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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RkVJSGSj9jPJkKXs7L5nYwn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sepse no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca: descri&#231;&#227;o do problema</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Janstk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Egito</surname>
            <given-names>Enilton Sergio Tabosa do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Stevan Krieger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos Bento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>352</fpage>
      <lpage>356</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTOS: A despeito do avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e na terap&#234;utica da sepse nos &#250;ltimos anos, a morbidade e mortalidade s&#227;o elevadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia, a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes que apresentaram sepse no p&#243;s- operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de um registro prospectivo que incluiu pacientes (n = 7.332) submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca (valvar ou coronariana) entre janeiro de 1995 e dezembro de 2007. Utilizamos os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de diagn&#243;stico de sepse para identificar os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com tal enfermidade e avaliamos as comorbidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e o progn&#243;stico. RESULTADOS: A sepse ocorreu em 29 pacientes (preval&#234;ncia = 0,39%). O sexo masculino predominou sobre o feminino (79% vs. 21%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 69 &#177; 6,5 anos. As principais comorbidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias eram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (79%), dislipidemia (48%) e antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (38%). O &#237;ndice Apache m&#233;dio foi de 18 &#177; 7, enquanto o Sofa indicou 14,2 &#177; 3,8. O foco infeccioso prim&#225;rio foi pulmonar em 19 pacientes (55%). Houve 19 culturas positivas, e a m&#233;dia de hidrata&#231;&#227;o endovenosa nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 1.016 &#177; 803 ml. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es foram: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (65%), s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (55%) e arritmia ventricular maligna (55%). A mortalidade foi de 79% (23 pacientes). CONCLUS&#195;O: A sepse ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um evento raro, por&#233;m com desfechos cl&#237;nicos catastr&#243;ficos. O &#237;ndice elevado de morbidade e mortalidade revelou a necessidade de um aprimoramento no tratamento, visando melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sepse</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sepse no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca: descri&#231;&#227;o do problema</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Rog&#233;rio Ferreira Silva<sup>I</sup>; Simone Soares Moura<sup>I</sup>; Diego Janstk Silva<sup>I</sup>; Enilton Sergio Tabosa do Egito<sup>I</sup>; Stevan Krieger Martins<sup>I</sup>; Luis Carlos Bento Souza<sup>I</sup>; Adib Domingos Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Leopoldo Soares Piegas<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTOS: </bold> A despeito do avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e na terap&#234;utica da sepse nos &#250;ltimos anos, a morbidade e mortalidade s&#227;o elevadas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia, a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes que apresentaram sepse no p&#243;s- operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Trata-se de um registro prospectivo que incluiu pacientes (n = 7.332) submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca (valvar ou coronariana) entre janeiro de 1995 e dezembro de 2007. Utilizamos os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de diagn&#243;stico de sepse para identificar os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com tal enfermidade e avaliamos as comorbidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e o progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A sepse ocorreu em 29 pacientes (preval&#234;ncia = 0,39%). O sexo masculino predominou sobre o feminino (79% <italic>vs</italic>. 21%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 69 &#177; 6,5 anos. As principais comorbidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias eram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (79%), dislipidemia (48%) e antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (38%). O &#237;ndice Apache m&#233;dio foi de 18 &#177; 7, enquanto o Sofa indicou 14,2 &#177; 3,8. O foco infeccioso prim&#225;rio foi pulmonar em 19 pacientes (55%). Houve 19 culturas positivas, e a m&#233;dia de hidrata&#231;&#227;o endovenosa nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 1.016 &#177; 803 ml. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es foram: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (65%), s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (55%) e arritmia ventricular maligna (55%). A mortalidade foi de 79% (23 pacientes). