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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LPCpWxdRnkLkj6gSwv5GK9z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de isquemia induzida por estresse mental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbirato</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Lavatori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio Lucas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Volschan</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>321</fpage>
      <lpage>327</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTOS: A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse mental parece induzir isquemia atrav&#233;s de uma fisiopatologia particular quando comparada com a cintilografia, utilizando o estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental, em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia com estresse convencional normal, utilizando 99mTc-Sestamibi. M&#201;TODOS: 22 PAcientes foram admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia, ou foram encaminhados ambulatorialmente ao servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, onde realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse e repouso sem altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. Ent&#227;o, foram convidados a realizar uma fase adicional com indu&#231;&#227;o de estresse mental atrav&#233;s do conflito de cores (Stroop Color Test) com o objetivo de detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Dois cardiologistas e m&#233;dicos nucleares realizaram a an&#225;lise cega dos dados perfusionais e consequente quantifica&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do SDS (Summed Diference Score), pontuando os segmentos com altera&#231;&#227;o perfusional ap&#243;s o estresse mental e comparando com a imagem de repouso. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi considerada com SDS &gt; 3. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental foi de 40% (9 pacientes positivos). Nos 22 pacientes estudados n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto ao n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas induzidas pelo estresse mental, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, sintomas apresentados, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana e varia&#231;&#245;es da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e volume sist&#243;lico final do Gated SPECT. CONCLUS&#195;O: EM Uma amostra selecionada de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica convencional normal, a pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo estresse mental atrav&#233;s de cintilografia pode ser positiva em at&#233; 40% dos casos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>estresse traum&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA NUCLEAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de isquemia induzida por estresse mental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gustavo Borges Barbirato<sup>I, II</sup>; Renata F&#233;lix<sup>II</sup>; Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Corr&#234;a<sup>II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Claudio Lucas de N&#243;brega<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandro Coimbra<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233; Volschan<sup>II</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup>; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann<sup>II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - PROCEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTOS: </bold> A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse mental parece induzir isquemia atrav&#233;s de uma fisiopatologia particular quando comparada com a cintilografia, utilizando o estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental, em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia com estresse convencional normal, utilizando 99mTc-Sestamibi. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> 22 PAcientes foram admitidos com dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia, ou foram encaminhados ambulatorialmente ao servi&#231;o de medicina nuclear da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, onde realizaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse e repouso sem altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. Ent&#227;o, foram convidados a realizar uma fase adicional com indu&#231;&#227;o de estresse mental atrav&#233;s do conflito de cores (Stroop Color Test) com o objetivo de detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Dois cardiologistas e m&#233;dicos nucleares realizaram a an&#225;lise cega dos dados perfusionais e consequente quantifica&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do SDS (Summed Diference Score), pontuando os segmentos com altera&#231;&#227;o perfusional ap&#243;s o estresse mental e comparando com a imagem de repouso. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi considerada com SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental foi de 40% (9 pacientes positivos). Nos 22 pacientes estudados n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto ao n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas induzidas pelo estresse mental, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, sintomas apresentados, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana e varia&#231;&#245;es da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e volume sist&#243;lico final do Gated SPECT. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> EM Uma amostra selecionada de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica convencional normal, a pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo estresse mental atrav&#233;s de cintilografia pode ser positiva em at&#233; 40% dos casos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold> Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, preval&#234;ncia, estresse traum&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem sido utilizada na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica como uma ferramenta importante para a pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. O seu valor no diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi amplamente estudado permitindo a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes admitidos nas unidades de emerg&#234;ncia e ambulatorialmente<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, um grupo de pacientes pode referir dor tor&#225;cica em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais sem reprodu&#231;&#227;o com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de estresse mais comumente estudados, como o estresse f&#237;sico (atrav&#233;s da esteira rolante) ou farmacol&#243;gico (adenosina, dipiridamol ou dobutamina)<sup>2</sup>. O estresse mental possui rela&#231;&#227;o com dor tor&#225;cica e o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel por este sintoma parece depender da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial dos pacientes<sup>3</sup>. Foram realizados in&#250;meros estudos que tinham como objetivo induzir estresse atrav&#233;s de diferentes protocolos<sup>3-5</sup>. A associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de imagem acrescentou um valor adicional aos achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos obtidos pela indu&#231;&#227;o do estresse mental. Pesquisas utilizando ecocardiograma e a ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, associadas ao estresse mental demonstraram ser este o causador de altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>5,6</sup>. Estudos empregando a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante o estresse mental confirmaram que as altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis eram acarretadas por altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A