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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BTj8zsMDF6LwcLFnbG7spYv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea de curta dura&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gregorini</surname>
            <given-names>Cristie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipriano Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardelli</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Fran&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>345</fpage>
      <lpage>351</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria tem sido relacionada com a evolu&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) tem como principal finalidade terap&#234;utica documentada a redu&#231;&#227;o da dor; beneficio esse que poderia produzir benef&#237;cios secund&#225;rios na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e, consequentemente, nos volumes e capacidades pulmonares. OBJETIVOS: O presente trabalho procurou avaliar a efetividade da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o da dor e poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias e na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 59,9&#177;10,3 anos, sendo 72% homens, homog&#234;neos quanto a peso e altura, foram aleatoriamente alocados em dois grupos. Um grupo recebeu a TENS tratamento (n=13) e outro, a TENS placebo (n=12), por per&#237;odo de quatro horas, no terceiro dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, avaliando a dor a partir da escala visual anal&#243;gica, for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria pelas press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas, volumes e capacidade pulmonar antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TENS. RESULTADOS: A TENS de curta dura&#231;&#227;o reduziu a dor de pacientes no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de forma significativa (p&lt;0,001). A for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria (p&lt;0,001), o volume corrente (p&lt;0,001) e a capacidade vital (p&lt;0,05) ap&#243;s a TENS tratamento demonstraram melhora significativa, altera&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o ocorreram no grupo placebo. CONCLUS&#195;O: A TENS de curta dura&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se efetiva para redu&#231;&#227;o da dor, melhora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>dor</kwd>
        <kwd>capacidades pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea de curta dura&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristie Gregorini; Gerson Cipriano Junior; Leticia Moraes de Aquino; Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues Branco; Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria tem sido relacionada com a evolu&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) tem como principal finalidade terap&#234;utica documentada a redu&#231;&#227;o da dor; beneficio esse que poderia produzir benef&#237;cios secund&#225;rios na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e, consequentemente, nos volumes e capacidades pulmonares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold> O presente trabalho procurou avaliar a efetividade da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o da dor e poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias e na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Vinte e cinco pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 59,9&#177;10,3 anos, sendo 72% homens, homog&#234;neos quanto a peso e altura, foram aleatoriamente alocados em dois grupos. Um grupo recebeu a TENS tratamento (n=13) e outro, a TENS placebo (n=12), por per&#237;odo de quatro horas, no terceiro dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, avaliando a dor a partir da escala visual anal&#243;gica, for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria pelas press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas, volumes e capacidade pulmonar antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TENS. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A TENS de curta dura&#231;&#227;o reduziu a dor de pacientes no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de forma significativa (p&lt;0,001). A for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria (p&lt;0,001), o volume corrente (p&lt;0,001) e a capacidade vital (p&lt;0,05) ap&#243;s a TENS tratamento demonstraram melhora significativa, altera&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o ocorreram no grupo placebo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A TENS de curta dura&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se efetiva para redu&#231;&#227;o da dor, melhora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold> Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea, cirurgia card&#237;aca, dor, capacidades pulmonares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dor &#233; uma resposta fisiol&#243;gica a diferentes agress&#245;es no organismo, e est&#225; em evid&#234;ncia nos pacientes de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Apesar dos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos obtidos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos adjuvantes pode contribuir para o progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel. A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) tem se mostrado uma alternativa terap&#234;utica adjuvante eficiente; entretanto, suas interfer&#234;ncias secund&#225;rias s&#227;o pouco descritas na literatura cient&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>A dor no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; uma realidade e pode colaborar com a piora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos volumes e capacidade pulmonar, reduzindo a quantidade de inspira&#231;&#245;es profundas e a efetividade da tosse, ato esse imprescind&#237;vel no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. O est&#237;mulo &#225;lgico pode tornar ainda mais lento o tratamento fisioterap&#234;utico em decorr&#234;ncia da n&#227;o colabora&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>. A dor perincisional limita relativamente a expansibilidade pulmonar favorecendo as complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias. As complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares s&#227;o as causas mais significativas de morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, fatores que podem contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar, sendo a atelectasia