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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VFQ6vQ4srGDLWVhpKqLDK8R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia: evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e doen&#231;as associadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huber</surname>
            <given-names>Jana&#237;na</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Catarino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Jeronimo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beltr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Lauro da Fontoura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumont</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Cerveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ca&#241;edo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s Delgado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D'Agord</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Pampa</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: In&#250;meros fatores v&#234;m contribuindo para a mudan&#231;a do perfil do paciente com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC), incluindo o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal e a disponibilidade de novos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos. O conhecimento dessas mudan&#231;as &#233; fundamental para um melhor atendimento. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes com CC de um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 684 pacientes portadores de CC, em um servi&#231;o de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica, de janeiro de 2007 a maio de 2008. Esses pacientes foram entrevistados (e/ou seus pais) e examinados (malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, medidas antropom&#233;tricas), al&#233;m de terem seus prontu&#225;rios revisados para mais detalhes sobre as cardiopatias, procedimentos e ecocardiografia. RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes variou de 16 dias a 66 anos, sendo 51,8% do sexo feminino, com 93,7% de brancos. A idade m&#233;dia determinada pelo diagn&#243;stico foi de 15,8 &#177; 46,8 meses. As CC mais prevalentes foram a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e a Tetralogia de Fallot. Dos pacientes analisados, 59,1%, com idade m&#233;dia de 44,3 &#177; 71,2 meses, realizaram algum procedimento terap&#234;utico; 30,4% tinham malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas extracard&#237;acas; e 12 pacientes tinham s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica comprovada. Quanto ao desenvolvimento, 46,6% tiveram atraso ponderoestatural e 13,7% atraso neuropsicomotor. Al&#233;m disso, 18,4% apresentaram hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O atraso neuropsicomotor e o baixo ganho ponderoestatural podem estar associados &#224;s CC. Estabelecer um perfil dos pacientes com CC atendidos em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia pode servir como base para o planejamento adequado do atendimento desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>refer&#234;ncia e consulta</kwd>
        <kwd>evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA PEDI&#193;TRICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia: evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e doen&#231;as associadas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jana&#237;na Huber<sup>I</sup>; Vivian Catarino Peres<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Jeronimo dos Santos<sup>II</sup>; Lauro da Fontoura Beltr&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Ang&#233;lica Cerveira de Baumont<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233;s Delgado Ca&#241;edo<sup>I, III</sup>; Beatriz D'Agord Schaan<sup>I, IV</sup>; Lucia Campos Pellanda<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Pampa</p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> In&#250;meros fatores v&#234;m contribuindo para a mudan&#231;a do perfil do paciente com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC), incluindo o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal e a disponibilidade de novos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos. O conhecimento dessas mudan&#231;as &#233; fundamental para um melhor atendimento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Descrever o perfil dos pacientes com CC de um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 684 pacientes portadores de CC, em um servi&#231;o de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica, de janeiro de 2007 a maio de 2008. Esses pacientes foram entrevistados (e/ou seus pais) e examinados (malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, medidas antropom&#233;tricas), al&#233;m de terem seus prontu&#225;rios revisados para mais detalhes sobre as cardiopatias, procedimentos e ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade dos pacientes variou de 16 dias a 66 anos, sendo 51,8% do sexo feminino, com 93,7% de brancos. A idade m&#233;dia determinada pelo diagn&#243;stico foi de 15,8 &#177; 46,8 meses. As CC mais prevalentes foram a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e a Tetralogia de Fallot. Dos pacientes analisados, 59,1%, com idade m&#233;dia de 44,3 &#177; 71,2 meses, realizaram algum procedimento terap&#234;utico; 30,4% tinham malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas extracard&#237;acas; e 12 pacientes tinham s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica comprovada. Quanto ao desenvolvimento, 46,6% tiveram atraso ponderoestatural e 13,7% atraso neuropsicomotor. Al&#233;m disso, 18,4% apresentaram hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O atraso neuropsicomotor e o baixo ganho ponderoestatural podem estar associados &#224;s CC. Estabelecer um perfil dos pacientes com CC atendidos em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia pode servir como base para o planejamento adequado do atendimento desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, refer&#234;ncia e consulta, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC) s&#227;o comuns em nascidos vivos e ainda mais frequentes em fetos, apresentando uma alta mortalidade no primeiro