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A sepse ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um evento raro, por&#233;m com desfechos cl&#237;nicos catastr&#243;ficos. O &#237;ndice elevado de morbidade e mortalidade revelou a necessidade de um aprimoramento no tratamento, visando melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Sepse, cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, cora&#231;&#227;o / cirurgia, cirurgia tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O advento da cirurgia card&#237;aca representa um marco na medicina, pois esse procedimento pode prolongar a vida dos pacientes e diminuir a morbidade da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, os avan&#231;os dessa cirurgia foram not&#225;veis, o que determinou uma melhora nos seus resultados e o aumento crescente do n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos, em 2006, 700 mil americanos tiveram um novo ataque card&#237;aco, e cerca de 500 mil, um ataque recorrente. Os gastos diretos e indiretos com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram de US$ 142,5 bilh&#245;es. Houve mais de um milh&#227;o de cateterismos card&#237;acos e mais de 400 mil cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia card&#237;aca, na maioria dos casos, &#233; uma cirurgia limpa e com taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas baixas, por&#233;m, quando estas ocorrem, contribuem para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel dos pacientes<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes que evoluem com sepse, independentemente do foco infeccioso e da doen&#231;a subjacente, t&#234;m elevada morbidade e mortalidade que variam de 17% a 65%<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente foram publicadas recomenda&#231;&#245;es que padronizam o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento dessa enfermidade, visando melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito das crescentes informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sepse, n&#227;o existe um n&#250;mero relevante de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes que padronize o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento no contexto do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca (limpa), que evolu&#237;ram com sepse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar, enquanto o secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia desse tipo de sepse.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e realizado a partir de um registro din&#226;mico de mundo real, que teve in&#237;cio em janeiro de 1995, que inclui todos os pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2007, estudamos 7.332 pacientes desse registro submetidos &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia adquirida (n = 1.366 pacientes) ou &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 5.966 pacientes), classificadas como limpas.</p>
    <p>Foram administrados antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;ticos, de acordo com o protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o, desde a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica at&#233; o segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Sepse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi definida como evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o associada a dois ou mais crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (Sirs): temperatura &gt;38 &#186;C ou &lt;36 &#186;C, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;90 batimentos por minuto, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &gt;20 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto ou PaCO<sub>2</sub> &lt;32 mmHg, leuc&#243;citos &gt;12.000 cel/mm<sup>3</sup>, &lt;4.000 cel/mm<sup>3</sup> ou &gt; 10 formas jovens<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Avaliamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar dos pacientes a fim de identificar aqueles que evolu&#237;ram com sepse na fase hospitalar de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p&#243;s-op.).</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias avaliadas dos pacientes com sepse foram: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) pr&#233;via, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) pr&#233;via, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemia, tabagismo, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina <underline>&gt;</underline>1,5 mg/dl), dislipidemia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, &#243;bitos, AVC p&#243;s-op., insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) p&#243;s-op., s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, sangramento com necessidade de transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados no p&#243;s-op., suporte respirat&#243;rio prolongado (&gt;48 horas), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-op., arritmias ventriculares malignas (taquicardia e/ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular), insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, culturas positivas, micro-organismos identificados, foco prim&#225;rio de infec&#231;&#227;o, varia&#231;&#227;o da glicemia e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PA), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (PO<sub>2</sub>), press&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (PCO<sub>2</sub>) (6, 24, 48 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico da sepse), antibioticoterapia, tempo de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital. Avaliamos os &#237;ndices Apache e Sofa quando do diagn&#243;stico de sepse.</p>