uma das mais frequentes, atingindo aproximadamente 64% dos pacientes operados<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A TENS refere-se a uma modalidade de corrente el&#233;trica de baixa frequ&#234;ncia que tem o prop&#243;sito terap&#234;utico de reduzir est&#237;mulos &#225;lgicos. &#201; considerado um procedimento eficiente, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o invasivo, at&#243;xico e relativamente de baixo custo, mas que apresenta pouco embasamento em estudos n&#227;o controlados e randomizados<sup>7-9</sup>. S&#227;o poucos os estudos que relatam os efeitos secund&#225;rios pelo uso da TENS, sendo a maior parte deles n&#227;o referente &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo utilizar a TENS no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca por um per&#237;odo curto quatro horas e avaliar seus efeitos na dor, na for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e nos volumes e capacidade pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi realizada de forma a se enquadrar como um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo e randomizado. Os indiv&#237;duos foram alocados de forma a ter a mesma chance de pertencer ao grupo com TENS tratamento ou placebo. A aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada a partir de caixa selada.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade entre 35-80 anos, ter realizado cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva via toracotomia medioesternal longitudinal; os de exclus&#227;o: ser portador de marcapasso, estar em per&#237;odo gestacional, ter altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas ou intelectuais, relatar aus&#234;ncia de dor no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apresentar dist&#250;rbios da sensibilidade ou ter sofrido qualquer forma de analgesia no per&#237;odo de oito horas que antecedessem o in&#237;cio do protocolo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica e disfuncional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, um dia antes da cirurgia, os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica protocolada. Al&#233;m disso, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e volumes e capacidade pulmonar ainda no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>No terceiro dia do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quando retornaram para a unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos a uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-TENS de forma protocolada. Nessa reavalia&#231;&#227;o foram verificados a intensidade de dor utilizando a escala visual anal&#243;gica (EVA), exames de manovacuometria e ventilometria para avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar. A partir disso, a TENS foi aplicada por um per&#237;odo de quatro horas de acordo com a aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o. e ao t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o os pacientes foram reavaliados quanto a dor, for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, volumes e capacidade pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Os sinais vitais foram monitorados durante as fases pr&#233;-TENS e p&#243;s-TENS, sendo esses: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f, rpm), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC, bpm) e press&#227;o arterial (PA, mmHg).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As TENS tratamento e placebo foram aplicadas utilizando equipamento port&#225;til de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) (TENS Device&#153;, KLD, Amparo, SP, Brasil). A corrente el&#233;trica foi liberada por dois pares de eletrodos adesivos (10 x 3,5 cm), posicionados um de cada lado da incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, alocados em regi&#227;o subclavicular, aproximadamente dois a tr&#234;s cent&#237;metros. A TENS tratamento manteve os par&#226;metros de pulso da corrente em 80 Hz (hertz), dura&#231;&#227;o de pulso de 150 ms (microssegundos) e dose em miliamperes (mA), ajustada em limiar sensitivo. O equipamento placebo sofreu modifica&#231;&#227;o na programa&#231;&#227;o interna, alterando o capacitor de controle da constante de tempo e modificando o tempo ativo entre os pulsos, de 330 milissegundos para 33 segundos, altera&#231;&#227;o esta, proposta a fim de impedir o efeito analg&#233;sico.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes ajustaram a intensidade da estimula&#231;&#227;o ao ponto que eles sentissem "forte" sensa&#231;&#227;o de formigamento, mas ainda de modo confort&#225;vel, e foram instru&#237;dos a reduzir a intensidade caso existisse desconforto.</p>
    <p>Os grupos tratamento e placebo receberam as mesmas instru&#231;&#245;es. Mesmo n&#227;o tendo certeza de que estavam recebendo corrente el&#233;trica ap&#243;s algum tempo de uso, o equipamento poderia produzir corrente cont&#237;nua ou intermitente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria foi realizada de forma protocolada de acordo com Neder e cols.<sup>10</sup>, para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#225;ximos de press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria (Pi<sub>-m&#225;x</sub>) e expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (Pe<sub>-m&#225;x</sub>).</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de Pi<sub>-m&#225;x</sub> foi utilizado um tubo com extremidade distal aberta, em que o indiv&#237;duo inicialmente respirou normalmente por ele, sendo depois solicitado a realizar uma expira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima at&#233; alcan&#231;ar-se o volume residual. A partir desse momento, o terapeuta acionou a v&#225;lvula girat&#243;ria, ocluindo assim o orif&#237;cio do manovacu&#244;metro (GerarMed, modelo MVD300, Gerar&#174;, Brasil), mantendo um clip oclusivo nasal. Logo em seguida, o indiv&#237;duo efetuou um esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo contra a via a&#233;rea que estava oclu&#237;da. Durante o teste foram fornecidos comando verbal padronizado: "Expira, inspira. Solta todo o ar, agora puxa com for&#231;a".</p>
    <p>Para o teste de Pe<sub>-m&#225;x</sub> foi utilizado o mesmo tubo com extremidade distal aberta no qual o indiv&#237;duo foi orientado novamente a realizar a respira&#231;&#227;o normal por ele; ap&#243;s isso, foi solicitado que realizasse inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima at&#233; alcan&#231;ar a capacidade pulmonar total. O terapeuta acionou a v&#225;lvula girat&#243;ria, ocluindo o orif&#237;cio do manovacu&#244;metro, mantendo um clip oclusivo nasal. Feito isso, o indiv&#237;duo efetuou um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio m&#225;ximo contra a via a&#233;rea oclu&#237;da, sendo somente utilizado comando verbal padronizado "Inspira, expira. Enche o peito de ar e agora solta com for&#231;a".</p>
