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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wVjGkkvhbgSP3STXNKRVQyz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico influencia a contratilidade ventricular na cirurgia sem extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ernesto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gerola</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Renata A.C.F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novais</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo S&#233;rgio Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Bandeirantes</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>344</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico &#233; um m&#233;todo que prepara e protege a c&#233;lula para suportar um per&#237;odo de isquemia prolongada com menor dano celular poss&#237;vel. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico na contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. M&#201;TODO: Quarenta pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico foi obtido realizando a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria por dois minutos e libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo por um minuto, sendo realizados dois ciclos. A contratilidade ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio de Doppler pulsado da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (Hemosonic 100). As medidas da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta foram obtidas antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento, ap&#243;s o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e com cinco e dez minutos de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. RESULTADOS: No in&#237;cio do procedimento, a acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo foi de 9,37 &#177; 2,9m/s&#178; no grupo com pr&#233;-condicionamento, e de 12,5 &#177; 3,1 m/s&#178; no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento (p = 0,23). Ap&#243;s o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o foi de 8,47 &#177; 3,3 e 8,31 &#177; 3,6 m/s&#178; (p=0,96); com cinco minutos foi de 8,7 &#177; 4,1 e 7,94 &#177; 2,9 m/s&#178; (p = 0,80); e com dez minutos foi de 9,2 &#177; 4,5 e 7,98 &#177; 3,4 m/s&#178; (p=0,71), respectivamente. No entanto, o comportamento da contratilidade ventricular foi diferente ao longo do tempo. No grupo pr&#233;-condicionado houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do procedimento (p = 0,52), enquanto que no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento houve redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular (p = 0,0034). CONCLUS&#213;ES: O Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico evitou a redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico influencia a contratilidade ventricular na cirurgia sem extracorp&#243;rea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Ernesto Succi; Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola; Guilherme Menezes Succi; Renata A.C.F. de Almeida; Leonardo S&#233;rgio Rocha Novais; Bruno Rocha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Bandeirantes em S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico &#233; um m&#233;todo que prepara e protege a c&#233;lula para suportar um per&#237;odo de isquemia prolongada com menor dano celular poss&#237;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico na contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold> Quarenta pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico foi obtido realizando a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria por dois minutos e libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo por um minuto, sendo realizados dois ciclos. A contratilidade ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio de Doppler pulsado da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (Hemosonic 100). As medidas da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta foram obtidas antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento, ap&#243;s o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o e com cinco e dez minutos de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p> RESULTADOS: No in&#237;cio do procedimento, a acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo foi de 9,37 &#177; 2,9m/s<sup>2</sup> no grupo com pr&#233;-condicionamento, e de 12,5 &#177; 3,1 m/s<sup>2</sup> no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento (p = 0,23). Ap&#243;s o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o foi de 8,47 &#177; 3,3 e 8,31 &#177; 3,6 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p=0,96); com cinco minutos foi de 8,7 &#177; 4,1 e 7,94 &#177; 2,9 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p = 0,80); e com dez minutos foi de 9,2 &#177; 4,5 e 7,98 &#177; 3,4 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p=0,71), respectivamente. No entanto, o comportamento da contratilidade ventricular foi diferente ao longo do tempo. No grupo pr&#233;-condicionado houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do procedimento (p = 0,52), enquanto que no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento houve redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular (p = 0,0034). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico evitou a redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PCI) &#233; definido como breves per&#237;odos de isquemia, intercalados com reperfus&#227;o, que antecedem um per&#237;odo de isquemia sustentada. Esse procedimento &#233; realizado com o objetivo de preparar e proteger a c&#233;lula para eventuais danos causados por um per&#237;odo de isquemia prolongada<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores v&#234;m demonstrando esse efeito protetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico nos diversos tecidos do organismo<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No mioc&#225;rdio, esse efeito vem sendo estudado clinicamente e constatado que pacientes com sintomas de angina apresentam melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o e menor mortalidade durante um epis&#243;dio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, quando comparados com aqueles que eram assintom&#225;ticos antes do mesmo evento<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea representa, desde a d&#233;cada de 1980<sup>7</sup>, uma alternativa terap&#234;utica efetiva no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, e vem sendo utilizada rotineiramente por v&#225;rios servi&#231;os, com vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia convencional nos pacientes com graves morbidades cl&#237;nicas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, apresenta como caracter&#237;stica da t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria a necessidade de breves per&#237;odos de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da anastomose vascular<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproveitando essa caracter&#237;stica t&#233;cnica, realizamos um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico na contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi analisado e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica m&#233;dica do Hospital Bandeirantes em S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>Quarenta pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Esses pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Vinte e sete pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino, a idade variou de 40 a 88 anos, com m&#233;dia de 66,7 anos.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam angina est&#225;vel, fazendo uso de beta-bloqueador, nitrato e &#225;cido acetilsalis&#237;lico (AAS), sendo que o AAS foi suspenso cinco dias antes da opera&#231;&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as significantes e todos os pacientes tinham fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em todos os pacientes a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda foi utilizada para revascularizar a art&#233;ria interventricular anterior (descendente anterior). A coron&#225;ria direita e os ramos marginais da art&#233;ria circunflexa foram revascularizados com enxertos de veia safena magna.</p>
    <p>Somente o territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior foi submetido ao pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do paciente e a pr&#233;-oxigena&#231;&#227;o, a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica foi realizada com sufentanil at&#233; a dose de 0,5&#956;g/kg e propofol at&#233; a perda dos reflexos. O relaxamento muscular foi obtido com brometo de pancur&#244;nio (0,1 a 0,2mg/kg ou atrac&#250;rio 0,5mg/kg).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a esternotomia e disseca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, est&#225;vamos prontos para iniciar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Os dois grupos foram estabilizados hemodinamicamente atrav&#233;s do uso de volume e/ou drogas vasoativas antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento. Dessa forma, os dois grupos apresentavam as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas quanto &#224; press&#227;o arterial, volemia e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em todos os pacientes, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi posicionado atrav&#233;s de pontos aplicados no peric&#225;rdio e tracionados para exposi&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. O estabilizador a v&#225;cuo octopus foi sempre utilizado, al&#233;m do garroteamento proximal da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior para interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e, com isso, realizar a anastomose da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda com a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Padronizamos como m&#233;todo de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior proximalmente por um per&#237;odo de dois minutos, seguido da abertura dessa art&#233;ria por um minuto. Realizamos dois ciclos com essa sistem&#225;tica e ap&#243;s isso inici&#225;vamos a anastomose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda foi realizada atrav&#233;s da mensura&#231;&#227;o da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. Para isso, utilizamos um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo; Doppler puls&#225;til da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente obtido pelo aparelho transesof&#225;gico Hemosonic 100.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, foram introduzidos por via oral transdutores de Ecografia e Doppler, posicionados para obter o fluxo da acelera&#231;&#227;o do sangue na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Por meio dessa acelera&#231;&#227;o (Acc) do sangue na aorta descendente, t&#237;nhamos a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o procedimento.</p>