    <p>A morbidade foi avaliada por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias anteriormente descritas e a mortalidade pelo n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas na forma de percentual, enquanto as cont&#237;nuas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de algumas vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, aplicou-se o teste de Anova, sendo p significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 7.332 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca durante o per&#237;odo analisado, 29 evolu&#237;ram com sepse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar (preval&#234;ncia = 0,39%).</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com sepse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino sobre o feminino (79% <italic>vs</italic>. 21%), a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 66 &#177; 6,5 anos, constatou-se &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea m&#233;dio de 22,6 &#177; 6,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e as principais comorbidades pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias foram: HAS em 79% dos pacientes, dislipidemia em 48%, antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 38% e tabagismo em 34% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice Apache foi 18 &#177; 7, e a do Sofa de 14,2 &#177; 3,8.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os focos infecciosos prim&#225;rios identificados foram: pulmonar em 19 pacientes (55%), de valva card&#237;aca em 3 (10%), abdominal em 2 (6,8%) e &#243;sseo em 2 (6,8%). A frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o das culturas positivas foi a seguinte: hemoculturas = 11, secre&#231;&#227;o pulmonar = 6, urocultura = 1 e ferida operat&#243;ria = 1.</p>
    <p>Os principais germes isolados foram: <italic>Pseudomonas MR</italic> em 4 pacientes, <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> em 3, <italic>Estafilococos epidermides</italic> em 3, <italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</italic> em 3, <italic>Candida albicans</italic> em 3, <italic>Estreptococos viridans</italic> em 3, <italic>Estafilococos coagulase</italic> negativo em 3, <italic>Flavobaterium</italic> em 1, <italic>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</italic> em 1, <italic>Estreptococos faecalis</italic> em 1, <italic>Neisseria</italic> sp em 1 e leveduras em 1.</p>
    <p>Os antibi&#243;ticos mais frequentemente utilizados para o tratamento foram: vancominina em 11 pacientes, ceftazidime em 11, ceftriaxone em 9, meropenem em 7, cefepime em 5, gentamicina em 4 e teicoplamina em 3.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da hidrata&#231;&#227;o nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de sepse foi de 1.016 &#177; 803 mililitros. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> revela a an&#225;lise comparativa de glicemia, PA, FC, PCO<sub>2</sub> e PO<sub>2</sub> nas primeiras 6, 24 e 48 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o da sepse.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram: IRA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 65% dos pacientes (todos necessitaram de terapia dial&#237;tica), s&#237;ndrome baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (55%), arritmia ventricular maligna (55%) e AVC (20%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 79% (23 pacientes). O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 45 &#177; 55 dias, enquanto o hospitalar de 54 &#177; 55 dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas ap&#243;s cirurgias card&#237;acas limpas ocorrem em at&#233; 3,5% dos pacientes, sendo as principais: mediastinite, infec&#231;&#227;o no s&#237;tio de retirada da veia de safena, endocardite, infec&#231;&#227;o esternal, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria tor&#225;cica, sepse, infec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, infec&#231;&#245;es em s&#237;tios de acessos vasculares, infec&#231;&#245;es de trato urin&#225;rio, infec&#231;&#245;es de trato gastrointestinal etc<sup>8-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca contribuem para eleva&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade, do tempo de perman&#234;ncia e dos custos na UTI e no hospital<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os principais preditores de infec&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, hemodi&#225;lise no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (pr&#233;-op.), choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-op., idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 anos, tratamento com imunossupresores pr&#233;-op., diabetes melito, tempo de CEC <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 minutos, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e 3 ou mais vasos revascularizados<sup>15-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A sepse ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca tem sido descrita como uma complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa de baixa preval&#234;ncia, por&#233;m de consequ&#234;ncias tr&#225;gicas<sup>21-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Toumpoulis e cols.<sup>25</sup> estudaram 3.720 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, com o prop&#243;sito de identificar fatores de risco para sepse e endocardite. A preval&#234;ncia de sepse no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de 1,2%, por&#233;m a mortalidade hospitalar foi maior que 70%, e houve aumento dos custos e do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o associado a ocorr&#234;ncia da sepse.</p>
    <p>Michalopoulos e cols.<sup>22</sup> avaliaram 2.615 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e constataram baixa preval&#234;ncia de sepse (2%). Durante a sepse, os pacientes apresentaram o seguinte quadro: hipoxemia (41%), febre (39%), acidose metab&#243;lica (36%), insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (36%), taquicardia (33%), hipotens&#227;o arterial (28%) e confus&#227;o mental (22%).</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, no qual avaliamos mais de 7.000 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, a sepse tamb&#233;m teve baixa preval&#234;ncia. Entretanto, as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, que foram elevadas, e principalmente a mortalidade de 79% sugerem que pacientes que apresentaram tal complica&#231;&#227;o infecciosa representam um subgrupo de alt&#237;ssimo risco.</p>