    <p>Os testes foram repetidos no m&#225;ximo cinco vezes, sendo considerado o melhor valor dentre os tr&#234;s testes cuja varia&#231;&#227;o fosse inferior a 10%. Entre um teste e outro, houve um descanso de dois minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de volumes e capacidade pulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada a partir do exame de ventilometria (ventil&#244;metro de Wright, modelo Mark 8, nSpire Health Inc., Longmont, RU) para a obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas de volume minuto (VM, l/min.), volume corrente (VC, ml) e capacidade vital (CV, l). O paciente foi devidamente posicionado com o dorso apoiado &#224; aproximadamente 90&#176;, mantendo sua via a&#233;rea nasal oclu&#237;da com um clip e acoplando o equipamento &#224; boca utilizando um bucal descart&#225;vel. Para a medi&#231;&#227;o da CV, foi solicitado ao paciente que realizasse uma inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima e em seguida foi pedido que realizasse uma expira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima lenta, pr&#243;xima ao volume residual. Para coleta do VM o paciente foi instru&#237;do a respirar normalmente com incurs&#245;es inspirat&#243;rias e expirat&#243;rias sem esfor&#231;o algum pelo tempo de um minuto, ap&#243;s dois minutos de adapta&#231;&#227;o. A medida do VC foi obtida a partir da fra&#231;&#227;o entre o VM e a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f, rpm).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliada a partir da escala visual anal&#243;gica<sup>11</sup> (EVA) do tipo num&#233;rica. Os pacientes foram orientados a demarcar, com um tra&#231;o transversal, o ponto que melhor representasse a sua dor ao repouso e durante a tosse. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada antes e ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TENS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e semicont&#237;nuas foram confrontadas &#224; curva Normal e determinadas como n&#227;o param&#233;tricos pelo teste de dist&#226;ncia K-S (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Os dados param&#233;tricos foram representados na forma m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e os dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, na forma de mediana e quartis. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram representados por frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e relativa (%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte e cinco indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 59,9 &#177; 10,3 anos, sendo 18 (72%) do sexo masculino, internados na enfermaria do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Unifesp, foram selecionados para a amostra. As cirurgias inclu&#237;das no estudo foram: 18 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio, incluindo os enxertos; 15 safenas e 16 mam&#225;rias; duas trocas de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; uma corre&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente; duas trocas de v&#225;lvula mitral; um mixoma; uma corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA. O procedimento foi realizado sem CEC em oito pacientes. Os que realizaram com CEC apresentaram tempo de 72,2 &#177; 17,01 minutos. A an&#225;lise dos dados referentes ao padr&#227;o da amostra revelou que os grupos eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso e altura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram observados os resultados quanto a press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias m&#225;xima, volumes e capacidade pulmonares e resposta cardiovascular nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, pr&#233;-TENS e p&#243;s-TENS.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dor, houve melhora ao repouso na ordem de 40%, e &#224; tosse, 42,9% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) no grupo tratamento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo. No grupo placebo n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto aos volumes e capacidade pulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>), na compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos, o VC apresentou melhora de 16,28% dos valores basais ao realizarmos a TENS, enquanto os valores do grupo placebo apresentaram piora de 7,36%, com diferen&#231;a dos resultados de 23,64% entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a CV, podemos observar uma melhora de 18,18% no grupo tratamento, enquanto no grupo placebo, de apenas 3,13%, com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de 15,05%. O VM tamb&#233;m seguiu tend&#234;ncia de melhora no grupo tratamento (11,48%) ante o grupo placebo (1,04%), com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de 10,44%, enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria foi equivalente entre os dois grupos. A CV, ap&#243;s o uso da TENS, demonstrou aumento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) no grupo tratamento comparado ao grupo placebo entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-TENS.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos, quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis Pi<sub>-m&#225;x</sub> e Pe<sub>-m&#225;x</sub>, foram observadas melhora de 23,08% da Pi<sub>-m&#225;x</sub> no grupo tratamento e piora de 9,72% no grupo placebo, com diferen&#231;a de 32,80% entre os grupos. A Pe<sub>-m&#225;x</sub> apresentou melhora de 25% no grupo tratamento, sem haver altera&#231;&#227;o da mediana no grupo placebo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). As press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas, ap&#243;s o uso da TENS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>), tiveram significante aumento comparado ao grupo placebo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde os anos 1970, os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea (TENS) v&#234;m sendo estudados sobre dores agudas e cr&#244;nicas. Os estudos se estenderam para tamb&#233;m beneficiar os processos &#225;lgicos ocorridos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Este estudo prospectivo e randomizado avaliou o efeito da TENS para diminui&#231;&#227;o da dor no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Encontramos n&#227;o somente o efeito positivo que a TENS trouxe para o al&#237;vio da dor, mas tamb&#233;m para melhora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e volumes e capacidade pulmonares.</p>
