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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6mqyNJLwmtgW9MhpHPFzyLm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do carvedilol a curto prazo na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca pela cintilografia com 123I-MIBG</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbirato</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa do Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>328</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#227;o associadas a um aumento da morbimortalidade. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos t&#234;m sido empregados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, incluindo a imagem card&#237;aca com 123I-MIBG. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, por meio da cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, antes e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de terapia com carvedilol em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt;45% (FEVE). M&#201;TODOS: Foram recrutados para o estudo 16 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 56,3 &#177; 12,6 anos (11 do sexo masculino), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 28% &#177; 8% e sem uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores. Realizaram-se imagens da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com 123I-MIBG, determinando os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de catecolaminas (epinefrina, dopamina e norepinefrina), e empreendeu-se a ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica antes e ap&#243;s o uso de carvedilol por tr&#234;s meses. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora da classe funcional dos pacientes: antes do tratamento, metade se encontrava em CF II (50%) e metade em CF III. Ap&#243;s 3 meses, 7 pacientes encontravam-se em CF I (43,8%) e 9 em CF II (56,2%), (p = 0,0001). A FEVE m&#233;dia avaliada pela ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica aumentou de 29% para 33% (p = 0,017). N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa da atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca avaliada pelo 123I-MIBG (imagem precoce, tardia e taxa de washout). N&#227;o foi observada varia&#231;&#227;o significativa nas dosagens das catecolaminas. CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento em curto prazo com carvedilol promoveu a melhora cl&#237;nica e da FEVE. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi associado &#224; melhora da atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca pela cintilografia com 123I-MIBG, bem como da dosagem das catecolaminas circulantes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>3-iodobenzilguanidina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA NUCLEAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do carvedilol a curto prazo na atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca pela cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup>; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann<sup>III</sup>; Jader Cunha Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Gustavo Borges Barbirato<sup>II</sup>; Fabiano de Lima Freire<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandro Coimbra<sup>II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Procep, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#227;o associadas a um aumento da morbimortalidade. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos t&#234;m sido empregados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, incluindo a imagem card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, por meio da cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, antes e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de terapia com carvedilol em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt;45% (FEVE). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram recrutados para o estudo 16 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 56,3 &#177; 12,6 anos (11 do sexo masculino), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 28% &#177; 8% e sem uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores. Realizaram-se imagens da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, determinando os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de catecolaminas (epinefrina, dopamina e norepinefrina), e empreendeu-se a ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica antes e ap&#243;s o uso de carvedilol por tr&#234;s meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Houve melhora da classe funcional dos pacientes: antes do tratamento, metade se encontrava em CF II (50%) e metade em CF III. Ap&#243;s 3 meses, 7 pacientes encontravam-se em CF I (43,8%) e 9 em CF II (56,2%), (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0001). A FEVE m&#233;dia avaliada pela ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica aumentou de 29% para 33% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,017). N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa da atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca avaliada pelo <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (imagem precoce, tardia e taxa de <italic>washout</italic>). N&#227;o foi observada varia&#231;&#227;o significativa nas dosagens das catecolaminas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O tratamento em curto prazo com carvedilol promoveu a melhora cl&#237;nica e da FEVE. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi associado &#224; melhora da atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca pela cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, bem como da dosagem das catecolaminas circulantes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold> Cintilografia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/terapia, 3-iodobenzilguanidina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desordens funcionais simp&#225;ticas t&#234;m importante significado cl&#237;nico nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas<sup>1</sup> e desempenham um papel central na avalia&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o das cardiomiopatias prim&#225;rias e secund&#225;rias<sup>2</sup>. Recentemente, a import&#226;ncia de se identificar altera&#231;&#245;es da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca auton&#244;mica nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), arritmias, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e diabetes, tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios s&#227;o os m&#233;todos invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos, diretos e indiretos, utilizados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Todavia, a medicina nuclear &#233; atualmente a &#250;nica modalidade de imagem com suficiente sensibilidade que oferece <italic>in vivo</italic> a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da neurotransmiss&#227;o card&#237;aca em n&#237;vel molecular<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios radiotra&#231;adores para avaliar o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, como as catecolaminas verdadeiras ou an&#225;logas. O agente que possibilitou a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da imagem dos nervos simp&#225;ticos foi o MIBG, um an&#225;logo de NE que foi desenvolvido em 1980 por Wieland e cols.<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O papel do eixo neuro-hormonal na IC &#233; bem conhecido e importante no tratamento. Uma das marcas caracter&#237;sticas no cen&#225;rio de IC &#233; o desenvolvimento do excesso do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e o desacoplamento dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos. O desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para avaliar a troca (mudan&#231;a) do sistema de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgico na IC em resposta &#224; terap&#234;utica &#233; importante. O radiotra&#231;ador NE an&#225;logo do <sup>123</sup>I-IMBG compete com a recapta&#231;&#227;o da NE nas ves&#237;culas pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas e pode ser usado para analisar inerva&#231;&#227;o sin&#225;ptica e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A imagem de neurotransmiss&#227;o card&#237;aca permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> da recapta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica e o estoque do neurotransmissor, assim como a distribui&#231;&#227;o regional e a atividade dos receptores p&#243;s-sin&#225;pticos. O processo bioqu&#237;mico que ocorre durante a neurotransmiss&#227;o pode ser investigado <italic>in vivo</italic>, em n&#237;vel molecular, usando radiotra&#231;ador de neurotransmiss&#227;o e receptor ligante<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com IC, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica tem importantes implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas que resultar&#227;o em melhor terapia e desfecho<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos na literatura, realizados com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG<sup>9-12</sup>, avaliaram mudan&#231;as na rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino, em resposta &#224; terapia com betabloqueadores na IC a m&#233;dio e longo prazo. O presente estudo analisou a resposta do uso a curto prazo (3 meses) sobre a inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, avaliada pela cintilografia <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, e a correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE em portadores de IC com FEVE &lt; de 45%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados prospectivamente 16 pacientes - 11 do sexo masculino (69%) -, provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de IC e convidados a participar do estudo ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o, por meio da ecocardiografia e da ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica. Em seguida, os pacientes realizaram a cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, a fim de examinar a inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, tendo sido feitas as imagens precoces (30 minutos) e tardias (4 horas), al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo da taxa de <italic>washout</italic>. Todos os exames cintilogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Pr&#243;-Cardiaco do Rio de Janeiro, em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o tipo Anger tomogr&#225;fica digital (<italic>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</italic>) da marca Siemens, modelo E-Cam de detector duplo, com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Foram dosadas as catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas de todos os pacientes. Doze deles (75%) foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco, tendo sido diagnosticada doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica em 2 pacientes (13%). Dentre os 16 pacientes, 15 recebiam assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e faziam uso de algum tipo de medicamento, mais frequentemente do grupo dos IECA/ARA II (69%), e nenhum fazia uso de betabloqueador. A dose m&#233;dia de carvedilol, obtida ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 3 meses de tratamento, foi de 27 +/- 14 mg por dia. Os exames foram realizados de julho de 2006 a mar&#231;o de 2008, ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o da sua inclus&#227;o em um protocolo de pesquisa mediante Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os dados dos pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um banco de dados Access para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Nos 16 pacientes, foram estudadas as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o tanto pela ecocardiografia como pela ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica.</p>