    <p>As metas de PA e PCO<sub>2</sub>, em nosso estudo, foram atingidas na sexta hora (e mantidas at&#233; o final do segundo dia), enquanto a de PO<sub>2</sub> foi alcan&#231;ada apenas na quadrag&#233;sima oitava hora. O controle glic&#234;mico n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado at&#233; 48 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o da sepse. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o n&#227;o alcance precoce dessas metas tenha contribu&#237;do para a elevada mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Fowler e cols.<sup>26</sup> analisaram 331.429 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, com o objetivo de desenvolver um escore de risco de infec&#231;&#227;o. A preval&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es maiores foi de 3,5%: septicemia em 1,2% dos p&#225;cientes, infec&#231;&#227;o no s&#237;tio de retirada da veia de safena em 1,1%, mediastinite em 0,9% e m&#250;ltiplos s&#237;tios em 0,2%. A mortalidade dos pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o foi maior quando comparada aos sem infec&#231;&#227;o (17% <italic>vs</italic>. 3%, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o surgimento temporal de complica&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da sepse, sugere que os pacientes com essa enfermidade encontram-se mais vulner&#225;veis e, por isso, exibem taxas t&#227;o elevadas de complica&#231;&#245;es. Acreditamos, por exemplo, que o paciente com sepse tem mais chance de apresentar insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca etc.</p>
    <p>O tratamento atual de sepse severa deve ser fundamentado nos seguintes procedimentos: ressuscita&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica (coloide ou cristaloide) agressiva e precoce (primeiras 6 horas), antibioticoterapia precoce (preferencialmente na primeira hora do choque s&#233;ptico), manuten&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina acima de 8 gramas, administra&#231;&#227;o de hemoderivados, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica adequada (quando necess&#225;ria), seda&#231;&#227;o, analgesia, n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores musculares (sempre que poss&#237;vel), controle rigoroso da glicemia (glicose &lt; 150), terapia dial&#237;tica (existe equival&#234;ncia entre a cl&#225;ssica e as novas modalidades), administra&#231;&#227;o de corticoides quando houver inadequada resposta da press&#227;o arterial &#224; terapia com fluidos e/ou vasopressores, prote&#237;na C ativada recombinante se Apache <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 ou quando houver fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, administra&#231;&#227;o de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio para pacientes com hipoperfus&#227;o induzida por acidose l&#225;tica com pH <underline>&gt;</underline> 7,15 e profilaxia de trombose venosa profunda e da &#250;lcera de estresse<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos nas 6 primeiras horas da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica s&#227;o: press&#227;o venosa central entre 8 e 12 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 mmHg, d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,5 ml/kg/hora e satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. Nos casos em que a administra&#231;&#227;o de fluidos n&#227;o atinge a medida de satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio (SVCO) alvo, devem-se considerar a transfus&#227;o de hem&#225;cias (se hemat&#243;crito &lt; 30%) e a infus&#227;o endovenosa de dobutamina<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento contribui para redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade da sepse severa em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas<sup>6</sup>. Essas medidas devem ser adotadas em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca que evoluem com sepse severa, pois elas ser&#227;o capazes de reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
    <p>A despeito de sua baixa preval&#234;ncia, a sepse que ocorre no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca contribui de forma relevante para elevada morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. Por isso, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para o tratamento da sepse severa representem uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento potencialmente capaz de melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar dos pacientes e necessitam ser avaliadas na sepse que ocorre ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: o estudo foi realizado em &#250;nico centro, e constataram-se modifica&#231;&#245;es no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da sepse durante o per&#237;odo avaliado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar de cirurgia card&#237;aca, a sepse foi uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara. No entanto, quando constatada, o resultado foi catastr&#243;fico: 79% dos pacientes que apresentaram tal complica&#231;&#227;o faleceram na fase hospitalar.</p>
    <p>As medidas terap&#234;uticas preconizadas pelas diretrizes internacionais<sup>6</sup> para o tratamento de sepse devem ser aplicadas aos pacientes que apresentam sepse ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, pois s&#227;o potencialmente capazes de reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Ab&#237;lio Soares, 625, apto 64 A - Para&#237;so </p>
