. However, hypertension in adolescence, one of the possible consequences of the obesity epidemics, is a growing public health concern. In a sample of adolescents living in Southern Brazil, we aimed to help filling this literature gap. In summary, our data shows that the digital monitor provides accurate data on systolic blood pressure, but overestimates diastolic pressure. This is different from most of the studies in adults, in which systolic blood pressure tends to be more overestimated using the digital device in comparison to diastolic pressure.</p>
      <p>In order to correct the values obtained by the digital device, we propose four separate equations (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, boys and girls). This is essential because the magnitude of the overestimation in diastolic blood pressure was considered relevant in the context of public health. There is no agreement on which is the limit to be considered acceptable for digital devices. Some authors have proposed that average errors below 5 mmHg, with standard deviation below 8 mmHg, are acceptable among adults. In our sample, the mean error was only 0.3 mmHg for systolic pressure, but 6.9 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure. For this reason, we believe that the use of correction equations is necessary in studies among adolescents within the age range used in the present study. One should note, however, that correction factors are population-specific, and therefore, authors should test the applicability of our equations for other age groups and populations.</p>
      <p>When categorical variables are used, in order to define hypertension or pre-hypertension, the agreement between the instruments should be checked again. In our sample, because hypertension was very rare, we were not able to explore this issue further. However, for pre-hypertension, we show that the digital device has a specificity close to 90%, and sensitivity close to 80%. These values are acceptable for research purposes. Obviously, in clinical settings, these values are not acceptable, and therefore, the use of aneroid monitors is recommended.</p>
      <p>The growing use of digital manometers for measuring blood pressure is positive in terms of public health. It can likely make blood pressure monitoring more accessible to the population. It can also be an excellent tool for epidemiological studies, particularly in low and middle-income settings, where most research is carried out at the household level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Authors' contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ana M. B. Menezes had the original idea and was in charge of the writing of the manuscript. Samuel C. Dumith carried out most of the analyses, with the supervision of Pedro C. Hallal. Ricardo B. Noal was responsible for training the technicians on the blood pressure measurement and was responsible for planning the study design. Ana Paula Nunes, Fernanda Mendon&#231;a, Marta A. Duval and Paulo E. Caruso performed the fieldwork and data entry. Cora L. Araujo, Ana M. B. Menezes and Pedro C. Hallal are coordinating the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. All authors contributed to the early drafts of this manuscript and approved its final version.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
