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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ngC3wfDQxCFK7DdYhHXpFbz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qualidade de vida em pacientes hipertensos e validade concorrente do Minichal-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melchiors</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correr</surname>
            <given-names>Cassyano Janu&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontarolo</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe de Oliveira de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Augusto de Paula e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>357</fpage>
      <lpage>364</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os question&#225;rios de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de (QVRS) s&#227;o instrumentos de medidas de resultados human&#237;sticos tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos quanto em farmacoecon&#244;micos. No entanto, eles devem ter seus par&#226;metros psicom&#233;tricos avaliados, de forma a refletir a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva individual da qualidade de vida. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil de qualidade de vida dos pacientes hipertensos e avaliar a validade concorrente do instrumento Minichal-Brasil, comparando com o instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;rica da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) conhecido como WHOQOL-Bref. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e noventa e um pacientes adultos (sendo 72,8% mulheres) com hipertens&#227;o arterial foram entrevistados. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes teve uma condi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o controlada. A m&#233;dia da QVRS medida pela pontua&#231;&#227;o total do Minichal foi 69,7 (DP = 19,2 IC95% de 66,9 a 72,4), sendo no dom&#237;nio "estado mental" = 69,1 (IC95% de 66,1 a 72,2) e no dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" = 69,9 (IC95% 66,5 -73,2). As m&#233;dias para o instrumento WHOQOL-Bref foram: no dom&#237;nio "f&#237;sico" = 61,5 (IC95% de 59,0 a 64,1), no dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico" = 65,7 (IC95% de 63,2 a 68,2), no dom&#237;nio "social" = 72,3 (IC95% de 70,0 a 74,5) e no dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente" uma m&#233;dia de 59,7 (IC95% de 57,7 a 61,7). RESULTADOS: O Minichal apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,001) com WHOQOL-Bref relativo a todos os seus dom&#237;nios, com exce&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente", que n&#227;o se correlacionou com o dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas". CONCLUS&#195;O: O Minichal-Brasil provou ser uma ferramenta &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos transversais</kwd>
        <kwd>question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EPIDEMOLOGIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Qualidade de vida em pacientes hipertensos e validade concorrente do Minichal-Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Carolina Melchiors; Cassyano Janu&#225;rio Correr; Roberto Pontarolo; Felipe de Oliveira de Souza Santos; Rodrigo Augusto de Paula e Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Os question&#225;rios de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de (QVRS) s&#227;o instrumentos de medidas de resultados human&#237;sticos tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos quanto em farmacoecon&#244;micos. No entanto, eles devem ter seus par&#226;metros psicom&#233;tricos avaliados, de forma a refletir a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva individual da qualidade de vida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Descrever o perfil de qualidade de vida dos pacientes hipertensos e avaliar a validade concorrente do instrumento Minichal-Brasil, comparando com o instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;rica da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) conhecido como WHOQOL-Bref. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e noventa e um pacientes adultos (sendo 72,8% mulheres) com hipertens&#227;o arterial foram entrevistados. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes teve uma condi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o controlada. A m&#233;dia da QVRS medida pela pontua&#231;&#227;o total do Minichal foi 69,7 (DP = 19,2 IC95% de 66,9 a 72,4), sendo no dom&#237;nio "estado mental" = 69,1 (IC95% de 66,1 a 72,2) e no dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" = 69,9 (IC95% 66,5 -73,2). As m&#233;dias para o instrumento WHOQOL-Bref foram: no dom&#237;nio "f&#237;sico" = 61,5 (IC95% de 59,0 a 64,1), no dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico" = 65,7 (IC95% de 63,2 a 68,2), no dom&#237;nio "social" = 72,3 (IC95% de 70,0 a 74,5) e no dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente" uma m&#233;dia de 59,7 (IC95% de 57,7 a 61,7). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O Minichal apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,001) com WHOQOL-Bref relativo a todos os seus dom&#237;nios, com exce&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente", que n&#227;o se correlacionou com o dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas". </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O Minichal-Brasil provou ser uma ferramenta &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold> Hipertens&#227;o, qualidade de vida, estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, estudos transversais, question&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais prevalente do Brasil. Estima-se que entre 22,3% e 43,9% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta apresentem valores de press&#227;o arterial (PA) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg (sist&#243;lica) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg (diast&#243;lica)<sup>1</sup>. Estudos demonstraram que alguns dos principais fatores que impactam na qualidade de vida dos hipertensos s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a e os efeitos adversos dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A qualidade de vida (QV) representa a soma de sensa&#231;&#245;es subjetivas relacionadas ao bem-estar<sup>3</sup>. Duas pessoas no mesmo estado de sa&#250;de podem ter percep&#231;&#245;es diferentes sobre sua qualidade de vida, o que n&#227;o permite que se fa&#231;am extrapola&#231;&#245;es de um paciente para outro<sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rias podem ser as interpreta&#231;&#245;es de pacientes, fam&#237;lia e equipe de sa&#250;de, gerando discrep&#226;ncias de avalia&#231;&#227;o, o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do pr&#243;prio paciente avaliar sua condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, qualidade de vida corresponde &#224; "percep&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo de sua posi&#231;&#227;o na vida no contexto da sua cultura e sistema de valores em que vive e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus objetivos, expectativas, padr&#245;es e preocupa&#231;&#245;es"<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os instrumentos para medir a qualidade de vida foram criados para que o profissional da sa&#250;de possa medir efetivamente o impacto das interven&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de sobre a qualidade de vida e, mais