necessidade do diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica &#233; de vital import&#226;ncia para o melhor manejo cl&#237;nico, controle dos fatores de risco e melhora da qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Nesta d&#233;cada foi descrita uma s&#237;ndrome aguda desencadeada por estresse mental representada por dor tor&#225;cica, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es peculiares da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica demonstrada nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e ventriculogr&#225;ficos. Esta s&#237;ndrome denominada s&#237;ndrome de takotsubo, caracteriza-se por uma redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade nos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos apicais e hipercontratilidade dos segmentos basais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>7</sup>. Outros estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre cat&#225;strofes naturais evidenciaram uma maior mortalidade por causas card&#237;acas quando comparados a outros per&#237;odos. Desta mesma maneira, pacientes submetidos ao estresse cr&#244;nico apresentam uma propens&#227;o a desenvolver sintomas sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como dor tor&#225;cica e desenvolver doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>8</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos portadores de personalidade tipo D, representados por um padr&#227;o de ansiedade, depress&#227;o e uma tend&#234;ncia ao isolamento e inibi&#231;&#227;o social, foram alvo de estudos realizados na d&#233;cada de 1990. Estes estudos demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esta popula&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica existe uma dificuldade na incorpora&#231;&#227;o deste m&#233;todo na investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Pouco sabemos sobre a resposta dos indiv&#237;duos do nosso meio &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o do estresse, e esta car&#234;ncia de dados limita a investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia induzida por estresse mental na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A seguran&#231;a, reprodutibilidade e a preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nestes pacientes merecem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de maiores evid&#234;ncias. O presente estudo possui como objetivo, avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse mental (conflito de cores), em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia com estresse f&#237;sico (atrav&#233;s de esteira rolante) ou farmacol&#243;gico (dipiridamol) com aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados prospectivamente 22 pacientes convidados (9 homens) a participar do estudo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para exclus&#227;o de isquemia. A idade m&#233;dia do grupo foi de 54,4 +/- 14,9 anos. Todos os pacientes possu&#237;am queixa de dor tor&#225;cica e imagem perfusional de estresse e repouso normal. Os exames foram realizados de novembro de 2005 a agosto de 2008 ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o da sua inclus&#227;o em um protocolo de pesquisa mediante termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os dados dos pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um banco de dados <italic>Access</italic> para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada utilizando <sup>99m</sup>Tc-tetrofosmin em repouso e sob estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico). Todas as imagens adquiridas foram sincronizadas com eletrocardiograma (gated). Quando realizado protocolo de um dia nas imagens iniciais, foram utilizadas atividades de 10 a 15 mCi e de 35 a 40 mCi nas imagens tardias. Quando realizado protocolo de dois dias, foram administrados 25mCi em cada fase. As imagens foram adquiridas em gama-c&#226;mara e-Cam Duet (Siemens, Erlangen) com cristais de NaI de 1 polegada, cerca de 45 a 90 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o venosa do radiof&#225;rmaco. As aquisi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em dois detectores configurados a 90&#176;, com matriz 64x64, 64 proje&#231;&#245;es de 25 segundos. Houve sincroniza&#231;&#227;o das imagens com o eletrocardiograma para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens com gated (gated SPECT) com divis&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco em 8 intervalos. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi feita por retroproje&#231;&#227;o filtrada, utilizando filtro Butterworth com corte de 0,5 e ordem de 5. As imagens foram dispostas em tr&#234;s eixos: eixo curto transverso, eixo longo vertical e eixo longo horizontal. Os cortes tomogr&#225;ficos foram analisados com a divis&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 17 segmentos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O processamento das imagens da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi realizado pelo <italic>software Quantitative Gated SPECT</italic> (QGS) com reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volumes ventriculares, contratilidade e espessamento mioc&#225;rdicos. Foi realizada tamb&#233;m a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do defeito revers&#237;vel atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise semi-quantitativa. O modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o utilizado foi o de 17 segmentos. Cada segmento recebeu uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 4 em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador sendo: 0 = capta&#231;&#227;o normal do radiotra&#231;ador; 1 = hipocapta&#231;&#227;o equ&#237;voca; 2 = hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada; 3 = grave hipocapta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador e 4 = aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;vel do radiotra&#231;ador naquele segmento<sup>9</sup>. Foram derivados os escores somados de estresse (SSS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Summed Stress Score</italic>) que &#233; o somat&#243;rio da pontua&#231;&#227;o de todos os 17 segmentos do exame de estresse; escore somado de repouso - SRS (Summed Rest Score) e o SDS (Summed Diference Score, que &#233; a diferen&#231;a entre o SSS e o SRS) que quando <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 foi considerado como positivo para isquemia e &lt; 3 negativo isquemia.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de estresse mental utilizado foi o Stroop "color test" ou conflito de cores, que consiste do est&#237;mulo visual cont&#237;nuo sendo o mecanismo cognitivo utilizado o de aten&#231;&#227;o direta onde o indiv&#237;duo deve direcionar a aten&#231;&#227;o, inibir ou parar uma resposta para dizer ou fazer outra. Neste teste, s&#227;o apresentadas aos volunt&#225;rios, telas sucessivas onde deve ser dito em voz alta a cor da letra da palavra visualizada. &#201; poss&#237;vel manter um trabalho mental constante atrav&#233;s da manipula&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos est&#237;mulos. Por exemplo: Para a palavra, <bold>VERMELHO</bold>, deve ser dito "AZUL". O "Stroop Color Test" possui uma boa aceita&#231;&#227;o, reprodutibilidade e exequibilidade. Associado ao teste, realizamos est&#237;mulo auditivo com um fone e monitoramos o paciente com a mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial cont&#237;nua n&#227;o invasiva, ECG e quanto &#224; presen&#231;a dos sintomas. O teste possui como inconveniente a necessidade de um acesso venoso perif&#233;rico p&#233;rvio e infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>O paciente assume a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada na frente da tela de um computador onde realiza o conflito de cores. O teste inicia-se ap&#243;s 4 minutos de repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. O teste de conflito possui dura&#231;&#227;o cinco minutos e os pacientes recebem por via endovenosa o 99mTc-Sestamibi no minuto 2,5. Durante todo o teste s&#227;o realizadas monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es por eletrocardiograma digital (ECG98&#174;, HW, Brasil) e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular n&#227;o-invasiva, por finam&#244;metro digital vers&#227;o 1.22 (FMS BV&#174;, Holanda). O finam&#244;metro permite a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos batimento a batimento. As varia&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estresse tem in&#237;cio a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o por cinco minutos adicionais. A imagem &#233; adquirida entre uma e duas horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do estresse sensorial.</p>