ano de vida<sup>1</sup>. Sua preval&#234;ncia varia, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, podendo atingir at&#233; 1% na popula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dois estudos brasileiros avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em nascidos vivos, identificando a presen&#231;a de 5,5:1.000 nascidos vivos entre os anos de 1989 e 1998<sup>3</sup> e 9,58:1.000 nascidos vivos entre os anos de 1990 e 2003<sup>4</sup>. Essas malforma&#231;&#245;es podem ser isoladas, parte de alguma s&#237;ndrome ou resultado de altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, como dele&#231;&#245;es de regi&#245;es cromoss&#244;micas, ou ainda causadas por fatores ambientais (uso de medica&#231;&#245;es teratog&#234;nicas pela m&#227;e, infec&#231;&#245;es durante o per&#237;odo da gesta&#231;&#227;o)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; ainda poucos trabalhos publicados na Am&#233;rica Latina que estudaram o perfil dos pacientes com CC, sendo a maioria relacionados ao Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malforma&#231;&#245;es Cong&#234;nitas - ECLAMC<sup>6</sup>. Em um estudo colombiano, foi encontrada uma preval&#234;ncia de 1,2 casos de nascimentos por 1.000 nascidos vivos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita entre os anos 2001 e 2005, sendo que 65,5% tinham cardiopatias graves e 32,7% tinham malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas associadas<sup>7</sup>. Esse tipo de estudo &#233; importante para melhor planejar o atendimento dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi obter o perfil dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita de um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, estabelecendo os principais tipos de defeitos cong&#234;nitos card&#237;acos, bem como avaliando a presen&#231;a de outras malforma&#231;&#245;es associadas e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que foram inclu&#237;dos aleatoriamente, por sorteio, 684 pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em acompanhamento no servi&#231;o de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2007 a maio de 2008. Pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome de Down, s&#237;ndrome de Edwards e s&#237;ndrome de Patau foram exclu&#237;dos. Canal arterial patente em crian&#231;as menores de tr&#234;s meses de idade e forame oval patente n&#227;o foram considerados como cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
    <p>A entrevista com os pacientes e/ou seus pais buscou informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o per&#237;odo pr&#233; e perinatal, sintomas, desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, presen&#231;a de outras malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas e hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas. O exame f&#237;sico foi focado em malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas e medidas antropom&#233;tricas (percentis de peso, altura e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico para idade, segundo tabelas do <italic>National Center for Health Statistics/National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion-2000</italic>)<sup>8</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foram revisados os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados mais detalhados sobre as cardiopatias e os procedimentos realizados. Todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiografia, com examinador treinado e de acordo com o protocolo de an&#225;lise sequencial e avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional em aparelhos Toshiba Power Vision 6000 modelo SSA-370. Tamb&#233;m foram obtidos resultados de outros exames de imagem, incluindo angiografia, angiotomografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e os pacientes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana e teste de Mann-Whitney, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e frequ&#234;ncia e teste do Qui-quadrado, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, com aux&#237;lio do programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS). Foi considerado um alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05, como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 684 pacientes, 48,2% eram do sexo masculino. A maioria dos pacientes era branca (93,7%). Do restante, 3,1% eram pardos e 3,2% eram negros. Tinham descend&#234;ncia europeia 60,3%, africana 10,6%, ind&#237;gena 15,6%, e latino-americana 1,9%. A m&#233;dia de idade no momento da entrevista foi de 12,7 &#177; 9,8 anos (seis dias a 66 anos). A m&#233;dia de idade no momento do diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia foi de 15,8 &#177; 46,8 meses, com mediana de um m&#234;s, variando do primeiro dia de vida at&#233; os 40 anos. Quase a metade dos pacientes teve diagn&#243;stico de sua cardiopatia antes de completar um m&#234;s de vida. Al&#233;m disso, 3,1% tiveram diagn&#243;stico ainda no per&#237;odo fetal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto ao tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, 32,5% eram cian&#243;ticas. A cardiopatia mais frequente foi a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, tanto a isolada quanto a associada com outras les&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As cardiopatias diagnosticadas ap&#243;s a idade de 20 anos foram: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em 4 pacientes, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta em um, anomalia de Ebstein em dois, e cardiopatia complexa (dupla via de entrada para ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com conex&#227;o ventriculoarterial discordante e estenose pulmonar grave) em um. As cardiopatias diagnosticadas em pacientes com idade entre 12 e 20 anos foram: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em dois, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em um, <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> tipo I em um, anomalia de Ebstein em dois, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial em um e drenagem venosa pulmonar an&#244;mala parcial em um. O arco a&#243;rtico estava localizado &#224; esquerda em 