    <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com nossos achados, estudos preliminares tamb&#233;m evidenciaram que a TENS &#233; efetiva no controle da dor de leve a moderada intensidade no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia, e que poderia ser &#250;til quando os pacientes apresentassem dor de severa intensidade<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Klin e cols.<sup>7</sup>, Bayindir e cols.<sup>12</sup>, Erdogan e cols.<sup>13</sup> e Benedetti e cols.<sup>14</sup> avaliaram em seus estudos o benef&#237;cio da TENS e constataram que a eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o reduz o n&#237;vel de dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e diminui a quantidade de analg&#233;sicos quando comparada com o grupo placebo ou controle.</p>
    <p>Bjordal e cols.<sup>15</sup> publicaram uma meta-an&#225;lise com estudos que utilizaram a TENS como recurso analg&#233;sico no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio entre 1966 a 2001. Nessa meta-an&#225;lise mostraram que a TENS reduziu o consumo de medica&#231;&#227;o analg&#233;sica durante os tr&#234;s primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, diminuindo os efeitos colaterais da medica&#231;&#227;o, e um desses efeitos &#233; o de deprimir o centro respirat&#243;rio. Tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma diferen&#231;a importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor em pacientes que realizaram a TENS placebo <italic>versus</italic> tratamento.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, verificamos que a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima apresentou um aumento ap&#243;s o uso da TENS. Facilitando o processo de higieniza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, elimina&#231;&#227;o de muco e a efetividade da tosse. A press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima tamb&#233;m apresentou melhora e pode estar relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da dor, propiciando um aumento da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e reduzindo os &#237;ndices de atelectasias, uma das principais causas de complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio card&#237;aco<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossos levantamentos bibliogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o encontramos estudos que comparassem o uso da TENS e a for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria. Johnson e cols.<sup>17</sup> inclu&#237;ram em seu estudo 138 pacientes que realizaram cirurgia card&#237;aca, nos quais foram avaliadas as press&#245;es inspirat&#243;ria e expirat&#243;ria m&#225;ximas e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em dois per&#237;odos: no dia da alta hospitalar, que ocorreu em m&#233;dia no quinto dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e na oitava semana p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Quando realizaram a primeira an&#225;lise, a dor, de forma subjetiva, foi descrita como leve a moderada. Os autores acreditam que a dor pode ter sido fator limitante para que os pacientes realizassem o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Na oitava semana os pacientes ainda apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar comparada com os n&#237;veis basais e presumiram que tais achados poderiam estar relacionados &#224; fraqueza muscular no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Lock e cols.<sup>18</sup> e Belle e cols.<sup>19</sup> avaliaram as press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar na primeira, na sexta e na oitava semanas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, e tamb&#233;m tiveram como resultado uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante das press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias na primeira semana. No entanto, o estudo de Belle e cols.<sup>19</sup>, ao avaliar os pacientes na sexta semana, demonstrou que os valores press&#243;ricos voltaram aos n&#237;veis basais, mas a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ainda apresentava redu&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; Lock e cols.<sup>18</sup> demonstraram manuten&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar mesmo na segunda an&#225;lise, ocorrida na oitava semana de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os autores indagam um poss&#237;vel trauma em regi&#245;es costovertebrais, produzindo inibi&#231;&#227;o reflexa dos m&#250;sculos intercostais de modo que a caixa tor&#225;cica se tornaria incapaz de resistir interiormente &#224; for&#231;a da contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo diafragma.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es dos volumes e capacidade em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o em grande parte respons&#225;veis pela morbidade desses pacientes<sup>6</sup>. As atelectasias s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes<sup>4,20,21</sup>, ocasionadas por diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade residual funcional levando a hipercapnia e hipoxia<sup>5,22</sup>, pelas altera&#231;&#245;es da caixa tor&#225;cica<sup>17</sup> e pelo deslocamento cranial do m&#250;sculo diafragma. Podem ainda ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es da mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria<sup>23</sup> por aumento da resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas, pela dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria<sup>24</sup>, por paresia do nervo fr&#234;nico<sup>25</sup>, dentre outros.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o da dor com os volumes e a capacidade pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, e foi percebido que ap&#243;s quatro horas de uso da TENS os pacientes apresentaram melhora da dor, permitindo aos pacientes que realizassem inspira&#231;&#245;es mais profundas, obtendo melhora da capacidade vital comparado ao grupo placebo. Al&#233;m disso, o volume corrente apresentou aumento de 23% comparado ao grupo placebo, enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f) tendeu a diminuir ap&#243;s o uso da TENS, fazendo que o volume minuto apresentasse discreta melhora. Esses dados corroboram outros estudos, como o de Ali e cols.