    <p>As imagens foram avaliadas por m&#233;dicos nucleares experientes de modo cego. Os resultados dos exames cintilogr&#225;ficos foram disponibilizados para os m&#233;dicos encarregados do tratamento dos pacientes. Para prop&#243;sito deste estudo, as imagens foram dicotomizadas em positivas ou negativas para isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio. Estudos demonstrando defeitos perfusionais com SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 foram considerados positivos. Todos os demais estudos foram considerados<sup>7</sup>. Os pacientes com infarto pr&#233;vio ou com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos. O tempo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estresse convencional e o estresse mental foi de 32 dias.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise dos dois subgrupos do SDS mental (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 e &lt; 3) sob o ponto de vista dos deltas do teste referentes &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (Delta PS), press&#227;o diat&#243;lica (Delta PD) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Delta FC) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas no estresse mental e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com isquemia.</p>
    <p>Foi empregado para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados num&#233;ricos o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney; e para compara&#231;&#245;es de propor&#231;&#245;es (dados categ&#243;ricos) foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. Foi utilizado m&#233;todo n&#227;o param&#233;trico, pois as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana) devido &#224; dispers&#227;o dos dados e ao tamanho da amostra em estudo. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo software estat&#237;stico SAS&#174; System, vers&#227;o 6.04.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 22 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica encaminhados pela emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco ou ambulatorialmente, todos com quadro de dor tor&#225;cica e cintilografia com estresse f&#237;sico (20 pacientes) ou farmacol&#243;gico (2 pacientes), com aus&#234;ncia de isquemia do per&#237;odo de novembro de 2005 at&#233; agosto de 2008. Os pacientes foram convidados a realizar a cintilografia com estresse mental e compara&#231;&#227;o com a imagem de repouso. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas do estresse convencional e do estresse mental foram analisadas e descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam dor tor&#225;cica, entretanto, eles foram divididos quanto &#224; caracter&#237;stica da dor em t&#237;pica, at&#237;pica e n&#227;o coronariana. Outros sintomas referidos pelos pacientes tamb&#233;m foram descritos conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos fatores de risco e a rela&#231;&#227;o com isquemia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de identificar a popula&#231;&#227;o com maior probabilidade de apresentar estresse mental positivo, foi analisada a frequ&#234;ncia (n) e o percentual (%) dos fatores coronarianos segundo o SDS mental (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 e &lt; 3) e o correspondente n&#237;vel descritivo (<italic>p valor</italic>) do teste exato de Fisher, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos resultados das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise semi-quantitativa da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pelos escores derivou os seguintes valores: m&#233;dia dos escores somados ap&#243;s estresse mental (SSS) foi de 3,4 +/- 4; m&#233;dia de escore em repouso de 0,2 +/- 0,7; e m&#233;dia de escore diferencial (SDS) de 3,2 +/- 4. Dos 22 pacientes estudados 8 pacientes (40,1%) apresentaram imagem de estresse mental positiva para isquemia (SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3). De acordo com a presen&#231;a de isquemia durante o estresse mental foram avaliados o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, a varia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre o estresse mental e o repouso (&#916; FE), assim como a varia&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico final (&#916; VSF) atrav&#233;s do Gated SPECT. Estas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas quando comparadas de acordo com o SDS, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos dados hemodin&#226;micos do estresse mental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes demonstraram respostas hemodin&#226;micas mensur&#225;veis ao estresse mental. Os valores de deltas correspondem &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas entre as medidas do repouso e durante o estresse conforme aferido batimento a batimento pelo finam&#244;metro. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> fornece a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) das varia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas (deltas) do teste segundo o SDS mental (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 e &lt; 3), e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para ilustrar o valor da t&#233;cnica demonstramos as imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas de um dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Trata-se de uma paciente de 67 anos, feminina, com desconforto retroesternal opressivo associado a vertigens no momento da admiss&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. A paciente era hipertensa, diab&#233;tica, dislipid&#234;mica, obesa, sedent&#225;ria e encontrava-se em tratamento de s&#237;ndrome do p&#226;nico. Realizou cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse, com dipiridamol que foi negativa para isquemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Realizou nova cintilografia 3 dias ap&#243;s a primeira, com estresse mental, que demonstrou uma extensa &#225;rea de defeito revers&#237;vel no septo interventricular, na parede anterior, na parede inferior e no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A paciente foi encaminhada para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia que revelou uma les&#227;o de 40% na art&#233;ria descendente anterior em sua por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais, induzidas pelo estresse sensorial em 40% dos casos, de uma amostra selecionada de pacientes com epis&#243;dios de dor tor&#225;cica em repouso e com cintilografia de perfus&#227;o negativa por m&#233;todos convencionais.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida por estresse sensorial n&#227;o se mostrou associada a nenhum fator de risco isoladamente ou de modo conjunto, bem como n&#227;o se correlacionou com altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas ou eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas observadas durante o estresse sensorial. Embora o n&#250;mero de casos tenha sido relativamente limitado, estes dados est&#227;o de acordo com o estudo de Kop e cols.