93,7% dos casos e &#224; direita em 3,4%. No restante dos pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a sua posi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As cardiopatias associadas com arco a&#243;rtico &#224; direita foram: Tetralogia de Fallot; dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; defeito septal atrioventricular com dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (com aorta anterior &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar, estenose pulmonar grave e dextrocardia); transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida de grandes vasos, atresia tric&#250;spide com atresia pulmonar; e atresia pulmonar com isomerismo esquerdo e dextrocardia. Houve 6 casos de dextrocardia com <italic>situs solitus</italic>, um de <italic>situs inversus</italic> com levocardia, 4 de isomerismo esquerdo com levocardia, um de isomerismo esquerdo com dextrocardia, dois de <italic>situs inversus</italic> com dextrocardia, e um de isomerismo direito com dextrocardia, sendo todos associados com malforma&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Foram submetidos a algum procedimento terap&#234;utico 59,1% dos pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 44,3 &#177; 71,2 meses, mediana de 19,2 meses, variando de um dia de vida a 59 anos. A cirurgia que foi realizada no paciente de 59 anos foi a atriosseptoplastia. A mediana de tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico e o primeiro procedimento foi de 12,1 meses. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto ao primeiro procedimento terap&#234;utico realizado pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Como primeiro procedimento realizado, a corre&#231;&#227;o total de Tetralogia de Fallot foi a mais frequente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Outras malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram encontradas em 30,4% dos pacientes, tanto isoladas como fazendo parte de s&#237;ndromes. Doze pacientes apresentavam alguma s&#237;ndrome confirmada por geneticista e 6 tinham suspeita de alguma s&#237;ndrome (estavam sob investiga&#231;&#227;o). A mais comum foi a s&#237;ndrome de Noonan. Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto aos sinais e sintomas, atuais ou passados, 27% dos pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos, 55,4% tinham manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 32,5% apresentaram cianose. Os pacientes com cardiopatia cian&#243;tica tinham significativamente mais hist&#243;ria de dispneia do que os n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos (76,1% e 45,5%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). Hist&#243;ria de infec&#231;&#245;es de repeti&#231;&#227;o em vias a&#233;reas superiores foi encontrada em 38,9%; em vias a&#233;reas inferiores, em 13,6%; no trato gastrointestinal, em 1,9%; no trato urin&#225;rio, em 4,7%; e nas meninges, em 0,7%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dessas infec&#231;&#245;es entre os pacientes com cardiopatia cian&#243;tica ou acian&#243;tica. Tinham diagn&#243;stico definido de imunodefici&#234;ncia 0,3% dos pacientes. Apresentaram crises convulsivas 10,4%. Nasceram prematuramente 10,1% dos pacientes avaliados. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, est&#227;o apresentadas as anormalidades mais encontradas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal desses pacientes e as cardiopatias apresentadas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto ao desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, 13,7% dos pacientes tinham algum grau de atraso. Os pacientes com cardiopatia cian&#243;tica tinham, mais frequentemente, hist&#243;ria de atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do que os n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos (20,3% e 10,6%, respectivamente; p = 0,001). Os pacientes com baixo ganho ponderal e/ou estatural tinham maior preval&#234;ncia de atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do que os sem baixo ganho (22,3% e 6,3%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). Dos 459 pacientes em idade escolar ou p&#243;s-escolar, 22,7% apresentavam algum grau de dificuldade de aprendizado na escola, o que foi mais frequente entre os cian&#243;ticos do que os n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos (29,3% e 19,4%, respectivamente; p = 0,024).</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes menores de 12 anos quanto aos percentis das medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso e altura), avaliadas no momento do exame f&#237;sico realizado, mostrou que 23,7% e 29,1% dos pacientes, respectivamente, tinham peso e altura abaixo do percentil dez. O percentual de pacientes com peso e altura acima do percentil 90 foi de 5,9% e 4,5%, respectivamente. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes menores de tr&#234;s anos quanto ao percentil do per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico para idade mostrou que 21,2% dos pacientes o tinham abaixo do percentil dez.</p>
    <p>Hist&#243;ria de baixo ganho ponderal e/ou estatural foi referida por 46,6% dos pacientes ou seus familiares. Esses pacientes apresentavam mais infec&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas superiores de repeti&#231;&#227;o (46,4% e 32,3%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001) e mais pneumonias de repeti&#231;&#227;o (18,8% e 9%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001) do que os sem baixo ganho ponderal. Os pacientes com cardiopatia cian&#243;tica tinham mais frequentemente hist&#243;ria de baixo ganho de peso do que os n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos (58,6% e 40,9%, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar, 2% tinham pais consangu&#237;neos, 18,4% tinham familiares com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e 9,2% tinham familiares com s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas (sendo a maioria s&#237;ndrome de Down). Oito pacientes tinham irm&#227;os g&#234;meos sem cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Foram inclu&#237;das no estudo duas irm&#227;s g&#234;meas com s&#237;ndrome de Noonan, sendo uma portadora de estenose pulmonar grave e a outra de insufici&#234;ncia valvar pulmonar leve. Tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos dois irm&#227;os g&#234;meos com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular perimembranosa de via de sa&#237;da. Havia uma paciente com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial que informou ter uma irm&#227; g&#234;mea com a mesma cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo transversal realizado em um centro de refer&#234;ncia para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas no sul do Brasil, observou-se que a cardiopatia mais comumente encontrada &#233; a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, associada ou n&#227;o a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, em quase um ter&#231;o da nossa amostra, foi encontrada pelo menos uma malforma&#231;&#227;o extracard&#237;aca associada.