especificamente, a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de. Para isso s&#227;o necess&#225;rios question&#225;rios de mensura&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lidos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, v&#225;rios s&#227;o os estudos de adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural de instrumentos de qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de. O instrumento gen&#233;rico mais utilizado para a popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos &#233; o Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36)<sup>7,8</sup>. O Spanish Short Form of Quality of Life Questionnaire for Arterial Hypertension (Minichal) surge como instrumento espec&#237;fico mais utilizado na HAS<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente foi publicado um trabalho de adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural e valida&#231;&#227;o do Minichal para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil. Esse estudo avaliou crit&#233;rios de conte&#250;do, constructo e consist&#234;ncia interna do instrumento, comparando resultados em pacientes hipertensos e normotensos. Dados de validade concorrente, comparando o Minichal a outros instrumentos de medida da QV n&#227;o foram feitos, tornando necess&#225;ria &#224; continuidade dos estudos<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil de qualidade de vida dos pacientes hipertensos e avaliar a validade concorrente do instrumento Minichal-Brasil, comparando sua <italic>performance</italic> ao instrumento gen&#233;rico de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV conhecido como WHOQOL-Bref.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, n&#227;o randomizado, realizado no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no Sul do Brasil por meio de entrevistas realizadas com profissionais treinados e com habilidades para o estudo. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos eram todos diagnosticados com HAS, segundo os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico municipais, que frequentavam as unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de onde foi realizado o estudo, tomavam ao menos um medicamento para trat&#225;-la e possu&#237;am idade <underline>&gt;</underline>18 anos.</p>
    <p>A amostra foi formada de forma independente, por conveni&#234;ncia, por todos pacientes que aceitavam participar da pesquisa e compareciam nos dias das entrevistas nas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, gestantes ou com doen&#231;a mental cr&#244;nica ou aguda severa foram exclu&#237;dos. O per&#237;odo do estudo foi de janeiro a outubro de 2007.</p>
    <p>A cidade escolhida para o estudo, Arauc&#225;ria, pertence &#224; Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Curitiba, e possui uma renda <italic>per capita</italic> analisada em 2000 de 136,45 d&#243;lares (242,06 reais), ou seja, uma regi&#227;o de baixa renda<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram analisados dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos (g&#234;nero, idade, anos de estudo, estado civil e ra&#231;a), cl&#237;nicos (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HAS, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e tratamento anti-hipertensivo), al&#233;m de comorbidades e fatores de risco cardiovascular como diabetes, dislipidemia, depress&#227;o, obesidade, arritmia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hist&#243;rico de AVC e hist&#243;rico de infarto. Esses dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada e os pacientes relatavam suas comorbidades. Nos casos de d&#250;vidas os dados eram confirmados pelos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV foram administrados em uma &#250;nica entrevista para cada paciente.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos e est&#225; registrado na Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Conep). Todos os pacientes receberam as informa&#231;&#245;es relativas aos objetivos do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Question&#225;rios para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Minichal foi desenvolvido na Espanha em 2001 e cont&#233;m 16 itens. Dez itens referem-se ao dom&#237;nio "estado mental" (<italic>state of mind</italic>) e seis itens a "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" (<italic>somatic manifestations</italic>). As quest&#245;es se referem aos &#250;ltimos sete dias. A escala de pontua&#231;&#227;o &#233; do tipo likert com quatro poss&#237;veis respostas (0=n&#227;o, absolutamente; 1=sim, um pouco; 2=sim, m&#233;dio; 3=sim, muito). Os pontos variam de 0 (melhor n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) a 30 (pior n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) para a dimens&#227;o "estado mental", e para a dimens&#227;o "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" variam de 0 (melhor n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) a 18 (pior n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de). Neste trabalho, o escore original do instrumento foi convertido para uma escala de zero a 100, sendo zero o pior n&#237;vel e 100, o melhor n&#237;vel de qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS)<sup>12</sup>. Essa convers&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria para que se pudessem comparar os resultados do Minichal ao WHOQOL-Bref, que originalmente utiliza essa escala.</p>
    <p>Na vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s do Minichal uma quest&#227;o foi transferida de dom&#237;nio ap&#243;s an&#225;lise fatorial. O dom&#237;nio "estado mental" inclui as quest&#245;es de 1 a 9 e a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 27 pontos. O dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" inclui as quest&#245;es de 10 a 16, com pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 21 pontos. A vers&#227;o brasileira j&#225; validada apresentou um &#945; de Cronbach de 0,88 para o dom&#237;nio "estado mental" e 0,86 para "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas"<sup>9</sup>. Tanto o original em espanhol como a vers&#227;o brasileira incluem uma &#250;ltima quest&#227;o relativa ao impacto geral da hipertens&#227;o na QV do paciente. Esse instrumento foi originalmente desenvolvido para ser autoadministrado. Neste estudo, entretanto, em raz&#227;o da baixa escolaridade dos pacientes, o instrumento foi aplicado mediante entrevista estruturada.</p>