        <p> 04005-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="dinaldo@cardiol.br">dinaldo@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dinaldoc@ig.com.br">dinaldoc@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/12/08, revisado recebido em 10/07/09; aceito em 19/08/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39%). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79% vs. 21%). Mean age was 69 &#177; 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79%), dyslipidemia (48%) and family history of coronary artery disease (38%). The mean Apache score was 18 &#177; 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 &#177; 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55%). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 &#177; 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65%), low cardiac output syndrome (55%) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55%). Mortality was 79% (23 patients). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sepsis</kwd>
        <kwd>postoperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>heart</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Rog&#233;rio Ferreira Silva<sup>I</sup>; Simone Soares Moura<sup>I</sup>; Diego Janstk Silva<sup>I</sup>; Enilton Sergio Tabosa Egito<sup>I</sup>; Stevan Krieger Martins<sup>I</sup>; Luis Carlos Bento Souza<sup>I</sup>; Adib Domingos Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Leopoldo Soares Piegas<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39%). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79% <italic>vs</italic>. 21%). Mean age was 69 &#177; 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79%), dyslipidemia (48%) and family history of coronary artery disease (38%). The mean Apache score was 18 &#177; 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 &#177; 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55%). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 &#177; 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65%), low cardiac output syndrome (55%) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55%). Mortality was 79% (23 patients).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Sepsis; postoperative care; heart / surgery; thoracic surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The advent of cardiac surgery represents a milestone in Medicine, as this procedure can prolong the patient's life and decrease the morbidity of the coronary atherosclerotic disease<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last years, the advances in this surgery have been striking, which has determined an improvement in the results and the progressive increase in the number of patients submitted to this procedure<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the United States, in 2006, 700,000 Americans had a heart attack and around 500,000 had a recurrent attack. The direct and indirect expenses with coronary artery disease (CAD) were US$ 142.5 billion dollars. More than a million cardiac catheterisms and more than 400,000 myocardial revascularization surgeries were performed<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiac surgery, in most cases, is a clean surgery with a low rate of infectious complications; however, when these do happen, they contribute to patients' unfavorable evolution<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients that develop sepsis, regardless of the infectious focus and the subjacent disease, present high morbidity and mortality, which vary from 17% to 65%<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, recommendations that standardize the diagnosis and treatment of this disease have been published, aiming at improving the clinical evolution of patients<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of the increasing information on sepsis, there is not a relevant number of recent publications that standardize the diagnosis and treatment in the context of the in-hospital postoperative period of patients submitted to cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients submitted to cardiac surgery (clean) that developed sepsis during the in-hospital postoperative period, whereas the secondary objective was to assess the prevalence of this type of sepsis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by Ethics Committee in Research of our Institution and carried out based on a dynamic real-world registry that started in January 1995, which includes all adult patients submitted to elective cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>From January 1995 to December 2007, we studied 7,332 patients from this registry submitted to surgery for the correction of acquired valvulopathy (n = 1,366 patients) or to myocardial revascularization surgery (n = 5,966 patients), classified as clean surgeries.</p>
      <p>Prophylactic antibiotic therapy was prescribed according to the institution protocol, from the anesthetic induction to the second postoperative day.</p>
      <p>Sepsis in the postoperative period was defined as evidence of infection associated with two or more criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): body temperature &gt;38&#186;C or &lt;36&#186;C, heart rate &gt;90 bpm, respiratory rate &gt;20 bpm or PaCO<sub>2</sub> &lt;32 mmHg, leukocytes &gt;12,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, &lt;4,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> or &gt; 10 young forms<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>We assessed the hospital evolution of patients in order to identify those that developed sepsis at the in-hospital postoperative phase (post-op).</p>