    <p>Essas medidas foram realizadas em quatro momentos: no in&#237;cio do procedimento, ap&#243;s o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o, com cinco minutos e com dez minutos de garroteamento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis qualitativas nos dois grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste Qui quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas entre os dois grupos, nos momentos estudados, foi realizada com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Para se avaliar o comportamento dos grupos ao longo do tempo, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Friedman (an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia). Em todos os testes considerou-se p &lt; 0,05 como valor de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve mortalidade nesta s&#233;rie, assim como n&#227;o tivemos complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio hospitalar. O n&#250;mero de enxertos realizados foi semelhante nos dois grupos: 2,2 enxertos/paciente no grupo PCI e 2,1 no grupo sem PCI (ns).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do fluxo sangu&#237;neo a&#243;rtico, observamos que a acelera&#231;&#227;o (Acc), no in&#237;cio do procedimento e antes do posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o, no grupo com pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PCI) foi de 9,37 &#177; 2,9 m/s<sup>2</sup>, e no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento (s/PCI) foi de 12,5 &#177; 3,1 m/s<sup>2</sup> (ns) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando realizamos o posicionamento ("tombo") do cora&#231;&#227;o para o in&#237;cio das anastomoses, a Acc foi de 8,47 &#177; 3,3 m/s<sup>2</sup> no grupo PCI, e de 8,31 &#177; 3,3 m/s<sup>2</sup> no grupo s/ PCI (ns) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses, a acelera&#231;&#227;o (Acc) com cinco e dez minutos de garroteamento coron&#225;rio n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as de comportamento nos grupos com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento, conforme observamos nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3">gr&#225;ficos 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g4">4</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="g3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha ocorrido diferen&#231;a entre os grupos nos quatro momentos quanto &#224; acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, constatamos que o comportamento foi diferente, entre os grupos, ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>No grupo em foi realizado o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta descendente, enquanto que no grupo em que n&#227;o foi realizado o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante desse fluxo sangu&#237;neo ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g5">gr&#225;fico 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os dados comparativos entre os dois grupos e em cada grupo ao longo do tempo, com os respectivos valores estat&#237;sticos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com PCI: Com precondicionamento isqu&#234;mico; Sem PCI: Sem precondicionamento isqu&#234;mico; I: in&#237;cio; T: posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o (Tombo), 5': cinco minutos de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, 10': dez minutos de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Com PCI X sem PCI: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos em cada momento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observamos que no grupo em que foi realizado o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, denotando sustenta&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, enquanto que nos pacientes em que n&#227;o foi realizado o pr&#233;-condicionamento, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo.</p>
    <p>Os primeiros estudos sobre o pr&#233;-condicionamento foram realizados com an&#225;lises do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco<sup>1</sup>. Neely e Grotyohann<sup>1</sup> mostraram experimentalmente que per&#237;odos curtos de isquemia, antes de uma isquemia mioc&#225;rdica sustentada, produzem um efeito protetor contra a les&#227;o de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No entanto, foi Murry e cols.<sup>11</sup> que documentaram o efeito protetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico no mioc&#225;rdio de c&#227;es e difundiram o termo pr&#233;-condicionamento.</p>
    <p>Posteriormente, v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos em que o pr&#233;-condicionamento pode ser aplicado foram estudados, assim como seus benef&#237;cios protetores na preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade celular<sup>2-5,12-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o v&#225;rios os mecanismos envolvidos no fen&#244;meno do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>A isquemia induz a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores qu&#237;micos que estimulam receptores de canais de pot&#225;ssio ATP-sens&#237;veis na membrana mitocondrial, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o local de Ca++ e ao aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP. Alguns desses mediadores s&#227;o: adenosina, opi&#243;ides, bradicinina, fatores endoteliais e radicais livres<sup>18</sup>. A manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ATP e fosfato de creatina associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo energ&#233;tico pela c&#233;lula parece ser um dos efeitos do pr&#233;-condicionamento na respira&#231;&#227;o celular<sup>14,19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, parece haver, durante os per&#237;odos de isquemia do pr&#233;-condicionamento, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos dep&#243;sitos de glicog&#234;nio e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da glic&#243;lise no per&#237;odo de isquemia sustentada<sup>22</sup>. Essa caracter&#237;stica, associada &#224; lavagem dos catab&#243;litos nos per&#237;odos de reperfus&#227;o do PCI, conduz a um menor ac&#250;mulo de lactato e &#237;ons hidrog&#234;nio (H<sup>+</sup>), diminuindo a velocidade da progress&#227;o da acidose isqu&#234;mica<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na cardiologia cl&#237;nica, cada vez mais se difunde o conceito protetor da angina pr&#233;-infarto, esse aparente paradoxo &#233; uma das observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que