<sup>3</sup>, que relatam a melhora do CV ap&#243;s o uso da TENS; Stratton e Smith<sup>26</sup>, que tamb&#233;m relataram melhora na capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) ap&#243;s o uso da TENS; e Cipriano e cols.<sup>27</sup> ,que demonstraram os efeitos positivos da TENS na fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e musculoesquel&#233;tica de pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Erdogan e cols.<sup>13</sup> realizaram um estudo controlado, prospectivo randomizado e duplo cego avaliando a efic&#225;cia da TENS em cirurgias tor&#225;cicas, e constataram o benef&#237;cio trazido pela eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o em seus pacientes, de modo que os eles necessitavam de menos analg&#233;sicos opioides e aumentaram o esfor&#231;o para tossir durante a fisioterapia.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo pode, no entanto, apresentar importantes limita&#231;&#245;es: a amostra relativamente pequena justificada pela dificuldade de incluir pacientes que se submetessem ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico com a mesma equipe e o mesmo protocolo anest&#233;sico; o tempo fixo e reduzido de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da corrente, justificada pela maior adequa&#231;&#227;o a realidade e rotina do servi&#231;o hospitalar. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; caracter&#237;stica transversal, escolhida para realiza&#231;&#227;o no terceiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, haja vista que a correta avalia&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o da TENS dependia de os pacientes n&#227;o estarem utilizando analg&#233;sicos endovenosos e j&#225; estarem cognitivamente aptos a responder question&#225;rio. Por fim, o fato de termos inclu&#237;do em nossa amostra diversos tipos de cirurgia card&#237;aca, tendo todos sido homogeneizados quanto ao tipo de incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (toracotomia medioesternal longitudinal).</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que os achados desta pesquisa poder&#227;o corroborar com o est&#237;mulo e a divulga&#231;&#227;o de terapias adjuvantes de baixo custo no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cir&#250;rgica cardiovascular, podendo interferir de forma positiva num melhor desfecho cl&#237;nico e disfuncional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nervosa transcut&#226;nea de curta dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; &#250;til no controle da dor no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca e permite a melhora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e aumento dos volumes e capacidade pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cristie Gregorini pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Cristie Gregorini </p>
        <p> Rua 7 de setembro, 31 - Juquitiba </p>
        <p> 06950-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgregorini@bol.com.br">cgregorini@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/10/08; revisado recebido em 08/12/09; aceito em 15/05/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Short-duration transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle strength has been related to the postoperative outcome of cardiac surgeries. The main documented therapeutic purpose of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is the reduction of pain, which could bring secondary benefits to the respiratory muscles and, consequently, to lung capacities and volumes. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of short-duration transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the reduction of pain and its possible influence on respiratory muscle strength and lung capacity and volumes of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: Twenty five patients with mean age of 59.9 &#177; 10.3 years, of whom 72% were men, and homogeneous as regards weight and height, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received therapeutic TENS (n = 13) and the other, placebo TENS (n = 12), for four hours on the third postoperative day of cardiac surgery. Pain was analyzed by means of a visual analogue scale, and of respiratory muscle strength as measured by maximum respiratory pressures and lung capacity and volumes before and after application of TENS. RESULTS: Short-duration TENS significantly reduced pain of patients in the postoperative period (p &lt; 0.001). Respiratory muscle strength (p &lt; 0.001), tidal volume (p &lt; 0.001) and vital capacity (p &lt; 0.05) significantly improved after therapeutic TENS, unlike in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Short-duration TENS proved effective for the reduction of pain and improvement of respiratory muscle strength, as well as of lung volumes and capacity. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 94(3):325-331)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>pain</kwd>
        <kwd>lung volume measurements</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Short-duration transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cristie Gregorini; Gerson Cipriano Junior; Leticia Moraes de Aquino; Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues Branco; Graziella Fran&#231;a Bernardelli</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Respiratory muscle strength has been related to the postoperative outcome of cardiac surgeries. The main documented therapeutic purpose of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is the reduction of pain, which could bring secondary benefits to the respiratory muscles and, consequently, to lung capacities and volumes.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of short-duration transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the reduction of pain and its possible influence on respiratory muscle strength and lung capacity and volumes of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty five patients with mean age of 59.9 &#177; 10.3 years, of whom 72% were men, and homogeneous as regards weight and height, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received therapeutic TENS (n = 13) and the other, placebo TENS (n = 12), for four hours on the third postoperative day of cardiac surgery. Pain was analyzed by means of a visual analogue scale, and of respiratory muscle strength as measured by maximum respiratory pressures and lung capacity and volumes before and after application of TENS.