<sup>10</sup> e, coletivamente, estes achados sugerem que a adi&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pode ser &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o de um subgrupo de pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o detect&#225;vel, atrav&#233;s das t&#233;cnicas habituais de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pela cintilografia com estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico tem s&#243;lida confirma&#231;&#227;o de valor atrav&#233;s de dados da literatura. Em recente revis&#227;o sobre o tema a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foi considerada com uma sensibilidade de 90% e uma especificidade de 89% para detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Ainda mais relevante &#233; seu valor progn&#243;stico, que em uma an&#225;lise de 16 estudos, com um total de 20.983 pacientes com cintilografia normal e um seguimento m&#233;dio de 28 meses, observou uma taxa de infarto ou &#243;bito card&#237;aco de 0,7% ao ano, que &#233; similar a da popula&#231;&#227;o de assintom&#225;ticos<sup>11</sup>. Apesar da excelente acur&#225;cia da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, alguns pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida podem apresentar isquemia apenas durante o estresse sensorial. Ramachandruni e cols.<sup>12</sup> demonstraram que o estresse sensorial foi capaz de provocar isquemia em 29% dos pacientes com DAC e cintilografia de estresse negativo<sup>1</sup>. Hassan e cols.<sup>13</sup> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de isquemia durante o estresse sensorial um pouco menor (19%), entretanto os seus crit&#233;rios para isquemia foram mais r&#237;gidos (SDS &gt;4) do que o de outros estudos. Comparando o atual estudo com os outros citados, observamos que h&#225; uma maior preval&#234;ncia de isquemia na nossa amostra. Os motivos para esta maior preval&#234;ncia s&#227;o: (1) no nosso estudo foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, enquanto outros estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes assintom&#225;ticos; (2) n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via; (3) foi empregado um crit&#233;rio mais sens&#237;vel para isquemia induzida pelo estresse mental (SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3), pois mesmo autores que empregaram crit&#233;rios mais r&#237;gidos, como Hassan e cols.<sup>13</sup>, concordam que limiares menores devem ser empregados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, em virtude da menor magnitude da isquemia provocada pelo estresse mental.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica relacionada ao estresse mental, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial parece ser o principal fator presente<sup>14</sup>. Vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular do leito arterial coronariano t&#234;m sido sugeridas como os mecanismos de base para a isquemia induzida pelo estresse sensorial<sup>15</sup>. As respostas hemodin&#226;micas ao estresse sensorial s&#227;o associadas &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o paradoxal dos vasos coronarianos doentes, mas n&#227;o necessariamente com les&#245;es obstrutivas significantes. Kop e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas durante o estresse sensorial e esta vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco convencionais como dislipidemia ou hipertens&#227;o, achado similar ao do nosso estudo<sup>16</sup>. A combina&#231;&#227;o de aumento do duplo produto com uma redu&#231;&#227;o da oferta de oxig&#234;nio para o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; determinante da isquemia neste subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>O valor progn&#243;stico adverso da isquemia induzida pelo estresse sensorial est&#225; documentado em artigos recentes<sup>17</sup>. Pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana estabelecida e altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas induzidas pelo estresse sensorial tem at&#233; 3 vezes mais eventos card&#237;acos adversos do que pacientes coronarianos que n&#227;o demonstram altera&#231;&#245;es durante o estresse mental<sup>18</sup>. Specchia e cols. acompanharam por 51 meses: 61 pacientes com isquemia por estresse mental e 211 sem isquemia induzida por estresse mental. Os grupos n&#227;o apresentavam diferen&#231;as na gravidade da DAC ou na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Ao final do seguimento 65% dos pacientes com estresse mental positivo foram revascularizados comprados com apenas 38% dos controles<sup>19</sup>. Mais recentemente o seguimento dos pacientes do estudo PIMI<sup>20</sup> foi publicado demonstrando uma taxa de eventos adversos de 16% entre pacientes com isquemia induzida por estresse mental, em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 6% nos pacientes sem isquemia induzida por estresse mental. N&#227;o existem dados de progn&#243;stico dispon&#237;veis sobre o impacto da isquemia induzida pelo estresse mental em pacientes sem DAC at&#233; o momento. Al&#233;m das caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas associadas ao estresse sensorial, parece que os pacientes com isquemia induzida por este mecanismo se beneficiam de abordagens individualizadas no tratamento. Blumenthal e cols.<sup>21</sup> avaliaram pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante o estresse mental e conclu&#237;ram que atividades f&#237;sicas e terapia cognitiva para redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse emocional foram superiores ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico isolado na melhora dos marcadores de risco coronariano.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um dos principais mecanismos envolvidos na isquemia secund&#225;ria ao estresse mental. O endot&#233;lio vascular coronariano &#233; o mediador da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo simp&#225;tico. Os indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial t&#234;m perda desta capacidade vasodilatadora, tanto durante uma descarga adren&#233;rgica aguda (estresse agudo), como em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse cr&#244;nico<sup>19</sup>. O estresse est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) aumentando a degrada&#231;&#227;o de NO, capta&#231;&#227;o de LDL, forma&#231;&#227;o de formas reativas de 02, express&#227;o das mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o vascular 1 (VCAM-1), mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o intracelular 1 (ICAM-1)], quimioatractantes) 1 (MCP-1), citocinas (TNF-&#945;, interleucina-6) e secre&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticas<sup>21</sup>. Associada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, o estresse afeta o citoesqueleto endotelial provocando mudan&#231;as estruturais permanentes das c&#233;lulas. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais combinadas com apoptose celular endotelial tamb&#233;m promovida pelo estresse ocasionam uma maior permeabilidade endotelial para o LDL circulante e c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (mon&#243;citos, linf&#243;citos T e mast&#243;citos). A estagna&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea encontrada posteriormente nas regi&#245;es de fluxo sangu&#237;neo reduzido facilita a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de LDL e c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias na camada &#237;ntima do vaso<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O incremento do estresse tensional &#233; indentificado por v&#225;rios mecanoreceptores como integrina, canais i&#244;nicos, receptores tirosina quinase e prote&#237;na G. Estes funcionam como gatilho desencadeando uma cascata de eventos com mol&#233;culas sinalizadoras que resultam na ativa&#231;&#227;o de NF-&#954;B ou AP-1. Esta transcri&#231;&#227;o &#233; associada com elementos sens&#237;veis ao estresse localizados em v&#225;rios genes pr&#243;-aterogenicos lhes causando "up-regulation". Estes genes estimulam a libera&#231;&#227;o de potentes vasoconstritores como endotelina 1 (ET-1), mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o (VCAM-1 e ICAM-1), quimioatractantes e citocinas, enzimas oxidativas, NADPH, xantina oxidase, fator de crescimento derivado das plaquetas (PDGF) e enzimas de degrada&#231;&#227;o matricial. ET elevado pode ocasionar inj&#250;ria endotelial direta aumentando a permeabilidade endotelial ao LDL e mediadores inflamat&#243;rios circulantes<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo apresentado n&#227;o foi desenhado para definir a popula&#231;&#227;o com maior propens&#227;o a desenvolver isquemia induzida por estresse mental e sim avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia com que indiv&#237;duos com dor tor&#225;cica e exames pr&#233;vios normais podem responder com isquemia induzida por estresse mental. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstram a dificuldade em definir como os pacientes respondem ao estresse<sup>2,13</sup>. Esta limita&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada com fatores sociais assim como altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do indiv&#237;duo quanto a sua capacidade intr&#237;nseca de reagir ao estresse. Recentemente foram demonstrados que certos tipos de polimorfismo do receptor &#946; est&#227;o associados a respostas anormais hemodin&#226;micas e vasodilatadoras quando estes indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o submetidos ao estresse mental<sup>10,14-16</sup>. Como pacientes com estresse mental positivo devem ser tratados de maneira individualizada, conforme sugerido por Blumenthal e cols.<sup>21</sup>, podemos especular que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes que possam detectar a presen&#231;a de isquemia induzida por estresse mental possa ser empregada quando houver suspeita desta condi&#231;&#227;o, em especial nos portadores de DAC pr&#233;via, mesmo na presen&#231;a de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse convencional negativa<sup>19,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, neste estudo foi analisada a preval&#234;ncia da cintilografia com 99mTc-Tetrofosmin em repouso com estresse sensorial nos pacientes com epis&#243;dio de dor tor&#225;cica para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Observamos que aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes desenvolveram isquemia apenas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de estresse mental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gustavo Borges Barbirato pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Gustavo Borges Barbirato </p>
        <p> SQSW 303 Bl-G, Apto 504 - Sudoeste </p>
        <p> 24220-300 - Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gbarbirato@cardiol.br">gbarbirato@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gbarbirato@yahoo.com.br">gbarbirato@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/10/08; revisado recebido em 04/02/09; aceito em 01/07/09.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of induced ischemia by mental distress</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The myocardial radionuclide imaging with mental distress seems to induce ischemia through a particular physiopathology when compared to radionuclide imaging with physical or pharmacological distress. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of induced myocardial ischemia by mental distress in patients with thoracic pain and radionuclide imaging with normal conventional distress, with 99mTc-Sestamibi. METHODS: Twenty-two patients were admitted with thoracic pain at emergency or were referred to the nuclear medicine service of our institution, where myocardial radionuclide imaging of distress or rest without ischemic alterations was carried out. The patients were, then, invited to go through an additional phase with mental distress induced by color conflict (Strop Color Test) with the objective of detecting myocardial ischemia. Two cardiologists and nuclear physicians performed the blind analysis of perfusional data and consequent quantification through Summed Difference Score (SDS), punctuating the segments that were altered after mental distress and comparing it to the rest period image. The presence of myocardial ischemia was considered if SDS &gt; 3. RESULTS: The prevalence of mental distress-induced myocardial ischemia was 40% (9 positive patients). Among the 22 studied patients, there were no statistical differences with regard to the number of risk factors, mental distress-induced hemodynamic alterations, usage of medications, presented symptoms, presence or absence of coronary disease and variations of ejection fraction and final systolic volume of Gated SPECT. CONCLUSION: In a selected sample of patients with thoracic pain and normal myocardial radionuclide imaging, the research of myocardial ischemia induced by mental distress through radionuclide imaging may be positive in up to 40% of cases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>stress disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>traumatic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prevalence of induced ischemia by mental distress</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gustavo Borges Barbirato<sup>I, II</sup>; Renata F&#233;lix<sup>II</sup>; Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Corr&#234;a<sup>II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Claudio Lucas de N&#243;brega<sup>I, II</sup>; Alexandro Coimbra<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233; Volschan<sup>II</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup>; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann<sup>II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - PROCEPX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> The myocardial radionuclide imaging with mental distress seems to induce ischemia through a particular physiopathology when compared to radionuclide imaging with physical or pharmacological distress.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the prevalence of induced myocardial ischemia by mental distress in patients with thoracic pain and radionuclide imaging with normal conventional distress, with 99mTc-Sestamibi.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Twenty-two patients were admitted with thoracic pain at emergency or were referred to the nuclear medicine service of our institution, where myocardial radionuclide imaging of distress or rest without ischemic alterations was carried out. The patients were, then, invited to go through an additional phase with mental distress induced by color conflict (Strop Color Test) with the objective of detecting myocardial ischemia. Two cardiologists and nuclear physicians performed the blind analysis of perfusional data and consequent quantification through Summed Difference Score (SDS), punctuating the segments that were altered after mental distress and comparing it to the rest period image. The presence of myocardial ischemia was considered if SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The prevalence of mental distress-induced myocardial ischemia was 40% (9 positive patients). Among the 22 studied patients, there were no statistical differences with regard to the number of risk factors, mental distress-induced hemodynamic alterations, usage of medications, presented symptoms, presence or absence of coronary disease and variations of ejection fraction and final systolic volume of Gated SPECT.