    <p>Para algumas vari&#225;veis houve perda de informa&#231;&#227;o na coleta dos dados, a saber: em um caso, a FEVE e a FEVI n&#227;o foram consideradas o valor pr&#233;- tratamento, visto que a paciente encontrava-se no exame p&#243;s-carvedilol em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; em outro, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar o MIBG de 4 horas; e em dois casos, n&#227;o recebemos os resultados das catecolaminas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos 16 pacientes selecionados foi de 56,3 +/- 12,6 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> fornece as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal foi de 84 +/- 16,4 batimentos por minutos. As vari&#225;veis laboratoriais avaliadas no pr&#233;-tratamento apresentaram valores reduzidos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, tanto pela ecocardiografia (0,28 +/- 0,08) como pela ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica (0,29 +/- 0,10), e valores reduzidos de MIBG, tanto na imagem de 30 minutos (1,60 +/- 0,17) como na de 4 horas (1,55 +/- 0,17), com taxa de <italic>washout</italic> elevado (0,29 +/- 0,11). Em m&#233;dia, os valores das catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas encontraram-se dentro da normalidade, isto &#233;, NE = 259 +/- 86 pg/ml (normal at&#233; 370 pg/ml), DOP = 176,1 +/- 38,4 pg/ml (normal at&#233; 200 pg/ml) e EPI = 132,3 +/- 26,0 pg/ml (normal at&#233; 150 pg/ml).</p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s-tratamento sofreu melhora significativa em paralelo com a melhora cl&#237;nica observada nos pacientes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a mudan&#231;a da classe funcional antes e ap&#243;s a terapia com carvedilol.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observou-se que existe queda significativa na FC (ECG), do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s-tratamento. Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 20,4 bat/min (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0001) na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que corresponde, em m&#233;dia, a 22,4% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0001).</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, avaliada tanto pela ecocardiografia como pela ventriculografia radionucl&#237;dica, demonstrou aumento estatisticamente significativo ap&#243;s o tratamento com carvedilol, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca avaliada pela medicina nuclear, tanto na imagem precoce (30 minutos) como na tardia (4 horas), bem como a taxa de <italic>washout</italic>, n&#227;o sofreu altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante, assim como a dosagem das catecolaminas.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> fornece os resultados das vari&#225;veis estudadas do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s-tratamento com carvedilol e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Para ilustrar os exames realizados de cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, demonstramos as imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas de um dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo com resposta favor&#225;vel da neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica ao uso do carvedilol, antes e ap&#243;s 3 meses de tratamento. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> demonstra a imagem antes do tratamento e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> a imagem ap&#243;s o tratamento, ambas tomogr&#225;ficas. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref> s&#227;o imagens planares do mesmo paciente antes e ap&#243;s a terapia com carvedilol. Todas as imagens demonstram a melhora consistente com a inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica. Entretanto, na maioria dos pacientes, n&#227;o foi encontrada melhora significativa da neurotransmiss&#227;o como neste caso no per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo observou uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre a melhora cl&#237;nica/funcional e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da integridade funcional adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca com o uso em curto prazo do carvedilol. Este estudo &#233; o &#250;nico a demonstrar a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a melhora funcional e a melhora fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica em pacientes tratados com carvedilol por tr&#234;s meses.</p>
    <p>A medicina nuclear tem sido amplamente empregada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiopatias, fornecendo dados diagn&#243;sticos<sup>13</sup> e progn&#243;sticos<sup>9</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC, atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos funcionais posteriores a medidas terap&#234;uticas, &#233; uma das m&#250;ltiplas possibilidades das t&#233;cnicas isot&#243;picas<sup>14</sup>, j&#225; que a <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG &#233; &#250;nica, pois origina informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o <italic>status</italic> adren&#233;rgico card&#237;aco. Um dos fatores diferenciais do presente trabalho, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais estudos publicados na literatura que aborda especificamente a fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca pelo MIBG, &#233; que houve melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e na classe funcional, sem ter ocorrido melhora significativa da neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica. Muitas explica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o plaus&#237;veis. Uma das mais adequadas talvez seja o breve intervalo de tempo (3 meses) que se sucedeu entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento com carvedilol. Uma outra explica&#231;&#227;o para haver melhora hemodin&#226;mica sem significativa melhora adren&#233;rgica talvez possa ser atribu&#237;da &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de 22,4% do n&#250;mero de batimentos card&#237;acos. Em cora&#231;&#245;es