mais reflete o efeito protetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Metade dos pacientes v&#237;timas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tem sintomas de angina precedendo o infarto. V&#225;rios autores chamam &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o para a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com menor mortalidade e melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que tinham angina pr&#233;via<sup>6,23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, especificamente na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, que necessita obrigatoriamente da oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria para realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses vasculares, tem no conceito do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico um vasto campo de pesquisa e condi&#231;&#227;o de aplicabilidade imediata dos poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios.</p>
    <p>Laurikka e cols.<sup>25</sup> aplicaram o conceito de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico em 32 pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Esses pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento. No grupo pr&#233;-condicionado houve menor libera&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliado com cateter de Swang-Ganz.</p>
    <p>Wu e cols.<sup>26</sup> randomizaram 40 pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com e sem pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, sendo dois ciclos de dois minutos de isquemia e tr&#234;s de reperfus&#227;o. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e dos trabalhos dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo nas primeiras seis horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio no grupo sem pr&#233;-condicionamento. Os autores n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de CKMB, troponina I, lactato e mioglobina nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Em nosso meio, estudos realizados aplicando o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, atrav&#233;s do pin&#231;amento intermitente da aorta em cirurgias com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, demonstraram menor libera&#231;&#227;o de CKMB e roponina I<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos aspectos hemodin&#226;micos e enzim&#225;ticos, observou-se a redu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com o uso do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da contratilidade ventricular esquerda habitualmente &#233; realizada atrav&#233;s do cateter de Swang-Ganz, que &#233; utilizado na maioria das vezes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do paciente. Contudo, no intraoperat&#243;rio, esse m&#233;todo da avalia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pode ser influenciado, e at&#233; dificultado, pelo posicionamento e manipula&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, que poderia causar o deslocamento desse cateter e dificultar as an&#225;lises do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, al&#233;m de ser um m&#233;todo invasivo.</p>
    <p>Por essas raz&#245;es, para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico na contratilidade ventricular, utilizamos um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para identificar as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante a cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>O Hemosonic 100, atrav&#233;s da Doppler ecografia, mede a acelera&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta, que &#233; um par&#226;metro da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica que se correlaciona com o &#237;ndice de dp/dt do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo obtido no estudo hemodin&#226;mico<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabbah e cols.<sup>31</sup> avaliaram pela ecografia a acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta em tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes, e compararam com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o obtida durante estudo hemodin&#226;mico atrav&#233;s da ventriculografia esquerda. No primeiro grupo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior que 60%, o pico de acelera&#231;&#227;o foi de 19 &#177; 5 m/s<sup>2</sup>; no segundo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre 41% e 60%, foi de 12 &#177; 2 m/s<sup>2</sup>; e no terceiro grupo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 40%, o pico de acelera&#231;&#227;o foi de 8 &#177; 2 m/s<sup>2</sup>. Isso demonstra a correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na aorta e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, que os autores concluem ser um m&#233;todo eficaz para avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da contratilidade ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos os dois grupos (com e sem PCI), momento a momento, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, no entanto, os grupos apresentam comportamentos diferentes ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Observamos que no grupo pr&#233;-condicionado houve manuten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de acelera&#231;&#227;o do sangue na aorta, entre o in&#237;cio e o final do procedimento, enquanto que no grupo controle, ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa.</p>