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> In a selected sample of patients with thoracic pain and normal myocardial radionuclide imaging, the research of myocardial ischemia induced by mental distress through radionuclide imaging may be positive in up to 40% of cases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial ischemia; prevalence; stress disorders, traumatic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The myocardial perfusion radionuclide imaging has been applied in medical practice as an important tool for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Is value on such diagnosis has been widely studied, which allows its utilization in patients admitted in emergency units and ambulatories<sup>1</sup>. However, a group of patients may relate thoracic pain in special situations without the utilization of the most commonly studied distress methods, like physical (through rolling mat) or pharmacological distress (adenosine, dipiridamol or dobutamine)<sup>2</sup>. Mental distress presents a relation to thoracic pain, and the physiopathological mechanisms responsible for this symptom seem to depend on the patient's endothelial function<sup>3</sup>. Several studies that aimed at inducing distress based on different protocols were conducted<sup>3-5</sup>. The association with image methods has added an additional value to clinical, electrocardiograph and hemodynamic findings obtained by mental distress induction. Researches that used echocardiogram and radioisotope ventriculography associated with mental distress showed that this is the responsible for alterations in ventricular function<sup>5,6</sup>. Studies that applied radionuclide imaging of myocardial perfusion during mental distress confirmed that the contraction alterations were induced by alterations in perfusion.</p>
      <p>The necessity for myocardial ischemia diagnosis in patients with thoracic pain is extremely important for a better clinical handling, risk factor control and improvement of their life quality. In this decade, an acute syndrome, unleashed by mental distress and represented by thoracic pain, supraunevenness of ST segment at electrocardiogram, elevation of myocardial necrosis markers and peculiar alterations of myocardial contractility demonstrated in echocardiograph and ventriculograph findings, was described. The so called Takotsubo syndrome is characterized by a reduction in contractility of apical myocardial segments and hyper-contractility of basal segments of left ventricle<sup>7</sup>. Other epidemiological studies on natural catastrophes have showed a higher mortality rate by cardiac causes in comparison to other periods. Thus, patients submitted to chronic distress present a propensity to developing symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia with thoracic pain as well as coronary atherosclerotic disease<sup>8</sup>. Individuals with D-type personality, represented by a pattern of anxiety, depression and tendency on isolation and social inhibition, were studied in the 1990's. Such studies demonstrated the relation between this population and cardiac disease<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, there is a difficulty in incorporating such method for the investigation of myocardial ischemia. Very little is known about this individuals' response to distress induction and this lack of data limits the investigation of mental distress-induced ischemia in our sample. The assurance, reproducibility and prevalence of myocardial ischemia in these patients justify the conduction of stronger evidence. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of mental distress-induced myocardial ischemia (color conflict) in patients with thoracic pain and radionuclide imaging with physical (through rolling mat) or pharmacological distress (dipiridamol) with absence of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-two patients were prospectively selected (9 men) to participate in the study after going through myocardial radionuclide imaging for ischemia exclusion. Mean age among participators was 54,4 &#177; 14,9 years old. All patients presented complaint about thoracic pain and perfusion image of distress and normal rest. The exams were carried out from November 2005 to August 2008 after authorization of inclusion in a research protocol by means of na informed consent approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. Data collected from patients were included in a database from Access software for statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>Radionuclide imaging of myocardial perfusion was carried out with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-tetrofosmin in rest and under physical or pharmacological distress. All the acquired images were synchronized with electrocardiogram (gated). When the one-day protocol was accomplished in initial images, activities from 10 to 15 mCi and 35 to 40 mCi were utilized in late images. When the two-day protocol was accomplished, 25mCi were administered in each phase. Images were acquired in gamma camera e-Cam Duet (Siemens, Erlangen) with 1 inch NaI crystals around 45 to 90 minutes after the venous administration of the radiopharmaco. Acquisitions happened in two detectors configured in 90&#186;, with 64x64 matrix, 64 projections of 25 seconds. There was synchronization of images with the electrocardiogram for the acquisition of gated images (gated SPECT) with an 8-interval division of cardiac cycle. The reconstruction of images was made by filtered retroprojection, by means of Butterworth filter with 0.5 cut and order of 5. Images were disposed in three axes: transversal short axis, vertical long axis and horizontal long axis. Tomography cuts were made with the division of myocardium in 17 segments<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The processing of the images from ventricular function was made through the software <italic>Quantitative Gated SPECT</italic> (QGS) with tridimensional reconstruction of left ventricle for the assessment of ventricle function, with analysis of ejection fraction, ventricle volumes, contractility and myocardial thickness. The quantification of the reversible defect was carried out through semi-quantitative analysis. The segmentation model of 17 seconds was employed. Each segment received a punctuation of 0 to 4 with regard to reduction of radiotracer catching: 0 = radiotracer normal catching; 1 = mistaken hypo-catching; 2 = moderate hypo-catching; 3 = radiotracer severe hypo-catching and 4 = absence of radiotracer detectable catching in certain segment<sup>9</sup>. The following scores were derived: the summed stress score (SSS), which is the sum of all 17 segments punctuation of distress exam; summed rest score (SRS) and summed difference score (SDS), which is the difference between SSS and SRS, as <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 was considered as positive for ischemia and &lt; 3 negative for ischemia.</p>
      <p>The utilized mental distress protocol was strop color test or (or color conflict), which consists of a continuum visual stimulus, as the direct attention is the cognitive mechanism applied, in which the individual must direct the attention, inhibit or stop an answer to say or do something else. In this test, successive screens are presented to the volunteers, who must say out loud the name of the color of the visualized character. It is possible to maintain a constant mental work through the manipulation of stimuli presentation velocity. For example: for the word "RED", "BLUE" must be said. The Strop Color Test is well accepted, has good reproducibility and execution. Associated with the test, an auditory stimulus was performed by means of a headphone, and the patient was followed-up with regard to the measurement of non-invasive continuum blood pressure, ECG and to the presence of symptoms. The test is limited by the necessity of a pervious peripheral venous access and continuum infusion of physiological solution.</p>