normais, o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; acompanhado do aumento da performance de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica (fen&#244;meno Bowditch-Treppe)<sup>13</sup>. Em cora&#231;&#245;es insuficientes, que passam pro mudan&#231;as fenot&#237;picas, h&#225; uma mudan&#231;a na homeostase do c&#225;lcio que leva a uma queda na sua capta&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica para o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e subsequente redu&#231;&#227;o da sua libera&#231;&#227;o durante a pr&#243;xima s&#237;stole. Isto acarreta uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfomance contr&#225;til e altera&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o for&#231;a/frequ&#234;ncia.. Na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda cr&#244;nica, portanto, a performance de contratilidade declina com o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e observa-se melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o do cronotropismo (FC entre 50 a 60 bpm)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>De uma forma geral, os estudos demonstram uma melhora concomitante da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, como nos trabalhos de Agostini e cols., onde foram avaliados 22 pacientes antes e ap&#243;s 6 meses de terapia com carvedilol, observando-se na imagem tardia C/M uma melhora de 145% &#177; 23% para 170% &#177; 25% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0001)<sup>15</sup>. Cohen-Solal e cols.<sup>16</sup>. estudaram 64 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia dilatada - em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, duplo-cego, placebo controlado - e submeteram 28 pacientes a tratamento com carvedilol por 6 meses, com dose de 50 ou 100 mg por dia, dependendo do peso do paciente, abaixo ou acima de 85 kg. Pacientes que n&#227;o toleraram a dose m&#225;xima foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Ap&#243;s 6 meses, observaram melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que aumentou de 25% &#177; 11% para 31% &#177; 12% (incremento de 24%) e da rela&#231;&#227;o C/M, que aumentou de 142% &#177; 18% para 149% &#177; 21%, tendo conclu&#237;do que os benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos com carvedilol em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada podem estar associados &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial da fun&#231;&#227;o da inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica<sup>16</sup>. Toyama e cols.<sup>17</sup> avaliaram 30 pacientes, dos quais 15 receberam carvedilol (Grupo A) e 15 metropolol (Grupo B) antes e ap&#243;s 1 ano de tratamento. Em ambos os grupos, houve aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o C/M, sendo que no Grupo A o aumento foi de 1,67 &#177; 0,31 para 2,01 &#177; 0,3, enquanto no Grupo B foi de 1,68 &#177; 0,21 para 1,93 &#177; 0,32, com p &lt; 0,01 na imagem tardia<sup>17</sup>. Em nosso trabalho, a varia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; para p&#243;s-carvedilol foi de 1,55 &#177; 0,17 para 1,60 &#177; 20, com <italic>p</italic> = 0,38 ap&#243;s 3 meses de terapia.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente dos outros estudos, o nosso n&#227;o encontrou melhora da neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica; contudo, houve um menor tempo de tratamento e a dose atingida do betabloqueador foi bem inferior &#224; dos outros estudos (30 mg/dia), uma vez que, com a ascens&#227;o da dose, a efic&#225;cia do betabloqueio tende a aumentar, havendo ent&#227;o prov&#225;vel melhora de neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica. Desse modo, podemos supor que a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE precede a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica no curto prazo de tempo. Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o seria com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados. No entanto, a amostra de 16 pacientes tem um poder de 93% para detectar uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 15% na rela&#231;&#227;o C/M em um grupo de pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o C/M de 1,8. Modifica&#231;&#245;es de menor intensidade n&#227;o podem ser descartadas.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, nosso estudo avaliou, por meio da cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, se em um curto espa&#231;o de tempo (3 meses) o uso do carvedilol modificaria a atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca em pacientes com IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Conclu&#237;mos, ent&#227;o, que o tratamento a curto prazo com carvedilol esteve associado &#224; melhora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica, sem, contudo, haver modifica&#231;&#227;o significante da fun&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao Instituto de Energia Nuclear/CNEN pelo apoio nesta pesquisa e ao Sr. Jos&#233; Vianna pela inestim&#225;vel ajuda na condu&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda </p>
        <p> Av. Afonso Arino Mello Franco, 397 / 608 - Barra da Tijuca </p>