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que o diagn&#243;stico precoce, principalmente de les&#245;es leves, est&#225; aumentando, contribuindo tamb&#233;m para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal tem-se mostrado um grande contribuinte para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia dos achados. Assim como em outro artigo brasileiro<sup>9</sup>, os pacientes desse estudo, em sua maioria, tiveram o diagn&#243;stico realizado no primeiro ano de vida, geralmente coincidindo com os primeiros sintomas, representando 73,5%, al&#233;m dos 3,1% que tiveram o diagn&#243;stico realizado ainda durante o pr&#233;-natal. Na literatura internacional, 43,6% dos cardiopatas s&#227;o diagnosticados durante a primeira semana de vida, 70% at&#233; os 6 meses de idade, e at&#233; 86% at&#233; os dois anos de idade<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia dos avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, e principalmente na precocidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos, aumentou a popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis ao problema cl&#237;nico mais comum, em fun&#231;&#227;o do aumento da expectativa de vida nesses pacientes: o retardo no crescimento<sup>1</sup>. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais significativa se isolada nos pacientes com cardiopatias cian&#243;ticas<sup>12</sup>. No presente estudo, os pacientes com cardiopatia cian&#243;tica tiveram mais frequentemente hist&#243;ria de baixo ganho de peso do que os n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos.</p>
    <p>Segundo a literatura, dentre os cian&#243;ticos, aqueles com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar foram os mais gravemente acometidos com o retardo ponderal<sup>13</sup>. Ainda h&#225; dados que mostram, sem classificar os pacientes cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos em cian&#243;ticos e n&#227;o cian&#243;ticos, que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre altura e peso no nascimento e no per&#237;odo do estudo e o crescimento estatural e ponderal naqueles com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita foram menores quando comparados &#224;s crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis<sup>2</sup>, al&#233;m de ter sido demonstrado que o baixo ganho ponderal &#233; mais pronunciado que o retardo estatural<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m relatos de um aumento na probabilidade de crian&#231;as com malforma&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares serem pequenas para a idade gestacional, principalmente as acometidas por Tetralogia de Fallot, defeito septal atrioventricular completo, hipoplasia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular grande<sup>14</sup>. Na literatura nacional, tamb&#233;m est&#225; descrito que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixo peso no nascimento (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2.500 g) e maior incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, o presente estudo mostrou que defeito no septo ventricular, isolado ou associado a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, &#233; a cardiopatia mais frequente, seguida de tetralogia de Fallot e obstru&#231;&#227;o de via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Quando comparado a um estudo realizado em Londrina (estado do Paran&#225;, Brasil)<sup>3</sup>, pode-se dizer que a nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, embora aparentemente caracterizada como um centro de refer&#234;ncia de semelhante complexidade - recebendo muitos pacientes do interior do estado ou de outros estados -, tem uma preval&#234;ncia maior dessas cardiopatias mais graves.</p>
    <p>Esse maior &#237;ndice de cardiopatias mais graves pode ter ocorrido em fun&#231;&#227;o da amostra ser de pacientes alocados por meio do servi&#231;o de ambulat&#243;rio; por isso, com mais frequ&#234;ncia esses pacientes se consultam, aumentando o valor estimado. Um estudo realizado na Isl&#226;ndia<sup>10</sup>, prospectivo, mostra uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento na preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias menores, provavelmente pela maior efici&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico e a pr&#225;tica do abortamento em les&#245;es mais graves. As cardiopatias maiores, no estudo citado, n&#227;o tiveram altera&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo na sua incid&#234;ncia e aparecem com uma preval&#234;ncia menor.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas podem apresentar ainda outras malforma&#231;&#245;es, defeitos cromoss&#244;micos ou s&#237;ndromes bem estabelecidas. No presente estudo, foram encontradas malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas em quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, sendo a malforma&#231;&#227;o de orelhas e o hipertelorismo ocular as mais prevalentes. Esse valor &#233; pouco superior a outro estudo<sup>15</sup>, que, ainda em 1971, descrevia malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas semelhantes em aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados com outros da literatura deve ser feita de forma cautelosa.</p>