      <p>The patient seats in front of the screen of a computer, in which the color conflict takes place. The test initiates after 4 minutes of seated rest. The conflict test lasts five minutes and the patients receive endovenous 99mTc-Sestamibi at 2.5 minutes. During the whole test, 12-derivation continuum electrocardiograph monitoring is made by digital electrocardiogram (ECG98<sup>&#174;</sup>, HW, Brazil) and non-invasive cardiovascular hemodynamic monitoring is made by digital dynamometer version 1.22 (FMS BV<sup>&#174;</sup>, Holanda). The dynamometer allows monitoring the hemodynamic parameters beat per beat. The maximum variations of cardiac frequency, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were used for the analysis. After accomplishing the distress, the phase of recovering for five additional minutes is initiated. The image is acquired within one or two hours after the sensorial distress is finished.</p>
      <p>The images were blindly assessed by experienced nuclear physicians. The results of radionuclide imaging were available for the physicians who were in charge of the patients' treatment. For the purpose of this study, the images were characterized as positive or negative for myocardial ischemia. Studies that demonstrated perfusion defects with SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 were considered as positive. All other studies were considered<sup>7</sup>. Patients with previous infarction or coronary atherosclerotic disease history were not excluded. Mean time period between the accomplishment of conventional and mental distress was 32 days.</p>
      <p>The analysis of both mental SDS subgroups was carried out (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 and &lt; 3) under the point of view of test delta concerning systolic pressure (Delta SP), diastolic pressure (Delta DP) and cardiac frequency (Delta CF) for the assessment of the association between hemodynamic alterations occurred during mental distress and ischemia.</p>
      <p>For the comparison of numeric data, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was employed, and for proportion comparisons (categorical data) the Fisher's Exact test was applied. The non-parametric method was used for the variables did not present normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) due to data dispersion and to the sample's size. The adopted criteria for determining the significance level was 5%. Statistical analysis was processed by the statistical software SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System, version 6.04.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-two patients with thoracic pain referred to our service by the emergency room or ambulatory of Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco were assessed, and all of them presented thoracic pain and radionuclide imaging with physical (20 patients) or pharmacological distress (2 patients), and absence of ischemia from November 2005 to August 2008. Patients were invited to go through the radionuclide imaging with mental distress in comparison to the rest image. Hemodynamic variables of conventional and mental distress were analyzed and described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients presented thoracic pain; however, they were characterized with regard to pain characteristic, such as typical, atypical and non-coronary. Other symptoms reported by the patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of risk factors and its association with ischemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the objective of identifying the population with higher probability of presenting positive mental distress, the frequency (n) and the percentage (%) of coronary factors were assessed according to mental SDS (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 and &lt; 3) and respective descriptive level (p-value) from Fisher's Exact test, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of radionuclide imaging results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The semi-quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion by scores had the following values: the mean of scores summed after mental distress (SSS) was 3.4 &#177; 4; mean of rest score was 0.2 &#177; 0.7; and mean of differential score (SDS) was 3.2 &#177; 4. From the 22 studied patients, 8 (40.1%) presented mental distress image positive for ischemia (SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3). According to the presence of ischemia during mental distress, the number of risk factors and left ventricle ejection fraction variation were assessed between mental distress and rest periods (&#916; EF), as well as the variation of final systolic volume (&#916; FSV) through Gated SPECT. These variables did not present significant differences when compared according to SDS, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of hemodynamic data from mental distress</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients showed hemodynamic responses that were measurable at mental distress. Delta values correspond to the maximum variations between measures of rest and during distress, as gauged beat per beat by means of the dynamometer. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the mean and standard deviation (SD) of hemodynamic variations (delta) the test according to mental SDS (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 and &lt; 3), as well as the significance level.</p>
      <p>To illustrate the merit if such technique, the radionuclide images of one of the studied patients are herein demonstrated. 67-year-old female patient presenting oppressive retroesternal discomfort associated with dizziness at the moment of admittance in the emergency room. The patient was hypertensive, diabetic, dyslipidemic, sedentary and under treatment for panic syndrome. She went through distress myocardial radionuclide imaging with dipiridamol, which was negative for ischemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). She was submitted to radionuclide imaging with mental distress 3 days after the first procedure, demonstrating an extended area of reversible defect on the interventricular septum, on the anterior wall, on the inferior wall and on the apex of left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient was referred to the accomplishment of cinecoronariography, which revealed a 40% lesion on the anterior descendent artery in its medium portion.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0321-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated a prevalence of perfusion alterations induced by sensorial distress in 40% of the cases from a sample of patients with episodes of thoracic pain in rest and with perfusion radionuclide imaging negative for conventional methods.</p>
      <p>The presence of myocardial ischemia induced by sensorial distress was not isolately or conjunctly associated with any risk factor, as well as was not correlated to hemodynamic or electrocardiographic alterations observed during sensorial distress. Though the number of cases had been relatively limited, these findings are in accordance to Kop et al<sup>10</sup> study and, in conjunct, the results suggest that the insertion of this technique in clinical practice may be useful in the determination of a subgroup of patients with non-detectable myocardial ischemia through habitual investigation techniques.</p>