    <p>O WHOQOL-Bref &#233; um instrumento desenvolvido pelo Grupo de Qualidade de Vida da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de e cont&#234;m 26 quest&#245;es, sendo uma vers&#227;o abreviada do WHOQOL-100. &#201; composto por duas quest&#245;es gerais de qualidade de vida e 24 quest&#245;es que representam cada uma das 24 facetas do WHOQOL-100. Esse instrumento possui quatro dom&#237;nios: "f&#237;sico" (sete perguntas), "psicol&#243;gico" (seis perguntas), "sociail" (tr&#234;s perguntas) e "meio ambiente" (oito perguntas). A escala utilizada &#233; do tipo likert de cinco pontos e o escore &#233; apresentado de zero a 100, sendo zero o pior n&#237;vel e 100 o melhor n&#237;vel de QVRS poss&#237;vel<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A PA foi medida tr&#234;s vezes consecutivas para cada paciente, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de um minuto entre as medidas. Foi utilizado o aparelho autom&#225;tico digital OMRON HEM - 722C. Esse aparelho &#233; validado pelos protocolos da Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation e British Hypertesion Society para pesquisas internacionais<sup>14</sup>. A m&#233;dia da PA foi obtida considerando as duas &#250;ltimas medidas, realizadas em cada paciente. Foram considerados controlados hipertensos com PA &lt;140/90 mmHg, conforme diretrizes brasileiras e internacionais<sup>15-18</sup>. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram agrupados de acordo com o est&#225;gio da HAS conforme as V Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. Essas organizam a HAS em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios quando a PA &#233; <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 mmHg. O est&#225;gio 1 corresponde &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) entre 140 e 159 mmHg ou a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) entre 90 a 99 mmHg. O est&#225;gio 2 corresponde &#224; PAS entre 160 e 179 mmHg ou PAD entre 100 a 109 mmHg. O est&#225;gio 3 corresponde &#224; PAS <underline>&gt;</underline>180 mmHg ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline>110 mmHg.</p>
    <p>O par&#226;metro para verificar o sobrepeso e obesidade dos pacientes foi o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), calculado a partir do peso e altura dos pacientes medidos no momento da entrevista.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do <italic>software</italic> SPSS v.12.0 <italic>for windows</italic>. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias entre grupos foi utilizado o teste U de Mann Whitney (dois grupos) ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis (tr&#234;s grupos ou mais). Para correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis foi calculado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Foram considerados significativos resultados de p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram entrevistados 191 pacientes adultos (72,8% mulheres) com hipertens&#227;o diagnosticada e que utilizavam algum tratamento anti-hipertensivo. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 58,4 anos (DP=11,4; variando de 29 a 84 anos). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) m&#233;dio foi de 29,06 (DP=6,11; variando de 18 a 62 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A escolaridade dos pacientes foi em m&#233;dia 3,0 anos formais de estudo. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida pelo WHOQOL-Bref, dois pacientes n&#227;o responderam a todas as quest&#245;es do question&#225;rio e, por isso, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo nas an&#225;lises comparativas entre os instrumentos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> traz o perfil detalhado dos participantes do estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes (30,4%) estava com a PA controlada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A PAS apresentou uma m&#233;dia de 151,6 mmHg (IC95% 147,9-155,2 mmHg) e a PAD apresentou m&#233;dia dentro do limite considerado controlado (86,3 IC95% 84,4-88,2 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos mais utilizados foram captopril (63,35%), hidroclorotiazida (44,50%) e nifedipino (19,37%). Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes (45,5%) utilizava monoterapia. As associa&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes foram captopril e hidroclorotiazida (20,4%), captopril e nifedipino (4,7%), propranolol e hidroclorotiazida (3,7%), hidroclorotiazida e nifedipino (3,7%), captopril, hidroclorotiazida e nifedipino (3,7%) e captopril e furosemida (3,1%).</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da QVRS medida pelo escore total do Minichal, numa escala de 0 a 100, foi de 69,7 (DP=19,2 IC95% 66,9 - 72,4). As m&#233;dias por dom&#237;nios foram bastante pr&#243;ximas, sendo no dom&#237;nio "estado mental" de 69,1 (IC95% 66,1 - 72,2) e no dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" de 69,9 (IC95% 66,5-73,2). Na an&#225;lise de consist&#234;ncia interna do Minichal, obteve-se um &#945; de Cronbach de 0,843. O dom&#237;nio "estado mental" apresentou &#945;=0,798 e o dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" &#945;=0,749.</p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias para o instrumento WHOQOL-Bref foram avaliadas por dom&#237;nios. No dom&#237;nio "f&#237;sico" obteve-se m&#233;dia de 61,5 (IC95% 59,0 - 64,1); no dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico", de 65,7 (IC95% 63,2 - 68,2); no dom&#237;nio "social", de 72,3 (IC95% 70,0 - 74,5); e no dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente" obteve-se m&#233;dia de 59,7 (IC95% 57,7 - 61,7).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na QVRS pelo Minichal e WHOQOL-Bref entre hipertensos controlados e n&#227;o controlados (p&gt;0,10). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref> traz os resultados do MINICHAL e WHOQOL-Bref conforme estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios da HAS<sup>18</sup>. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas na QVRS entre os pacientes nos diferentes est&#225;gios da HAS para ambos os instrumentos (p&gt;0,10).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> traz as diferen&#231;as nos resultados do Minichal e WHOQOL-Bref entre os pacientes, de acordo com sexo e presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p&lt;0,05) em todos os dom&#237;nios de ambos os instrumentos para pacientes com presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o. As demais vari&#225;veis que apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a significante (p&lt;0,05) entre os pacientes foram: a) para o escore total do Minichal e o dom&#237;nio "estado mental": g&#234;nero e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; b) para o dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" do Minichal: g&#234;nero, diabetes, dislipidemia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e obesidade; c) para o WHOQOL-Bref no dom&#237;nio "f&#237;sico": insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e obesidade; d) no dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico": insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmia card&#237;aca; e e) no dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente": hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o (r de Spearman) da QVRS com as vari&#225;veis idade, anos de estudo e tempo de diagn&#243;stico da HAS, a idade n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&gt;0,10), os anos formais de estudo apresentaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe (r=0,134; p=0,065) com o dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico" do WHOQOL-Bref e o tempo de diagn&#243;stico da HAS apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa com o escore total do Minichal (r=-0,149; p&lt;0,05) e lim&#237;trofe com o dom&#237;nio "estado mental" do Minichal (r=-0,139; p=0,56).</p>