      <p>The assessed pre, intra and postoperative characteristics of the patients with sepsis were: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), previous myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia, smoking status, previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA), chronic renal disease (creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline>1.5 mg/dl), dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, family history of CAD, deaths, post-op CVA, post-op acute renal failure (ARF), low cardiac output syndrome, bleeding episode that needed blood derivative transfusion in the post-op period, prolonged respiratory support (&gt;48 hrs), post-op heart failure, malignant ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation), acute respiratory failure, positive cultures, identified microorganisms, primary focus of infection, variation in glycemia and mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), partial oxygen pressure (PO<sub>2</sub>), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO<sub>2</sub>) (6, 24, 48 hours after the sepsis diagnosis) antibiotic therapy, Intensive Care Unit stay duration and hospital stay duration. We assessed the APACHE and SOFA scores when the sepsis was diagnosed.</p>
      <p>The morbidity was evaluated through the measurement of the occurrence of previously described post-op complications and mortality was measured by the number of deaths. The categorical variables were described as percentages and the continuous variables as means and standard deviations. The ANOVA test was used for the statistical analysis of some of the numerical variables and statistical significance was set at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 7,332 patients submitted to cardiac surgery during the analyzed period, 29 developed sepsis during the in-hospital post-op period (prevalence = 0.39%).</p>
      <p>There was a predominance of male patients with sepsis during the post-op period when compared to female patients (79% <italic>vs</italic>. 21%); the patients' mean age was 66 &#177; 6.5 years and the mean BMI was 22.6 &#177; 6.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The main preoperative comorbidities were SAH in 79% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 48%, family history of CAD in 38% and smoking habit in 34% of the patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The mean APACHE score was 18 &#177; 7, and the mean SOFA score was 14.2 &#177; 3.8.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The primary infectious foci identified in the patients were: pulmonary in 19 patients (55%), cardiac valve in 3 (10%), abdominal in 2 (6.8%) and bone in 2 (6.8%).</p>
      <p>The frequency of distribution of positive cultures was as follows: blood cultures = 11, pulmonary secretion = 6, uroculture = 1 and surgical wound = 1.</p>
      <p>The main isolated microorganisms were: <italic>Pseudomonas MR</italic> in 4 patients, <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> in 3, <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> in 3, <italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</italic> in 3, <italic>Candida albicans</italic> in 3, <italic>Streptococcus viridans</italic> in 3, <italic>Staphylococcus coagulase</italic> negative in 3, <italic>Flavobacterium</italic> in 1, <italic>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</italic> in 1, <italic>Streptococcus faecalis</italic> in 1, <italic>Neisseria</italic> sp in 1 and yeast in 1.</p>
      <p>The antibiotic agents that were most frequently used for the treatment were: vancomycin in 11 patients, ceftazidime in 11, ceftriaxone in 9, meropenem in 7, cefepime in 5, gentamycin in 4 and teicoplanin in 3.</p>
      <p>The mean hydration in the first 24 hours after the sepsis diagnosis was 1,016 &#177; 803 milliliters. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparative analysis of glycemia, BP, HR, PCO<sub>2</sub> and PO<sub>2</sub> in the first 6, 24 and 48 hours of sepsis evolution.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The main post-op complications were: post-op ARF in 65% of the patients (all of them needed dialysis), low-cardiac output syndrome (55), malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55) and CVA (20%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0352-00012-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The in-hospital mortality was 79% (23 patients). The mean time of ICU stay was 45 &#177; 55 days, whereas the mean hospital stay duration was 54 &#177; 55 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The infectious complications after clean cardiac surgeries occur in up to 3.5% of the patients, and the main ones are: mediastinitis, infection at the site of the removal of the saphenous vein graft, endocarditis, sternal infection, chest surgical wound infection, sepsis, pulmonary infections, vascular access site infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, etc<sup>8-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiac surgery postoperative infections contribute to the increase of the morbidity and mortality, the hospital and ICU stay duration and costs<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main predictors of infections in the postoperative period are: body mass index <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, hemodialysis in the preoperative period (pre-op.), pre-op cardiogenic shock, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 yrs, pre-op treatment with immunosuppressive agents, diabetes mellitus, ECC time <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 minutes, use of intra-aortic balloon 3 or more revascularized vessels<sup>15-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The sepsis after cardiac surgery has been described as a low-prevalence infectious complication, albeit with tragic consequences<sup>21-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Toumpoulis et al<sup>25</sup> studied 3,720 patients submitted to cardiac surgery, with the objective of identifying risk factors for sepsis and endocarditis. The prevalence of sepsis in the post-op was 1.2%; however, the in-hospital mortality was &gt; 70% and there was an increase in costs and time of hospitalization associated with the occurrence of sepsis.</p>