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Short-duration TENS significantly reduced pain of patients in the postoperative period (p &lt; 0.001). Respiratory muscle strength (p &lt; 0.001), tidal volume (p &lt; 0.001) and vital capacity (p &lt; 0.05) significantly improved after therapeutic TENS, unlike in the placebo group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Short-duration TENS proved effective for the reduction of pain and improvement of respiratory muscle strength, as well as of lung volumes and capacity.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; cardiac surgery; pain; lung volume measurements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pain is a physiological response to different body injuries and is significant in patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Despite the therapeutic advances achieved, the use of adjuvant resources may contribute to a favorable outcome. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has proven an efficient alternative adjuvant therapy. However, its secondary effects are not frequently described in the scientific literature.</p>
      <p>Pain in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is an actual, fact and may contribute to worsening of the respiratory muscle strength and decrease of lung volumes and capacity, thus reducing the number of deep breaths and effectiveness of cough, which is indispensable in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. The pain stimulus can make physical therapy even slower due to the lack of cooperation<sup>1,2</sup>. The surgical wound pain restricts lung expansion to a certain extent, thus favoring respiratory complications. Pulmonary complications are the major causes of morbidity in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, and can contribute to the reduction of respiratory muscle strength, lung volumes and capacity; atelectasis is one of the most common of them, affecting approximately 64% of patients undergoing surgery<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>TENS is a modality of low-frequency electric current with the therapeutic purpose of reducing pain stimuli. It is considered an efficient, easy-to-use, noninvasive, non-toxic and relatively low-cost procedure which, however, is poorly corroborated by non-controlled randomized studies<sup>7-9</sup>. Few studies report the secondary effects of the use of TENS, and most of them are not related to cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to use TENS in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery for a short period of four hours and also to evaluate its effects on pain, respiratory muscle strength, and lung volumes and capacity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective randomized clinical trial. The individuals were assigned so as to have equal chances of belonging to the therapeutic TENS or placebo groups. Randomization was made with the use of a sealed box.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were patients aged between 35-80 years who had undergone elective cardiac surgery via longitudinal median sternotomy. The exclusion criteria were patients with pacemaker; pregnant women; cognitive or intellectual impairment; absence of pain in the postoperative period; sensitivity disorders; and patients undergoing any type of analgesia in the eight-hour period preceding the beginning of the protocol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and functional assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the preoperative period, one day before surgery, the patients underwent a clinical assessment as defined by a protocol. Their respiratory muscle strength as well as their lung volumes and capacities were also evaluated in the preoperative period.</p>
      <p>On the third postoperative day, when the patients returned to the hospital ward, they underwent a pre-TENS clinical reassessment according to a protocol. In this reassessment, pain intensity was verified with the use of a visual analogue scale (VAS); respiratory muscle strength as well as lung volumes and capacity were assessed with the use of a compound gauge and a ventilometer. Then, TENS was applied for four hours according to the randomized groups. By the end of the intervention, the patients were reassessed as regards pain, respiratory muscle strength, and lung volumes and capacity.</p>
      <p>The following vital signs were monitored during the pre-TENS and post-TENS phases: respiratory rate (RR, rpm), heart rate (HR, bpm), and blood pressure (BP, mmHg).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Therapeutic and placebo TENS were applied with the use of a portable device for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (TENS Device<sup>TM</sup>, KLD, Amparo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). The electric current was delivered by two pairs of adhesive electrodes (10 x 3.5 cm) positioned one on each side of the surgical wound in the subclavian region, approximately two to three centimeters. The parameters for therapeutic TENS were pulse rate of 80 Hz (hertz), pulse width of 150 &#956;s (microseconds) and dose in miliamperes (mA) adjusted at a sensitive threshold. The placebo TENS device underwent modifications in its internal programming: the control capacitor of the time constant was changed and the active time between pulses was modified from 330 miliseconds to 33 seconds, in order to prevent an analgesic effect.</p>
      <p>The patients adjusted the intensity of stimulation at the point at which they felt a "strong", although yet comfortable, prickling sensation, and were told to reduce the intensity if they felt uncomfortable.</p>
      <p>The treatment and placebo groups were given the same instructions. Even though they were not sure whether or not they were receiving electric current after some time of use, the device could deliver both continuous and intermittent current.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maximal respiratory pressure test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Respiratory muscle strength was measured according to Neder et al's protocol<sup>10</sup> in order to obtain the maximal inspiratory (Pi<sub>-max</sub>) and expiratory pressures (Pe<sub>-max</sub>).</p>
      <p>Pi<sub>-max</sub> was measured with the use of a tube with an open distal tip through which the individual initially breathed normally and was further asked to make a maximal expiration until reaching the residual volume. Next, the therapist would set the spinning valve so as to occlude the orifice of the compound gauge (GerarMed, model MVD300, Gerar&#174;, Brazil), with the patient wearing an occlusive nose clip. Then, the individual would make a maximal inspiratory effort against the occluded airway. During the test, standard verbal prompts were given: "Please exhale, inhale. Let the air out, now inhale deeply".</p>