        <p> 22631-455 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sandramarina@cardiol.br">sandramarina@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/11/08; revisado recebido em 27/03/09; eceito em 15/06/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of short-term carvedilol on the cardiac sympathetic activity assessed by 123I-MIBG scintigraphy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Autonomic alterations in heart failure are associated with an increase in morbimortality. Several noninvasive methods have been employed to evaluate the sympathetic function, including the Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy imaging of the heart. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the cardiac sympathetic activity through 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, before and after three months of carvedilol therapy in patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45%. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients, aged 56.3 &#177; 12.6 years (11 males), with a mean LVEF of 28% &#177; 8% and no previous use of beta-blockers were recruited for the study. Images of the heart innervation were acquired with 123I-MIBG, and the serum levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine) were measured; the radioisotope ventriculography (RIV) was performed before and after a three-month therapy with carvedilol. RESULTS: Patients' functional class showed improvement: before the treatment, 50% of the patients were FC II and 50% were FC III. After 3 months, 7 patients were FC I (43.8%) and 9 were FC II (56.2%), (p = 0.0001). The mean LVEF assessed by RIV increased from 29% to 33% (p = 0.017). There was no significant variation in cardiac adrenergic activity assessed by 123I-MIBG (early and late resting images and washout rate). No significant variation was observed regarding the measurement of catecholamines. CONCLUSION: The short-term treatment with carvedilol promoted the clinical and LVEF improvement. However, this was not associated to an improvement in the cardiac adrenergic activity, assessed by 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, as well as the measurement of circulating catecholamines.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>3-iodobenzylguanidine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effects of short-term carvedilol on the cardiac sympathetic activity assessed by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup>; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann<sup>III</sup>;Jader Cunha Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Gustavo Borges Barbirato<sup>II</sup>; Fabiano de Lima Freire<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Cl&#225;udio Lucas da N&#243;brega<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandro Coimbra<sup>II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Procep, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Autonomic alterations in heart failure are associated with an increase in morbimortality. Several noninvasive methods have been employed to evaluate the sympathetic function, including the Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) scintigraphy imaging of the heart.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> to evaluate the cardiac sympathetic activity through <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy, before and after three months of carvedilol therapy in patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45%.</p>
      <p><bold>PATIENTS AND METHODS:</bold> Sixteen patients, aged 56.3 &#177; 12.6 years (11 males), with a mean LVEF of 28% &#177; 8% and no previous use of beta-blockers were recruited for the study. Images of the heart innervation were acquired with <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, and the serum levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine) were measured; the radioisotope ventriculography (RIV) was performed before and after a three-month therapy with carvedilol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients' functional class showed improvement: before the treatment, 50% of the patients were FC II and 50% were FC III. After 3 months, 7 patients were FC I (43.8%) and 9 were FC II (56.2%), (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0001). The mean LVEF assessed by RIV increased from 29% to 33% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.017). There was no significant variation in cardiac adrenergic activity assessed by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (early and late resting images and washout rate). No significant variation was observed regarding the measurement of catecholamines.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The short-term treatment with carvedilol promoted the clinical and LVEF improvement. However, this was not associated to an improvement in the cardiac adrenergic activity, assessed by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy, as well as the measurement of circulating catecholamines. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 94(3):308-312)</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Radionuclide imaging; heart failure / therapy; 3-iodobenzylguanidine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sympathetic functional disorders have an important clinical significance in cardiac diseases<sup>1</sup> and have a central role in the assessment and progression of primary and secondary cardiomyopathies<sup>2</sup>. Recently, the importance of identifying alterations in the autonomic cardiac innervation in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, ischemic heart diseases and diabetes has been increasingly acknowledged<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are several invasive and noninvasive, direct and indirect methods used to evaluate the cardiac autonomic function in cardiovascular diseases. However, Nuclear Medicine is currently the only imaging modality with enough sensitivity that offers the visualization of cardiac neurotransmission <italic>in vivo</italic> at the molecular level<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several radiotracers are used to assess the sympathetic nervous system, such as the true catecholamines or catecholamine analogs. The agent that allowed the visualization of the sympathetic nerves was the meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a norepinephrine (NE) analog that was developed in 1980 by Wieland et al<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The role of neurohormonal axis in HF is well known and important for the treatment. One of the characteristic features in the HF scenario is the development of excessive sympathetic tonus and the uncoupling of the beta-adrenergic receptors.</p>