    <p>Enquanto a maioria dos estudos &#233; de preval&#234;ncia de uma dada regi&#227;o durante um per&#237;odo determinado de tempo, este estabelece uma amostra aleat&#243;ria do ambulat&#243;rio, transversal no tempo, com aloca&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiopatia n&#227;o t&#227;o grave, sobreviventes de cirurgias pr&#233;vias e de complica&#231;&#245;es do per&#237;odo neonatal. Um exemplo &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na amostra. Essa &#233; uma cardiopatia com alt&#237;ssima mortalidade no per&#237;odo neonatal, segundo a literatura<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante ressaltar que se trata de uma descri&#231;&#227;o de pacientes atendidos em um servi&#231;o especializado, que necessariamente sofre influ&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia e contrarrefer&#234;ncia. Por exemplo, a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiopatias menos graves pode ter tido uma frequ&#234;ncia menor neste estudo, j&#225; que muitos desses pacientes se consultam mais esporadicamente que os pacientes com cardiopatias mais graves. Outra possibilidade &#233; que muitos desses pacientes com les&#245;es leves podem ter tido resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do defeito, como comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ou interventricular pequenas, bem como estenose valvar pulmonar leve.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es como as relatadas neste estudo s&#227;o de grande valor para estabelecer um quadro geral do perfil dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, atendidos diariamente para acompanhamento em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante para servir de base a novos estudos, j&#225; que essa &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o que tem sofrido significativas mudan&#231;as de perfil nos &#250;ltimos anos, com aumento da sobrevida de pacientes com doen&#231;as complexas e, consequentemente, crescimento do impacto de comorbidades, sequelas e les&#245;es residuais. Uma &#234;nfase maior &#233; necess&#225;ria na quest&#227;o do retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou no atraso ponderal, j&#225; que estas podem ser as principais sequelas, quando associadas ao tipo de terap&#234;utica utilizada em cada paciente. &#201; oportuno discutir, ainda, uma etiologia para a incid&#234;ncia crescente das malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, bem como associa&#231;&#245;es com malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Capes, Fapes, Fapergs e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Jana&#237;na Huber pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lucia Campos Pellanda </p>
        <p> Instituto de Cardiologia </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 297 </p>
        <p> 90620-000 - Santana, Porto Alegre, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lupellanda@uol.com.br">lupellanda@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/12/08; revisado recebido em 26/05/09; aceito em 30/06/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital heart diseases in a reference service: clinical evolution and associated illnesses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Several factors, which include prenatal diagnosis and availability of new therapeutic procedures, have contributed to change the profile of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Knowing these changes is important to a better health care. OBJECTIVES: Description of profile of patients with CHD in a reference service in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study including 684 patients with CHD in a service of pediatric cardiology from January 2007 to May 2008. We interviewed the patients (and/or their parents) and examined these patients (congenital malformations, anthropometric measures). Moreover, their charts were reviewed in order to detail heart diseases, procedures and echocardiography. RESULTS: Patients were from 16 days to 66 years old, 51.8% were female, and 93.7% were Caucasian. The mean age at diagnosis was 15.8 &#177; 46.8 months. Ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot were the most prevalent CHD. 59.1% of examined patients, whose average age was 44.3 &#177; 71.2 months, have been undergoing therapeutic procedures; 30.4% had congenital extracardiac malformations; and 12 patients had genetic syndrome. Regarding development, 46.6% had low weight and height gain, and 13.7% had neuropsychomotor delay. Furthermore, 18.4% had family history of congenital heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychomotor delay and low weight and height gain may be related to CHD. Establishing a profile of patients with CHD, who were treated at an institution of reference, may function as a basis in which health care of this population can be planed appropriately. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 94(3):313-318)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>referral and consultation</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical evolution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Congenital heart diseases in a reference service: clinical evolution and associated illnesses </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jana&#237;na Huber<sup>I</sup>; Vivian Catarino Peres<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Jeronimo dos Santos<sup>II</sup>; Lauro da Fontoura Beltr&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Ang&#233;lica Cerveira de Baumont<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233;s Delgado Ca&#241;edo<sup>I, III</sup>; Beatriz D'Agord Schaan<sup>I, IV</sup>, Lucia Campos Pellanda<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Pampa</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Several factors, which include prenatal diagnosis and availability of new therapeutic procedures, have contributed to change the profile of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Knowing these changes is important to a better health care.