      <p>For the Pe<sub>-max</sub> test, the same tube with an open distal extremity was used, through which the individual was once again asked to breathe normally; then, they were told to perform a maximal inspiration until reaching the total lung capacity. The therapist would set the spinning valve so as to occlude the orifice of the compound gauge, with the occlusive nose clip kept in position. Then, the individual would make a maximal expiratory effort against the occluded airway, according to the standardized verbal prompt "Please inhale, exhale. Please fill your lung with air and now force it out".</p>
      <p>The tests were repeated five times at most, and the best result of each one of the three tests whose variation was lower than 10% was chosen. A two-minute rest was allowed between one test and the next.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of lung volumes and capacity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The assessment was made with the use of a ventilometry test (Wright ventilometer, model Mark 8, nSpire Health Inc., Longmont, RU) to obtain measurements of minute volume (MV, L/min), tidal volume (TV, mL) and vital capacity (VC, L). The patient was duly positioned, with the back supported at approximately 90&#186;, and their nasal airway was occluded by a clip; the equipment was fit to the mouth by means of a disposable mouthpiece. In order to measure the VC, the patient was asked to perform a maximal inspiration followed by a slow maximum expiration, close to the residual volume. For MV measurement, the patient was asked to breathe normally, with effortless inspiratory and expiratory movements for one minute, after a two-minute adaptation. TV measurement was obtained from the ratio between the MV and respiratory rate (RR, rpm).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pain assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pain was assessed with the use of a numerical visual analogue scale<sup>11</sup> (VAS). The patients were told to mark the point that best represented their pain at rest and with cough with a cross-sectional line. The assessment was made before and after TENS application.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous and semi-continuous variables were analyzed in the normal curve and defined as non-parametric with the use of the K-S (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) distance. Parametric data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and non-parametric data as median and quartiles. Categorical data were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty five individuals admitted in the ward of the University Hospital of <italic>Unifesp,</italic> with mean age of 59.9 &#177; 10.3 years, of whom 18 (72%) were males were selected for the sample. The surgeries included in the study were: 18 myocardial revascularizations, including grafts; 15 saphenous veins and 16 internal thoracic arteries; two aortic valve replacements; one correction of the ascending aorta; two mitral valve replacements; one myxoma; and one correction of ASD. The procedure was performed off-pump in eight patients. For those undergoing extracorporeal circulation, the operative time was 72.2 &#177; 17.01 minutes. Analysis of data regarding the sample pattern revealed that the groups were homogeneous in relation to age, weight and height (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Results regarding maximal respiratory pressures, lung capacity and volumes, and the cardiovascular response in the preoperative, pre-TENS, and post-TENS periods were observed.</p>
      <p>In relation to pain, there was improvement of 40% at rest and 42.9% with cough (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>) in the treatment group in relation to the placebo group. In the placebo group, no statistical difference was found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As regards lung capacity and volumes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), the comparison between groups showed that the TV improved by 16.28% in relation to baseline values when TENS was performed, whereas the values of the placebo group worsened by 7.36%, with a difference of 23.64% between the groups. In relation to the VC, there was an 18.18% improvement in the treatment group, and only 3.13% in the placebo group, with a difference of 15.05% between the groups. The MV showed a tendency of improvement in the treatment group (11.48%) in comparison to the placebo group (1.04%), with a difference of 10.44% between the groups, whereas the respiratory rate was similar in the two groups. Between the pre and post-TENS periods. the VC after the application of TENS increased in the treatment group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>) in comparison to the placebo group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The comparison between groups regarding the Pi<sub>-max</sub> and Pe<sub>-max</sub> variables showed improvement by 23.08% of Pi<sub>-max</sub> in the treatment group and worsening by 9.72% in the placebo group, with a 32.80% difference between groups. Improvement by 25% was observed in Pe<sub>-max</sub> of the treatment group, with no change in the median of the placebo group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Maximal respiratory pressures after the use of TENS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f05-body2">Figure 5</xref>) increased significantly in comparison to the placebo group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0345-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on acute and chronic pain have been studied since the 1970's. Further studies also analyzed the benefits of TENS in pain processes occurring in the postoperative period. This prospective randomized study evaluated the effect of TENS on the reduction of pain in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. We not only found a positive effect of TENS on pain relief, but also improvement of respiratory muscle strength and lung capacity and volumes.</p>
      <p>Corroborating our findings, preliminary studies also showed that TENS is effective in the control of mild to moderate pain in the postoperative period, and could also be useful in cases of severe pain<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Klin et al<sup>7</sup>, Bayindir et al<sup>12</sup>, Erdogan et al<sup>13</sup> and Benedetti et al<sup>14</sup> studies evaluated the benefit of TENS and verified that electrostimulation reduced the level of pain in the postoperative period and decreased the amount of analgesic drugs used in comparison to the placebo or control group.</p>