    <p>O Minichal (incluindo seus dom&#237;nios isoladamente) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o WHOQOL-Bref em todos os seus dom&#237;nios, com exce&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio "meio ambiente", que n&#227;o se correlacionou ao dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" do Minichal. O dom&#237;nio "f&#237;sico" do WHOQOL-Bref foi o que melhor se correlacionou ao Minichal, tanto na pontua&#231;&#227;o total como nos dom&#237;nios "estado mental" e "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, o grau de escolaridade dos participantes da pesquisa foi baixo (apenas tr&#234;s anos formais de estudo em m&#233;dia). Em outros estudos de QRVS, Robbins e cols. encontraram 12,3 anos formais de estudo<sup>19</sup>, e Lalonde e cols.<sup>20</sup> n&#227;o relataram pacientes com grau de escolaridade menor que o ensino secund&#225;rio (ensino m&#233;dio). O estudo com participantes de menor escolaridade encontrado foi desenvolvido no Egito, por Youssef e cols.<sup>2</sup>, apresentando 40,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o sem estudo formal e 12,3% com estudo fundamental.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de IMC, uma grande parcela dos pacientes apresentava sobrepeso (38,9%) e apenas um quarto (24,7%) estava com o peso dentro dos padr&#245;es normais (IMC&lt;25). O aumento na preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o ocorre em conjunto com o aumento do sobrepeso e obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>, a obesidade &#233; a maior causa de hipertens&#227;o, resultados do Framingham Heart Study sugerem que aproximadamente 78% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o em homens e 65% em mulheres s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos a obesidade<sup>22</sup>. Entretanto, uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial na QVRS dessa popula&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada em raz&#227;o desse fator impactante.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao controle da press&#227;o arterial (&lt;140/90 mmHg), a taxa de pacientes com a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada que tomavam tratamento anti-hipertensivo (69,6%) foi pr&#243;xima ao relatado no documento da OMS para hipertens&#227;o, no qual consta que tr&#234;s quartos dos pacientes com HAS n&#227;o atingem um &#243;timo controle da sua press&#227;o arterial<sup>23</sup>. No Brasil, os estudos de preval&#234;ncia que relatam pacientes com press&#227;o arterial controlada utilizando tratamento anti-hipertensivo apresentam taxas com varia&#231;&#227;o de 10,4% a 33%<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os medicamentos mais utilizados pelos pacientes do estudo (captoprill, hidroclorotiazida e nifedipino) encontram-se dispon&#237;veis gratuitamente na rede p&#250;blica de assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e fazem parte da Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename).</p>
    <p>Mulheres e homens mostraram diferen&#231;a nas suas avalia&#231;&#245;es de qualidade de vida pelo Minichal em todos os seus dom&#237;nios. Resultado semelhante ao obtido em outro estudo<sup>12</sup>. Na an&#225;lise de compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre pacientes com a PA controlada ou n&#227;o controlada, resultado diferente do obtido no estudo de Youssef e cols.<sup>2</sup>, no qual o controle da press&#227;o arterial foi um preditor para uma melhor QVRS. Robbins e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis da PA e o dom&#237;nio "fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva" da QVRS, assim como verificado em estudos anteriores<sup>19,26,27</sup>. No estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o do Minichal original n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias nos diferentes est&#225;gios da hipertens&#227;o, assim como neste estudo<sup>12,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de consist&#234;ncia interna, o &#945; de Cronbach foi considerado aceit&#225;vel (&#945;&gt;0,70) nos diferentes dom&#237;nios do Minichal, e valores desej&#225;veis devem estar entre 0,50 e 0,70 para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, e 0,85-0,95 para compara&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos<sup>29</sup>. No estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o para o Brasil e no estudo original de desenvolvimento do Minichal, os dom&#237;nios "estado mental" e "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" apresentaram &#945; de 0,87 e 0,75 no estudo original, e 0,88 e 0,86 no estudo Brasileiro<sup>9,12</sup>. A diferen&#231;a nos resultados obtidos nos dois estudos realizados no Brasil pode estar relacionado &#224; escolaridade dos pacientes. No estudo de Schulz e cols.<sup>9</sup> os pacientes apresentaram maior escolaridade, com 36% dos hipertensos e 80% dos normotensos com ensino superior<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; observado por outros pesquisadores, em nosso estudo as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas influenciaram a QVRS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). Fatores como g&#234;nero feminino, obesidade, menor faixa et&#225;ria e menor n&#237;vel educacional parecem se relacionar a uma pior avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV<sup>30</sup>. Isso tamb&#233;m foi observado no estudo original do Minichal, no qual mulheres tiveram uma pior pontua&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio "estado mental"<sup>28</sup>. Na literatura essa rela&#231;&#227;o est&#225; descrita por diferentes autores<sup>2,28,31</sup>. Mulheres referem mais frequentemente sentimentos de insatisfa&#231;&#227;o e frustra&#231;&#227;o, o que influi na QVRS, especialmente no dom&#237;nio "psicol&#243;gico"<sup>31</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, homens t&#234;m melhor capacidade para tolerar doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas sem serem afetados emocionalmente<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; obesidade, alguns estudos<sup>32,33</sup> relatam a rela&#231;&#227;o de que obesos t&#234;m uma pior percep&#231;&#227;o da QVRS. No estudo de Fletcher e cols.<sup>33</sup> verificou-se que essa rela&#231;&#227;o ocorria em mulheres. No estudo de Grimm e cols.<sup>30</sup> verificou-se que uma melhora na dieta dos pacientes e a perda de peso esteve relacionada a uma melhor QVRS.</p>
    <p>Quanto maior foi o tempo de diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o, menor foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS medida pelo Minichal, especialmente no seu escore total e no dom&#237;nio "estado mental". Robbins e cols.<sup>19</sup> observaram essa mesma rela&#231;&#227;o em mulheres. Youssef e cols.<sup>2</sup>, entretanto, analisando essa rela&#231;&#227;o em um modelo que inclu&#237;a outros par&#226;metros, como idade, n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre tempo de diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o e QV.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a faixa et&#225;ria e a idade n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com nenhum dos instrumentos de QVRS utilizados. Outros estudos t&#234;m encontrado resultados contradit&#243;rios na avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre QV e idade. Youssef e cols.<sup>2</sup> relataram que indiv&#237;duos mais jovens tiveram uma melhor QVRS, enquanto Grimm e cols.<sup>30</sup> observaram uma melhor QVRS em pessoas idosas.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com comorbidades como diabetes, dislipidemia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e depress&#227;o apresentaram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida no dom&#237;nio "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" do Minichal. Esse resultado se justifica, pois os sintomas explorados nesse dom&#237;nio do Minichal podem estar ligados a outras doen&#231;as e tratamentos al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o ou uso de anti-hipertensivos. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a depress&#227;o afetaram tamb&#233;m a QV no dom&#237;nio "estado mental" do Minichal.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o demonstraram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida tanto no Minichal como em todos os dom&#237;nios do WHOQOL-Bref. Isso refor&#231;a o forte impacto da depress&#227;o na QVRS dos pacientes como j&#225; observado no Epidemiological Follow-Up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I)<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de validade concorrente do Minichal-Brasil, por meio dos &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o pode-se verificar que nos dom&#237;nios "psicol&#243;gico" (WHOQOL-bref) e "estado mental" (Minichal) houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada (r=0,442; p&lt;0,001), e nos dom&#237;nios "f&#237;sico" (WHOQOL-Bref) e "manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas" (Minichal) essa tamb&#233;m se manteve (r=0,547; p&lt;0,001). A correla&#231;&#227;o moderada obtida entre esses dom&#237;nios indica que essas escalas medem conceitos que s&#227;o relacionados, distingu&#237;veis e n&#227;o redundantes, confirmando a validade concorrente.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados n&#227;o permitem concluir que o Minichal deva ser utilizado como substituto do WHOQOL-Bref para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida. O Minichal &#233; uma ferramenta que pode ser usada de forma complementar para avaliar a qualidade de vida em hipertensos, especialmente quando o foco do estudo for verificar o impacto de uma interven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de sobre esse par&#226;metro.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, a correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas com o Minichal-Brasil observada neste estudo, semelhante ao estudo espanhol<sup>28</sup>, ajuda a mostrar que o instrumento encontra-se adaptado ao Brasil. O instrumento pode ainda ser utilizado tanto em popula&#231;&#245;es de alta escolaridade quanto de baixa escolaridade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Minichal-Brasil demonstrou ser um instrumento &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV em pacientes hipertensos, cujos resultados s&#227;o condizentes com medidas realizadas por instrumentos gen&#233;ricos como o WHOQOL-Bref. Essas medidas de QVRS podem ser &#250;teis no aux&#237;lio da escolha do melhor tratamento para pacientes hipertensos e em estudos populacionais que avaliem os determinantes da QV nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana Carolina Melchiors pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Cassyano Janu&#225;rio Correr </p>
        <p> Rua Pinheiro Guimar&#227;es, 420 / 404/4 - Port&#227;o </p>
        <p> 80330-250 - Curitiba, PR, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cassyano@ufpr.br">cassyano@ufpr.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/07/08; revisado recebido em04/03/09; aceito em 14/05/09</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life in hypertensive patients and concurrent validity of Minichal-Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaires (HRQOL) are humanistic outcome measure instruments both in clinical and in pharmacoeconomic studies. However, they should have their psychometric parameters evaluated so as to reflect the individual subjective assessment of quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To describe the quality of life profile of hypertensive patients and to assess the concurrent validity of the Minichal-Brazil instrument by comparing it to the generic World Health Organization's (WHO) assessment instrument known as WHOQOL-Bref. METHODS: A total of 191 adult patients (72.8% females) with hypertension were interviewed. Approximately one third of these patients had their hypertension controlled. The mean HRQOL as measured by the total Minichal score was 69.7 (SD = 19.2; 95%CI from 66.9 to 72.4); the "mental status" domain and "somatic manifestations" domain scores were 69.1 (95%CI from 66.1 to 72.2), and 69.9 (95%CI from 66.5 to 73.2), respectively. The means for the WHOQOL-Bref instrument were: in the "physical" domain = 61.5 (95%CI from 59.0 to 64.1); in the "psychological" domain = 65.7 (95%CI from 63.2 to 68.2); in the "social" domain = 72.3 (95%CI from 70.0 to 74.5); and in the "environment" domain = 59.7 (95%CI from 57.7 to 61.7). RESULTS: Minichal significantly correlated (p&lt;0.001) with WHOQOL-Bref as regards all its domains, except for the "environment" domain, which did not correlate with the "somatic manifestations" domain. CONCLUSION: Minichal-Brazil proved to be a useful tool in the assessment of HRQOL in hypertensive patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>evaluation studies</kwd>
        <kwd>cross-sectional studies</kwd>
        <kwd>questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Quality of life in hypertensive patients and concurrent validity of Minichal-Brazil </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Carolina Melchiors; Cassyano Janu&#225;rio Correr; Roberto Pontarolo; Felipe de Oliveira de Souza Santos; Rodrigo Augusto de Paula e Souza</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaires (HRQOL) are humanistic outcome measure instruments both in clinical and in pharmacoeconomic studies. However, they should have their psychometric parameters evaluated so as to reflect the individual subjective assessment of quality of life.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold> To describe the quality of life profile of hypertensive patients and to assess the concurrent validity of the Minichal-Brazil instrument by comparing it to the generic World Health Organization's (WHO) assessment instrument known as WHOQOL-Bref.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A total of 191 adult patients (72.8% females) with hypertension were interviewed. Approximately one third of these patients had their hypertension controlled. The mean HRQOL as measured by the total Minichal score was 69.7 (SD = 19.2; 95%CI from 66.9 to 72.4); the "mental status" domain and "somatic manifestations" domain scores were 69.1 (95%CI from 66.1 to 72.2), and 69.9 (95%CI from 66.5 to 73.2), respectively. The means for the WHOQOL-Bref instrument were: in the "physical" domain = 61.5 (95%CI from 59.0 to 64.1); in the "psychological" domain = 65.7 (95%CI from 63.2 to 68.2); in the "social" domain = 72.3 (95%CI from 70.0 to 74.5); and in the "environment" domain = 59.7 (95%CI from 57.7 to 61.7).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Minichal significantly correlated (p&lt;0.001) with WHOQOL-Bref as regards all its domains, except for the "environment" domain, which did not correlate with the "somatic manifestations" domain.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Minichal-Brazil proved to be a useful tool in the assessment of HRQOL in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; quality of life; evaluation studies; cross-sectional studies; questionnaires.