      <p>The detection of myocardial ischemia through radionuclide imaging with physical or pharmacological distress has solid confirmation of value based on literature data. In a recent review on the theme, myocardial radionuclide imaging was considered with a 90% sensibility and 89% specificity for the detection of obstructive coronary disease. Its prognostic value is even more relevant, for in an analysis of 16 studies, with a total of 20,983 patients with normal radionuclide imaging and a mean follow-up of 28 months, a 0.7% rate of infarction or cardiac obit per year was observed, a value that is similar to the asymptomatic population<sup>11</sup>. Despite the excellent exactness of myocardial perfusion radionuclide imaging, some patients with established coronary disease may present ischemia only during sensorial distress. Ramachandruni et al<sup>12</sup> demonstrated that sensorial distress was capable of unleashing ischemia in 29% of patients with CAD and negative distress radionuclide<sup>1</sup>. Hassan et al<sup>13</sup> found a lower prevalence of ischemia during sensorial distress (19%), however, their criteria for ischemia were more rigid (SDS &gt;4) than those of other studies<sup>11</sup>. Comparing the current study to the abovementioned ones, we observe that there is a higher prevalence of ischemia in our sample. The reasons for such prevalence are: (1) only patients with thoracic pain were included in our study, while other authors included asymptomatic patients; (2) patients with previous DAC were not excluded; (3) a more sensitive criterion was employed for mental distress-induced ischemia (SDS <underline>&gt;</underline> 3), for even authors who employ more rigid criteria, like Hassan et al<sup>13</sup>, agree that lower limitations should be employed in clinical practice due to the less magnitude of mental distress-induced ischemia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with thoracic pain related to mental distress, the endothelial dysfunction seems to be the main present factor<sup>14</sup>. Epicardial vasoconstriction and microvascular dysfunction of the coronary artery have been suggested as basis mechanisms for sensorial distress-induced ischemia<sup>15</sup>. The hemodynamic responses to sensorial distress are associated with paradox vasoconstriction of damaged coronary vases, but nor necessarily with significant obstructive lesions. Kop et al<sup>16</sup> demonstrated the vasoconstriction of epicardial coronary arteries during sensorial distress, and such vasoconstriction did not present any relation to conventional risk factors, such as dyslipidemia or hypertension, a finding that is similar to those of our study<sup>16</sup>. The combination of increase in double product with a reduction in the offer of oxygen to the myocardium is determinant for ischemia in this subgroup of patients.</p>
      <p>The adverse prognostic value of sensorial distress-induced ischemia is documented in recently published articles<sup>17</sup>. Patients with established coronary disease and sensorial distress-induced ischemic alterations have up to 3 times more cardiac events than coronary patients that do not demonstrate alterations during mental distress<sup>18</sup>. Specchia et al followed up, for 51 months, 61 patients with mental distress-induced ischemia and 211 without ischemia induced by mental distress. The groups did not present differences in CAD severity or in left ventricle function. At the end of follow-up, 65% of the patients with positive mental distress went through revascularization and were compared to only 38% of control patients<sup>19</sup>. More recently, the follow-up of PIMI study patients<sup>20</sup> was published, and demonstrated a 16% rate of adverse events among patients with mental distress-induced ischemia in comparison to only 6% of patients without ischemia induced by mental distress. There are no prognostic data available on the impact of mental distress-induced ischemia in patients without CAD up till now. Besides the unique characteristics associated with sensorial distress, it seems that patients with ischemia induced by such mechanism benefit from individualized approaches for treatment. Blumenthal et al<sup>21</sup> assessed patients with myocardial ischemia during mental distress and concluded that physical activities and cognitive therapy for reduction of emotional stress were superior to the isolate pharmacological treatment concerning the improvement of coronary risk markers.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms involved in ischemia secondary to mental distress. The coronary vascular endothelium is the mediator of vasodilatation secondary to nitric oxide liberation after sympathetic stimulation. The individuals who present endothelial dysfunction have loss of this vasodilator capability during an acute adrenergic discharge (acute distress) as much as in chronic distress situations<sup>19</sup>. Distress is associated with a reduction in the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, increasing NO degradation, LDL catching, formation of reactive 02 forms, expression of vascular adhesion molecules 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1), chemo-attractors 1 (MCP-1), cytokines (TNF-&#945;, interleukin-6) and pro-thrombotic molecules secretion<sup>21</sup>. Associated with functional alterations, distress affects the endothelial cytoskeleton, provoking permanent structural changes on cells. Such structure alterations combined with endothelial cell apoptosis, also provoked by distress, unleash a higher endothelial permeability for circulation LDL and inflammatory cells (monocytes, T-lymphocytes and mastocytes). The blood stagnation posteriorly found in the regions of reduced blood flow makes easy the infiltration of LDL and inflammatory cells in the inner layer vase<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The development of tensional distress is identified by many mechanic-receptors, such as integrin, ionic channels, receptor tyrosine kinase and G proteins. These substances work as a trigger that unleashes a series of events with signaling molecules that result in the activation of NF-&#954;B or AP-1. This transcription is associated with elements that are sensitive to distress and placed in many proatherogenic genes, causing them up-regulation. These genes stimulate the liberation of potential vasoconstrictors like endoteline-1 (ET-1), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), chemo-attractors and cytokines, oxidative enzymes, NADPH, xanthine oxidase, growth factor derived from platelets (PDGF) and matritial degradation enzymes. Elevated ET may cause direct endothelial injury, increasing the endothelial permeability to LDL and circulating inflammatory mediators<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study was not designed to define the population with higher propensity to develop mental distress-induced ischemia, but to assess the frequency of individuals with thoracic pain and normal previous exams that may respond with mental distress-induced ischemia. Previous studies demonstrate the difficulty in defining how patients respond to distress<sup>2,13</sup>. This limitation may be related to social factors or to natural alterations of the individual concerning his intrinsic capability of reacting to stress. It was recently demonstrated that certain types of polymorphisms of &#946;-receptor are associated with abnormal hemodynamic and vasodilator responses when these individuals are submitted to mental distress<sup>10,14-16</sup>. Once patients with positive mental distress must be individually treated, as suggested by Blumenthal et al<sup>21</sup>, it is possible to speculate that the accomplishment of tests which may detect the presence of mental distress-induced ischemia may be employed whenever there is a suspicion on this condition, specially in carriers of previous CAD, even in the presence of myocardial radionuclide imaging with negative conventional distress<sup>19,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the prevalence of radionuclide imaging with 99mTc-Tetrofosmin in rest with sensorial distress in patients with thoracic pain episode was herein analyzed for a research on myocardial ischemia. It was observed that approximately 40% of the patients developed ischemia only after mental distress induction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