      <p>Bjordal et al<sup>15</sup> published a meta-analysis with studies using TENS as an analgesic resource in the postoperative period between 1966 and 2001. In that meta-analysis they showed that TENS reduced the use of analgesic medication during the first three postoperative days, thus decreasing the side effects of the medications, one of which is depression of the respiratory center. They also demonstrated an important difference in pain assessment in patients undergoing placebo versus therapeutic TENS.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of respiratory muscle strength, we observed that the maximal expiratory pressure increased after the use of TENS, thus facilitating the process of pulmonary toilet, mucus clearance, and efficacy of cough. The maximal inspiratory pressure also improved and this could be related to pain reduction, thus providing increased pulmonary ventilation and reducing the incidence of atelectasis, which is one of the major causes of respiratory complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our bibliographic survey, no studies correlating the use of TENS with respiratory muscle strength were found. Johnson et al study<sup>17</sup> included 138 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, who had their maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and pulmonary function assessed in two periods: at the day of hospital discharge, which occurred on the fifth postoperative day, on average, and on the eighth postoperative week. In the first analysis, pain, as assessed subjectively, was described as mild to moderate. The authors believed that pain could have been the limiting factor for the patients to perform maximum effort. On the eighth week, the patients still presented reduced respiratory pressures and pulmonary function in comparison to baseline levels, and the authors presumed that these findings could be related to muscle weakness in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>Lock et al<sup>18</sup> and Belle et al<sup>19</sup> evaluated the respiratory pressures and pulmonary function in the first, sixth and eighth postoperative weeks of cardiac surgery, and they also found a significant reduction in respiratory pressures in the first week. However, Belle et al<sup>19</sup> studied patients in the sixth week and found that pressure levels had returned to baseline levels, but the pulmonary function was still reduced. Lock et al<sup>18</sup>, in turn, demonstrated that respiratory pressures and pulmonary function remained reduced even in the second analysis carried out in the eighth postoperative week. The authors consider the possible occurrence of trauma to the costoverterbral joints, thus producing reflex inhibition of intercostal muscle contraction, causing the rib cage to be unable to resist the inward force of diaphragmatic contraction.</p>
      <p>Changes in lung volumes and capacity of patients undergoing cardiac surgery account, to a great extent, for the morbidity of these patients<sup>6</sup>. Atelectases are the most frequent complications<sup>4,20,21</sup>, resulting from decreased functional residual capacity that leads to hypercapnia and hypoxia<sup>5,22</sup>, from rib cage changes<sup>17</sup>, and from the cephalad displacement of the diaphragm. Changes in the respiratory mechanics<sup>23</sup> may also occur due to increased airway resistance, postoperative pain<sup>24</sup>, paresis of the phrenic nerve<sup>25</sup>, and others.</p>
      <p>In this study, we sought to study the relationship between pain and lung capacity and volumes in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. We could observe that, after the use of TENS for four hours, the patients presented improvement of pain, so that they could perform deeper inspiratory movements, thus obtaining improved vital capacity in comparison to the placebo group. Also, the tidal volume increased by 23% in comparison to the placebo group, whereas the respiratory rate (RR) tended to decrease after the use of TENS, thus resulting in a slight improvement of the minute volume. These data corroborate those of other studies such as Ali et al<sup>3</sup>, which reported improved VC after the use of TENS; Stratton and Smith<sup>26</sup>, which also found improved forced vital capacity (FVC) after the use of TENS; and Cipriano<sup>27</sup>, which demonstrated the positive effects of TENS on pulmonary and musculosketal functions of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Erdogan et al<sup>13</sup> conducted a controlled prospective randomized double-blind study evaluating the efficacy of TENS in thoracic surgery, and demonstrated beneficial effects of electrostimulation in their patients, so that they needed less opioid analgesics and their cough effort was increased during physical therapy.</p>
      <p>There can be, however, important limitations to the present study: the sample was relatively small due to the difficulty of including patients undergoing the surgical procedure with the same medical team and using the same anesthetic protocol; the fixed and reduced time of utilization of the current in order to be more adequate to reality; and the hospital routine. Another limitation refers to the cross-sectional design chosen for the analysis of the third postoperative day, since the correct evaluation of TENS application depended on the patients not being receiving intravenous analgesics and being already cognitively able to answer a questionnaire. Also, one other limitation was the fact that our sample included several types of cardiac surgeries homogenized as to the type of surgical incision (longitudinal median sternotomy).</p>
      <p>We believe that our findings will encourage and disseminate the use of low-cost adjuvant therapies in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, thus positively contributing to a better clinical and functional outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Short-duration transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is useful in the control of pain in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. It also provides improved respiratory muscle strength and increased lung capacity and volumes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cristie Gregorini, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