      <p>The development of noninvasive methods to evaluate the change of the beta-adrenergic signaling system in HF in response to the therapy is important. The NE-analog <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG radiotracer competes with the NE reuptake in the presynaptic vesicles and can be used to analyze the synaptic innervation and heart function<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The image of the cardiac neurotransmission allows the <italic>in vivo</italic> assessment of the presynaptic reuptake and the neurotransmitter stock, as well as the regional distribution and activity of the pre-synaptic receptors. The biochemical process that occurs during the neurotransmission can be investigated <italic>in vivo</italic>, at molecular level, using a neurotransmission radiotracer and ligand receptor<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with HF, the assessment of the sympathetic activity has important prognostic implications that will result in better treatment and outcome<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies in the literature, carried out with <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG<sup>9-12</sup>, have assessed changes in the heart/mediastinum ratio in response to mid and long-term therapy with beta-blockers in HF. The present study analyzed the response of short-term therapy (3 months) with carvedilol on the cardiac innervation, evaluated by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy and the correlation with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in individuals with HF and LVEF&lt; 45%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixteen patients were prospectively selected - 11 males (69%) - from the Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic and invited to participate in the study after clinical evaluation and LVEF assessment through echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography. Subsequently, the patients underwent myocardial <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy, in order to assess the cardiac adrenergic innervation; both early (30-minute) and late (4-hour) images were obtained and the washout rate was calculated. All scintigraphy assessments were carried out at the Service of Nuclear Medicine of Hospital Pro-Cardiaco of Rio de Janeiro, in a Siemens digital tomographic Anger scintigraphy chamber (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography - SPECT) , model E-Cam with double detector, with low-energy, high-resolution collimator. Plasma catecholamines were measured in all patients. Twelve patients (75%) were submitted to a cardiac catheterism and ischemic disease was diagnosed in 2 of them (13%). Among the 16 patients, 15 were receiving medical assistance and used some type of medication, more often an ACEI/ARA II drug (69%) and none of them used beta-blockers. The mean dose of carvedilol, obtained after the 3-month treatment, was 27 &#177; 14 mg a day. The evaluations were carried out from July 2006 to March 2008, after the patients agreed to participate in the study and signed the Free and Informed Consent Form, which was approved by the Review Board of our Institution. The patients' data were included in an Access database for statistical analysis. LVEF was assessed in the 16 patients by both echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography.</p>
      <p>For some variables, there was loss of information at data collection, as follows: in one case, the pre-treatment value of the LVEF and the EFIV were not considered, as the patient was assessed post-carvedilol in atrial fibrillation; in another case, the 4-hour MIBG was not performed; and in two cases, the catecholamine results were not available.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age of the 16 selected patients was 56.3 &#177; 12.6 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the general characteristics of the patients. The mean basal heart rate (HR) was 84 &#177;16.4 bpm. The laboratory variables evaluated at the pre-treatment period showed decreased LVEF at the echocardiography (0.28 &#177; 0.08) as well as the radionuclide ventriculography (0.29 &#177; 0.10), and decreased MIBG values at the 30-minute and 4-hour images (1.60 &#177; 0.17 and 1.55 &#177; 0.17, respectively), with a high washout rate (0.29 &#177; 0.11). On average, the plasma catecholamine levels were within the normal range, i.e., NE = 259 &#177; 86 pg/ml (normal up to 370 pg/ml), DOP = 176.1 &#177; 38.4 pg/ml (normal up to 200 pg/ml) and EPI = 132.3 &#177; 26.0 pg/ml (normal up to 150 pg/ml).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The variation in functional class (FC) from the pre to the post-treatment period showed significant improvement in parallel with the clinical improvement observed in the patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the change in FC before and after the carvedilol therapy.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>It was observed that there was a significant decrease in HR (ECG) from the pre to the post-treatment period. There was a mean decrease of 20.4 bpm (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0001) in HR, which corresponds, on average, to 22.4% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0001).</p>
      <p>The patients' ejection fraction, assessed by both the echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography, showed a statistically significant increase after the carvedilol therapy, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The cardiac adrenergic activity evaluated by Nuclear Medicine through the early (30-minute) and the late (4-hour) image, as well as the washout rate did not show a statistically significant alteration, similarly to the catecholamine measurements.</p>