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Description of profile of patients with CHD in a reference service in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> It is a cross-sectional study including 684 patients with CHD in a service of pediatric cardiology from January 2007 to May 2008. We interviewed the patients (and/or their parents) and examined these patients (congenital malformatisons, anthropometric measures). Moreover, their charts were reviewed in order to detail heart diseases, procedures and echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients were from 16 days to 66 years old, 51.8% were female, and 93.7% were Caucasian. The mean age at diagnosis was 15.8 &#177; 46.8 months. Ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot were the most prevalent CHD. 59.1% of examined patients, whose average age was 44.3 &#177; 71.2 months, have been undergoing therapeutic procedures; 30.4% had congenital extracardiac malformations; and 12 patients had genetic syndrome. Regarding development, 46.6% had low weight and height gain, and 13.7% had neuropsychomotor delay. Furthermore, 18.4% had family history of congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Neuropsychomotor delay and low weight and height gain may be related to CHD. Establishing a profile of patients with CHD, who were treated at an institution of reference, may function as a basis in which health care of this population can be planed appropriately.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; referral and consultation; clinical evolution</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are common in alive newborns, and are even more frequent in fetuses and have high mortality rate in child's first year of life<sup>1</sup>. According to studied population, prevalence of CHD undergoes transformations and may reach up to 1% in postnatal population<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Two Brazilian studies analyzed prevalence of congenital heart diseases in alive newborns and identified 5.5:1,000 newborns between 1989 and 1998<sup>3</sup> and 9.58:1,000 newborns between 1990 and 2003<sup>4</sup>. These malformations can be isolated cases, part of syndromes or results of genetic diseases, such as deletion of chromosomal regions, or it can be caused by environmental factors (use of teratogenic drugs by mothers, infections during pregnancy)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are few published studies in Latin America that have analyzed the profile of patients with CHD, most of which is related to the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC)<sup>6</sup>. A Colombian study found prevalence of 1.2 birth cases per 1,000 alive newborns with congenital heart disease between 2001 and 2005. However, 65.5% had severe heart diseases, and 32.7% had associated extracardiac malformations<sup>7</sup>. Such studies are important to improve the plan of population's health care and, consequently, to reduce morbimortality rate.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study were: (i) obtaining the profile of patients with congenital heart diseases, who were treated at a reference service in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (ii) establishing the main types of congenital heart defects and (iii) analyzing the presence of associated malformations and other demographic characteristics of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a transversal study from January 2007 to May 2008 in which 684 patients with congenital heart diseases were included randomly by raffle. These patients were treated in pediatric cardiology department of our institution, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Patients with Down Syndrome, Edwards Syndrome and Patau Syndrome were excluded. Patent ductus arteriosus in children under three months old and patent foramen ovale were not considered as congenital heart diseases.</p>
      <p>Interviews with patients and/or their parents aim getting information about prenatal and perinatal periods, symptoms, neuropsychomotor development, presence of other congenital malformations and family history of congenital heart diseases and genetic syndromes. Physical examination emphasized congenital malformations and anthropometric measures (percentiles of weight, height and head circumference by age, according to parameters of National Center for Health Statistics/National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion-2000)<sup>8</sup>. Charts of patients were also reviewed in order to obtain more detailed information about heart diseases and performed procedures. Echocardiography of all patients were performed by a trained examiner, according to protocol of sequential analysis and functional assessment in equipment such as Toshiba Power Vision 6000, model SSA-370. We also obtained results from other imaging examinations, including angiography and magnetic resonance.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and all patients signed a Free and Informed Consent (FICT).</p>
      <p>In statistical analysis, we used average, standard deviation, median and Mann-Whitney test, for continuous variables, and frequency and chi-square, for categorical variables. For that matter, we used the program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A critical alpha of 0.05 was considered as a level of statistical significance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, 48.2% of 684 patients were male. Most patients were Caucasian (93.7%), 3.1% were <italic>Pardo</italic> (mixture of Caucasians, Blacks and Amerindians) and 3.2% were Black. 