      <p>Michalopoulos et al<sup>22</sup> evaluated 2,615 patients submitted to cardiac surgery and verified a low prevalence of sepsis (2%). During sepsis, the patients presented the following picture: hypoxemia (41%), fever (39%), metabolic acidosis (36%), acute renal failure (36%), tachycardia (33%), arterial hypotension (28%) and mental confusion (22%).</p>
      <p>In the present study, which assessed more than 7,000 patients submitted to cardiac surgery, sepsis also presented a low prevalence. However, the rates of complications, which were high, and mainly the mortality rate of 79%, suggest that patients that presented such infectious complication represent a group of very-high risk.</p>
      <p>The BP and PCO<sub>2</sub> goals in the present study were reached at the sixth hour (and maintained up to the end of the second day), whereas the PO<sub>2</sub> goal was reached only at the 48<sup>th</sup> hour. Glycemic control was not reached until 48 hours of sepsis evolution. It is possible that the lack of early goal-reaching has contributed to the high mortality rate.</p>
      <p>Fowler et al<sup>26</sup> analyzed 331,429 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery between January 2002 and December 2003, with the objective of developing an infection risk score. The prevalence of major infections was 3.5%: septicemia in 1.2% of the patients, infection at the site of the removal of the saphenous vein graft in 1.1%, mediastinitis in 0.9% and multiple-site infection in 0.2%. The mortality of patients with infection was higher when compared to those without infection (17% <italic>vs</italic>. 3%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>In the present study, the temporal onset of complications, that is, the occurrence of adverse events after the onset of sepsis, suggests that the patients with this disease are more vulnerable and thus, present such high rates of complications. We believe, for instance, that the patient with sepsis has a higher chance of presenting acute renal failure, heart failure, etc.</p>
      <p>The current treatment of severe sepsis must be based on the following procedures: aggressive and early (first six hours) volemic resuscitation (colloid or crystalloid), early antibiotic therapy (preferably at the first hour of septic shock), maintenance of hemoglobin &gt; 8 g, administration of blood derivatives, adequate mechanical ventilation (when necessary), sedation, analgesia, no muscular blockers (whenever possible), strict glycemia control (blood glucose &lt; 150), dialysis therapy (there is an equivalence between the classic and the new modalities), corticoid administration when there is inadequate response of BP to fluid therapy and/or vasopressors, recombinant activated protein C if APACHE score is <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 or when there is multiple-organ failure, administration of sodium bicarbonate to patients with hypoperfusion induced by lactic acidosis with pH <underline>&gt;</underline> 7.15 and prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis and stress ulcer <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objectives in the first 6 hours of volemic resuscitation are: central venous pressure between 8 and 12 mmHg, mean BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 mmHg, urinary output <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.5 ml/kg/hour and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. In cases where the administration of fluids does not reach the target ScvO2, a red blood cell transfusion must be considered (if the hematocrit is &lt; 30%) as well as the intravenous infusion of dobutamine<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The implementation of this treatment contributes to decrease morbidity and mortality of severe sepsis in several clinical situations<sup>6</sup>. These measures must be adopted for patients submitted to cardiac surgery that develop severe sepsis, as they are capable of reducing morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>In spite of its low prevalence, the sepsis that occurs in the post-op of cardiac surgery significantly contributes to patients' high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the current recommendations for the treatment of severe sepsis represent a treatment strategy that is potentially capable of improving the hospital evolution of patients and need to be evaluated concerning the sepsis that occurs after cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>The present study presents some limitations: the study was carried out in a single center and modifications in sepsis diagnosis and treatment were verified during the assessed period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sepsis has always been a rare complication in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. However, when observed, the result is catastrophic: 79% of the patients who presented such complication died during the hospitalization phase.</p>
      <p>The therapeutic measures recommended by the international guidelines<sup>6</sup> for the treatment of sepsis must be applied to patients that present sepsis after cardiac surgery, as they are potentially capable of reducing morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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