      <p>To illustrate the cardiac scintigraphy evaluations carried out with <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, we show the scintigraphy images of one patient included in the study with a favorable adrenergic neurotransmission response to carvedilol use before and after the three-month treatment period. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the image before the treatment and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref> the image after the treatment, both tomographic ones. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">5</xref> are planar images of the same patient before and after carvedilol therapy. All images show the consistent improvement with the adrenergic innervation. However, in most patients, no significant improvement was observed regarding the neurotransmission, as in this case, during the study period.</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0328-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study observed a dissociation between the clinical/functional improvement and the recovery of the adrenergic functional integrity of the heart after a short-term treatment with carvedilol. This study is the only one to demonstrate a lack of association between functional improvement and adrenergic function improvement in patients treated with carvedilol for three months.</p>
      <p>Nuclear Medicine has been broadly employed in the assessment of patients with cardiopathies, providing diagnostic<sup>13</sup> and prognostic<sup>9</sup> data. The evaluation of patients with HF through functional methods after therapeutic measures is one of the multiple possibilities of isotopic techniques<sup>14</sup>, as the <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy is unique, providing information on the cardiac adrenergic status. One of the differential factors in the present study, in comparison to other studies published in the literature that specifically address the cardiac adrenergic function evaluated through MIBG, is that there was an improvement in left ventricular function and functional class, without a significant improvement in the adrenergic neurotransmission. There are many explanations for this fact. One of the most adequate ones is the short time interval (3 months) between the assessments carried out pre and post-treatment with carvedilol. Another explanation for the hemodynamic improvement without significant adrenergic improvement may be attributed to the 22.4% decrease in heart rate. In normal hearts, the increase in heart rate is accompanied by the increase in the myocardial contractile performance (Bowditch-Treppe phenomenon)<sup>13</sup>. Hearts that present failure exhibit phenotypic changes, including the enzymes that regulate calcium homeostasis, resulting in the decreased diastolic uptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, with subsequent decrease in calcium release during the following systole, with the ensuing decrease in the contractile performance and an alteration in the strength/frequency ratio. In chronic left ventricular dysfunction, therefore, the contractile performance decreases with the increase in heart rate and a improvement in the ejection fraction is observed with the decrease in chronotropism (HR between 50 and 60 bpm)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In general, the studies demonstrate a concomitant improvement in the ventricular function and the adrenergic transmission, as in the studies by Agostini and cols., which evaluated 22 patients before and after 6 months of treatment with carvedilol, showing at the H/M late image an improvement from 145% &#177; 23% to 170% &#177; 25% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0001)<sup>15</sup>. Cohen-Solal et al<sup>16</sup>. studied 64 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy - in a multicentric, double-blind, placebo-controlled study - and submitted 28 patients to carvedilol therapy for 6 months, with a dose of 50 or 100 mg/day, depending on the patient's weight, &lt; or &gt; 85 kg, respectively. The patients that did not tolerate the maximum dose were excluded from the study. After 6 months, an improvement in the LV ejection fraction was observed, from 25% &#177; 11% to 31% &#177; 12% (increase of 24%) as well as of the H/M ratio, which increased from 142% &#177; 18% to 149% &#177; 21% and the authors concluded that the hemodynamic benefits of the carvedilol therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy could be associated with the partial recovery of the adrenergic innervation function<sup>16</sup>. Toyama et al<sup>17</sup> evaluated 30 patients, of which 15 received carvedilol (Group A) and 15 metoprolol (Group B) before and after 1 year of treatment. There was an increase in the H/M ratio in both groups, with an increase of 1.67 &#177; 0.31 to 2.01 &#177; 0.3 in Group A and 1.68 &#177; 0.21 to 1.93 &#177; 0.32 in Group B, with p &lt; 0.01 at the late image<sup>17</sup>. In our study, the pre to post-carvedilol variation was from 1.55 &#177; 0.17 to 1.60 &#177; 20, with <italic>p</italic> = 0.38 after three months of treatment.</p>
      <p>Differently from other studies, the present study did not observe an improvement in adrenergic neurotransmission; however, the treatment duration was shorter and the beta-blocker dose used was lower than that used in other studies (30 mg/day), as the dose increase tends to augment the efficacy of the beta-blocking, with a consequent improvement in adrenergic transmission. Therefore, one can suppose that the LV function improvement precedes the improvement in the adrenergic function within a short period of time. A possible limitation would be the number of assessed patients. However, the 16-patient sample has a power of 93% to detect a 15% variation in the H/M ratio in a group of patients with an H/M ratio of 1.8. Lower-intensity modifications cannot be ruled out.</p>
      <p>In summary, our study evaluated, through <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy, whether a short-term (3 months) treatment with carvedilol would modify the cardiac adrenergic activity in patients with HF due to systolic dysfunction. We concluded that the short-term treatment with carvedilol was associated with clinical and hemodynamic improvement, but not with significant alterations in adrenergic function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Sandra Marina Ribeiro de Miranda, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