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic hypertension (SH) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in Brazil. Between 22.3% and 43.9% of the adult population are estimated to present blood pressure (BP) levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg (systolic) and <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg (diastolic)<sup>1</sup>. Studies have demonstrated that some of the major factors that impact the quality of life of hypertensive patients are target organ complications and adverse effects of antihypertensive medications<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Quality of life (QoL) represents the sum of subjective sensations related to the state of well-being<sup>3</sup>. Two persons with the same health status may have different perceptions on their quality of life, but this does not allow extrapolations to be made from one patient to another<sup>4</sup>. Also, interpretations from patients, family and the health team may vary, thus creating assessment disparities, and this reinforces the importance of the patient himself assessing his health condition<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization, quality of life is defined as "individuals' perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns"<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Instruments for the measurement of quality of life were created so that health professionals could effectively measure the impact of health interventions on the quality of life and, more specifically, the health-related quality of life. For that purpose, valid measurement questionnaires are required<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are several studies of cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life instruments. The most widely used generic instrument for the hypertensive population is the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36)<sup>7,8</sup>. The Spanish Short Form of Quality of Life Questionnaire for Arterial Hypertension (Minichal) emerges as the most frequently used specific instrument in SH<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, a study of cultural adaptation and validation of Minichal for Brazilian Portuguese was published. It evaluated criteria of content, construct and internal consistency of the instrument, by comparing results in hypertensive patients and normotensive individuals. Data on concurrent validity comparing Minichal to other QoL measurement instruments were not obtained, thus making further studies necessary<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to describe the quality of life profile of hypertensive patients and to assess the concurrent validity of the Minichal-Brazil instrument, by comparing its performance to that of the generic QoL assessment instrument known as WHOQOL-Bref.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cross-sectional, non-randomized study conducted in the public health system in Southern Brazil by means of interviews carried out by trained professionals with proper skills for the study. All patients included were diagnosed with SH according to local diagnostic criteria; they attended the primary health care units where the study was conducted, were taking at least one medication to control hypertension, and were 18 years old or older.</p>
      <p>By convenience, the sample was composed in an independent manner by all patients who agreed to participate in the research and attended the primary health care unit in the days of the interviews.</p>
      <p>Patients with secondary hypertension, pregnant women or individuals with severe acute or chronic mental disorders were excluded. The study period extended from January to October 2007.</p>
      <p>Arauc&#225;ria was the town chosen for the study; it belongs in the Metropolitan Region of the city of Curitiba and has a per capita income of 136.45 dollars (242.06 real) as analyzed in 2000, that is, it is a low-income region<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sociodemographic data (gender, age, years of schooling, marital status and race), clinical data (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, time of diagnosis of SH, body mass index, and antihypertensive treatment) were analyzed, in addition to comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, depression, obesity, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, cigarette smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, history of stroke, and history of infarction. These data were collected by means of a structured interview and the patients reported their comorbidities. In cases of doubt, data were confirmed in the patients' medical records.</p>
      <p>The QoL assessment tools were administered in one single interview for each patient.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the human research ethics committee and is registered in the National Research Ethics Commission (<italic>Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa -</italic> Conep). All patients received information regarding the objectives of the study and gave their written informed consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Health-related quality of life measurement questionnaires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Minichal was developed in Spain in 2001 and comprises 16 items. Ten items are related to the "mental status" domain and six items to "somatic manifestations". Questions refer to the past seven days. The score scale is a likert-type scale with four possible answers (0=absolutely no; 1=yes, a little; 2=yes, fairly; 3=yes, a lot). The points range from 0 (best health level) to 30 (worst health level) for the "mental status" dimension, and from 0 (best health level) to 18 (worst health level) for the "somatic manifestations" dimension. In this study, the original score of the instrument was converted into a scale from zero to 100, where zero is the worst level and 100 is the best level of health-related quality of life (HRQOL)<sup>12</sup>. This conversion was necessary to permit the comparison of Minichal results to those of WHOQOL-Bref, which originally uses this scale.</p>
      <p>In the Minichal Portuguese version, one question was changed from domain after factorial analysis. The "mental status" domain includes questions 1 to 9, and the maximum scoring is 27 points. The "somatic manifestations" domain includes questions 10 to 16, with a maximum scoring of 21 points. The already validated Brazilian version presented a Cronbach's &#945; of 0.88 for the "mental status" domain and 0.86 for the "somatic manifestations" domain<sup>9</sup>. Both the original in Spanish and the Brazilian version include one last question regarding the general impact of hypertension on the patient's QoL. This instrument was originally developed to be self-administered. In this study, however, because of the low educational level of the patients, the instrument was administered by means of a structured interview.</p>