    <p>Provavelmente, como os dois grupos s&#227;o constitu&#237;dos de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar diferen&#231;as nos grupos em momentos espec&#237;ficos. Contudo, essa diferen&#231;a poderia ser maior nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e ainda que isso n&#227;o ocorra, a manuten&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es iniciais e a n&#227;o redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular j&#225; justificariam a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do mais, quando fazemos o pr&#233;-condicionamento, estamos tamb&#233;m avaliando a toler&#226;ncia &#224; oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Embora n&#227;o tenha ocorrido nesta s&#233;rie, alguns pacientes podem apresentar supradesnivelamento de ST, ou mesmo bloqueio atrioventricular, e necessitar convers&#227;o para circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto que pode influenciar os resultados &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Algumas vezes a art&#233;ria descendente anterior &#233; praticamente &#250;nica na parede anterior ou emite ramos diagonais mais distais, que ficam envolvidos na regi&#227;o que foi garroteada; outras vezes existem ramos diagonais proximais n&#227;o envolvidos na oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, e esses ramos diagonais permanecem perfundindo parte da parede anterior. Essa varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica poderia determinar uma heterogeneidade na &#225;rea de pr&#233;-condicionamento, e eventualmente influenciar na contratilidade ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pr&#233;-condionamento isqu&#234;mico evitou a redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola </p>
        <p> Rua dos Otonis, 880/81 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04025-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lrgerola@cardiol.br">lrgerola@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/08/08; revisado recebido em 08/10/08; aceito em 12/11/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>29. Wu ZK, Iivainen    T, Pehkonen E, Laurikka J, Tarkka MR. Arrhytmias in off-pump coronary artery    bypass grafting and the antiarrhytmic effect of regional ischemic preconditioning.    J Cardiothorac Vasc Anest. 2003; 17 (4): 459-64.</mixed-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ischemic preconditioning influence ventricular function in off-pump revascularization surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning is a method that prepares and protects cells to tolerate a long period of ischemia with the least possible injury. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the influence of ischemic preconditioning over left ventricular function during off-pump myocardial revascularization. METHOD: Forty patients with clinical indication for off-pump myocardial revascularization were randomized in two groups, with or without ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning was carried out by performing coronary occlusion for two minutes and releasing blood flow for one minute; two cycles were performed. Left ventricular contractility was evaluated through transesophageal Doppler by measuring blood flow acceleration in the descending aorta - Hemosonic 100. The acceleration measurements were performed at the start of the surgery, after heart positioning and five and ten minutes after coronary occlusion. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in left ventricular contractility between the two groups. At the beginning of the procedure flow acceleration was 9.37 &#177; 2.9m/s&#178; in the preconditioning group and 12.5 &#177; 3.1 m/s&#178; in no-preconditioning group (p = 0.23); after positioning of heart, it was 8.47 &#177; 3.3 and 8.31 &#177; 3.6 m/s&#178; (p = 0.96); after five minutes - 8.7 &#177; 4.1 and 7.94 &#177; 2.9 m/s&#178; (p = 0.80); and after ten minutes - 9.2 &#177; 4.5 and 7.98 &#177; 3.4 m/s&#178; (p = 0.71). However, contractility evolution was different throughout time in each group. The preconditioning group maintained left ventricular contractility during the entire procedure, since the beginning (0.52), while the group without ischemic preconditioning presented reduction in left ventricular contractility (p = 0.0034). CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning prevented the decrease in left ventricular contractility during off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial contraction</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>off-pump</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Ischemic preconditioning influence ventricular function in off-pump revascularization surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Ernesto Succi; Lu&#237;s Roberto Gerola; Guilherme Menezes Succi; Renata A.C.F. de Almeida; Leonardo S&#233;rgio Rocha Novais; Bruno Rocha</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Bandeirantes em S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Ischemic preconditioning is a method that prepares and protects cells to tolerate a long period of ischemia with the least possible injury.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Evaluate the influence of ischemic preconditioning over left ventricular function during off-pump myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD:</bold> Forty patients with clinical indication for off-pump myocardial revascularization were randomized in two groups, with or without ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning was carried out by performing coronary occlusion for two minutes and releasing blood flow for one minute; two cycles were performed. Left ventricular contractility was evaluated through transesophageal Doppler by measuring blood flow acceleration in the descending aorta - Hemosonic 100. The acceleration measurements were performed at the start of the surgery, after heart positioning and five and ten minutes after coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was no significant difference in left ventricular contractility between the two groups. At the beginning of the procedure flow acceleration was 9.37 &#177; 2.9m/s<sup>2</sup> in the preconditioning group and 12.5 &#177; 3.1 m/s<sup>2</sup> in no-preconditioning group (p = 0.23); after positioning of heart, it was 8.47 &#177; 3.3 and 8.31 &#177; 3.6 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.96); after five minutes - 8.7 &#177; 4.1 and 7.94 &#177; 2.9 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.80); and after ten minutes - 9.2 &#177; 4.5 and 7.98 &#177; 3.4 m/s<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.71). However, contractility evolution was different throughout time in each group. The preconditioning group maintained left ventricular contractility during the entire procedure, since the beginning (0.52), while the group without ischemic preconditioning presented reduction in left ventricular contractility (p = 0.0034).