60.3% were European descendant; 10.6% African, 15.6% indigenous, and 1.9% Latin American. The average age at interviews was 12.7 &#177; 9.8 years old (from six days to 66 years old). The average age at diagnosis of heart disease was 15.8 &#177; 46.8 months old, with a median of one month, ranging from the first day of life up to 40 years old. Almost half patients were diagnosed with heart disease before completing one month old. Furthermore, 3.1% were also diagnosed in fetal period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding the type of congenital heart disease, 32.5% were cyanotic. The most common heart disease was ventricular septal defect - isolated cases or associated with other injuries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The heart diseases, which were diagnosed after 20 years old, are: atrial septal defect in four patients; aortic coarctation in one patient; Ebstein's anomaly in two patients, complex heart disease (double outlet left ventricle, with discordant atrioventricular connection and severe pulmonary stenosis) in one patient. The heart diseases, which were diagnosed in patients between 12 and 20 years old, are: ventricular septal defect in two patients; atrial septal defect in one patient, <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> - type I in one patient; Ebstein's anomaly in two patients; patent ductus arteriosus in one patient and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in one patient. Aortic arch was located in the left in 93.7% of cases and in the right in 3.4% of cases. We could not determine its position in other patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The heart diseases associated with right aortic arch are tetralogy of Fallot; double outflow of right ventricle; pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect; atrioventricular septal defect with double outlet left ventricle (aorta arising anterior to pulmonary artery, severe pulmonary stenosis and dextrocardia); corrected transposition of great arteries; tricuspid atresia with pulmonary atresia and pulmonary atresia with dextrocardia and left isomerism. There were six cases of dextrocardia with <italic>situs solitus</italic>, one case of <italic>situs inversus</italic> with levocardia, four cases of left isomerism with levocardia, one case of left isomerism with dextrocardia, two cases of <italic>situs inversus</italic> with dextrocardia and one case of right isomerism with dextrocardia. All cases were associated to intracardiac malformations.</p>
      <p>In this study, 59.1% of patients were treated with therapeutic procedures, with average age of 44.3 &#177; 71.2 months old, median of 19.2 months, ranging from first day of life up to 59 years old. Surgery of a 59 years old patient was closure of atrial septal defect. Average time from diagnosis to first performed procedure was 12.1 months. Distribution of patients according to the first performed therapeutic procedure is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent first performed procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Other congenital malformations were found in 30.4% of patients - isolated cases or associated with syndromes. Syndromes of twelve patients were confirmed by geneticist, and syndromes of six patients were under suspect (they were been examined). The most common was Noonan syndrome. These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding signs and symptoms, current or past, 27% of patients were asymptomatic, 55.4% had clinical manifestation of heart failure, and 32.5% had cyanosis. Patients with cyanotic heart disease presented more significantly history of dyspnea compared to non-cyanotic patients (76.1% and 45.5% respectively, p &lt; 0.001). History of recurrent infections of upper airways was found in 38.9%, of lower airways in 13.6%, of gastrointestinal tract in 1.9%, of urinary tract in 4.7%, and of meninges in 0.7%. There was no difference regarding the occurrence of these infections among patients with cyanotic or non-cyanotic heart disease. 0.3% of patients had defined diagnosis of immunodeficiency. 10.4% had seizures. 10.1% of patients prematurely born. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the most frequent abnormalities of theses patients in prenatal period and their heart diseases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0333-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding neuropsychomotor development, 13.7% of patients had some degree of delay. Patients with cyanotic heart disease had, more frequently, a history of neuropsychomotor delay when compared to non-cyanotic patients (20.3% and 10.6% respectively, p = 0.001). Patients with low weight and/or height gain had higher prevalence of neuropsychomotor delay when compared to patients with no low gain (22.3% and 6.3% respectively, p &lt; 0.001). 22.7% of 459 patients in school or after-school age had some degree of learning difficulty at school, which was more frequent among cyanotic patients when compared to non-cyanotic patients (29.3% and 19.4% respectively, p = 0.024).</p>
      <p>Distribution of patients under 12 years old, according to percentiles of anthropometric measures (weight and height) at the physical examination, showed that 23.7% and 29.1% of patients, respectively, had height and weight below 10<sup>th</sup> percentile. 5.9% and 4.5% of patients had weight and height above 90<sup>th</sup> percentile, respectively. Distribution of patients under three years old, according to percentile of head circumference by age, showed that 21.2% of patients were below 10<sup>th</sup> percentile.</p>
      <p>46.6% of patients (or their relatives) reported history of low weight and/or height gain. These patients had more recurrent infections of the upper airways (46.4% and 32.3% respectively, p &lt; 0.001) and more recurrent pneumonia (18.8% and 9% respectively, p &lt; 0.001) when compared to patients with no low weight gain. Patients with cyanotic heart disease had a history of low weight gain more frequently when compared to non-cyanotic patients (58.6% and 40.9% respectively, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Regarding family history, 2% had parents related by blood, 18.4% had family members with congenital heart disease, and 9.2% had relatives with genetic syndromes (mainly Down syndrome). Eight patients had a twin (brother or sister) with congenital heart disease. Two twin sisters with Noonan syndrome were included in this study. One of them has severe pulmonary stenosis, and the other one has mild pulmonary valve insufficiency. Two twin brothers with outflow perimembranous ventricular septal defect were also included. One female patient with atrial septal defect reported that her twin sister has the same heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this transversal study, which was performed in a reference center for congenital heart diseases in southern Brazil, we observed that the heart disease most common were ventricular septal defect, associated or non-associated to other cardiac malformations. Furthermore, in almost one third of our sample, we found, at least, one associated extracardiac malformation.</p>