      <p>WHOQOL-Bref is an instrument developed by the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Group and comprises 26 questions; it is an abbreviated version of WHOQOL-100. It comprises two general questions on quality of life and 24 questions that represent each one of the 24 facets of WHOQOL-100. This instrument has four domains: "physical" (seven questions), "psychological" (six questions), "social" (three questions) and "environment" (eight questions). The scale used is a five-point likert-type scale and the score ranges from zero to 100, where zero is the worst level and 100 is the best possible HRQOL<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>BP was measured three consecutive times for each patient, with a minimum one-minute interval between measurements. The automatic digital OMRON HEM - 722C device was used. This device is validated by protocols of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation and by the British Hypertension Society for International Research<sup>14</sup>. The mean BP was obtained considering the last two measurements taken for each patient. Hypertensive patients were deemed controlled if their BP was &lt; 140/90 mmHg, according to Brazilian and international guidelines<sup>15-18</sup>. The patients were also grouped according to the SH stage as defined by the V Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension<sup>18</sup>, which divide SH in three stages starting from BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg. Stage 1 corresponds to systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 140 and 159 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 90 and 99 mmHg. Stage 2 corresponds to SBP between 160 and 179 mmHg or DBP between 100 and 109 mmHg. Stage 3 corresponds to SBP <underline>&gt;</underline>180 mmHg or DBP <underline>&gt;</underline>110 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The parameter used to verify overweight or obesity was body mass index (BMI), which was calculated from the weight and height of the patients as measured at the moment of the interview.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 12.0 for Windows software program. For the comparison of means between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test (two groups) or the Kruskal-Wallis test (three groups or more) were used. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for the correlation between variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 191 adult patients (72.8% women) diagnosed with hypertension and who used some hypertensive treatment were interviewed. The mean age of the patients was 58.4 years (SD = 11.4, ranging from 29 to 84 years). The mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.06 (SD=6.11, ranging from 18 to 62 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The patients' mean level of educational attainment was 3.0 years of formal schooling. In the quality of life assessment using WHOQOL-Bref, two patients did not answer all the questions of the questionnaire and were, therefore, excluded from the study in the comparative analyses between the instruments. The detailed profile of the study participants is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>BP was controlled in approximately one third of the patients (30.4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The mean SBP was 151.6 mmHg (95%CI 147.9-155.2 mmHg) and the mean DBP was within the limit considered controlled (86.3; 95%CI 84.4-88.2 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The most frequently used antihypertensive medications were captopril (63.35%), hydrochlorothiazide (44.50%), and nifedipine (19.37%). Approximately half of the patients (45.5%) were receiving monotherapy. The most frequent combinations were captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide (20.4%), captopril plus nifedipine (4.7%), propranolol plus hydrochlorothiazide (3.7%), hydrochlorothiazide plus nifedipine (3.7%), captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide plus nifedipine (3.7%), and captopril plus furosemide (3.1%).</p>
      <p>The mean HRQOL as measured by the total Minichal score in a scale from 0 to 100 was 69.7 (SD=19.2; 95%CI 66.9 - 72.4). The means as per domain were pretty close; in the "mental status" domain the mean was 69.1 (95%CI 66.1 - 72.2), and in the "somatic manifestations" domain it was 69.9 (95%CI 66.5-73.2). In the internal consistency analysis of Minichal, a Cronbach's &#945; of 0.843 was obtained. The "mental status" domain showed &#945;=0.798 and the "somatic manifestations" domain, &#945;=0.749.</p>
      <p>The means for the WHOQOL-Bref instrument were analyzed as per domain. In the "physical" domain, a mean of 61.5 (95%CI 59.0 - 64.1) was obtained; in the "psychological" domain, of 65.7 (95%CI 63.2 - 68.2); in the "social" domain, of 72.3 (95%CI 70.0 - 74.5); and in the "environment" domain, of 59.7 (95%CI 57.7 - 61.7).</p>
      <p>No differences were found in HRQOL as measured by Minichal and WHOQOL-Bref among controlled and non-controlled hypertensive patients (p&gt;0.10). Minichal and WHOQOL-Bref results according to stratification of SH stages are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t02-body2">Table 2</xref><sup>18</sup>. No significant differences were found in HRQOL between the patients in the different SH stages for both instruments (p&gt;0.10).</p>
      <p>Differences in Minichal and WHOQOL-Bref results between patients according to gender and presence/absence of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t03-body2">Table 3</xref>. A significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between patients with or without depression was found in all domains of both instruments. The other variables presenting significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the patients were: a) for the total Minichal score and the "mental status" domain: gender and heart failure; b) for the Minichal "somatic manifestations" domain: gender, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure and obesity; c) for WHOQOL-Bref in the "physical" domain: heart failure and obesity; d) in the "psychological" domain: heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia; and e) in the "environment" domain: family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the analysis of correlation (Spearman's r) of HRQOL with age, years of schooling and time of diagnosis of SH variables, age did not show significant correlation (p&gt;0.10), years of formal schooling had a borderline correlation (r=0.134; p=0.065) with the WHOQOL-Bref "psychological" domain, and time of diagnosis of SH had a significant negative correlation with the total Minichal score (r=-0.149; p&lt;0.05) and borderline correlation with the Minichal "mental status" domain (r=-0.139; p=0.56).</p>
      <p>Minichal (including its domains taken separately) showed a significant correlation with WHOQOL-Bref in all its domains, except for the "environment" domain, which did not correlate with the Minichal "somatic manifestations" domain. The WHOQOL-Bref "physical" domain was the one that best correlated with Minichal, both regarding the total score and the "mental status" and "somatic manifestations" domains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0357-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Because of the characteristics of the place where the research was conducted, the level of educational attainment of the study participants was low (only three years of formal schooling, on average). In other HRQOL studies, Robbins et al found 12.3 years of formal schooling<sup>19</sup>, and Lalonde et al did not report patients with level of educational attainment lower than high school (secondary school)<sup>20</sup>. The study including participants with the lower level of educational attainment found was conducted in Egypt by Youssef et al<sup>2</sup>, in which 40.2% of the population had no formal schooling and 12.3% had elementary schooling.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of BMI, a large proportion of the patients presented overweight (38.9%); weight was within normal limits (BMI&lt;25) in only one fourth of them (24.7%). An increase in the prevalence of hypertension occurs with the increase in overweight and obesity in the population<sup>21</sup>; obesity is the major cause of hypertension, and results from the Framingham Heart Study suggest that approximately 78% of the cases of hypertension in men and 65% in women are attributed to obesity<sup>22</sup>. Therefore, special attention to the HRQOL of this population should be given because of this important factor.</p>