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Ischemic preconditioning prevented the decrease in left ventricular contractility during off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial contraction; myocardial ischemia; coronary artery bypass, off-pump.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) is defined as brief periods of ischemia, intercalated with reperfusion, that precede a period of sustained ischemia. This procedure is carried out with the objective of preparing and protecting the cell for eventual damage caused by a prolonged period of ischemia<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several authors have demonstrated this protective effect of ischemic pre-conditioning in several body tissues<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the myocardium, this effect has been clinically studied and it has been verified that patients with angina symptoms presented a better evolution and lower mortality during a myocardial infarction episode, when compared to those that were asymptomatic before the same event<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery represents, since the 1980s<sup>7</sup>, an effective therapeutic alternative in the treatment of coronary failure and it has been regularly used by several Services, presenting advantages in comparison to the conventional surgery in patients with severe clinical morbidities in the preoperative period<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it presents as characteristic of the operative technique, the need for brief periods of coronary occlusion to perform the vascular anastomosis<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Taking advantage of this technical characteristic, we carried out a randomized clinical study with the objective of evaluating the influence of ischemic pre-conditioning on left ventricular contractility during off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was assessed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hospital Bandeirantes in Sao Paulo.</p>
      <p>Forty patients who had received an indication for the surgical treatment of coronary failure were submitted to off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery. These patients were randomized in two groups, with and without ischemic pre-conditioning. Twenty-seven patients were males and 13 were females; aged ranged from 40 to 88 years, with a mean age of 66.7 years. All patients presented stable angina and used beta-blockers, nitrates and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA); the latter was withdrawn five days before the surgery. The preoperative clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. There were no significant differences and all patients presented normal ventricular function.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The left internal thoracic artery was used in all patients to revascularize the anterior interventricular artery (anterior descending artery). The right coronary artery and the marginal branches of the circumflex artery were revascularized with grafts from the magna saphena vein.</p>
      <p>Only the territory of the anterior interventricular artery was submitted to ischemic pre-conditioning.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After patient monitoring and pre-oxygenation, the anesthetic induction was performed with sufentanil up to a dose of 0.5&#956;g/kg and propofol until loss of reflexes was achieved. Muscular relaxation was obtained with pancuronium bromide (0.1 to 0.2mg/kg or atracurium, 0.5mg/kg).</p>
      <p>After sternotomy and dissection of the left internal thoracic artery, the surgical team was ready to perform the myocardial revascularization. The two groups were stabilized hemodynamically through the use of volume and/or vasoactive drugs before the start of the procedure. Therefore, the two groups presented the same hemodynamic conditions regarding blood pressure, volemia and heart rate. The heart was positioned in all patients through stitches applied to the pericardium and submitted to traction to expose the anterior interventricular artery. The Octopus vacuum stabilizer was always used, in addition to proximal snaring of the anterior interventricular artery to interrupt blood flow and, therefore, perform the anastomosis of the left internal thoracic artery with the coronary artery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ischemic pre-conditioning</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The proximal snaring of the anterior interventricular artery for a period of two minutes, followed by the opening of this artery for one minute, was standardized as the ischemic pre-conditioning method. Two cycles were performed using this system and then the anastomosis was initiated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluation of the left ventricular function</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evaluation of the left ventricular function was carried out through the measurement of the blood flow acceleration in the descending thoracic aorta. That was accomplished using a non-invasive method: a pulsed Doppler of the descending thoracic aorta obtained through a transesophageal equipment (Hemosonic 100).</p>