      <p>It is important to emphasize that early diagnosis, especially for mild injuries, is growing and also contributes to increasing incidence of congenital heart diseases. Prenatal diagnosis has been a major contributor to incidence increasing of findings. As well as other Brazilian articles<sup>9</sup>, most patients in this study were diagnosed on the first year of life, when first symptoms usually appeared, representing 73.5% of cases. 3.1% of patients were diagnosed during prenatal period. In international literature, 43.6% of patients with heart disease are diagnosed during the first week of life, 70% are diagnosed up to six months old, and 86% are diagnosed up to two years old<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a result of advances in diagnostic methods, especially in early therapeutic procedures, number of susceptible individuals to height delay - the most common clinical problem - increased, due to a growth in life expectancy of these patients<sup>1</sup>. This association is more significant if it is an isolated case in patients with cyanotic heart disease<sup>12</sup>. In this study, patients with cyanotic heart disease had more often a history of low weight gain when compared to non-cyanotic patients.</p>
      <p>According to literature, among cyanotic patients, those patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were the most severely affected with weight delay<sup>13</sup>. Evidences show, without classifying patients in cyanotic or non-cyanotic congenital heart disease, that height and weight at birth and during this study and height and weight growth of patients with congenital heart disease were lower when compared to healthy children<sup>2</sup>. Furthermore, low weight gain is more common than height delay<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are also cases in which probability of children with cardiovascular malformations being small for gestational age has increased, especially those children with tetralogy of Fallot, complete atrioventricular septal defect, left ventricle hipoplasia or great ventricular septal defect<sup>14</sup>. In national literature, there are cases of correlation between low weight at birth (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2,500 g) and higher incidence of congenital heart desease<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding congenital heart disease types, this study showed that ventricular septal defect, associated or non-associated with other cardiac malformations, is the most common heart disease, followed by tetralogy of Fallot and obstruction of right ventricle outflow. When compared to studies in Londrina (State of Paran&#225;, Brazil)<sup>3</sup>, although our institution apparently is characterized as a center of reference of similar complexity - receiving many patients from the state or other states -, there is a higher prevalence of severe heart diseases.</p>
      <p>This rate of severe heart diseases is higher because our sample was constituted by patients who were in attendance in an ambulatory service. For that reason, these patients have been examined frequently, increasing estimated values. A prospective study in Iceland<sup>10</sup> showed a trend of increasing prevalence of mild heart diseases, probably due to great efficiency in diagnosis and abortion procedures in cases of more severe injuries. Incidence of severe heart diseases, in that study, had no changes over time. Besides, severe heart diseases appear with a lower prevalence.</p>
      <p>Patients with congenital heart diseases may have other malformations, chromosomal defects or well-established syndromes. In this study, extracardiac malformations were found in almost one third of patients. Malformation of ears and ocular hypertelorism were the most prevalent injuries. This rate is higher than another studies<sup>15</sup>, which, even in 1971, have described similar extracardiac malformations in approximately 25% of patients. We must be cautious in comparing our data with other data in literature.</p>
      <p>While most studies treat of prevalence in a certain region during a specified period of time, this study provides a random sample of ambulatory, transversal in time, in which patients with less severe heart disease, survivors of previous surgeries and complications of neonatal period, were allocated. An example is the absence of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the sample. This is a heart disease with high mortality rate in neonatal period, according to literature<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, it is important to emphasize that this study is a description of patients who were treated in a specialized service and necessarily is influenced by referral and anti-referral patterns. For example, this study has lower frequency of patients with mild heart diseases, because many of these patients have been examined infrequently when compared to patients with severe heart diseases. There is a possibility that many patients with mild injuries could have had spontaneous resolution of the defect, small atrial or ventricular septal defect and mild pulmonary valve stenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Information such as that reported in this study is important to establish a general framework of the profile of patients with congenital heart diseases, who were in attendance daily in an institution of reference. Moreover, it is important as basis for new studies, because the profile of these patients has undergone significant transformations in recent years, due to an increasing of life expectancy of patients with complex diseases and, consequently, due to an increasing of impact of comorbidity, sequelae and residual injuries. It is needful to stress importance of neuropsychomotor delay and/or weight delay, because they are the main sequelae when associated with kinds of therapeutic procedure of each patient. It is worth discussing etiology of increasing incidence of cardiac malformations, as well as diseases associated with extracardiac malformations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