      <p>As regards blood pressure control (&lt;140/90 mmHg), the rate of patients with non-controlled blood pressure who were taking antihypertensive medication (69.6%) was close to that of a WHO document on hypertension, in which three fourths of the patients with SH were reported not to achieve optimal blood pressure control<sup>23</sup>. In Brazil, prevalence studies that report patients with controlled blood pressure by means of antihypertensive treatment show rates ranging from 10.4% to 33%<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The medications most widely used by the study patients (captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and nifedipine) are available at no charge in the public health care network and are part of the National List of Essential Medications (<italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais -</italic> Rename).</p>
      <p>There were differences in the quality of life assessment between men and women as analyzed by Minichal in all its domains. A similar result was obtained in another study<sup>12</sup>. In the comparative analysis of the means, no significant difference was found between patients with controlled and non-controlled BP, unlike in Youssef et al<sup>2</sup> study, in which blood pressure control was a predictor of a better HRQOL. Robbins et al<sup>19</sup> demonstrated an inverse relation between BP levels and the "cognitive function" domain of HRQOL, thus corroborating previous studies<sup>19,26,27</sup>. In the validation study of the original Minichal, no differences were found between the means in the different stages of hypertension, same as in the present study<sup>12,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for the analysis of internal consistency, Cronbach's &#945; was considered acceptable (&#945;&gt;0.70) in the different Minichal domains; desirable values should be between 0.50 and 0.70 for the comparison between groups, and 0.85-0.95 for the comparison between individuals<sup>29</sup>. In the validation study for Brazil, as well as in the original study for the development of Minichal, the "mental status" and "somatic manifestations" domains showed &#945; values of 0.87 and 0.75 in the original study, and 0.88 and 0.86 in the Brazilian study<sup>9,12</sup>, respectively. The difference in the results obtained in the two studies conducted in Brazil may be related to the level of educational attainment of the patients. In Schulz et al<sup>9</sup> study, the patients had a higher level of educational attainment, with 36% of the hypertensive patients and 80% of the normotensive individuals with higher education<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>As already observed by other researchers, in our study, the clinical and sociodemographic variables influenced HRQOL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t03-body2">Table 3</xref>). Factors such as female gender, obesity, lower age range and lower level of educational attainment seem to be related to a worse QoL assessment<sup>30</sup>. This was also observed in the original Minichal study, in which women had a worse score in the "mental status" domain<sup>28</sup>. This relationship is described by different authors in the literature<sup>2,28,31</sup>. Women more frequently report feelings of dissatisfaction and frustration, which influences the HRQOL, especially in the "psychological" domain<sup>31</sup>. Also, men have a greater ability to tolerate chronic diseases without being emotionally affected<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards obesity, some studies<sup>32,33</sup> reported the relationship between obese patients and a worse perception of HRQOL. In Fletcher et al's study<sup>33</sup>, this relation was observed among women. Grimm et al's study<sup>30</sup> showed that a better diet and weight loss were related to a better HRQOL.</p>
      <p>The longer the time of diagnosis of hypertension, the lower the HRQOL assessment as measured by Minichal, especially regarding the total score and the "mental status" domain. Robbins et al<sup>19</sup> also observed this relationship among women. However, Youssef et al<sup>2</sup> analyzed this relationship in a model including other parameters such as age and did not find a statistically significant correlation between time of diagnosis of hypertension and QoL.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the age range and age did not correlate with any of the HRQOL instruments used. Other studies have found conflicting results in the assessment of the relationship between QoL and age. Youssef et al<sup>2</sup> reported that younger individuals had a better HRQOL, whereas Grimm et al<sup>30</sup> observed a better HRQOL in the elderly.</p>
      <p>Patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemias, heart failure and depression show worse assessment of the quality of life in the Minichal "somatic manifestations" domain. This result is justified, because the symptoms explored in this Minichal domain may be linked to diseases and treatments other than hypertension or use of antihypertensives. Heart failure and depression also affect QoL in the Minichal "mental status" domain.</p>
      <p>Individuals diagnosed with depression showed worse quality of life assessment both in Minichal and in all WHOQOL-Bref domains. This underscores the strong impact of depression on the HRQOL of patients, as had already been observed in the Epidemiological Follow-Up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I)<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for the analysis of concurrent validity of Minichal-Brazil, by means of the correlation indexes it may be verified that in the "psychological" domain (WHOQOL-Bref) and "mental status" (Minichal) domain there was a moderate correlation (r=0.442; p&lt;0.001), that was also observed in the "physical" (WHOQOL-Bref) and "somatic manifestations" (Minichal) domains (r=0.547; p&lt;0.001). The moderate correlation obtained between these domains indicates that these scales measure concepts that are related, distinguishable and not redundant, thus confirming the concurrent validity.</p>
      <p>With base on these results, it is not possible to conclude that Minichal should be used as a substitute for WHOQOL-Bref for quality of life assessment. Minichal is a tool that can be used as a complement for quality of life assessment of hypertensive patients, especially for studies focused on verifying the impact of a health intervention on this parameter.</p>
      <p>Finally, the correlation between the sociodemographic variables and Minichal-Brazil observed in the present study, same as in the Spanish study<sup>28</sup>, helps demonstrate that this instrument is well adapted to Brazil. Also, this instrument can be used both in populations with high and low levels of educational attainment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Minichal-Brazil proved to be a useful instrument for the QoL assessment in hypertensive patients, and its results are consistent with measurements obtained with generic instruments such as WHOQOL-Bref. These HRQOL measurements may be useful to help choose the best treatment for hypertensive patients, as well as in population-based studies assessing the determinants of QoL in these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Carolina Melchiors, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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