      <p>After the anesthetic induction, the echography and Doppler transducers were introduced by oral route and positioned to obtain the blood flow acceleration in the descending thoracic aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This acceleration (Acc) of the blood flow in the descending thoracic aorta provided the analysis of the left ventricular function during the procedure. These measurements were obtained at four different moments: at the start of the procedure, after the positioning of the heart, after 5 minutes of snaring of the coronary artery and after 10 minutes of snaring of the coronary artery, in both groups.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the qualitative variables in the two groups was carried out through the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The comparison of the quantitative variables between the two groups at the studied moments was carried out with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. To evaluate the behavior of the groups throughout time, the non-parametric Friedman's test (analysis of variance) was used. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for all tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no mortality in this series, as well as no complications in the postoperative hospital period. The number of performed grafts was similar in the two groups: 2.2 grafts/patient in the group with IPC and 2.1 grafts/patient in the group without IPC (ns).</p>
      <p>The analysis of the aortic blood flow showed that the acceleration (Acc) at the start of the procedure and before the positioning of the heart in the group with IPC was 9.37 &#177; 2.9 m/s<sup>2</sup>, and 12.5 &#177; 3.1 m/s<sup>2</sup> (ns) in the group without IPC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>). When the heart was positioned for the start of the anastomoses, the Acc was 8.47 &#177; 3.3 m/s<sup>2</sup> in the group with IPC and 8.31 &#177; 3.3 m/s<sup>2</sup> in the group without IPC (ns) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c2-body2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="c2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the anastomoses, the Acc with 5 and 10 minutes of coronary snaring did not show any difference in the groups with and without IPC, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="c3-body2">Charts 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="c4-body2">4</xref>. Although there was no difference between the groups at the four moments regarding the acceleration of the blood flow, we verified that the behavior was different between the groups throughout time.</p>
      <fig id="c3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="c4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The group that received IPC presented maintenance of the blood flow Acc in the descending aorta, whereas the group without IPC presented a significant decrease in the blood flow throughout time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c5-body2">Chart 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="c5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparative data between the two groups and in each group throughout time, with the respective statistical values.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0339-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study shows that the group that underwent ischemic pre-conditioning maintained the blood flow Acc in the aorta during the surgical procedure, demonstrating sustained myocardial contractility, whereas the patients that did not undergo IPC presented a significant decrease in the blood flow acceleration.</p>
      <p>The first studies on pre-conditioning were carried out with analyses of the cardiac muscle<sup>1</sup>. Neely &amp; Grotyohann<sup>1</sup> showed experimentally that short periods of sustained myocardial ischemia produced a protective effect against ischemia and reperfusion lesions. However, it was Murry t al<sup>11</sup> that documented the protective effect of IPC in the myocardium of dogs and disseminated the term "pre-conditioning".</p>
      <p>Subsequently, several organs and tissues to which the pre-conditioning could be applied were studied, as well as its protective benefits in the preservation of cellular integrity<sup>2-5,12-17</sup>. Several mechanisms are involved in the phenomenon of ischemic pre-conditioning.</p>
      <p>The ischemia induces the release of chemical mediators that stimulate ATP-sensitive potassium channel receptors on the mitochondrial membrane, leading to the local decrease of Ca++ and the increase in the production of ATP. Some of these mediators are: adenosine, opioids, bradykinin, endothelial factors and free radicals<sup>18</sup>. The maintenance of ATP and creatine-phosphate levels, associated to a decrease in the energy consumption by the cell seems to be one of the pre-conditioning effects in cell respiration<sup>14,19-21</sup>. Additionally, there seems to be a decrease in the glycogen deposits during the ischemia periods of pre-conditioning, as well as a decrease in glycolysis during the sustained ischemia period<sup>22</sup>. This characteristic, associated with the catabolite washout during the reperfusion periods of the IPC, lead to a lower accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions (H+), decreasing the velocity of ischemic acidosis progression<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In clinical cardiology, the protective concept of pre-infarction angina is increasingly disseminated; this apparent paradox is one of the clinical observations that best reflects the protective effect of ischemic pre-conditioning.</p>
      <p>Half of the patients that are victims of myocardial infarction have angina symptoms preceding the infarction. Several authors have pointed out a better hospital evolution with lower mortality and better preservation of ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction that presented previous angina symptoms<sup>6,23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of coronary failure, specifically in off-pump myocardial revascularizations, which obligatorily needs coronary occlusion for the performance of the vascular anastomoses, has in the concept of ischemic pre-conditioning a large field of research and a condition of immediate applicability of the possible benefits.</p>
      <p>Laurikka et al<sup>25</sup> applied the concept of IPC to 32 patients that were submitted to off-pump myocardial revascularization. These patients were randomized in two groups, with and without IPC. The group with IPC presented lower enzymatic release in the postoperative period and better recovery of ventricular work assessed by the Swan-Ganz catheter.</p>
      <p>Wu et al<sup>26</sup> randomized 40 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization with and without IPC, with two 2-minute cycles of ischemia and three of reperfusion. There was a decrease in the cardiac index and the right and left ventricular work within the first six postoperative hours in the group without pre-conditioning. The authors did not observe any differences in the levels of CKMB, troponin I, lactate and myoglobin in the two groups.</p>
      <p>In our country, studies carried out using the ischemic pre-conditioning through the intermittent clamping of the aorta in surgeries with extracorporeal circulation demonstrated a lower release of CKMB and troponin I<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to the hemodynamic and enzymatic aspects, a decrease in supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias was observed in the postoperative period with the use of IPC<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The assessment of the cardiac output and left ventricular contractility is usually carried out through the Swan-Ganz catheter, which is used most of the times in the postoperative period to adequately assess the patient's hemodynamic conditions. However, during the intraoperative period, this method of assessment of cardiac output can be influenced and even impaired by the positioning and manipulation of the heart, which can cause the dislocation of this catheter and hinder the analyses of cardiac output, in addition to being an invasive method. Therefore, to evaluate the influence of ischemic pre-conditioning on ventricular contractility, we used a non-invasive method to identify the possible hemodynamic alterations during the off-pump surgery.</p>
      <p>The Hemosonic 100, through Doppler echography, measures the maximum acceleration of the aortic blood flow, which is a parameter of myocardial contractility that correlates with the dp/dt index of the left ventricle obtained at the hemodynamic study<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sabbah et al<sup>31</sup> evaluated the acceleration of the aortic blood flow using echography in three groups of patients and compared it with the ejection fraction (EF) obtained during the hemodynamic study through left ventriculography. In the first group, with an EF &gt; 60%, the peak acceleration was 19 &#177; 5 m/s<sup>2</sup>; in the second, with an EF between 41% and 60%, it was 12 &#177; 2 m/s<sup>2</sup>; and in the third group, with an EF &lt; 40%, the peak acceleration was 8 &#177; 2 m/s<sup>2</sup>. That demonstrates a linear correlation between the blood flow acceleration in the aorta and the EF, which the authors concluded to be an effective, non-invasive method to evaluate left ventricular contractility.</p>
      <p>When we analyze the two groups (with and without IPC) moment by moment, we observe no differences in ventricular function; however, the groups present different behaviors throughout time.</p>
      <p>We observe that the group with IPC maintained the aorta blood flow acceleration values between the start and the end of the procedure, whereas the group without IPC presented a significant decrease in the acceleration.</p>
      <p>It is likely that, as the two groups consist of patients with preserved ventricular function, it was not possible to observe differences between the groups at specific moments. However, this difference could be higher in patients with ventricular dysfunction, and even if that does not occur, the maintenance of the initial conditions and the lack of decrease in ventricular function would already justify the use of the method.</p>
      <p>Moreover, when the pre-conditioning is applied, we are also assessing the tolerance to coronary occlusion. Although it did not occur in this series, some patients can present ST-segment elevation or even atrioventricular block and need conversion to emergency extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>Another aspect that can influence the results is the anatomical variation of the coronary arteries. Sometimes the anterior descending artery is practically the only one on the anterior wall or gives out more distal diagonal branches, which are involved in the snared region; other times, there are proximal diagonal branches that are not involved in the coronary occlusion and these diagonal branches maintain the perfusion of part of the anterior wall. These anatomical variations can determine heterogeneity in the pre-conditioning area and eventually, influence the left ventricular contractility.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ischemic pre-conditioning prevented the decrease in the left ventricular contractility during the off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
